title: Sexual Violence against Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women in Mongolia: A Mixed-Methods Study of Scope and Consequences.
abstract: The role of sexual violence in health and human rights-related outcomes, including HIV, is receiving increasing attention globally, yet the prevalence, patterns, and correlates of sexual violence have been little-studied among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women in low and middle income countries. A mixed-methods study with quantitative and qualitative phases was conducted among MSM and transgender women in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Methods included respondent-driven sampling (RDS) with structured socio-behavioral surveys (N = 313) as well as qualitative methods including 30 in-depth interviews and 2 focus group discussions. Forced sex in the last three years was reported by 14.7% of respondents (RDS-weighted estimate, 95%CI: 9.4-20.1; crude estimate 16.1%, 49/307) in the quantitative phase. A descriptive typology of common scenarios was constructed based on the specific incidents of sexual violence shared by respondents in the qualitative phase (37 incidents across 28 interviews and 2 focus groups). Eight major types of sexual violence were identified, most frequent of which were bias-motivated street violence and alcohol-involved party-related violence. Many vulnerabilities to and consequences of sexual violence described during the qualitative phase were also independently associated with forced sex, including alcohol use at least once per week (AOR = 3.39, 95% CI:1.69-6.81), and having received payment for sex (AOR = 2.77, 95% CI:1.14-6.75). Building on the promising strategies used in other settings to prevent and respond to sexual violence, similar strengthening of legal and social sector responses may provide much needed support to survivors and prevent future sexual violence.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Peitzmeier
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Faiza
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yasin
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wirtz
authors.affiliation: UNAIDS Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
authors.forename: Altanchimeg
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delegchoimbol
authors.affiliation: Youth For Health NGO, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
authors.forename: Myagmardorj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dorjgotov
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baral
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008986:Mongolia; D014189:Transsexualism; D014754:Violence; D055815:Young Adult