title: The Role of X-Chromosome Inactivation in Retinal Development and Disease.
abstract: The expression of X-linked genes is equalized between males and females in mammalian species through X-Chromosome inactivation (XCI). Every cell in a female mammalian embryo randomly chooses one X Chromosome for epigenetic silencing at the 8-16 cell stage, resulting in a Gaussian distribution of XCI ratios with a peak at 50:50. At the tail extremes of this distribution, X-linked recessive mutations can manifest in disease in female carriers if the mutant allele is disproportionately active. The role of XCI skewing, if any, in X-linked retinal disease is still unknown, although many have speculated that such skewing accounts for phenotypic variation in female carriers of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XlRP). Some investigators have used clinical findings such as tapetal-like reflex, pigmentary changes, and multifocal ERG parameters to approximate XCI patches in the retina. These studies are limited by small cohorts and the relative inaccessibility of retinal tissue for genetic and epigenetic analysis. Although blood has been used as a proxy for other tissues in determining XCI ratios, blood XCI skews with age out of proportion to other tissues and may not accurately reflect retinal XCI ratios. Future investigations in determining retinal XCI ratios and the contribution of XCI to phenotype could potentially impact prognosis for female carriers of X-linked retinal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall Street, 48105, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. ahteich@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Abigail T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Fahim
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, 1200 Herman Pressler Drive, RAS W-522, 77030, Houston, TX, USA. stephen.p.daiger@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Daiger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D050172:Genes, X-Linked / Q000235:genetics*; D040181:Genetic Diseases, X-Linked / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D049951:X Chromosome Inactivation
keywords: Choroideremia; Dosage compensation; Escape genes; Retinal dystrophies; Skewed inactivation; X-Chromosome inactivation; X-linked retinitis pigmentosa; X-linked retinoschisis