title: New indices for home nursing care resource disparities in rural and urban areas, based on geocoding and geographic distance barriers: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aging in place is the crucial object of long-term care policy worldwide. Approximately 15.6-19.4% of people aged 15 or above live with a disability, and 15.3% of them have moderate or severe disabilities. The allocation of home nursing care services is therefore an important issue. Service providers in Taiwan vary substantially across regions, and between rural and urban areas. There are no appropriate indices for describing the capacity of providers that it is due to the distances from care recipients. This study therefore aimed to describe and compare distance barriers for home nursing care providers using indices of the "profit willing distance" and the "tolerance limited distance".
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2012 and 2013 using geocoding and a geographic information system to identify the distance from the providers' locations to participants' homes in urban (Taipei City) and rural (Hualien County) areas in Taiwan. Data were collected in-person by professionals in Taiwanese hospitals using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. The indices were calculated using regression curves, and the first inflection points were determined as the points on the curves where the first and second derivatives equaled 0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 5627 participants from urban areas and 956 from rural areas. In urban areas, the profit willing distance was 550-600 m, and we were unable to identify them in rural areas. This demonstrates that providers may need to supply services even when there is little profit. The tolerance limited distance were 1600-1650 m in urban areas and 1950-2000 m in rural areas. In rural areas, 33.3% of those living inside the tolerance limited distance and there was no provider within this distance, but this figure fell to just 13.9% in urban areas. There were strong disparities between urban and rural areas in home nursing care resource allocation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our new "profit willing distance" and the "tolerance limited distance" are considered to be clearer and more equitable than other evaluation indices. They have practical application in considering resource distribution issues around the world, and in particular the rural-urban disparities for public resource.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan. shinelin82@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shyang-Woei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Buddhist Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan. mapleyeng@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chia-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan. yin827@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tzu-Ying
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: School of Occupational Therapy, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. y6312002@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Wen-Chou
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. peter_liou@s.tmu.edu.tw.|Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. peter_liou@s.tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Tsan-Hon
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Liou
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D062305:Geographic Mapping; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006701:Home Nursing; D006801:Humans; D012424:Rural Population; D013624:Taiwan