title: Gingival crevicular fluid interleukin-8 and lipoxin A4 levels of smokers and nonsmokers with different periodontal status: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking is an important risk factor for periodontal disease and effects the pathogenesis of the disease. This study evaluated the impact of smoking on gingival crevicular fluid interleukin-8 (IL-8) and lipoxin A4 (LxA4 ) levels in patients with and without periodontal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 122 participants were grouped as follows: smokers with generalized aggressive periodontitis (S-GAgP, n = 15); smokers with chronic periodontitis (S-CP, n = 17); smokers with gingivitis (SG, n = 15); smokers classified as periodontally healthy (SH, n = 15); nonsmokers with generalized aggressive periodontitis (N-GAgP, n = 15); nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis (N-CP, n = 15); nonsmokers with gingivitis (NG, n = 15); and nonsmokers classified as periodontally healthy (NH, n = 15). Gingival index, plaque index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were recorded. Gingival crevicular fluid IL-8 and LxA4 levels were analyzed by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gingival crevicular fluid IL-8 levels varied among groups, as follows: S-GAgP>S-CP>SG>SH and N-GAgP>N-CP>NG>NH. The gingival crevicular fluid IL-8 levels were significantly higher in the S-GAgP group compared with the N-GAgP group and in the S-CP group compared with the N-CP group (p < 0.05); differences between the SG and NG and the SH and NH groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Gingival crevicular fluid LxA4 levels also varied among groups, but in an inverse direction when compared with the IL-8 levels, as follows: S-GAgP<S-CP<SG and N-GAgP<N-CP<NG. (The gingival crevicular fluid LxA4 levels in SH and NH groups were below the limits of detection.) The gingival crevicular fluid LxA4 levels were significantly lower in the S-GAgP group than in the N-GAgP group and in the S-CP group than in the N-CP group (p < 0.05); differences between the SG and NG groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study findings suggest that the observed increases in gingival crevicular fluid IL-8 levels and decreases in gingival crevicular fluid LxA4 levels reflect changes in immune and inflammatory responses that occur as a result of smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, OndokuzMayis University Faculty of Dentistry, Samsun, Turkey.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lütfioğlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Biruni University Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aydoğdu
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, OndokuzMayis University Faculty of Dentistry, Samsun, Turkey.
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Sakallioğlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alaçam
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Istanbul Aydin University Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pamuk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis*; D044045:Lipoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D000074285:Smokers; D012907:Smoking / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D016209:Interleukin-8; D044045:Lipoxins; C040527:lipoxin A4
keywords: inflammation; inflammatory mediator; interleukin 8; lipoxin A4; periodontal disease; smoking