title: Biodegradability of iopromide products after UV/H₂O₂ advanced oxidation.
abstract: Iopromide is an X-ray and MRI contrast agent that is virtually non-biodegradable and persistent through typical wastewater treatment processes. This study determined whether molecular transformation of iopromide in a UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process (AOP) can result in biodegradable products. The experiments used iopromide labeled with carbon-14 on the aromatic ring to trace degradation of iopromide through UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation and subsequent biodegradation. The biotransformation assay tracked the formation of radiolabeled (14)CO2 which indicated full mineralization of the molecule. The results indicated that AOP formed biodegradable iopromide products. There was no (14)C released from the pre-AOP samples, but up to 20% of all radiolabeled carbon transformed into (14)CO2 over the course of 42 days of biodegradation after iopromide was exposed to advanced oxidation (compared to 10% transformation in inactivated post-AOP controls). In addition, the quantum yield of photolysis of iopromide was determined using low pressure (LP) and medium pressure (MP) mercury lamps as 0.069 ± 0.005 and 0.080 ± 0.007 respectively. The difference in the quantum yields for the two UV sources was not statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval (p = 0.08), which indicates the equivalency of using LP or MP UV sources for iopromide treatment. The reaction rate between iopromide and hydroxyl radicals was measured to be (2.5 ± 0.2) × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1). These results indicate that direct photolysis is a dominant degradation pathway in UV/H2O2 AOP treatment of iopromide. Other iodinated contrast media may also become biodegradable after exposure to UV or UV/H2O2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA. Electronic address: okeen@uncc.edu.
authors.forename: Olya S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Keen
authors.affiliation: Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Love
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
authors.forename: Diana S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Aga
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Karl G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Linden
mesh_terms: D001711:Biotransformation; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D007472:Iohexol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010782:Photolysis; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007472:Iohexol; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C038192:iopromide
keywords: Advanced oxidation; Biodegradation; Iopromide; Quantum yield; Transformation products