title: Natural and therapy-induced immunosurveillance in breast cancer.
abstract: The immunosurveillance theory postulates that tumors evolve and progress in an uncontrolled fashion only when anticancer immune responses fail. Natural immunosurveillance clearly influences human breast cancer (BC) progression because the prognosis of BC patients is dictated by the density, composition and activity of the tumor immune infiltrate at diagnosis. Moreover, chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic regimens commonly employed for the treatment of BC affect the tumor immune infiltrate, and accumulating data suggest that the clinical efficacy of these treatments is largely determined by T cell-dependent tumor-specific immune responses. In addition, the mechanism of action of targeted anticancer therapeutics, such as the erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2)-targeting agent trastuzumab, involves the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. In this Review, we discuss these findings as well as preliminary evidence indicating that immunotherapy constitutes a promising option for the treatment of BC. Moreover, we point out that the successful implementation of immunotherapy to BC management requires the optimization of current immunotherapeutic regimens and the identification of immunological biomarkers that enable improved risk stratification and the design of personalized, dynamic treatment plans.
authors.affiliation: Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.|INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.|Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne, Paris, France.|Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.|Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.|Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.|Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kroemer
authors.affiliation: Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.|INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.|Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne, Paris, France.|Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.|Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Senovilla
authors.affiliation: Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.|INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.|Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne, Paris, France.|Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.|Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galluzzi
authors.affiliation: Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.|University of Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: André
authors.affiliation: Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.|University of Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.|INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France.|Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer 507 (CICBT 507), Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zitvogel
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D015166:Monitoring, Immunologic; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human