title: What's next after metformin? focus on sulphonylurea: add-on or combination therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) mainly focused on insulin resistance and insulin deficiency over the past decades. Currently, the pathophysiologies expanded to ominous octet and guidelines were updated with newer generation of antidiabetic drug classes. However, many patients had yet to achieve their target glycaemic control. Although all the guidelines suggested metformin as first line, there was no definite consensus on the second line drug agents as variety of drug classes were recommended.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review was to evaluate the drug class after metformin especially sulphonylurea and issues around add-on or fixed dose combination therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extensive literature search for English language articles, clinical practice guidelines and references was performed using electronic databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adding sulphonylurea to metformin targeted both insulin resistance and insulin deficiency. Sulphonylurea was efficacious and cheaper than thiazolidinedione, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue and insulin. The main side effect of sulphonylurea was hypoglycaemia but there was no effect on the body weight when combining with metformin. Fixed dose sulphonylurea/metformin was more efficacious at lower dose and reported to have fewer side effects with better adherence. Furthermore, fixed dose combination was cheaper than add-on therapy. In conclusion, sulphonylurea was feasible as the second line agent after metformin as the combination targeted on two pathways, efficacious, cost-effective and had long safety history. Fixed dose combination tablet could improve patient's adherence and offered an inexpensive and more efficacious option regardless of original or generic product as compared to add-on therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Hospital Pulau Pinang. Penang ( Malaysia ). pheiching@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Phei C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sain Malaysia . Penang ( Malaysia ). jjueping@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chee P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Chong
keywords: Biguanides; Combination; Diabetes Mellitus; Drug Combinations; Drug Therapy; Hypoglycemic Agents; Sulfonylurea Compounds; Type 2