title: Blind people are more sensitive than sighted people to binaural sound-location cues, particularly inter-aural level differences.
abstract: Blind people use auditory information to locate sound sources and sound-reflecting objects (echolocation). Sound source localization benefits from the hearing system's ability to suppress distracting sound reflections, whereas echolocation would benefit from "unsuppressing" these reflections. To clarify how these potentially conflicting aspects of spatial hearing interact in blind versus sighted listeners, we measured discrimination thresholds for two binaural location cues: inter-aural level differences (ILDs) and inter-aural time differences (ITDs). The ILDs or ITDs were present in single clicks, in the leading component of click pairs, or in the lagging component of click pairs, exploiting processes related to both sound source localization and echolocation. We tested 23 blind (mean age = 54 y), 23 sighted-age-matched (mean age = 54 y), and 42 sighted-young (mean age = 26 y) listeners. The results suggested greater ILD sensitivity for blind than for sighted listeners. The blind group's superiority was particularly evident for ILD-lag-click discrimination, suggesting not only enhanced ILD sensitivity in general but also increased ability to unsuppress lagging clicks. This may be related to the blind person's experience of localizing reflected sounds, for which ILDs may be more efficient than ITDs. On the ITD-discrimination tasks, the blind listeners performed better than the sighted age-matched listeners, but not better than the sighted young listeners. ITD sensitivity declines with age, and the equal performance of the blind listeners compared to a group of substantially younger listeners is consistent with the notion that blind people's experience may offset age-related decline in ITD sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: mats.nilsson@psychology.su.se.
authors.forename: Mats E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech, Music and Hearing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bo N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Schenkman
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D001766:Blindness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003463:Cues; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011571:Psychoacoustics; D013017:Sound Localization; D013028:Space Perception; D013997:Time Factors; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Age; Blind; Echolocation; Precedence effect; Sound localization