title: Self-reported symptoms and risk factors for digital ischaemia among international world-class beach volleyball players.
abstract: The prevalence of ischaemia-related symptoms is remarkably high among elite indoor volleyball players. Since the exposure to sport-specific demands may be higher in beach volleyball compared to indoor volleyball, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ischaemia-related symptoms and associated risk factors among world-class beach volleyball players. Therefore, a questionnaire survey was performed among beach volleyball players active during the 2013 Grand Slam Beach Volleyball in the Netherlands. In total, 60 of the 128 beach volleyball players (47%) participated: 26 males and 34 females from 17 countries. The self-reported prevalence of cold or blue or pale digits in the dominant hand during or immediately after practice or competition was 38% (n = 23). Two risk factors were independently associated with symptoms of blue or pale digits: more than 14 years playing volleyball (odds ratio (OR) 4.42, 90% confidence interval (90% CI) 1.30-15.07) and sex (female) (OR 4.62, 90% CI 1.15-18.57). In conclusion, the prevalence of symptoms associated with digital ischaemia is high among international world-class beach volleyball players. Female sex and the length of the volleyball career were independently associated with an increased risk of ischaemia-related symptoms. The high prevalence of these seemingly innocuous symptoms and possible associated risk factors warrant regular monitoring since early detection can potentially prevent thromboembolic complications and irreversible tissue damage.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Radiology , Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van De Pol
authors.affiliation: a Department of Radiology , Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alaeikhanehshir
authors.affiliation: a Department of Radiology , Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maas
authors.affiliation: b Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P Paul F M
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Kuijer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005383:Finger Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D054798:Volleyball; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Beach volleyball; arterial pathology; finger/hand ischaemia; prevalence; risk factors