title: The Sound of Silence: Signaling by Apoptotic Cells.
abstract: Apoptosis is a carefully choreographed process of cellular self-destruction in the absence of inflammation. During the death process, apoptotic cells actively communicate with their environment, signaling to both their immediate neighbors as well as distant sentinels. Some of these signals direct the anti-inflammatory immune response, instructing specific subsets of phagocytes to participate in the limited and careful clearance of dying cellular debris. These immunomodulatory signals can also regulate the activation state of the engulfing phagocytes. Other signals derived from apoptotic cells contribute to tissue growth control with the common goal of maintaining tissue integrity. Derangements in these growth control signals during prolonged apoptosis can lead to excessive cell loss or proliferation. Here, we highlight some of the most intriguing signals produced by apoptotic cells during the course of normal development as well as during physiological disturbances such as atherosclerosis and cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Caitlin E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Fogarty
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. Electronic address: andreas.bergmann@umassmed.edu.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D016923:Cell Death; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004330:Drosophila / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines / Q000378:metabolism; D008246:Lysophospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D008322:Mammals / Q000378:metabolism; D009024:Morphogenesis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000378:metabolism; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1; D016207:Cytokines; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines; D008246:Lysophospholipids; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C077219:small inducible cytokine subfamily E, member 1; C060506:sphingosine 1-phosphate; D013110:Sphingosine
keywords: Apoptosis-induced apoptosis; Apoptosis-induced proliferation; Apoptotic bodies; Caspases; Fractalkine; Mahakali effect; Phoenix Rising; Phosphatidylserine