title: Development of vaccines for Plasmodium vivax malaria.
abstract: Plasmodium vivax continues to cause significant morbidity outside Africa with more than 50% of malaria cases in many parts of South and South-east Asia, Pacific islands, Central and South America being attributed to P. vivax infections. The unique biology of P. vivax, including its ability to form latent hypnozoites that emerge months to years later to cause blood stage infections, early appearance of gametocytes before clinical symptoms are apparent and a shorter development cycle in the vector makes elimination of P. vivax using standard control tools difficult. The availability of an effective vaccine that provides protection and prevents transmission would be a valuable tool in efforts to eliminate P. vivax. Here, we review the latest developments related to P. vivax malaria vaccines and discuss the challenges as well as directions toward the goal of developing highly efficacious vaccines against P. vivax malaria.
authors.affiliation: Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Institute of Global Health (ISGLOBAL), Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: mueller@wehi.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ahmad Rushdi
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shakri
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India; Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. Electronic address: chetan.chitnis@pasteur.fr.
authors.forename: Chetan E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Chitnis
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D035843:Biomedical Research; D006801:Humans; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000276:immunology; D017780:Malaria Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D010139:Pacific Islands; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D013020:South America
chemical_list: D017780:Malaria Vaccines
keywords: Blood stage malaria vaccines; Immunity to malaria; Malaria vaccines; P. vivax malaria; Parasitic diseases; Pre-erythrocytic stage malaria vaccines; Transmission blocking malaria vaccines