title: A Comparative Evaluation of Adherence of Microorganism to Different Types of Brackets: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the adherence of microorganism to different types of brackets using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). A double-blinded study was undertaken to evaluate and adherence of microorganisms to different types of brackets using SEM.
  
  
  METHODS
  At random, 12 patients reporting for treatment to the department of Orthodontics VS Dental College and Hospital were selected. Four types of brackets were included in the present study stainless steel, titanium, composite, and ceramic. Brackets were bonded to teeth of the patient on all the four quadrants. The teeth included for bonding were lateral incisor, canine, first premolar, and second premolar. The brackets were left for 72 h. After 72 h brackets were debonded, and they were evaluated by SEM for adherence of microorganism in the slot and tie wings surface. The SEM images were graded, and the adherence of microorganism to the brackets in the surfaces and the four different quadrants were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a significant difference in adherence of microorganisms to the various types of brackets (P < 0.001) and the surfaces (P < 0.05) included in the study. However, there is no significance in the mean adherence of microorganisms in the different quadrants (P > 0.05) included in the study. The interaction of bracket/surface, bracket/quadrant, surface/quadrants was analyzed, there was no significance of comparison of bracket/surfaces/quadrant but the interaction of bracket/quadrant was found to be significant (<0.011). The interaction of bracket/surfaces/quadrant was also found to be significant (<0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The maximum adherence of microorganisms was observed with the composite bracket material and the least adherence of microorganisms was observed with the titanium bracket material. The adherence of microorganisms is relatively more in the slot area, when compare to the tie wings surface maximum adherence of microorganism is observed in the upper left quadrant and least adherence of microorganism is observed in the lower right quadrant. There is a significant difference in adherence of microorganisms to various types of brackets and the surfaces included in the study. There is no significant difference in the adherence of microorganism to the bracket surfaces in the four quadrants included in the study.
authors.affiliation: Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, MR Ambedkar Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Shashidhar
authors.affiliation: Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, MR Ambedkar Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sahitya
authors.affiliation: Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, VS Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sunil
authors.affiliation: Reader, Department of Orthodontics, MR Ambedkar Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Anup R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics, VS Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rani
keywords: Adherence; brackets; ceramic; composite; microorganism; scanning electron microscope; stainless steel; titanium