title: Metabolic abnormalities linked to an increased cardiovascular risk are associated with high-grade prostate cancer: a single biopsy cohort analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking, hypertension, abdominal obesity and metabolic abnormalities have been considered individual factors involved in prostate cancer (PCa) pathogenesis. All of these factors are used to define the individual cardiovascular risk (CVR). The aim of our study was to evaluate the association between CVR and PCa diagnosis and grade among a consecutive series of men undergoing prostate biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2010 onwards, consecutive patients undergoing 12-core prostate biopsy were enrolled. Body mass index was measured before the biopsy. Blood samples were collected and tested for: PSA, fasting glucose, triglycerides and high-density lipoproteins. Blood pressure was also recorded. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III and CVR according to the European Association of Cardiologist Guidelines. We evaluated the association between CVR and PCa biopsy Gleason score using logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred and eighty-four patients were enrolled. Four hundred and six patients (70%) presented a moderate/high CVR. Two hundred and thirty-seven (40.6%) patients had cancer on biopsy; 157 with moderate/high CVR and 80 with low/no CVR (P=0.11). Out of the 237 patients with PCa, 113 had a Gleason score 6 and 124 a Gleason score ⩾7. Out of them, 92/124 (75%) presented a moderate/high CVR (P=0.004). Moderate/high CVR was not associated with an increased risk of PCa (odds ratio (OR): 0.741, confidence interval (CI): 0.474-1.156; P=0.186) but with an increased risk of Gleason score ⩾7 (OR: 2.154, CI: 1.076-4.314; P=0.030).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, a moderate/high CVR is associated with an increased risk of a high-grade Gleason score when PCa is diagnosed on biopsy. Although these results should be confirmed in multicentre studies, patients with moderate/high CVR should be carefully evaluated for PCa diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Nunzio
authors.affiliation: Department of Heart and Great Vessels 'A. Reale', Policlinico Umberto I, ' Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Truscelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trucchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petta
authors.affiliation: ICCU, Cardiovascular Department, Ospedale San Filippo Neri, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tubaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ospedale Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gacci
authors.affiliation: Department of Heart and Great Vessels 'A. Reale', Policlinico Umberto I, ' Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gaudio
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Presicce
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tubaro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors