title: Label-free blood serum detection by using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and support vector machine for the preoperative diagnosis of parotid gland tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is difficult for the parotid gland neoplasms to make an accurate preoperative diagnosis due to the restriction of biopsy in the parotid gland neoplasms. The aim of this study is to apply the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for the blood serum biochemical detection and use the support vector machine for the analysis in order to develop a simple but accurate blood serum detection for preoperative diagnosis of the parotid gland neoplasms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The blood serums were collected from four groups: the patients with pleomorphic adenoma, the patients with Warthin's tumor, the patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma and the volunteers without parotid gland neoplasms. Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) were mixed with the blood serum as the SERS active nanosensor to enhance the Raman scattering signals produced by the various biochemical materials and high quality SERS spectrum were obtained by using the Raman microscope system. Then the support vector machine was utilized to analyze the differences of the SERS spectrum from the blood serum of different groups and established a diagnostic model to discriminate the different groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was demonstrated that there were different intensities of SERS peaks assigned to various biochemical changes in the blood serum between the parotid gland tumor groups and normal control group. Compared with the SERS spectra of the normal serums, the intensities of peaks assigned to nucleic acids and proteins increased in the SERS spectra of the parotid gland tumor serums, which manifested the differences of the biochemical metabolites in the serum from the patients with parotid gland tumors. When the leave-one-sample-out method was used, support vector machine (SVM) played an outstanding performance in the classification of the SERS spectra with the high accuracy (84.1 % ~ 88.3 %), sensitivity (82.2 % ~ 97.4 %) and specificity (73.7 % ~ 86.7 %). Though the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity decreased in the leave-one-patient-out cross validation, the mucoepidermoid carcinoma was still easier to diagnose than other tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The specific molecular differences of parotid gland tumors and normal serums were significantly demonstrated through the comparison between the various SERS spectra.But compared with the serum SERS spectra reported in the other studies, some differences exist between the spectra in this study and the ones reported in the lietratures. These differences may result from the various nano-particles, the different preparation of serum and equipment parameters, and we could need a further research to find an exact explanation.Based on the SERS spectra of the serum samples, SVM have shown a giant potential to diagnose the parotid gland tumors in our preliminary study. However, different cross validaiton methods could effect the accuracy and a further study involing a great number of samples should be needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This exploratory research demonstrated the great potential of SERS combined with SVM into a non-invasive clinical diagnostic method for preoperative diagnosis of parotid gland tumors. And the internal relation between the spectra and patients should be established in the further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hosipital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Zhining
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hosipital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Xianyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hosipital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. muzili63@163.com.
authors.forename: Longjiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010307:Parotid Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D011300:Preoperative Care; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods; D060388:Support Vector Machine; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers