title: Normal Echocardiographic Measurements in a Korean Population Study: Part I. Cardiac Chamber and Great Artery Evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measurement of the cardiac chamber is essential, and current guidelines recommend measuring and reporting values for both sides of the cardiac chamber during echocardiographic evaluation. Normal echocardiographic reference values have been suggested previously, but detailed information about right-sided chambers and values according to gender was not included.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective multicenter (23 centers) study evaluating normal Korean adult subjects using comprehensive echocardiography. We included normal adult subjects (age; 20-79 years old) who had no significant cardiac disorders or illnesses, such as hypertension or diabetes, which could affect cardiac structure and function. We measured the cardiac chamber including both right and left ventricles as well as atria according to current echocardiography guidelines and compared values according to gender and age groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1003 subjects were evaluated and the mean age was 48 ± 16 years. Left ventricular (LV) dimensions increased, but LV volume decreased in older subjects. Right ventricular (RV) area decreased in women and older subjects, and the RV long-axis dimension showed a similar trend. Left atrial (LA) volume increased in men but there were no differences in LA volume index between men and women. The dimension of great arteries increased in men and older subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since there were considerable differences between men and women and in the different age groups, and the trends differed significantly between different echo variables, normal echocardiographic cutoff values should be differentially applied based on age and gender.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Oh
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Hospital, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Mi-Seung
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Mi-Jeong
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hae Ok
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Rang
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Il Suk
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyungseop
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Mi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Hospital, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Iksan, Korea.
authors.forename: Nam Jin
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung-Kwan
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Goo-Yeong
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Mi-Rae
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Chi Young
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dae-Hee
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea.
authors.forename: Dae-Hee
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Gil Ja
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Kye Hun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Hyeong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Yeub
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Woo-Shik
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Park
keywords: Echocardiography; Normal population; Reference value