title: Detection and Isolation of Swine Influenza A Virus in Spiked Oral Fluid and Samples from Individually Housed, Experimentally Infected Pigs: Potential Role of Porcine Oral Fluid in Active Influenza A Virus Surveillance in Swine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The lack of seasonality of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) in combination with the capacity of swine to harbor a large number of co-circulating IAV lineages, resulting in the risk for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential, stress the importance of swIAV surveillance. To date, active surveillance of swIAV worldwide is barely done because of the short detection period in nasal swab samples. Therefore, more sensitive diagnostic methods to monitor circulating virus strains are requisite.
  
  
  METHODS
  qRT-PCR and virus isolations were performed on oral fluid and nasal swabs collected from individually housed pigs that were infected sequentially with H1N1 and H3N2 swIAV strains. The same methods were also applied to oral fluid samples spiked with H1N1 to study the influence of conservation time and temperature on swIAV infectivity and detectability in porcine oral fluid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All swIAV infected animals were found qRT-PCR positive in both nasal swabs and oral fluid. However, swIAV could be detected for a longer period in oral fluid than in nasal swabs. Despite the high detectability of swIAV in oral fluid, virus isolation from oral fluid collected from infected pigs was rare. These results are supported by laboratory studies showing that the PCR detectability of swIAV remains unaltered during a 24 h incubation period in oral fluid, while swIAV infectivity drops dramatically immediately upon contact with oral fluid (3 log titer reduction) and gets lost after 24 h conservation in oral fluid at ambient temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that porcine oral fluid has the potential to replace nasal swabs for molecular diagnostic purposes. The difficulty to isolate swIAV from oral fluid could pose a drawback for its use in active surveillance programs.
authors.affiliation: Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Decorte
authors.affiliation: Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Avian virology and immunology, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steensels
authors.affiliation: Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Avian virology and immunology, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bénédicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lambrecht
authors.affiliation: Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ann Brigitte
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Cay
authors.affiliation: Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Regge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012463:Saliva / Q000821:virology*; D013552:Swine