title: Alginate Bead-Encapsulated PEDF Induces Ectopic Bone Formation In Vivo in the Absence of Co-Administered Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
abstract: Bone defects can be severely debilitating and reduce quality of life. Osteoregeneration can alleviate some of the complications in bony defects. For therapeutic use in future, a single factor that can cause potent bone regeneration is highly preferred as it will be more costeffective, any off-target effects will be more easily monitored and potentially managed, and for ease of administration which would lead to better patient compliance and satisfaction.
  
  
  
  We demonstrate that pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), one such factor that is known to be potent against angiogenesis, promotes osteoblastogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, but does not need co-encapsulation of cells in alginate bead scaffolds for osteogeneration in vivo.
  
  
  
  Osteogenic differentiation by PEDF in vitro was confirmed with immunoblotting and immunocytochemical staining for bone markers (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteopontin, collagen I), calcified mineral deposition, and assay for alkaline phosphatase activity. PEDF-mediated bone formation in a muscle pocket in vivo model was confirmed by microcomputed tomography (microCT), histology (haematoxylin and eosin, Alcian blue staining), immunostaining for bone markers and for collagen I-processing proteins (heat shock protein 47 and membrane type I matrix metalloproteinase).
  
  
  
  PEDF therefore presents itself as a promising biological for osteogeneration.
authors.affiliation: College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans 3021, Australia.|Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute for Ageing and Chronic Disease, Bentley 6102, Australia.
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elahy
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.|Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Doschak
authors.affiliation: Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute for Ageing and Chronic Disease, Bentley 6102, Australia.|School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia.
authors.forename: Jeffery D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans 3021, Australia.
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baindur-Hudson
authors.affiliation: College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans 3021, Australia.|Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute for Ageing and Chronic Disease, Bentley 6102, Australia.|School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia.
authors.forename: Crispin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Dass
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004339:Drug Compounding; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D015843:Serpins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography; D000099174:Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D015415:Biomarkers; D005136:Eye Proteins; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D015843:Serpins; D000099174:Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor
keywords: PEDF; alginate; bone; collagen I; regenerative medicine; stem cell