title: Preoperative surgical simulation of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for neuroblastoma using a three-dimensional printed model based on preoperative CT images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three-dimensional (3D) printed models based on computed tomography (CT) images facilitate the visualization of complex structures and are useful for understanding the surgical anatomy preoperatively. We developed a preoperative surgical simulation method using a 3D printed model based on CT images obtained prior to laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal neuroblastomas (NBs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The multi-detector CT images were transferred to a 3D workstation, and 3D volume data were obtained by reconstructing the sections. A model was made with a 3D printer using acrylic ultraviolet curable resin. The adrenal tumor, kidney, renal vein and artery, inferior vena cava, aorta, and outer body were fabricated. The pneumoperitoneum, insertion of trocars, and laparoscopic view were all attainable in this model. We used this model for three cases with adrenal NB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used this model to discuss the port layout before the operation and to simulate the laparoscopic view and range of forceps movement. All three cases with NB were completely resected without any surgical complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surgical simulation using 3D printed models based on preoperative CT images for adrenal NB was very useful for understanding the patient's surgical anatomy and for planning the surgical procedures, especially for determining the optimal port layout.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University; Department of Advance Medicine and Innovative Technology, Kyushu University Hospital. Electronic address: ryotas@pedsurg.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Ryota
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Souzaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ieiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.
authors.forename: Naonori
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawakubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Obata
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jimbo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.
authors.forename: Yuhki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.affiliation: Department of Advance Medicine and Innovative Technology, Kyushu University Hospital.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashizume
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taguchi
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D000315:Adrenalectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
keywords: 3D model; Neuroblastoma; Surgical simulation