title: Where do we stand? Functional imaging in acute and chronic pulmonary embolism with state-of-the-art CT.
abstract: Nowadays, CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is the diagnostic imaging modality of choice for acute and chronic pulmonary embolism (PE) in order to assess vascular anatomy and parenchymal morphology. Over the past decade, several prognostic CTPA markers associated with an increased risk of adverse clinical events and in-hospital mortality have been evaluated, namely cardiac chamber dimensions, obstruction scores, and visualization of iodinated contrast material in the lung parenchyma by dual-energy (DE) CTPA. This article reviews the current status and potential prognostic advantages of CTPA or DE CTPA with its recent developments for accessing right ventricular dysfunction and the assessment of first pass lung perfusion with DE CTPA in the diagnosis of acute and chronic PE.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: mathias.meyer@umm.de.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haubenreisser
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sudarski
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim - Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doesch
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Melissa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim - Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borggrefe
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Schoenberg
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Henzler
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Chronic pulmonary embolism; Computed tomography; Dual-energy; Pulmonary embolism; Pulmonary perfusion; Right heart failure