title: Positive effect of combined exercise training in a model of metabolic syndrome and menopause: autonomic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress evaluations.
abstract: It is now well established that after menopause cardiometabolic disorders become more common. Recently, resistance exercise has been recommended as a complement to aerobic (combined training, CT) for the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of CT in hypertensive ovariectomized rats undergoing fructose overload in blood pressure variability (BPV), inflammation, and oxidative stress parameters. Female rats were divided into the following groups (n = 8/group): sedentary normotensive Wistar rats (C), and sedentary (FHO) or trained (FHOT) ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats undergoing and fructose overload. CT was performed on a treadmill and ladder adapted to rats in alternate days (8 wk; 40-60% maximal capacity). Arterial pressure (AP) was directly measured. Oxidative stress and inflammation were measured on cardiac and renal tissues. The association of risk factors (hypertension + ovariectomy + fructose) promoted increase in insulin resistance, mean AP (FHO: 174 ± 4 vs. C: 108 ± 1 mmHg), heart rate (FHO: 403 ± 12 vs. C: 352 ± 11 beats/min), BPV, cardiac inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α-FHO: 65.8 ± 9.9 vs. C: 23.3 ± 4.3 pg/mg protein), and oxidative stress cardiac and renal tissues. However, CT was able to reduce mean AP (FHOT: 158 ± 4 mmHg), heart rate (FHOT: 303 ± 5 beats/min), insulin resistance, and sympathetic modulation. Moreover, the trained rats presented increased nitric oxide bioavailability, reduced tumor necrosis factor-α (FHOT: 33.1 ± 4.9 pg/mg protein), increased IL-10 in cardiac tissue and reduced lipoperoxidation, and increased antioxidant defenses in cardiac and renal tissues. In conclusion, the association of risk factors promoted an additional impairment in metabolic, cardiovascular, autonomic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters and combined exercise training was able to attenuate these dysfunctions.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil;
authors.forename: Filipe Fernandes
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil;
authors.forename: Janaina de Oliveira
authors.initials: Jde O
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil; Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and.
authors.forename: Nathalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bernardes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil;
authors.forename: Danielle da Silva
authors.initials: Dda S
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil;
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Malfitano
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida; and.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida; and.
authors.forename: Susana Francisca
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Llesuy
authors.affiliation: Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and.
authors.forename: Maria-Cláudia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Irigoyen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil; prof.kangelis@uninove.br.
authors.forename: Kátia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Angelis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D062186:Arterial Pressure; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose; D006339:Heart Rate; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008593:Menopause / Q000097:blood; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010052:Ovariectomy; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D055070:Resistance Training; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D005632:Fructose
keywords: blood pressure variability; exercise training; inflammation; menopause; metabolic syndrome; oxidative stress