title: Chemical composition and anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of the leaf and whole-plant samples of diploid and tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino.
abstract: Leaf and whole-plant samples of the diploid and tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) were investigated and compared for their chemical compositions, and their potential anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects. The highest levels of total flavonoids and phenolics were observed in the diploid leaf botanical (2L3) at 36.84mg rutin equiv/g and 41.15mg gallic acid equiv/g, respectively. The diploid leaf sample (2L2) had the highest amount of rutin and quercetin contents of 77.7μmol quercetin equiv/g. The tetraploid whole-plant botanical (4L3) had the highest total saponin content of 227.1mg gypenoside equiv/g. Extracts from all tested GP samples showed time- and dose-dependent antiproliferative effects in HT-29 cells, and the diploid leaf samples had the overall highest inhibitory activity. These extracts had different order of antiproliferative properties in the LNCaP cells, suggesting the potential selective inhibition of GP extracts against different types of cancer cells and the effect of the cell model in screening and evaluation of antiproliferative components. In addition, the diploid leaf extracts showed the strongest inhibitory effects on the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and COX-2 mRNA at final concentrations of 0.2 and 1mg botanical equiv/ml media. The results from this study will be used to develop new nutraceutical products from G. pentaphyllum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Zhuohong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Haiqiu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, Key Lab of Urban Agriculture (South), School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Haiming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Asian Citrus Holdings, Ltd., 28 Connaught Road W, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Shaoke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
authors.forename: Thomas T Y
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, Key Lab of Urban Agriculture (South), School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. Electronic address: lyu5@umd.edu.
authors.forename: Liangli Lucy
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants; D004171:Diploidy; D029774:Gynostemma / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D010936:Plant Extracts; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry*; D012503:Saponins; D057891:Tetraploidy
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins; C474918:gypenoside
keywords: Anti-inflammation; Anti-proliferation; Antioxidant; Gynostemma pentaphyllum; Tetraploid