title: Adaptation of the cecal bacterial microbiome of growing pigs in response to resistant starch type 4.
abstract: Resistant starch (RS) exacerbates health benefits on the host via modulation of the gut bacterial community. By far, these effects have been less well explored for RS of type 4. This study aimed at gaining a community-wide insight into the impact of enzymatically modified starch (EMS) on the cecal microbiota and hindgut fermentation in growing pigs. Castrated male pigs (n = 12/diet; 29-kg body weight) were fed diets with either 70% EMS or control starch for 10 days. The bacterial profile of each cecal sample was determined by sequencing of the V345 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina MiSeq platform. EMS diet reduced short-chain fatty acid concentrations in cecum and proximal colon compared to the control diet. Linear discriminant analyses and K means clustering indicated diet-specific cecal community profiles, whereby diversity and species richness were not different among diets. Pigs showed host-specific variation in their most abundant phyla, Firmicutes (55%), Proteobacteria (35%), and Bacteroidetes (10%). The EMS diet decreased abundance of Ruminococcus, Parasutterella, Bilophila, Enterococcus, and Lactobacillus operational taxonomic units (OTU), whereas Meniscus and Actinobacillus OTU were increased compared to those with the control diet (P < 0.05). Quantitative PCR confirmed results for host effect on Enterobacteriaceae and diet effect on members of the Lactobacillus group. The presence of less cecal short-chain fatty acids and the imputed metabolic functions of the cecal microbiome suggested that EMS was less degradable for cecal bacteria than the control starch. The present EMS effects on the bacterial community profiles were different than the previously reported RS effects and can be linked to the chemical structure of EMS.
authors.affiliation: University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria Research Cluster "Animal Gut Health," Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria Barbara.Metzler@vetmeduni.ac.at.
authors.forename: Barbara U
authors.initials: BU
authors.lastname: Metzler-Zebeli
authors.affiliation: Research Cluster "Animal Gut Health," Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria Institute of Milk Hygiene, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmitz-Esser
authors.affiliation: Research Cluster "Animal Gut Health," Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria Institute of Milk Hygiene, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.affiliation: Agrana Research & Innovation Center GmbH, Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grüll
authors.affiliation: Agrana Research & Innovation Center GmbH, Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Timea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Molnar
authors.affiliation: Research Cluster "Animal Gut Health," Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Qendrim
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zebeli
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002432:Cecum / Q000382:microbiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004032:Diet; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D013213:Starch / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D013213:Starch