title: High prevalence of multiple-antibiotic-resistant (MAR) Escherichia coli in river bed sediments of the Apies River, South Africa.
abstract: This study aimed at investigating the presence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in river bed sediments of the Apies River, Gauteng, South Africa, in order to better inform health management decisions designed to protect users of the river. Overall, 180 water and sediment samples were collected at 10 sites along the Apies River from January to February 2014. E. coli was enumerated using the Colilert® 18/Quanti-Tray® 2000 (IDEXX). Isolates were purified by streaking on eosin methylene blue agar followed by the indole test. Pure E. coli isolates were tested for resistance to nine antibiotics by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Over 98% of the isolates were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested. The highest resistance was observed against nitrofurantoin (sediments) and ampicillin (water). Over 80% of all resistant isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance (resistance to ≥3 antibiotics). The abundance of E. coli in the sediments not only adds to the evidence that sediments are a reservoir for bacteria and possibly other pathogens including antibiotic-resistant bacteria but also suggests that antibiotic-resistant genes could be transferred to pathogens due to the high prevalence of multiple-antibiotic-resistant (MAR) strains of E. coli observed in the sediment. Using untreated water from the Apies River following resuspension for drinking and other household purposes could pose serious health risks for users. Our results suggest that river bed sediments could serve as reservoirs for MAR bacteria including pathogens under different climatic conditions and their analysis could provide information of public health concerns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Private Bag X 680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa. lutherkinga@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Akebe Luther King
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Abia
authors.affiliation: Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: Eunice
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ubomba-Jaswa
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Private Bag X 680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa. mombamnb@tut.ac.za.
authors.forename: Maggy Ndombo Benteke
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Momba
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D045483:Rivers / Q000382:microbiology; D013019:South Africa; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Escherichia coli; Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR); Public health; River bed sediments