title: The effect of prior walking on coronary heart disease risk markers in South Asian and European men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heart disease risk is elevated in South Asians possibly due to impaired postprandial metabolism. Running has been shown to induce greater reductions in postprandial lipaemia in South Asian than European men, but the effect of walking in South Asians is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen South Asian and 14 white European men aged 19-30 years completed two, 2-day trials in a randomised crossover design. On day 1, participants rested (control) or walked for 60 min at approximately 50 % maximum oxygen uptake (exercise). On day 2, participants rested and consumed two high-fat meals over a 9-h period during which 14 venous blood samples were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  South Asians exhibited higher postprandial triacylglycerol [geometric mean (95 % confidence interval) 2.29 (1.82 to 2.89) vs. 1.54 (1.21 to 1.96) mmol L(-1) h(-1)], glucose [5.49 (5.21 to 5.79) vs. 5.05 (4.78 to 5.33) mmol L(-1) h(-1)], insulin [32.9 (25.7 to 42.1) vs. 18.3 (14.2 to 23.7) µU mL(-1) h(-1)] and interleukin-6 [2.44 (1.61 to 3.67) vs. 1.04 (0.68 to 1.59) pg mL(-1) h(-1)] than Europeans (all ES ≥ 0.72, P ≤ 0.03). Between-group differences in triacylglycerol, glucose and insulin were not significant after controlling for age and percentage body fat. Walking reduced postprandial triacylglycerol [1.79 (1.52 to 2.12) vs. 1.97 (1.67 to 2.33) mmol L(-1) h(-1)] and insulin [21.0 (17.0 to 26.0) vs. 28.7 (23.2 to 35.4) µU mL(-1) h(-1)] (all ES ≥ 0.23. P ≤ 0.01), but group differences were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthy South Asians exhibited impaired postprandial metabolism compared with white Europeans, but these differences were diminished after controlling for potential confounders. The small-moderate reduction in postprandial triacylglycerol and insulin after brisk walking was not different between the ethnicities.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.|Physical Education and Sport Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637616, Singapore.
authors.forename: Saravana Pillai
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Arjunan
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.|School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deighton
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
authors.forename: Nicolette C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.|School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reischak-Oliveira
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.|College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rogan
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.|Department of Sport, Health and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sedgwick
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
authors.forename: Alice E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Thackray
authors.affiliation: Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK. D.J.Stensel@lboro.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stensel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D019518:Postprandial Period; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*; D016138:Walking; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Exercise; Inflammation; Physical activity; Postprandial lipaemia