title: Motivation to quit as a predictor of smoking cessation and abstinence maintenance among treated Spanish smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although quitting motivation predicts smoking cessation, there have been inconsistent findings regarding motivation predicting long-term maintenance of abstinence. Moreover, most such research has been conducted in North America and the United Kingdom. The aim of this study was to examine motivation to quit as a predictor of smoking cessation and of abstinence maintenance in a Spanish sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 286 Spanish smokers undergoing psychological treatment for smoking cessation. Motivation to quit was assessed pre-treatment and post-treatment with the Readiness to Quit Ladder. Abstinence post-treatment and at 6month follow-up was biochemically verified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with higher levels of pre-treatment and post-treatment motivation were more likely to be abstinent at the end of the treatment (OR=1.36) and at 6month follow-up (OR=4.88). Among abstainers at the end of the treatment (61.9%), higher levels of motivation to quit post-treatment predicted maintaining abstinence at 6months (OR=2.83). Furthermore, participants who failed to quit smoking reported higher levels of motivation to quit post-treatment than they had pretreatment (p<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Motivation to quit smoking predicted short and long-term cessation, and also predicted long-term maintenance of abstinence. These results have implications for understanding motivational processes of smoking cessation in general, while extending research to Spanish smokers. They may also help in the design of cessation and relapse-prevention interventions. Specifically, the results suggest that motivational enhancement is important throughout the cessation and maintenance periods.
authors.affiliation: Smoking Cessation and Addictive Disorders Unit, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Tobacco Research and Intervention Program, Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA. Electronic address: barbara.pineiro@moffitt.org.
authors.forename: Bárbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Piñeiro
authors.affiliation: Smoking Cessation and Addictive Disorders Unit, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López-Durán
authors.affiliation: Smoking Cessation and Addictive Disorders Unit, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena Fernández
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Del Río
authors.affiliation: Smoking Cessation and Addictive Disorders Unit, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: Úrsula
authors.initials: Ú
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research and Intervention Program, Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Brandon
authors.affiliation: Smoking Cessation and Addictive Disorders Unit, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Becoña
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D055502:Secondary Prevention / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013030:Spain
keywords: Maintenance abstinence; Motivation to quit; Smoking cessation; Spain