title: Hospice Use Among Patients With Lymphoma: Impact of Disease Aggressiveness and Curability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about factors that influence hospice use for patients with blood cancers. We aimed to characterize hospice enrollment in a large population of patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and assess the impact of disease characteristics such as aggressiveness and curability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database, we identified patients age 65 years and older who were diagnosed with indolent NHL, aggressive NHL, or mantle cell lymphoma (MCL, which is aggressive and incurable) and died between 1999 and 2009. We determined the prevalence of hospice use and predictors thereof, using multivariable logistic regression. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 18 777 patients, 9645 had indolent NHL, 8226 had aggressive NHL, and 906 had MCL. Of the total cohort, 41.6% enrolled in hospice, and 34.3% enrolled three or more days before death. Compared with patients with indolent NHL, those with MCL were more likely to enroll (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.49 to 1.98), followed by patients with aggressive NHL (AOR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.32 to 1.50). Other factors statistically significantly associated with hospice use included older age, female sex, white race, high socioeconomic status, and later year of death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this large cohort of patients with lymphoma, hospice use was substantially lower than the national average for all cancers, suggesting either the need for improvement in enrollment or that the current hospice model is not meeting this population's end-of-life needs. Moreover, the fact that patients with MCL were most likely to enroll suggests that the end-of-life phase may be more easily determined in the context of cancers that are both aggressive and incurable.
authors.affiliation: Division of Population Sciences (OOO, AMC, GAA), Center for Lymphoma (OOO, ASL), and Center for Leukemia (GAA), Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada (CCE). oreofe_odejide@dfci.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Oreofe O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Odejide
authors.affiliation: Division of Population Sciences (OOO, AMC, GAA), Center for Lymphoma (OOO, ASL), and Center for Leukemia (GAA), Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada (CCE).
authors.forename: Angel M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.affiliation: Division of Population Sciences (OOO, AMC, GAA), Center for Lymphoma (OOO, ASL), and Center for Leukemia (GAA), Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada (CCE).
authors.forename: Craig C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Earle
authors.affiliation: Division of Population Sciences (OOO, AMC, GAA), Center for Lymphoma (OOO, ASL), and Center for Leukemia (GAA), Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada (CCE).
authors.forename: Ann S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: LaCasce
authors.affiliation: Division of Population Sciences (OOO, AMC, GAA), Center for Lymphoma (OOO, ASL), and Center for Leukemia (GAA), Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada (CCE).
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Abel
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D017051:Hospice Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D016393:Lymphoma, B-Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D020522:Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D016017:Odds Ratio; D044469:Racial Groups; D018426:SEER Program; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology