title: Establishing the discriminating concentration for permethrin and fipronil resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (Acari: Ixodidae), the brown dog tick.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille), the brown dog tick, is a veterinary canine and urban pest. These ticks have been found to develop resistance and tolerance to the two commonly used acaricides permethrin and fipronil respectively. We have developed a discriminating concentration that can be used for rapid detection of permethrin and fipronil resistance in brown dog tick populations. The availability of a discriminating concentration for the brown dog tick provides an inexpensive and rapid resistance diagnostic technique that can be used to guide tick management plans for companion animals and aid in the selection of environmental treatment options.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Establishing the discriminating concentration for permethrin and fipronil in brown dog ticks enables a resistant:susceptible screening. For permethrin the discriminating concentration was set at 0.19%, and for fipronil at 0.15%. Three additional diagnostic concentrations were chosen to evaluate resistance levels when larval tick numbers were available for screening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future tick submissions from residences and kennel facilities can be subjected to a single chemical concentration to diagnose resistance, which minimizes time, costs and tick rearing requirements and guides effective control plans. With the standardized use of larval ticks, a client-submission quantity of ideally five engorged females would provide sufficient larval numbers to utilize this technique. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Eiden
authors.affiliation: Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Phillip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.affiliation: USDA, ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Sandra A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.affiliation: Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Faith
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oi
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D026023:Permethrin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D048508:Rhipicephalus sanguineus; D013983:Tick Control / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D011720:Pyrazoles; D026023:Permethrin; C082360:fipronil
keywords: Rhipicephalus sanguineus; acaricide resistance; diagnostic concentration; fipronil; permethrin