title: Short-term results after hepaticogastrostomy guided by echo-endoscopy: Monocentric retrospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biliary drainage guided by echo-endoscopy (EUS) is a recent technique but expanding more and more in addition of retrograde and percutaneous approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three hepaticogastrostomy (HG) were carried out from 2000 to 2013. After exclusion of patients included in a randomized prospective study, data from 60 patients were retrospectively analyzed in order to study the feasibility and early results of this technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 60 patients (woman = 32; median age = 64 years [38-93]) were treated by HG. This technique was choose in the event of impossibility to reach the papilla, a failure of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or to achieve drainage of the left hepatic biliary ducts in 35%, 15% and 50%, respectively. The biliary stricture was neoplasic in 85%. Sixty-four procedures were carried out: The technical success rate was 94%. Eighteen patients presented one or more adverse effects (28%) including: Infection (n = 14), pneumoperitoneum (n = 7), choleperitoneum/bilioma (n = 8), hemorrhage (n = 2), other (n = 2). Seven stents migration occurred (11%). The average duration of hospitalization was 9 days (0-61j). Three related deaths occurred, due to severe infection. During the period of the study, several types of stent were placed during the first procedure: Plastic stent (n = 12), one covered or uncovered metallic stent (n = 9), association of one uncovered metallic stent and one fully covered stent (SIS, n = 27), or one half covered metallic stent (n = 16). The rate of complications was respectively 33% (n = 4), 56% (n = 5), 26% (n = 7) and 13% (n = 2) according to the type of stent used. Three successive periods can thus be individualized according to the type of biliary stent used and the use of the CO2 insufflator [Table 1]. [Table: see text].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepaticogastric anastomosis guided by echo-endoscopy is an effective, useful technique when the retrograde way is not possible or to drain selectively left intrahepatic biliary ducts. The morbidity rate is quite high but seems to decrease.
authors.affiliation: Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bories
authors.affiliation: Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caillol
authors.affiliation: Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pesenti
authors.affiliation: Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovannini