title: Oral bony outgrowths: prevalence and genetic factor influence. Study of twins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to verify the influence of a genetic factor on the etiology of oral bony outgrowths and to determine the prevalence and type of oral bony outgrowths (tori and exostoses) among a group of Lithuanian twins.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 162 twins (81 twin pairs) were analyzed for the presence or absence, type, and size of oral bony outgrowths. Statistical analysis was carried out to find the prevalence of bony protuberances and the relationship between zygosity and occurrence of oral bony enlargements. Zygosity of twins was confirmed by DNA analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  59.9% of the subjects had oral bony outgrowths. Mandibular tori were found in 56.8% and palatal tori in 1.8% of the sample. Palatal exostoses and mandibular exostoses were present in 1.8% and 3.1% of the sample, respectively, whereas maxillary exostoses were not found. A higher percentage of tori and exostoses were found in the group of older subjects (>18 years old, p=0.025). No significant difference was found between men and women in the prevalence of bony outgrowths. High κ and r values (0.91±0.062) showed very good concordance of oral bony outgrowths between monozygotic and moderate concordance (0.58±0.141) between dizygotic co-twins (p<0.001). The calculation of heritability estimate verifies dominant influence of genetic factor on the etiology of oral bony outgrowths (h(2)=0.658).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most common bony outgrowth was torus mandibularis. Our results show that the genetic factor is dominant in the etiology of oral bony outgrowths.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental and Oral Diseases, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania. Electronic address: adomas.auskalnis@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Adomas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Auškalnis
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Center of Oral Health, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.affiliation: Oral and Dental Care Department, Kauno Kolegija/University of Applied Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Eglė
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Putnienė
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Antanas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Šidlauskas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology Systems and Genetics, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Andriuškevičiūtė
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental and Oral Diseases, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Nomeda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Basevičienė
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005096:Exostoses / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008097:Lithuania / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000002:abnormalities*; D008875:Middle Aged; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000002:abnormalities*; D015995:Prevalence; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Genetic factor; Oral bony outgrowths; Torus mandibularis; Torus palatinus; Twins