title: Early endoscopic ultrasonography in acute biliary pancreatitis: A prospective pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical usefulness of early endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the management of acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP).
  
  
  METHODS
  All consecutive patients entering the emergency department between January 2010 and December 2012 due to acute abdominal pain and showing biochemical and/or radiological findings consistent with possible ABP were prospectively enrolled. Patients were classiﬁed as having a low, moderate, or high probability of common bile duct (CBD) stones, according to the established risk stratiﬁcation. Exclusion criteria were: gastrectomy or patient in whom the cause of biliary obstruction was already identified by ultrasonography. All enrolled patients underwent EUS within 48 h of their admission. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed immediately after EUS only in those cases with proven CBD stones or sludge. The following parameters were investigated: (1) clinical: age, sex, fever; (2) radiological: dilated CBD; and (3) biochemical: bilirubin, AST, ALT, gGT, ALP, amylase, lipasis, PCR. Association between presence of CBD stone at EUS and the individual predictors were assessed by univariate logistic regression. Predictors significantly associated with CBD stones (P < 0.05) were entered in a multivariate logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 181 patients with pancreatitis were admitted to the emergency department between January 2010 and December 2012. After exclusion criteria a total of 71 patients (38 females, 53.5%, mean age 58 ± 20.12 years, range 27-89 years; 33 males, 46.5%, mean age 65 ± 11.86 years, range 41-91 years) were included in the present study. The probability of CBD stones was considered low in 21 cases (29%), moderate in 26 (37%), and high in the remaining 24 (34%). The 71 patients included in the study underwent EUS, which allowed for a complete evaluation of the target sites in all the cases. The procedure was completed in a mean time of 14.7 min (range 9-34 min), without any notable complications.The overall CBD stone frequency was 44% (31 of 71), with a significant increase from the group at low pretest probability to that at moderate (OR = 5.79, P = 0.01) and high (OR = 4.25, P = 0.03) pretest probability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early EUS in ABP allows, if appropriate, immediate endoscopic treatment and significant spare of unnecessary operative procedures thus reducing possible related complications.
authors.affiliation: Andrea Anderloni, Alessandro Repici, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anderloni
authors.affiliation: Andrea Anderloni, Alessandro Repici, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galeazzi
authors.affiliation: Andrea Anderloni, Alessandro Repici, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ballarè
authors.affiliation: Andrea Anderloni, Alessandro Repici, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pagliarulo
authors.affiliation: Andrea Anderloni, Alessandro Repici, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orsello
authors.affiliation: Andrea Anderloni, Alessandro Repici, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Piano
authors.affiliation: Andrea Anderloni, Alessandro Repici, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Repici
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D019160:Endosonography; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Acute biliary pancreatitis; Choledocolithiasis; Common bile duct stones; Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography; Endoscopic ultrasonography