title: Histone post-translational modifications in frontal cortex from human donors with Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the sixth leading cause of death and the most costly disease in the US. Despite the enormous impact of AD, there are no treatments that delay onset or stop disease progression currently on the market. This is partly due to the complexity of the disease and the largely unknown pathogenesis of sporadic AD, which accounts for the vast majority of cases. Epigenetics has been implicated as a critical component to AD pathology and a potential "hot spot" for treatments. Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) are a key element in epigenetic regulation of gene expression and are known to be associated with the pathology of numerous diseases. Investigation of histone PTMs can help elucidate AD pathology and identify targets for therapies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry assay was used to measure changes in abundance of several histone PTMs in frontal cortex from human donors affected with AD (n = 6) and age-matched, normal donors (n = 6). Of the changes observed, notable decreases in methylation of H2B residue K108 by 25 % and H4 residue R55 by 35 % were measured and are likely associated with hydrogen bonding networks important for nucleosome stability. Additionally, a 91 % increase in ubiquitination of K120 on H2B was measured as well as an apparent loss in acetylation of the region near the N-terminus of H4. Our method of quantification was also determined to be precise and robust, signifying measured changes were representative of true biological differences between donors and sample groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We are the first to report changes in methylation of H2B K108, methylation of H4 R55, and ubiquitination of H2B K120 in frontal cortex from human donors with AD. These notable PTM changes may be of great importance in elucidating the epigenetic mechanism of AD as it relates to disease pathology. Beyond the structural and functional impacts of the changes we have measured, the sites of altered PTMs may be used to identify enzymes responsible for their modulation, which could be used as prospective drug targets for highly specific AD therapies.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850 USA ; Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA.
authors.forename: Kyle W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850 USA ; Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
authors.forename: Illarion V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Turko
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Frontal cortex; Histone; Multiple reaction monitoring