title: Explicating perceived barriers to mammography for the USCREEN project: concerns about breast implants, faith violations, and perceived recommendations.
abstract: In line with the health belief model, perceived barriers have proven to be a key determinant of intentions to screen for breast cancer. The standard measure of perceived barriers to breast cancer screening is an 11 item scale developed by Victoria Champion. However, perceived barriers emerge and change over time, and Champion's perceived barriers scale was last revised in 1999. Moreover, the original scale did not address barriers which may be more pronounced in particular populations, such as congruity of action with faith. As part of the Utah Screening Project, a sample of women 40-74 (N = 341, Mage = 51.19, SD = 8.11) were recruited from four Utah counties in 2014 to complete a survey. The results revealed that the four new perceived barrier items explained 6.4 % of intentions to screen, above and beyond other predictors. In addition to barriers identified in past research, the current study identified several novel barriers including (a) concerns about negative effects to breast implants, (b) perceived conflict with faith, and the (c) perception that mammography is no longer recommended. The new perceived barriers items are useful to researchers interested in exploring barriers not addressed by the original instrument. The barriers also suggest potential belief-based targets and channels (e.g., plastic surgery clinics, faith-based interventions) for delivering mammography interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication, University of Utah, 2423 LNCO, 255 S. Central Campus Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA. jakobdjensen@gmail.com.|Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, USA. jakobdjensen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jakob D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication, University of Utah, 2423 LNCO, 255 S. Central Campus Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Chelsea
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ratcliff
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication, University of Utah, 2423 LNCO, 255 S. Central Campus Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892-9712, USA.
authors.forename: Melinda M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Krakow
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication, University of Utah, 2423 LNCO, 255 S. Central Campus Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Payton
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication, University of Utah, 2423 LNCO, 255 S. Central Campus Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Sherrie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loewen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D019928:Breast Implantation / Q000523:psychology; D018427:Breast Implants / Q000523:psychology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000523:psychology*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016387:Women's Health
keywords: Breast implants; Faith; Health belief model; Mammography; News coverage; Perceived barriers