title: Toll-like receptors as targets for allergen immunotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are novel and promising targets for allergen immunotherapy. Bench studies suggest that TLR agonists reduce Th2 responses and ameliorate airway hyper-responsiveness. In addition, clinical trials are at initial phases to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TLR agonists for the allergen immunotherapy of patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma. (Figure is included in full-text article.)
  
  
  RESULTS
  To date, two allergy vaccine-containing TLR agonists have been investigated in clinical trials; Pollinex Quattro and AIC. The former contains monophosphoryl lipid, a TLR4 agonist and the latter contains, CpG motifs activating the TLR9 cascade. Preseasonal subcutaneous injection of both of these allergy vaccines has been safe and efficacious in control of nasal symptoms of patients with allergic rhinitis. CRX-675 (a TLR4 agonist), AZD8848 (a TLR7 agonist), VTX-1463 (a TLR8 agonist) and 1018 ISS and QbG10 (TLR9 agonists) are currently in clinical development for allergic rhinitis and asthma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TLR agonists herald promising results for allergen immunotherapy of patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma. Future research should be directed at utilizing these agents for immunotherapy of food allergy (for instance, peanut allergy) as well.
authors.affiliation: aStudents' Scientific Research Center bResearch Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center cDepartment of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences dUniversal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Aryan
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rezaei
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000818:Animals; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003888:Desensitization, Immunologic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008050:Lipid A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D010648:Phenylacetates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D065631:Rhinitis, Allergic / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000819:agonists / Q000276:immunology*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: C000609563:AZD8848; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; C559986:CYT003-QbG10; D008050:Lipid A; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D010648:Phenylacetates; C516537:Pollinex Quattro; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014612:Vaccines; C489630:1018 oligonucleotide; D000241:Adenosine; C048436:monophosphoryl lipid A