title: Experiencing Functional Electrical Stimulation Roots on Education, and Clinical Developments in Paraplegia and Tetraplegia With Technological Innovation.
abstract: Cybernetics-based concepts can allow for complete independence for paralyzed individuals, including sensory motor recovery. Spinal cord injuries are responsible for a huge stress on health and a financial burden to society. This article focuses on novel procedures such as functional diagnosis for paraplegics and tetraplegics, cybertherapies toward lessening comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, etc., and the production of new technology for upper and lower limb control. Functional electrical stimulation reflects a unique opportunity for bipedal gait to be achieved by paraplegics and tetraplegics. Education and training of undergraduates and postgraduates in engineering and life sciences have also been a major aim of this work.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Varoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cliquet
mesh_terms: D057005:Bioengineering / Q000193:education*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D020811:Biomedical Technology / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D062069:Inventions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000628:therapy; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Biomedical engineering; Cybernetics; Functional electrical stimulation; Innovation in medicine; Neuropathic pain; Paraplegics and tetraplegics; Rehabilitation; Spasticity