title: Temperatures of storage areas in large animal veterinary practice vehicles in the summer and comparison with drug manufacturers' storage recommendations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Large animal veterinarians carry drugs in their practice vehicles in storage areas that are not typically refrigerated. The most common upper limits of manufacturers' storage temperatures for United States (U.S.)-approved non-refrigerated drugs are 25 or 30 °C. Because ambient temperatures in many locations in the U.S. exceed these temperatures during the summer, we measured storage area temperatures over 4 months in the summer of 2013 to evaluate the extent to which labeled storage temperatures are exceeded.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 12 vehicles from 5 central Texas practices and 12 vehicles from 4 south central Nebraska practices was used. Temperatures were recorded in one drug storage compartment in each vehicle from May 15 - September 16, 2013, at 15-minute intervals using a self-contained, battery operated temperature recording device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest temperatures recorded in a storage unit were 54.4 and 47.7 °C in Texas and Nebraska, respectively. The mean temperature recorded across all 24 storage units was 29.1 °C, with a mean of 26.9 °C in Nebraska and 31.4 °C in Texas. In Nebraska, at least one temperature over 25 °C was recorded on a mean of 111/124 days and a mean of 63 % of total logger readings. In Texas, temperatures over 25 °C were recorded on a mean of 123/124 days and a mean of 95 % of total logger readings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temperatures in storage units in participating veterinary practice vehicles exceeded labeled drug storage temperatures a significant portion of the summer of 2013. More research is needed to determine whether these excursions above the manufacturers' recommended storage temperatures alter efficacy of stored drugs.
authors.affiliation: Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE, USA. jondrak@gpvec.unl.edu.
authors.forename: Jeff D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ondrak
authors.affiliation: Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, USA. mjones@cvm.tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Meredyth L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, USA. vfajt@cvm.tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Virginia R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Fajt
mesh_terms: D004355:Drug Stability; D004356:Drug Storage; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D009329:Nebraska; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D013781:Texas; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000737:chemistry*; D014730:Veterinary Medicine
chemical_list: D019155:Veterinary Drugs