title: Markers for Routine Assessment of Fatigue and Recovery in Male and Female Team Sport Athletes during High-Intensity Interval Training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our study aimed to investigate changes of different markers for routine assessment of fatigue and recovery in response to high-intensity interval training (HIIT).
  
  
  METHODS
  22 well-trained male and female team sport athletes (age, 23.0 ± 2.7 years; V̇O2 max, 57.6 ± 8.6 mL · min · kg(-1)) participated in a six-day running-based HIIT-microcycle with a total of eleven HIIT sessions. Repeated sprint ability (RSA; criterion measure of fatigue and recovery), countermovement jump (CMJ) height, jump efficiency in a multiple rebound jump test (MRJ), 20-m sprint performance, muscle contractile properties, serum concentrations of creatinkinase (CK), c-reactive protein (CRP) and urea as well as perceived muscle soreness (DOMS) were measured pre and post the training program as well as after 72 h of recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following the microcycle significant changes (p < 0.05) in RSA as well as in CMJ and MRJ performance could be observed, showing a decline (%Δ ± 90% confidence limits, ES = effect size; RSA: -3.8 ± 1.0, ES = -1.51; CMJ: 8.4 ± 2.9, ES = -1.35; MRJ: 17.4 ± 4.5, ES = -1.60) and a return to baseline level (RSA: 2.8 ± 2.6, ES = 0.53; CMJ: 4.1 ± 2.9, ES = 0.68; MRJ: 6.5 ± 4.5, ES = 0.63) after 72 h of recovery. Athletes also demonstrated significant changes (p < 0.05) in muscle contractile properties, CK, and DOMS following the training program and after the recovery period. In contrast, CRP and urea remained unchanged throughout the study. Further analysis revealed that the accuracy of markers for assessment of fatigue and recovery in comparison to RSA derived from a contingency table was insufficient. Multiple regression analysis also showed no correlations between changes in RSA and any of the markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean changes in measures of neuromuscular function, CK and DOMS are related to HIIT induced fatigue and subsequent recovery. However, low accuracy of a single or combined use of these markers requires the verification of their applicability on an individual basis.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Thimo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wiewelhove
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Raeder
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; School of Human Movement Studies and School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kellmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports Science, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrauti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D005221:Fatigue / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D063806:Myalgia / Q000378:metabolism; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003402:Creatine Kinase