title: Gallbladder Cancer in the 21st Century.
abstract: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an uncommon disease in the majority of the world despite being the most common and aggressive malignancy of the biliary tree. Early diagnosis is essential for improved prognosis; however, indolent and nonspecific clinical presentations with a paucity of pathognomonic/predictive radiological features often preclude accurate identification of GBC at an early stage. As such, GBC remains a highly lethal disease, with only 10% of all patients presenting at a stage amenable to surgical resection. Among this select population, continued improvements in survival during the 21st century are attributable to aggressive radical surgery with improved surgical techniques. This paper reviews the current available literature of the 21st century on PubMed and Medline to provide a detailed summary of the epidemiology and risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, radiology, pathology, management, and prognosis of GBC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 0W8.
authors.forename: Rani
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kanthan
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2B7.
authors.forename: Jenna-Lynn
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Senger
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 0W8.
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 0W8.
authors.forename: Selliah Chandra
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kanthan