title: Differential Associations Between Depression, Risk Factors for Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Incidence in a Large U.S. Sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression frequently co-occurs with diabetes. The associations between risk factors for insulin resistance and depression and diabetes can help determine the relative importance of factors that contribute toward the comorbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses of the NHANES I (n = 10,025) to examine the cross-sectional relationships between depression and risk factors for insulin resistance at baseline using logistic regression and to explore the longitudinal relationships between risk factors for insulin resistance and diabetes incidence using Cox proportional hazards modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many risk factors for insulin resistance were associated with depression and diabetes incidence. Depression was cross-sectionally associated with diabetes, but did not increase the risk for diabetes incidence.These counterintuitive results can be explained primarily by the differing relationships between risk factors for insulin resistance, depression, and diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of repeated measures of depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of physical activity, hypertension, and inadequate sleep were the risk factors for insulin resistance with the highest associations with both depression and diabetes incidence.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Psychiatry, New York, New York, U.S.A.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gangwisch
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, New York, New York, U.S.A College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Psychiatry, New York, New York, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Raz
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Psychiatry, New York, New York, U.S.A New York University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New York, New York, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malaspina
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology