title: Development of a subcritical water extraction approach for trace analysis of chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, florfenicol, and florfenicol amine in poultry tissues.
abstract: Subcritical water extraction was investigated as a novel and alternative technology for the separation of trace amounts of chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, florfenicol and its major metabolite florfenicol amine from poultry tissues and its results were compared with those of conventional shaking extraction, ultrasonic extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction. Decreasing the polarity of water by successively increasing the extraction temperature from 50°C to 200°C at the moderate pressure enabled selective, highly effective extractions to be performed. Rapid quantification of the target compounds was carried out by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The critical parameters of subcritical water extraction such as solvent modifier, temperature, pressure, extraction time, and static cycles were varied with control. The optimized extraction procedures using subcritical water as extraction solvent, were carried out on a pressurized liquid extractor operated at 150°C and 100bar, applying two static cycles for 3min. Average recoveries of the four analytes from fortified samples ranged between 86.8% and 101.5%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 7.7%. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) for the target compounds were in the ranges of 0.03-0.5μgkg(-1) and 0.1-2.0μgkg(-1), respectively. The proposed method is fast, sensitive, water-based thus more environmental acceptable, making it a suitable replacement for conventional organic solvent extraction in veterinary drug residue analysis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Zhiming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Zhenghua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Shulin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Decheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Suo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China. Electronic address: fanxia@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis; D057230:Limit of Detection; D011200:Poultry; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D012997:Solvents; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D013839:Thiamphenicol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D002701:Chloramphenicol; C083312:florfenicol amine; C035534:florfenicol; D013839:Thiamphenicol
keywords: Chloramphenicol; Florfenicol; Florfenicol amine; Poultry tissues; Subcritical water extraction; Thiamphenicol