title: In vivo demonstration of injectable microstimulators based on charge-balanced rectification of epidermically applied currents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is possible to develop implantable microstimulators whose actuation principle is based on rectification of high-frequency (HF) current bursts supplied through skin electrodes. This has been demonstrated previously by means of devices consisting of a single diode. However, previous single diode devices caused dc currents which made them impractical for clinical applications. Here flexible thread-like stimulation implants which perform charge balance are demonstrated in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  The implants weigh 40.5 mg and they consist of a 3 cm long tubular silicone body with a diameter of 1 mm, two electrodes at opposite ends, and, within the central section of the body, an electronic circuit made up of a diode, two capacitors, and a resistor. In the present study, each implant was percutaneously introduced through a 14 G catheter into either the gastrocnemius muscle or the cranial tibial muscle of a rabbit hindlimb. Then stimulation was performed by delivering HF bursts (amplitude <60 V, frequency 1 MHz, burst repetition frequency from 10 Hz to 200 Hz, duration = 200 μs) through a pair of textile electrodes strapped around the hindlimb and either isometric plantarflexion or dorsiflexion forces were recorded. Stimulation was also assayed 1, 2 and 4 weeks after implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The implants produced bursts of rectified current whose mean value was of a few mA and were capable of causing local neuromuscular stimulation. The implants were well-tolerated during the 4 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Existing power supply methods, and, in particular inductive links, comprise stiff and bulky parts. This hinders the development of minimally invasive implantable devices for neuroprostheses based on electrical stimulation. The proposed methodology is intended to relieving such bottleneck. In terms of mass, thinness, and flexibility, the demonstrated implants appear to be unprecedented among the intramuscular stimulation implants ever assayed in vertebrates.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ivorra
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Becerra-Fajardo
authors.forename: Quim
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Castellví
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004817:Epidermis / Q000502:physiology*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D011817:Rabbits