title: Laparoscopic versus open peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion for the management of pediatric acute kidney injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute pediatric dialysis is provided by a single center in New Zealand. Most acute dialysis in our center is performed in the under 5 age group. The advantage of using peritoneal dialysis (PD) in these children is the ability to perform continuous renal replacement therapy without always requiring an ICU setting, avoiding central venous access and promoting greater cardiovascular stability. The disadvantage of PD in the acute setting includes the requirement for immediate use and the potential for early leaks due to peritoneal disruption with resulting delayed use and restricted volumes. There is a growing trend toward minimally invasive surgery and the laparoscopic method allows this. Surgeons at this center have been using a laparoscopic technique since 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a 10-year review of acute PD at the Starship Hospital from 2003 to 2013. Data on 102 children who met the criteria were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These 102 children had 113 acute PD catheters. The two groups were comparable in terms of age and reason for presentation. The median age of the laparoscopic group was 2 years (interquartile range [IQR] 6) and the open group was 3 years (IQR 3.2). The predominant diagnosis for both groups was hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) accounting for 71% of laparoscopic cases, and 72% of open cases. The incidence of infection was 0% versus 7% in the laparoscopic versus open approach. Ten percent of patients required further manipulation of the catheter after initial insertion in the laparoscopic group, compared with 11% in the open approach. Conversion to hemodialysis (HD) due to catheter-related complications was seen in 10% of laparoscopic cases and 9% of the open cases. Dialysate fluid leak was noted in 26% in the laparoscopic group compared with 11% in the open group (p = 0.08). Anesthesia time is longer in the laparoscopic group (p = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no significant differences in complication rates between laparoscopic and open surgical approaches regarding acute PD catheter insertion. We saw a trend in increased leakage with laparoscopic procedures and a significantly longer operative time. We concluded that the laparoscopic approach in the acute situation for emergency dialysis is safe and effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stack
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ronaldson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Chanel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prestidge
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. TonyaK@adhb.govt.nz.|Children's Research Centre, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. TonyaK@adhb.govt.nz.
authors.forename: Tonya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kara
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000628:therapy*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Acute dialysis; Acute kidney injury; Laparoscopic; Peritoneal dialysis