title: A holistic picture of Austronesian migrations revealed by phylogeography of Pacific paper mulberry.
abstract: The peopling of Remote Oceanic islands by Austronesian speakers is a fascinating and yet contentious part of human prehistory. Linguistic, archaeological, and genetic studies have shown the complex nature of the process in which different components that helped to shape Lapita culture in Near Oceania each have their own unique history. Important evidence points to Taiwan as an Austronesian ancestral homeland with a more distant origin in South China, whereas alternative models favor South China to North Vietnam or a Southeast Asian origin. We test these propositions by studying phylogeography of paper mulberry, a common East Asian tree species introduced and clonally propagated since prehistoric times across the Pacific for making barkcloth, a practical and symbolic component of Austronesian cultures. Using the hypervariable chloroplast ndhF-rpl32 sequences of 604 samples collected from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceanic islands (including 19 historical herbarium specimens from Near and Remote Oceania), 48 haplotypes are detected and haplotype cp-17 is predominant in both Near and Remote Oceania. Because cp-17 has an unambiguous Taiwanese origin and cp-17-carrying Oceanic paper mulberries are clonally propagated, our data concur with expectations of Taiwan as the Austronesian homeland, providing circumstantial support for the "out of Taiwan" hypothesis. Our data also provide insights into the dispersal of paper mulberry from South China "into North Taiwan," the "out of South China-Indochina" expansion to New Guinea, and the geographic origins of post-European introductions of paper mulberry into Oceania.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Chi-Shan
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Hsiao-Lei
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios de Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena 1720170, Chile;
authors.forename: Ximena
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Moncada
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano, Santiago 7500828, Chile;
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seelenfreund
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Seelenfreund
authors.affiliation: School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; kuofangchung@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Kuo-Fang
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D044466:Asian People; D018742:DNA, Chloroplast / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D061125:Genes, Chloroplast / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D063426:Human Migration; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D062312:Islands; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D031625:Morus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D009512:New Guinea; D044349:Oceania; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D018742:DNA, Chloroplast; D018744:DNA, Plant
keywords: Broussonetia papyrifera; DNA of herbarium specimens; Voyaging Corridor Triple I; commensal approach; out of Taiwan hypothesis