title: Assessment of smoking for low bone mineral density in postmenopausal Turkish women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal Turkish women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 175 postmenopausal Turkish women admitted to Tepecik Training and Research Hospital for a routine menopausal checkup were included in this study. All participants completed a questionnaire regarding their age, educational status, parity, number of abortus, time since menopause, caffeine intake, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, history of a previous fracture related to trauma, and taking any medication for menopause and osteoporosis. Of all subjects, 23.3% (n = 39) were smokers and 77.7% (n = 136) were nonsmokers. T-scores and Z-scores of vertebra and femur neck were assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). For analyzing the results, Student t-test, one-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson correlation, and Kruskal-Wallis test were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Femur T-scores (- 0.78 ± 1.07 vs. - 0.32 ± 1.56) and vertebra T-scores (- 2.26 ± 1.23 vs. - 1.82 ± 1.04) were significantly lower in smoking women than nonsmoking women (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant difference between duration of smoking, number of cigarettes consumed per day, and BMD (p > 0.05) CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking is one of the modifiable risk factors influencing bone density in postmenopausal Turkish women. "Cessation of cigarette" should be recommended for lifestyle modifications to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ugur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ugurlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey. drumit75@hotmail.com.|, Yavuz Selim Mah. Ersite Asude Yapı Kooperatifi B blok K:2 D:4, 24180, Erzincan, Turkey. drumit75@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Umit
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nayki
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cenk
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nayki
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors.forename: Pasa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ulug
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kulhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yildirim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017698:Postmenopause; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Body mass index; Osteoporosis; Postmenopause; Smoking