title: Identification of a mutation in the ubiquitin-fold modifier 1-specific peptidase 2 gene, UFSP2, in an extended South African family with Beukes hip dysplasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beukes hip dysplasia (BHD) is an autosomal dominant disorder of variable penetrance that was originally identified in a large South African family of European origin. BHD is characterised by bilateral dysmorphism of the proximal femur, which results in severe degenerative osteoarthropathy. Previous studies mapped the disorder to a 3.34 Mb region on chromosome 4q35.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To fine-map the BHD locus and identify the disease-causing mutation by direct sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The linked BHD allele was refined to 1.33 Mb, reducing the number of candidate genes from 25 to 16. Analysis of protein coding and invariant splice-site sequences in three distantly related individuals identified a single-candidate disease-causing variant c.868T>C within exon 8 of the ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (Ufm1)-specific peptidase 2 gene, UFSP2. The presence of this unique mutation was confirmed in all 17 affected members of the BHD family who were genotyped. The mutation segregated with the BHD phenotype in the extended family with a two-point (single marker) LOD score of 10.4 (θ=0.0 and 80% penetrance). The mutation predicts the substitution of a highly conserved amino acid, p.Tyr290His, in the encoded protein. In vitro functional assays performed using purified recombinant wild-type and mutant UFSP2 protein demonstrated that the BHD mutation abolishes UFSP2-mediated C-terminal cleavage of its substrate, Ufm1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report a unique UFSP2 mutation that segregates with the BHD phenotype. The predicted amino acid substitution inactivates UFSP2 proteolytic function, thus implicating the ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 cascade in this form of severe hip osteoarthropathy. The facile polymerase chain reaction-based assay we describe could be used to confirm the diagnosis of BHD, or for presymptomatic testing of members of the extended BHD family.
authors.affiliation: Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service and School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK. c.m.watson@leeds.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Christopher Mark
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Crinnion
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gleghorn
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Rajkumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramesar
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beighton
authors.forename: Gillian A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wallis