title: Assessment of Bilateral Thoracic Loading on the Near-Side Occupant Due to Occupant-to-Occupant Interaction in Vehicle Crash Tests.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims, by means of the WorldSID 50th percentile male, to evaluate thoracic loading and injury risk to the near-side occupant due to occupant-to-occupant interaction in combination with loading from an intruding structure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine vehicle crash tests were performed with a 50th percentile WorldSID male dummy in the near-side (adjacent to the intruding structure) seat and a THOR or ES2 dummy in the far-side (opposite the intruding structure) seat. The near-side seated WorldSID was equipped with 6 + 6 IR-Traccs (LH and RH) in the thorax/abdomen enabling measurement of bilateral deflection. To differentiate deflection caused by the intrusion, and the deflection caused by the neighboring occupant, time history curves were analyzed. The crash tests were performed with different modern vehicles, equipped with thorax side airbags and inflatable curtains, ranging from a compact car to a large sedan, and in different loading conditions such as car-to-car, barrier, and pole tests. Lateral delta V based on vehicle tunnel acceleration and maximum residual intrusion at occupant position were used as a measurement of crash severity to compare injury measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 9 vehicle crash tests, thoracic loading, induced by the intruding structure as well as from the far-side occupant, varied due to the size and structural performance of the car as well as the severity of the crash. Peak deflection on the thoracic outboard side occurred during the first 50 ms of the event. Between 70 to 150 ms loading induced by the neighboring occupant occurred and resulted in an inboard-side peak deflection and viscous criterion. In the tests where the target vehicle lateral delta V was below 30 km/h and intrusion less than 200 mm, deflections were low on both the outboard (20-40 mm) and inboard side (10-15 mm). At higher crash severities, delta V 35 km/h and above as well as intrusions larger than 350 mm, the inboard deflections (caused by interaction to the far-side occupant) were of the same magnitude or even higher (30-70 mm) than the outboard deflections (30-50 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A WorldSID 50th percentile male equipped with bilateral IR-Traccs can detect loading to the thorax from a neighboring occupant making injury risk assessment feasible for this type of loading. At crash severities resulting in a delta V above 35 km/h and intrusions larger than 350 mm, both the inboard deflection and VC resulted in high risks of Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 3+ injury, especially for a senior occupant.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Surgical and Perioperative Science , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden.|b Autoliv Research , Vårgårda , Sweden.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sunnevång
authors.affiliation: b Autoliv Research , Vårgårda , Sweden.
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pipkorn
authors.affiliation: b Autoliv Research , Vårgårda , Sweden.
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Boström
mesh_terms: D015998:Abbreviated Injury Scale; D000005:Abdomen / Q000502:physiology; D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D013909:Thorax / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: WorldSID; crash test; injury mechanisms; occupant-to-occupant interaction; side impact