title: Smear layer removal efficacy of combination of herbal extracts in two different ratios either alone or supplemented with sonic agitation: An in vitro scanning electron microscope study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of two natural extracts in varying ratios for removal of smear layer either alone or supplemented with sonic agitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty extracted single-rooted teeth were collected, disinfected and decoronated below the cementoenamel junction to obtain standardized root length of 10 mm. Root canals were instrumented using rotary files at working length 1 mm short of the apex. Specimens were divided into six groups according to the irrigation protocol as follows: Group A - Distilled water, Group B - 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, Group C - Herbal extracts in 1:1 ratio, Group D - Herbal extracts in 1:1 ratio supplemented with sonic agitation, Group E - Herbal extracts in 2:1 ratio, Group F - Herbal extracts in 2:1 ratio supplemented with sonic agitation. Specimens were longitudinally sectioned and evaluated under scanning electron microscope for smear layer removal efficacy. Obtained scores were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among all, Group B showed the best results followed by Group F. Remaining other groups showed inferior outcome (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of two extracts in 2:1 ratio was slightly better than 1:1 ratio and the smear layer removal efficacy was further improved when accompanied with sonic agitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K. M. Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Naveen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chhabra
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K. M. Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Hitesh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gyanani
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, P. M. N. M. Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Laxmikant
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kamatagi
keywords: Agitation; Citrus aurantifolia; Sapindus mukorossi; endodontic irrigation; root canal therapy; smear layer