title: The Effectiveness of Interventions for Improving the Research Literacy of Nurses: A Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Internationally, a considerable body of research exists examining why nurses do not use evidence in practice. Consistently, the research finds that lack of knowledge about research or discomfort with understanding research terminology are among the chief reasons given. Research education is commonly included in undergraduate nursing degree programs, but this does not seem to translate into a strong understanding of research following graduation, or an ability to use it in practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review was to identify the effectiveness of workplace, tertiary-level educational, or other interventions designed to improve or increase postregistration nurses' understanding of research literature and ability to critically interact with research literature with the aim of promoting the use of research evidence in practice in comparison to no intervention, other intervention, or usual practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A wide range of databases were searched for quantitative studies of registered nurses receiving educational interventions designed to increase or improve their understanding of research literature in tertiary or workplace settings. Two reviewers working independently critically appraised the relevant papers and extracted the data using Joanna Briggs Institute instruments. Data are presented as a narrative summary as no meta-analysis was possible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Searching identified 4,545 potentially relevant papers, and after the sifting of titles and abstracts, 96 papers were selected for retrieval. On examination of full-text versions, 10 of the 96 retrieved papers were found to meet the inclusion criteria. Included studies were low to moderate quality. Interactive or activity-based learning seems to be effective in terms of improving research knowledge, critical appraisal ability, and research self-efficacy. Utilizing a program with a strong base in an appropriate theory also seems to be associated with greater effectiveness, particularly for workplace interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The included studies strongly favored interactive interventions, and those utilizing theory in their construction. Therefore, these types of interventions should be implemented to improve the effectiveness of research education for nurses as well as their research literacy.
authors.affiliation: Nursing Research Centre and Queensland Centre for Evidence-based Nursing and Midwifery, Level 2, Aubigny Place, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane and School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramsbotham
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coyer
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D006801:Humans; D058980:Information Literacy; D009726:Nurses / Q000592:standards*; D012106:Research / Q000193:education* / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends
keywords: interventions; research literacy; systematic review