title: A simple diagnostic index comprising epithelial membrane antigen and fibronectin for hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: Background and rationale for the study. Continuing search for suitable tumor-markers is of clinical value in managing patients with various malignancies. These markers may be presented as intracellular substances in tissues or may be released into the circulation and appear in serum. Therefore, this work is concerned with identification and quantitative determination of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and fibronectin and estimating their performances as surrogate markers for identifying hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 627 individuals constituted this study [fibrosis (F1-F3) = 217; cirrhosis = 191; HCC = 219]. Western-blot was used for identifying EMA and fibronectin in sera. As a result, a single immunoreactive band was shown at 130-kDa and 90-kDa corresponding to EMA and fibronectin, respectively. They were quantified using ELISA providing values in HCC higher than fibrosis or cirrhosis with a significant difference (P < 0.0001). For identifying HCC, EMA showed 0.82 area under receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) with sensitivity = 70% and specificity = 78% while fibronectin yielded AUC = 0.70 with sensitivity = 67% and specificity = 82%. FEBA-Test comprising fibronectin and EMA together with total-bilirubin and AFP was constructed yielding AUC = 0.92 for identifying HCC from cirrhosis with sensitivity = 89% and specificity = 85%. FEBA-Test was then tested for differentiating HCC from fibrosis showing AUC = 0.97 with sensitivity = 90% and specificity = 89%. FEBA-Test enabled the correct identification of HCC patients with CLIP 0-1 and size ≤ 3 cm with AUC = 0.80 and AUC = 0.84, respectively, indicating its ability in identifying early HCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A four-marker index may improve the early detection of HCC with a high degree of accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Research & Development Department, Biotechnology Research Center, New Damietta City, Egypt.
authors.forename: Abdelfattah M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Attallah
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Far
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Egypt.
authors.forename: Camelia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Abdel Malak
authors.affiliation: Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Farid
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Omran
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Raida S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Yahya
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Egypt.
authors.forename: Entsar A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: Research & Development Department, Biotechnology Research Center, New Damietta City, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Albannan
authors.affiliation: Research & Development Department, Biotechnology Research Center, New Damietta City, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Attallah
authors.affiliation: Research & Development Department, Biotechnology Research Center, New Damietta City, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: El Basuni
authors.affiliation: Delta University, Gamasa, Egypt.
authors.forename: Islam S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Research & Development Department, Biotechnology Research Center, New Damietta City, Egypt.
authors.forename: Safaa B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Abed
authors.affiliation: Delta University, Gamasa, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: El Naggar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C097353:AFP protein, human; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D005353:Fibronectins; C060192:MUC1 protein, human; D018396:Mucin-1; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D001663:Bilirubin