title: The epidemiology of pituitary adenomas in Iceland, 1955-2012: a nationwide population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pituitary adenomas (PA) are among the most common human neoplasms. To describe the epidemiology and assess the disease burden of clinically significant PAs, population-based studies are needed. Iceland has a small well-defined population. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology of PAs in Iceland over an expanded period of time.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective observational study, including all PAs diagnosed in Iceland from 1955 to 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extensive clinical information was gathered in a database. Prevalence rates for all PA subtypes were calculated along with standardized incidence rates (SIR). Sex ratios and relationships with adenoma size, age, and symptoms were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 471 individuals: 190 men and 281 women. Total prevalence in 2012 was 115.57/100, 000, prolactinomas were most prevalent (54.37/100, 000) followed by non-functioning adenomas (NFPAs) (42.32/100 ,000). Throughout the period, NFPAs were most common (43.0%) followed by prolactinomas (39.9%) and 11.3% had acromegaly and 5.7% Cushing's disease. Women are diagnosed younger with smaller adenomas. Total SIR has increased significantly and is now 5.8/100 000 per year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this nationwide study spanning six decades, we have confirmed PAs rising prevalence and incidence rates noted in recent studies. We demonstrated higher overall prevalence and incidence rates than ever previously recorded with an increasing predominance of NFPAs, which is not explained by incidental findings alone. There is a relationship with the introduction of imaging modalities, but the vast majority of patients are symptomatic at diagnosis. This underlines the importance of increased awareness, education, and appropriate allocation of resources for this growing group of patients.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK tomasa@landspitali.is.
authors.forename: Tomas Thor
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Agustsson
authors.affiliation: The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
authors.forename: Tinna
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baldvinsdottir
authors.affiliation: The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, Icela
authors.forename: Jon G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Jonasson
authors.affiliation: The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
authors.forename: Elinborg
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olafsdottir
authors.affiliation: The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
authors.forename: Valgerdur
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Steinthorsdottir
authors.affiliation: The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sigurdsson
authors.affiliation: The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, Icela
authors.forename: Arni V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Thorsson
authors.affiliation: The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
authors.forename: Paul V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.affiliation: The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
authors.forename: Márta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korbonits
authors.affiliation: The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK The Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic MedicineLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland. Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Faculty of MedicineThe University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of PathologyLandspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Icelandic Cancer RegistrySkógarhlíð 8, 105 Reykjavík, IcelanddeCODE geneticsSturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Paediatric DepartmentLandspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavík, IcelandThe Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UKEndocrinologyThe William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
authors.forename: Rafn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benediktsson
mesh_terms: D000172:Acromegaly / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000236:Adenoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D047748:Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D015175:Prolactinoma / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult