title: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, its treatment with medication and the probability of developing a depressive disorder: A nationwide population-based study in Taiwan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to determine the risk of developing depressive disorders by evaluating children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in comparison to controls that do not have ADHD, as well as to analyze whether the medications used to treat ADHD, methylphenidate (MPH) and atomoxetine (ATX), influence the risk of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of patients newly diagnosed with ADHD (n=71,080) and age- and gender-matching controls (n=71,080) were chosen from Taiwan's National Health Insurance database during the period of January 2000 to December 2011. Both the patients and controls were monitored through December 31, 2011. We also explore the potential influence of the length of MPH and ATX treatment on developing depressive disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ADHD patients showed a significantly increased probability of developing a depressive disorder when compared to the control group (ADHD: 5.3% vs.
  
  
  METHODS
  0.7%; aHR, 7.16, 99% CI: 6.28-8.16). Regarding treatment with MPH, a longer MPH use demonstrates significant protective effects against developing a depressive disorder (aOR, 0.91, 99%CI: 0.88-0.94). However, the duration of ATX treatment could not be significantly correlated with the probability of developing a depressive disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The database employed in this study lacks of comprehensive clinical information for the patients with ADHD. Potential moderating factors between ADHD and depression were not considered in-depth in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study reveal that youths diagnosed with ADHD have a greater risk of developing depressive disorders. Long-term treatment with MPH correlated to the reduced probability of developing a depressive disorder among youths with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Min-Jing
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kang-Chung
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Chiau
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Shyu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shin-Sheng
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Ju
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sheng-Yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Tung-Liang
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Electronic address: wangliangjen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Liang-Jen
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D008774:Methylphenidate; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride
keywords: ADHD; Comorbidity; Epidemiology; Mood disorders; Stimulant