title: Nephrologists' Perspectives on Recipient Eligibility and Access to Living Kidney Donor Transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wide variations in access to living kidney donation are apparent across transplant centers. Such disparities may be in part explained by nephrologists' beliefs and decisions about recipient eligibility. This study aims to describe nephrologists' attitudes towards recipient eligibility and access to living kidney donor transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Face-to-face semistructured interviews were conducted from June to October 2013 with 41 nephrologists from Australia and New Zealand. Transcripts were analyzed thematically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified five major themes: championing optimal recipient outcomes (maximizing recipient survival, increasing opportunity, accepting justified risks, needing control and certainty of outcomes, safeguarding psychological wellbeing), justifying donor sacrifice (confidence in reasonable utility, sparing the donor, ensuring reciprocal donor benefit), advocating for patients (being proactive and encouraging, addressing ambivalence, depending on supportive infrastructure, avoiding selective recommendations), maintaining professional boundaries (minimizing conflict of interest, respecting shared decision-making, emphasizing patient accountability, restricted decisional power, protecting unit interests), and entrenched inequities (exclusivity of living donors, inherently advantaging self-advocates, navigating language barriers, increasing center transparency, inevitable geographical disadvantage, understanding cultural barriers).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nephrologists' decisions about recipient suitability for living donor transplantation aimed to achieve optimal recipient outcomes, but were constrained by competing priorities to ensure reasonable utility derived from the donor kidney and protect the integrity of the transplant program. Comprehensive guidelines that provide explicit recommendations for complex medical and psychosocial risk factors might promote more equitable and transparent decision-making. Psychosocial support and culturally sensitive educational resources are needed to help nephrologists advocate for disadvantaged patients and address disparities in access to living kidney donor transplantation.
authors.affiliation: 1 Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. 2 Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia. 3 Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. 4 Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, NSW, Westmead, Australia.
authors.forename: Camilla S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chadban
authors.forename: Jeremy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Germaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D046148:Donor Selection; D004608:Eligibility Determination / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000592:standards; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality / Q000592:standards; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009398:Nephrology / Q000592:standards; D018579:Patient Selection; D010465:Perception; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome