title: Principal component analysis for the forensic discrimination of black inkjet inks based on the Vis-NIR fibre optics reflection spectra.
abstract: Nineteen black inkjet inks of six different brands were examined by fibre optics reflection spectroscopy in Visible and Near Infrared Region (Vis-NIR FORS) directly on paper with a view to achieving good resolution between them. These different inks were tested on nineteen different inkjet printers from three brands. Samples were obtained from prints by reflection probe. Processed reflection spectra in the range 500-1000 nm were used as samples in principal component analysis. Variability between spectra of the same ink obtained from different prints, as well as between spectra of square areas and lines was examined. For both spectra obtained from square areas and lines reference, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) models were created. According to these models, the inkjet inks were divided into clusters. PCA method is able to separate inks containing carbon black as main colorant from the other inks using other colorants. Some spectra were recorded from another piece of printer and used as validation samples. Spectra of validation samples were projected onto reference PCA models. According to position of validation samples in score plots it can be concluded that PCA based on Vis-NIR FORS can reliably differentiate inkjet inks which are included in the reference database. The presented method appears to be a suitable tool for forensic examination of questioned documents containing inkjet inks. Inkjet inks spectra were obtained without extraction or cutting sample with possibility to measure out of the laboratory.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Polymer Materials, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinskeho 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia. Electronic address: lukas.gal@stuba.sk.
authors.forename: Lukáš
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gál
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Polymer Materials, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinskeho 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia. Electronic address: michal.oravec@stuba.sk.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oravec
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Polymer Materials, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinskeho 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia. Electronic address: pavol.gemeiner@stuba.sk.
authors.forename: Pavol
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gemeiner
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Polymer Materials, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinskeho 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia. Electronic address: michal.ceppan@stuba.sk.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Čeppan
keywords: Forensic document examination; Inkjet ink; Principal component analysis; Vis–NIR spectrophotometry