title: Temporal discounting rates and their relation to exercise behavior in older adults.
abstract: As our nation's population ages, the rates of chronic illness and disability are expected to increase significantly. Despite the knowledge that exercise may prevent chronic disease and promote health among older adults, many still are inactive. Factors related to exercise behaviors have been explored in recent years. However, temporal discounting is a motivational concept that has not been explored in regard to exercise in older adults. Temporal discounting is a decision making process by which an individual chooses a smaller more immediate reward over a larger delayed reward. The aim of this study was to determine if temporal discounting rates vary between exercising and non-exercising older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used cross-sectional survey of 137 older adults living in the community. Older adults were recruited from 11 rural Arkansas churches. The Kirby delay-discounting Monetary Choice Questionnaire was used to collect discounting rates and then bivariate analysis was performed to compare temporal discounting rate between the exercisers and non-exercisers. Finally, multivariate analysis was used to compare discounting rate controlling for other covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that exercising older adults display lower temporal discounting rates than non-exercising older adults. After controlling for education, exercisers still have lower temporal discounting rates than non-exercisers (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are important as several chronic health conditions relate to lack of exercise especially in older adults. This research suggests that if we can find appropriate incentives for discounting individuals, some type of immediate reward, then potentially we can design programs to engage and retain older adults in exercise.
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, United States. Electronic address: ltate@astate.edu.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tate
authors.forename: Pao-Feng
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Reid D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Landes
authors.forename: Mallikarjuna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rettiganti
authors.forename: Leanne L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Lefler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001131:Arkansas; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D065786:Delay Discounting; D004522:Educational Status; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D015999:Multivariate Analysis
keywords: Exercise; Older adults; Temporal discounting