title: Usefulness of Pseudocontinuous Arterial Spin-Labeling for the Assessment of Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Measuring Tumor Blood Flow in the Pretreatment and Early Treatment Period.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For the assessment of the treatment response in non-surgical treatment, tumor blood flow provides the functional information of the tumor which is different from the morphological information such as tumor volume. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of tumor blood flow values obtained by pseudocontinuous arterial spin-labeling in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were evaluated by using pseudocontinuous arterial spin-labeling. Quantitative tumor blood flow was calculated at the pretreatment and the early treatment periods in all the patients, and the percentage change of tumor blood flow between the two was calculated. At the early treatment period, based on their tumor volume reduction rate, we divided the patients into stable disease and partial response groups for a subgroup analysis. The local control or failure was confirmed either by histopathology or by radiologic evaluation within the follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment tumor blood flow in patients in the failure group was significantly lower than that in patients in the local control group. In the subgroup analysis of patients with stable disease, the percentage change of tumor blood flow was significantly larger (due to the tumor blood flow increase from pretreatment value) in the local control group than in the failure group. In addition, in patients with a partial response, the percentage change of tumor blood flow was significantly smaller (due to the tumor blood flow decrease from the pretreatment value) in the local control group than in the failure group. The accuracy for determination of the local control group or the failure group in pretreatment tumor blood flow was 0.83 and that in the combination use of the percentage change of tumor blood flow and tumor volume in the early treatment period was 0.93.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tumor blood flow obtained by pseudocontinuous arterial spin-labeling can be useful for the determination of local control. The combined use of the percentage change of tumor blood flow and tumor volume had particularly high diagnostic accuracy.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (N.F., D.Y., A.T., K.K.), Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan Noriyuki.Fujima@mb9.seikyou.ne.jp.
authors.forename: N
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9021-347X
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fujima
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (N.F., D.Y., A.T., K.K.), Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: D
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9065-490X
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (T.S., A.H.).
authors.forename: T
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6640-0395
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakashita
authors.affiliation: Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (T.S., A.H.).
authors.forename: A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1488-0646
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Homma
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (N.F., D.Y., A.T., K.K.), Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6048-2625
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsukahara
authors.affiliation: Radiation Medicine (K.K.T., H.S.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering (K.K.T., H.S.), Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: K K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9072-4509
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Tha
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (N.F., D.Y., A.T., K.K.), Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5351-9242
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.affiliation: Radiation Medicine (K.K.T., H.S.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering (K.K.T., H.S.), Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3699-6439
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shirato
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000628:therapy; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013113:Spin Labels; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D013113:Spin Labels