title: The role of clinically-relevant parameters on the cohesiveness of sclerosing foams in a biomimetic vein model.
abstract: We have recently reported on the development of a biomimetic vein model to measure the performance of sclerosing foams. In this study we employed the model to compare the commercially-available Varithena(®) (polidocanol injectable foam) 1% varicose vein treatment (referred to as polidocanol endovenous microfoam, or PEM) with physician compounded foams (PCFs) made using different foam generation methods (Double Syringe System and Tessari methods) and different foam formulations [liquid to gas ratios of 1:3 or 1:7; gas mixtures composed of 100% CO2, various CO2:O2 mixtures and room air (RA)]. PCFs produced using the DSS method had longer dwell times (DTs) (range 0.54-2.21 s/cm in the 4 mm diameter vein model) than those of the corresponding PCFs produced by the Tessari technique (range 0.29-0.94 s/cm). PEM had the longest DT indicating the best cohesive stability of any of the foams produced (2.92 s/cm). Other biomimetic model variables investigated included effect of vessel size, delayed injection and rate of plug formation (injection speed). When comparing the 4 and 10 mm vessel diameters, the DTs seen in the 10 mm vessel were higher than those observed for the 4 mm vessel, as the vein angle had been reduced to 5° to allow for foam plug formation. PCF foam performance was in the order RA > CO2:O2 (35:65) ≅ CO2:O2 (65:35) > CO2; PEM had a longer DT than all PCFs (22.10 s/cm) except that for RA made by DSS which was similar but more variable. The effect of delayed injection was also investigated and the DT for PEM remained the longest of all foams with the lowest percentage deviation with respect to the mean values, indicating a consistent foam performance. When considering rate of plug formation, PEM consistently produced the longest DTs and this was possible even at low plug expansion rates (mean 29.5 mm/s, minimum 20.9 mm/s). The developed vein model has therefore demonstrated that PEM consistently displays higher foam stability and cohesiveness when compared to PCFs, over a range of clinically-relevant operational variables.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.|Electro-Mechanical Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carugo
authors.affiliation: Electro-Mechanical Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
authors.forename: Dyan N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Ankrett
authors.affiliation: Biocompatibles UK Ltd. A BTG International Group Company, Farnham Business Park, Weydon Lane, Farnham, Surrey, GU9 8QL, UK.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: O'Byrne
authors.affiliation: BTG International Ltd., 5 Fleet Place, London, EC4M 7RD, UK.
authors.forename: David D I
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Biocompatibles UK Ltd. A BTG International Group Company, Farnham Business Park, Weydon Lane, Farnham, Surrey, GU9 8QL, UK. andrew.lewis@biocompatibles.com.
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Electro-Mechanical Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.|Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
authors.forename: Martyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.|Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
authors.forename: Xunli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D032701:Biomimetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D014680:Veins