title: Maternal and Peer Regulation of Adolescent Emotion: Associations with Depressive Symptoms.
abstract: Emotion socialization by close relationship partners plays a role in adolescent depression. In the current study, a microsocial approach was used to examine how adolescents' emotions are socialized by their mothers and close friends in real time, and how these interpersonal emotion dynamics are related to adolescent depressive symptoms. Participants were 83 adolescents aged 16 to 17 years who participated in conflict discussions with their mothers and self-nominated close friends. Adolescents' positive and negative emotions, and mothers' and peers' supportive regulation of adolescent emotions, were coded in real time. Two multilevel survival analyses in a 2-level Cox hazard regression framework predicted the hazard rate of (1) mothers' supportive regulation of adolescents' emotions, and (2) peers' supportive regulation of adolescents' emotions. The likelihood of maternal supportiveness, regardless of adolescent emotions, was lower for adolescents with higher depressive symptoms. In addition, peers were less likely to up-regulate adolescent positive emotions at higher levels of adolescent depressive symptoms. The results of the current study support interpersonal models of depression and demonstrate the importance of real-time interpersonal emotion processes in adolescent depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queen's University, 62 Arch Street, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3 N6. j.lougheed@queensu.ca.
authors.forename: Jessica P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lougheed
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queen's University, 62 Arch Street, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3 N6.
authors.forename: Wendy M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pepler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.affiliation: Community Health Systems Resource Group, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Arland
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Hara
authors.affiliation: Developmental Psychopathology Department, Radboud University Nijmegen, Comeniuslaan 4, 6525 HP, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Isabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Granic
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queen's University, 62 Arch Street, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3 N6.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hollenstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D010379:Peer Group; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012951:Socialization
keywords: Adolescence; Depression; Dyadic interactions; Emotion regulation; Multilevel survival analysis