title: Accounting for patient size in the optimization of dose and image quality of pelvis cone beam CT protocols on the Varian OBI system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop size-based radiotherapy kilovoltage cone beam CT (CBCT) protocols for the pelvis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Image noise was measured in an elliptical phantom of varying size for a range of exposure factors. Based on a previously defined "small pelvis" reference patient and CBCT protocol, appropriate exposure factors for small, medium, large and extra-large patients were derived which approximate the image noise behaviour observed on a Philips CT scanner (Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands) with automatic exposure control (AEC). Selection criteria, based on maximum tube current-time product per rotation selected during the radiotherapy treatment planning scan, were derived based on an audit of patient size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It has been demonstrated that 110 kVp yields acceptable image noise for reduced patient dose in pelvic CBCT scans of small, medium and large patients, when compared with manufacturer's default settings (125 kVp). Conversely, extra-large patients require increased exposure factors to give acceptable images. 57% of patients in the local population now receive much lower radiation doses, whereas 13% require higher doses (but now yield acceptable images).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implementation of size-based exposure protocols has significantly reduced radiation dose to the majority of patients with no negative impact on image quality. Increased doses are required on the largest patients to give adequate image quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of size-based CBCT protocols that use the planning CT scan (with AEC) to determine which protocol is appropriate ensures adequate image quality whilst minimizing patient radiation dose.
authors.affiliation: 1 Radiation Physics Department, Queen's Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK.|2 Faculty of Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
authors.forename: Tim J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: 1 Radiation Physics Department, Queen's Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK.|2 Faculty of Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: 1 Radiation Physics Department, Queen's Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK.
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Horsfield
authors.affiliation: 1 Radiation Physics Department, Queen's Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK.|2 Faculty of Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Saunderson
authors.affiliation: 1 Radiation Physics Department, Queen's Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK.|2 Faculty of Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK.|3 Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Beavis
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D049628:Body Size; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage