title: Biological Events in Periodontal Ligament and Alveolar Bone Associated with Application of Orthodontic Forces.
abstract: Orthodontic force-induced stresses cause dynamic alterations within the extracellular matrix and within the cytoskeleton of cells in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, mediating bone remodelling, ultimately enabling orthodontic tooth movement. In the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, the mechanically induced tensile strains upregulate the expression of osteogenic genes resulting in bone formation, while mechanically induced compressive strains mediate predominantly catabolic tissue changes and bone resorption. In this review article we summarize some of the currently known biological events occurring in the periodontal ligament and in the alveolar bone in response to application of orthodontic forces and how these facilitate tooth movement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feller
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa.
authors.forename: R A G
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Khammissa
authors.affiliation: Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schechter
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, 15 School Road, Morningside, Johannesburg 2057, South Africa.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thomadakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fourie
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lemmer
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000235:genetics; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin