title: A Phenomenological Study of Nurse Manager Interventions Related to Workplace Bullying.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to acquire nurse managers' perspectives as to the scope of workplace bullying, which interventions were deemed as effective and ineffective, and what environmental characteristics cultivated a healthy, caring work environment.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Research has linked workplace bullying among RNs to medical errors, unsafe hospital environments, and negative patient outcomes. Limited research had been conducted with nurse managers to discern their perspectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six nurse managers from hospital settings participated in in-depth, semistructured interviews. Ray's theory of bureaucratic caring guided the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These themes emerged: (a) awareness, (b) scope of the problem, (c) quality of performance, and (d) healthy, caring environment. Findings indicated mandated antibullying programs were not as effective as individual manager interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systems must be in place to hold individuals accountable for their behavior. Communication, collective support, and teamwork are essential to create environments that lead to the delivery of safe, optimum patient care.
authors.affiliation: Author Affiliations: Clinical Assistant Professor (Dr Skarbek), School of Nursing & Health Studies, University of Missouri-Kansas City; Associate Professor (Dr Johnson), SUNY Empire State College, Olean, New York; and Contributing Faculty (Dr Dawson), Doctoral Programs, Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Anita J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Skarbek
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dawson
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D058445:Bullying / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015146:Midwestern United States; D009511:New England; D009718:Nurse Administrators / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015279:Organizational Culture; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000592:standards*; D010563:Personnel Turnover / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012931:Social Environment; D012941:Social Responsibility; D017132:Workplace