title: Nasal chitosan microparticles target a zidovudine prodrug to brain HIV sanctuaries.
abstract: Zidovudine (AZT) is an antiretroviral drug that is a substrate of active efflux transporters (AETs) that extrude the drug from the central nervous system (CNS) and macrophages, which are considered to be sanctuaries of HIV. The conjugation of AZT to ursodeoxycholic acid is known to produce a prodrug (UDCA-AZT) that is able to elude the AET systems, indicating the potential ability of this prodrug to act as a carrier of AZT in the CNS and in macrophages. Here, we demonstrate that UDCA-AZT is able to permeate and remain in murine macrophages with an efficiency twenty times higher than that of AZT. Moreover, we propose the nasal administration of this prodrug in order to induce its uptake into the CNS. Chitosan chloride-based microparticles (CP) were prepared by spray-drying and were characterized with respect to size, morphology, density, water uptake and the dissolution profile of UDCA-AZT. The CP sample was then nasally administered to rats. All in vitro and in vivo measurements were also performed for a CP parent physical mixture. The CP sample was able to increase the dissolution rate of UDCA-AZT and to reduce water uptake with respect to its parent physical mixture, inducing better uptake of UDCA-AZT into the cerebrospinal fluid of rats, where the prodrug can act as an AZT carrier in macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy. Electronic address: dla@unife.it.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalpiaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy. Electronic address: marco.fogagnolo@unife.it.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fogagnolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy. Electronic address: frl@unife.it.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferraro
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy. Electronic address: antonio.capuzzo@unife.it.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Capuzzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy. Electronic address: pvnbbr@unife.it.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pavan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy. Electronic address: grassu@uniss.it.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rassu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy. Electronic address: asalis@uniss.it.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salis
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy. Electronic address: pgiunc@uniss.it.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giunchedi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy. Electronic address: eligav@uniss.it.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gavini
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002214:Capsules / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D002214:Capsules; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011355:Prodrugs; D015215:Zidovudine; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: Brain targeting; Chitosan (PubChem: CID21896651); Chitosan microparticle; HIV treatment; Macrophage; Nasal formulation; Zidovudine (PubChem: CID35370); Zidovudine prodrug