title: Transungual permeation: current insights.
abstract: Nail disorders are beyond cosmetic concern; besides discomfort in the performance of daily chores, they disturb patients psychologically and affect their quality of life. Fungal nail infection (onychomycosis) is the most prevalent nail-related disorder affecting a major population worldwide. Overcoming the impenetrable nail barrier is the toughest challenge for the development of efficacious topical ungual formulation. Sophisticated techniques such as iontophoresis and photodynamic therapy have been proven to improve transungual permeation. This article provides an updated and concise discussion regarding the conventional approach and upcoming novel approaches focused to alter the nail barrier. A comprehensive description regarding preformulation screening techniques for the identification of potential ungual enhancers is also described in this review while highlighting the current pitfalls for the development of ungual delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Ronak S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bhuptani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Ketaki M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India. vbp_muict@yahoo.co.in.
authors.forename: Vandana B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Patravale
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009262:Nails / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents
keywords: Nail hydration; Onychomycosis; Transungual; Ungual permeation; Ungual screening techniques