title: Altered transcription of inflammation-related genes in dental pulp of coeliac children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coeliac disease is a chronic small intestinal immune-mediated enteropathy precipitated by exposure to dietary gluten, and possible relationships between coeliac disease and dental pathogenic conditions during childhood have been poorly investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The dental pulp plays a pivotal role in the immune defence against possible entry of pathogens from teeth, and the aim of this work was to investigate quantitative transcription levels of selected genes (IL-9, IL-11, IL-15, IL-18, IL-21, IL-27, MICA, IFN-γ) coding for pro-inflammatory immune innate activities in the pulp of primary teeth from healthy children and children with coeliac disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pulp from primary teeth of 10 healthy children and 10 children with coeliac disease was used to extract RNA and prepare cDNA for quantitative PCR transcription analysis employing commercial nucleotide probes for selected genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In children with coeliac disease, the genes coding for pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-11, IL-18, and IL-21 were significantly overexpressed, suggesting the possible importance of these cytokines in the relationships between coeliac disease and dental disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, we reported in dental pulp of children possible relationships between coeliac disease and modulation in transcription of cytokine-dependent inflammatory activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bossù
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montuori
authors.affiliation: Department DIBAF, Universita degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Casani
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Giorgio
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9234-5636
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pacifici
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ladniak
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polimeni
mesh_terms: D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D017370:Interleukin-11 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016906:Interleukin-9 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007378:Interleukins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000098546:Interleukin-21
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; C573415:IFNG protein, human; C508611:IL11 protein, human; C569274:IL15 protein, human; C000589760:IL18 protein, human; C508607:IL9 protein, human; D017370:Interleukin-11; D019409:Interleukin-15; D020382:Interleukin-18; D016906:Interleukin-9; D007378:Interleukins; C099187:MHC class I-related chain A; C464565:MYDGF protein, human; D012313:RNA; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D000098546:Interleukin-21