title: Health systems research for policy change: lessons from the implementation of rapid assessment protocols for diabetes in low- and middle-income settings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As many challenges exist for access to diabetes care in developing countries, the International Insulin Foundation developed a Rapid Assessment tool and implemented this approach to identify barriers to care and propose concrete recommendations for decision makers. The objective of this paper is to identify the factors that contributed to informing and influencing policymakers with regards to this work.
  
  
  METHODS
  A documentary review comprised Stage 1. Stage 2 used an online questionnaire to gain insight from users of the Rapid Assessment results. Based on Stages 1 and 2, Stage 3 comprised in-depth interviews with a total of nine individuals (one individual each from the six participating countries; two individuals from the World Health Organization; one "Global Diabetes Advocate"). Interviews were analyzed based on a list of themes developed from Stage 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stage 1 led to the identification of various types of documents referring to the results. The online questionnaire had a response rate of 33%. Respondents directly involved in the assessment had a "Good" or "Very Good" appreciation of most aspects and scored these higher than those not directly involved. From the interviews, formalized methods and close collaboration between the international team and local partners were strengths. Trust and a relationship with local partners were also seen as assets. All stakeholders valued the results and the credibility of the data generated. Local partners felt that more could have been done for dissemination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows the importance of specific results from the different assessments. In addressing complex issues having external experts involved was seen as an advantage. The uptake of results was due to the credibility of the research which was influenced by a mix of the people involved, past assessments, trusted local partners, and the use of the results by knowledge brokers, such as the World Health Organization. Through these brokers, others gained ownership of the data. The methods used and the fact that this data was grounded in a local context also reinforced its value. Despite limitations, this study offers a unique perspective where a similar research approach was taken in six countries.
authors.affiliation: Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. david.beran@unige.ch.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beran
authors.affiliation: CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. jaime.miranda@upch.pe.
authors.forename: J Jaime
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. maria.cardenas.g@upch.pe.
authors.forename: Maria Kathia
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Cardenas
authors.affiliation: Alliance for Health Systems and Policy Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. bigdelim@who.int.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bigdeli
mesh_terms: D000288:Administrative Personnel; D000349:Africa; D001208:Asia; D001290:Attitude; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003657:Decision Making; D003906:Developing Countries; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006291:Health Policy; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007391:International Cooperation; D009527:Nicaragua; D011050:Policy Making; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D035502:Trust; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin