title: Accelerating the Smith-Waterman algorithm with interpair pruning and band optimization for the all-pairs comparison of base sequences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Smith-Waterman algorithm is known to be a more sensitive approach than heuristic algorithms for local sequence alignment algorithms. Despite its sensitivity, a greater time complexity associated with the Smith-Waterman algorithm prevents its application to the all-pairs comparisons of base sequences, which aids in the construction of accurate phylogenetic trees. The aim of this study is to achieve greater acceleration using the Smith-Waterman algorithm (by realizing interpair block pruning and band optimization) compared with that achieved using a previous method that performs intrapair block pruning on graphics processing units (GPUs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present an interpair optimization method for the Smith-Waterman algorithm with the aim of accelerating the all-pairs comparison of base sequences. Given the results of the pairs of sequences, our method realizes efficient block pruning by computing a lower bound for other pairs that have not yet been processed. This lower bound is further used for band optimization. We integrated our interpair optimization method into SW#, a previous GPU-based implementation that employs variants of a banded Smith-Waterman algorithm and a banded Myers-Miller algorithm. Evaluation using the six genomes of Bacillus anthracis shows that our method pruned 88% of the matrix cells on a single GPU and 73% of the matrix cells on two GPUs. For the genomes of the human chromosome 21, the alignment performance reached 202 giga-cell updates per second (GCUPS) on two Tesla K40 GPUs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Efficient interpair pruning and band optimization makes it possible to complete the all-pairs comparisons of the sequences of the same species 1.2 times faster than the intrapair pruning method. This acceleration was achieved at the first phase of SW#, where our method significantly improved the initial lower bound. However, our interpair optimization was not effective for the comparison of the sequences of different species such as comparing human, chimpanzee, and gorilla. Consequently, our method is useful in accelerating the applications that require optimal local alignments scores for the same species. The source code is available for download from http://www-hagi.ist.osaka-u.ac.jp/research/code/.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Daiki
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan. ino@ist.osaka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ino
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan. hagihara@ist.osaka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hagihara
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000235:genetics*; D016678:Genome; D006071:Gorilla gorilla / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment