title: A review of spontaneous closure of ventricular septal defect.
abstract: Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common congenital heart malformation and can be detected during the prenatal and postnatal period, in childhood, and in adulthood. Spontaneous closure of VSD can be determined through a variety of methods-echocardiography, Doppler color flow imaging, angiography, auscultation, and cardiac catheterization-and can be proven by pathological evidence at necropsy. There are two major types of VSD, membranous and muscular, as well as the perimembranous variety, which comprises variable portions of the adjacent muscular septum but lacks the membranous septum. VSD appears either as an isolated cardiac defect without other abnormalities or with several complex malformations. It has long been recognized that VSD can close spontaneously, but the incidence of spontaneous VSD closure is still uncertain. Since necropsy study of the hearts with VSD has rarely been reported, information on morphological features of spontaneous VSD closure remains limited. In addition, the mechanisms for spontaneous VSD closure are not fully understood. Herein, we present a brief review of the incidence of spontaneous VSD closure, morphological characteristics of the closure, and the main mechanisms responsible for the closure.
authors.affiliation: Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute (Zhang, Ko, Roberts), the Department of Pathology (Guileyardo, Roberts), and the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (Roberts), Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute (Zhang, Ko, Roberts), the Department of Pathology (Guileyardo, Roberts), and the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (Roberts), Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas.
authors.forename: Jong Mi
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute (Zhang, Ko, Roberts), the Department of Pathology (Guileyardo, Roberts), and the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (Roberts), Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas.
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guileyardo
authors.affiliation: Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute (Zhang, Ko, Roberts), the Department of Pathology (Guileyardo, Roberts), and the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (Roberts), Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Roberts