title: Day-Night Patterns of Epileptiform Activity in 65 Patients With Long-Term Ambulatory Electrocorticography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize cyclic day-night patterns of electrocorticographic epileptiform activity (EA) in patients with focal onset seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epileptiform events as defined by the physician (also termed more generally as "epileptiform activity" or EA) were recorded in 65 patients with partial onset (also referred to as "focal onset") seizures using the RNS System, which includes a cranially implanted neurostimulator connected to 1 or two 4-contact leads placed at the seizure focus. The neurostimulator is programmed to detect specific patterns of electrocorticographic activity and to provide responsive stimulation. The 24-hour periodicity of detections of EA was analyzed for individual patients and for subgroups of patients according to the type of EA, laterality, lobe of onset, and whether the onset was neocortical or hippocampal. The time of day when peaks in EA occurred was also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were robust circadian patterns of detections of EA in most patients, with a primary peak in detections at night and a secondary peak in the late afternoon in some cases. Subset analyses were performed by lobe, region of the brain, and type of cortex (neocortical vs. hippocampal); significant circadian rhythmicity was present in all subsets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of circadian cycles of EA as assessed through chronic ambulatory electrocorticographic recordings in adults with focal onset seizures. Epileptiform activity displayed circadian patterns in the majority of these patients. These findings suggest that epilepsy therapies might be optimized by adjusting the timing of therapy according to each patient's unique circadian pattern of EA.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.; †NeuroPace, Inc, Mountain View, California, U.S.A.; and ‡Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Tcheng
authors.forename: Felice T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Martha J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Morrell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D000069279:Drug Resistant Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D000069280:Electrocorticography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods; D012640:Seizures / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult