title: Equivalence of electronic and paper administration of patient-reported outcome measures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies conducted between 2007 and 2013.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the equivalence between electronic and paper administration of patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) in studies conducted subsequent to those included in Gwaltney et al's 2008 review.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature review of PROM equivalence studies conducted between 2007 and 2013 identified 1,997 records from which 72 studies met pre-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria. PRO data from each study were extracted, in terms of both correlation coefficients (ICCs, Spearman and Pearson correlations, Kappa statistics) and mean differences (standardized by the standard deviation, SD, and the response scale range). Pooled estimates of correlation and mean difference were estimated. The modifying effects of mode of administration, year of publication, study design, time interval between administrations, mean age of participants and publication type were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred thirty-five individual correlations were extracted, these correlations being highly variable (I2 = 93.8) but showing generally good equivalence, with ICCs ranging from 0.65 to 0.99 and the pooled correlation coefficient being 0.88 (95% CI 0.87 to 0.88). Standardised mean differences for 307 studies were small and less variable (I2 = 33.5) with a pooled standardised mean difference of 0.037 (95% CI 0.031 to 0.042). Average administration mode/platform-specific correlations from 56 studies (61 estimates) had a pooled estimate of 0.88 (95% CI 0.86 to 0.90) and were still highly variable (I2 = 92.1). Similarly, average platform-specific ICCs from 39 studies (42 estimates) had a pooled estimate of 0.90 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.92) with an I2 of 91.5. After excluding 20 studies with outlying correlation coefficients (≥3SD from the mean), the I2 was 54.4, with the equivalence still high, the overall pooled correlation coefficient being 0.88 (95% CI 0.87 to 0.88). Agreement was found to be greater in more recent studies (p < 0.001), in randomized studies compared with non-randomised studies (p < 0.001), in studies with a shorter interval (<1 day) (p < 0.001), and in respondents of mean age 28 to 55 compared with those either younger or older (p < 0.001). In terms of mode/platform, paper vs Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS) comparisons had the lowest pooled agreement and paper vs tablet/touch screen the highest (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study supports the conclusion of Gwaltney's previous meta-analysis showing that PROMs administered on paper are quantitatively comparable with measures administered on an electronic device. It also confirms the ISPOR Taskforce´s conclusion that quantitative equivalence studies are not required for migrations with minor change only. This finding should be reassuring to investigators, regulators and sponsors using questionnaires on electronic devicesafter migration using best practices. Although there is data indicating that migrations with moderate changes produce equivalent instrument versions, hence do not require quantitative equivalence studies, additional work is necessary to establish this. Furthermore, there is the need to standardize migration practices and reporting practices (i.e. include copies of tested instrument versions and screenshots) so that clear recommendations regarding equivalence testing can be made in the future.raising questions about the necessity of conducting equivalence testing moving forward.
authors.affiliation: ICON Clinical Research, 6th Floor Seacourt Tower, West Way, Oxford, OX2 0JJ, UK. Willie.Muehlhausen@iconplc.com.
authors.forename: Willie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Muehlhausen
authors.affiliation: ICON Clinical Research, 6th Floor Seacourt Tower, West Way, Oxford, OX2 0JJ, UK. Helen.Doll@iconplc.com.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Doll
authors.affiliation: ICON Clinical Research, 6th Floor Seacourt Tower, West Way, Oxford, OX2 0JJ, UK. Nuz_Quadri@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Nuz
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Quadri
authors.affiliation: ICON Clinical Research, 6th Floor Seacourt Tower, West Way, Oxford, OX2 0JJ, UK. Bethany.Fordham@iconplc.com.
authors.forename: Bethany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fordham
authors.affiliation: CRF Health, Brook House - 3rd Floor, 229-243 Shepherds Bush Road, Hammersmith, London, W6 7AN, UK. Paul.ODonohoe@crfhealth.com.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Donohoe
authors.affiliation: ICON Clinical Research, 6th Floor Seacourt Tower, West Way, Oxford, OX2 0JJ, UK. Nijda09@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nijda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dogar
authors.affiliation: ICON Clinical Research, 6th Floor Seacourt Tower, West Way, Oxford, OX2 0JJ, UK. Diane.Wild1@icloud.com.
authors.forename: Diane J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wild
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010209:Paper; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*