title: Synthesis and Evaluation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A(2) Activatable Fluorophores for Cancer Imaging.
abstract: Activatable fluorophores selective to cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to image triple negative breast cancer cells. The activatable constructs were synthesized by esterification of a small molecule fluorophore with a fatty acid resulting in ablated fluorescence. Selectivity for cPLA2 was generated through the choice of fluorophore and fatty acid. Esterification with arachidonic acid was sufficient to impart specificity to cPLA2 when compared to esterification with palmitic acid. In vitro analysis of probes incorporated into phosphatidylcholine liposomes demonstrated that a nonselective phospholipase (sPLA2 group IB) was able to hydrolyze both arachidonate and palmitate coupled fluorophores resulting in the generation of fluorescence. Of the four fluorophores tested, DDAO (7-hydroxy-9H-(1,3-dichloro-9,9-dimethylacridin-2-one)) was observed to perform optimally in vitro and was analyzed further in 4175-Luc+ cells, a metastatic triple negative human breast cancer cell line expressing high levels of cPLA2. In contrast to the in vitro analysis, DDAO arachidonate was shown to activate selectively in 4175-Luc+ cells compared to the control DDAO palmitate as measured by fluorescence microscopy and quantitated with fluorescence spectroscopy. The addition of two agents known to activate cPLA2 enhanced DDAO arachidonate fluorescence without inducing any change to DDAO palmitate. Inhibition of cPLA2 resulted in reduced fluorescence of DDAO arachidonate but not DDAO palmitate. Together, we report the synthesis of a cPLA2 selective activatable fluorophore capable of detecting cPLA2 in triple negative breast cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.|Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Chiorazzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Noah B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Bloch
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Anatoliy V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Popov
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Delikatny
mesh_terms: D000166:Acridines / Q000737:chemistry; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology*; D057075:Enzyme Assays / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D054467:Phospholipases A2 / Q000032:analysis*; D064726:Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: C416725:9H-(1,3-dichloro-9,9-dimethylacridine-2-on-7-yl)phosphate; D000166:Acridines; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D054467:Phospholipases A2