title: Antitumor Activity of Garcinol in Human Prostate Cancer Cells and Xenograft Mice.
abstract: Garcinol, which is isolated from fruit rinds of Garcinia indica, is a polyisoprenylated benzophenone. It has been studied for its antitumor activity by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting autophagy in human prostate cancer cells. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio increased when garcinol was applied to PC-3 cells indicating a presence of apoptosis. Meanwhile, procaspases-9 and -3 were suppressed with attenuating PARP and DFF-45. Autophagy was inhibited through activating p-mTOR and p-PI3 Kinase/AKT by garcinol, which as a result induced the cells to apoptosis directly. In addition, the apoptosis effect of garcinol in a xenograft mouse model was also tested, suggesting a consistent result with PC-3 cell model. The tumor size was reduced more than 80 percent after the mouse accepted the garcinol treatment. Garcinol was demonstrated to have a strong antitumor activity through inhibiting autophagy and inducing apoptosis, which was discovered for the first time. Based on these findings, our data suggests that garcinol deserves further investigation as a potent chemopreventive agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida , 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University , Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mei-Ling
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University , Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Li-Yu
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States.
authors.forename: Chi-Tang
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan.|Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan.|Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University , Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Min-Hsiung
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D029760:Garcinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013729:Terpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D013729:Terpenes; C109664:caspase-activated DNase inhibitor; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; C054597:garcinol
keywords: apoptosis; autophagy; garcinol; prostate cancer cells and xenograft mice