title: Teamwork Assessment Tools in Modern Surgical Practice: A Systematic Review.
abstract: Introduction. Deficiencies in teamwork skills have been shown to contribute to the occurrence of adverse events during surgery. Consequently, several teamwork assessment tools have been developed to evaluate trainee nontechnical performance. This paper aims to provide an overview of these instruments and review the validity of each tool. Furthermore, the present paper aims to review the deficiencies surrounding training and propose several recommendations to address these issues. Methods. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify teamwork assessment tools using MEDLINE (1946 to August 2015), EMBASE (1974 to August 2015), and PsycINFO (1806 to August 2015) databases. Results. Eight assessment tools which encompass aspects of teamwork were identified. The Nontechnical Skills for Surgeons (NOTSS) assessment was found to possess the highest level of validity from a variety of sources; reliability and acceptability have also been established for this tool. Conclusions. Deficits in current surgical training pathways have prompted several recommendations to meet the evolving requirements of surgeons. Recommendations from the current paper include integration of teamwork training and assessment into medical school curricula, standardised formal training of assessors to ensure accurate evaluation of nontechnical skill acquisition, and integration of concurrent technical and nontechnical skills training throughout training.
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Education, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Whittaker
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK ; MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abboudi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK ; MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Muhammed Shamim
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK ; MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Prokar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK ; MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahmed