title: A new isotopic reference material for stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope-ratio measurements of water - USGS50 Lake Kyoga Water.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As a result of the need for isotopic reference waters having high δ(2) HVSMOW-SLAP and δ(18) OVSMOW-SLAP values for daily use, especially for tropical and equatorial-zone freshwaters, a new secondary isotopic reference material for international distribution was prepared from water collected from Lake Kyoga, Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  This isotopic reference lakewater was filtered through a membrane with 0.2-µm pore size, homogenized, loaded into glass ampoules that were sealed with a torch and autoclaved to eliminate biological activity, and measured by dual-inlet isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. This reference material is available in a case of 144 glass ampoules each containing 5 mL of water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The δ(2) H and δ(18) O values of this reference material are +32.8 ± 0.4 and +4.95 ± 0.02 mUr (milliurey = 0.001 = 1 ‰), respectively, relative to VSMOW, on scales normalized such that the δ(2) H and δ(18) O values of SLAP reference water are, respectively, -428 and -55.5 mUr. Each uncertainty is an estimated expanded uncertainty (U = 2uc ) about the reference value that provides an interval that has about a 95 % probability of encompassing the true value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This isotopic reference material, designated as USGS50, is intended as one of two reference waters for daily normalization of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic analysis of water with an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer or a laser absorption spectrometer, of use especially for isotope-hydrology laboratories analyzing freshwater samples from equatorial and tropical regions.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, 431 National Center, Reston, VA, 20192, USA.
authors.forename: Tyler B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Coplen
authors.affiliation: International Atomic Energy Agency, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Leonard I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Wassenaar
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Water and Environment, Directorate of Water Resources Management, Entebbe, Uganda.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mukwaya
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, 431 National Center, Reston, VA, 20192, USA.
authors.forename: Haiping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, 431 National Center, Reston, VA, 20192, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lorenz