title: Implications of sit-stand and active workstations to counteract the adverse effects of sedentary work: A comprehensive review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sedentary work is associated with many adverse health outcomes, and sit-stand workstations in offices have emerged as a way to counteract sedentary work.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper reviews the existing knowledge on sit-stand workstations, treadmill workstations and bicycle workstations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inclusion/exclusion criteria were: 1) empirical research examining the effectiveness of sit-stand workstations in lab or field studies, 2) working adult population, 3) sit-stand workstation interventions where workers performed the same task from a seated or standing position, 4) outcomes measures of discomfort (comfort), performance, sit-stand behaviors, user satisfaction, kinematic and physiological measures. Search terms were: sit-stand, treadmill, bicycle, workstations, sedentary behavior, office ergonomics, and comfort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many studies considered productivity, comfort and physiological measures as important outcomes to assess the efficacy of sit-stand workstations and the experimental design was variable. Preliminary data suggests that some amount of standing during an 8-hour workday could be beneficial without compromising user comfort or productivity; however, there is very little data on the efficacy of treadmill and bicycle workstations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these preliminary data from 26 studies, conducting large scale randomized controlled trials with ergonomic training as their essential component is recommended to understand the benefits of sit-stand workstations for prevention of sedentary work.
authors.affiliation: Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, MA, USA.|Microsoft Corporation, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Sohit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karol
authors.affiliation: Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D003201:Computers; D004526:Efficiency; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007374:Interior Design and Furnishings; D009043:Motor Activity; D011187:Posture; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D017132:Workplace
keywords: Musculoskeletal symptoms; comfort and health; ergonomics training; productivity