title: Quality assessment and antiplasmodial activity of West African Cochlospermum species.
abstract: The present study focuses on development of phytochemical methods for quality assessment of two West-African Cochlospermum species (Cochlospermum planchonii and Cochlospermum tinctorium) traditionally used for malaria treatment in Burkina Faso. Antimalarial activity of preparations from dried rhizomes (decoction) was tested against the chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium strain 3D7 using the histidine-rich protein II (HRP2) drug susceptibility assay and compared with extract preparations using organic solvents of different polarity. Two main apocarotenoids were isolated from rhizomes of C. planchonii and unambiguously identified as dihydrocochloxanthine and cochloxanthine by spectroscopic methods. Comparative HPLC analyses of thirty-nine (39) samples from markets and from collections in natural habitats of both species showed a high variability in the accumulation of cochloxanthines and related carotenoids which were proven to be characteristic for rhizomes of both species and generally absent in leaves. Furthermore, content of total phenolics and antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP) as well as haemolytic activity of various extracts was tested. The HPLC method presented here was validated and provides a good separation of both compounds including 10 minor carotenoids. Extracts from both species and pure cochloxanthine offered pronounced antioxidant activities and weak haemolytic activity while, in contrast, dihydrocochloxanthine had a strong haemolytic effect at the highest concentration analysed. However, cochloxanthine as well as dihydrocochloxanthine showed erythroprotective effects against the haemolytic activity of the reference saponin. Moderate antiplasmodial activity between 16 and 63 μg/ml were observed with all tested extracts, and lower IC50 values were obtained with pure dihydrocochloxanthine (IC50=6.9 μg/ml), cochloxanthine (IC50=6.8 μg/ml), the DCM fraction (IC50=2.4 μg/ml) and the ethyl acetate fraction (IC50=11.5μg/ml) derived from a methanolic extract of C. planchonii. This study shows a major variability of carotenoid content and antiplasmodial activity of both C. planchonii and C. tinctorium. The high haemolytic activity of dihydrocochloxanthine (at 100 μg/ml) should be considered as a selection criterion for choosing species phenotypes for treatment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: aline.Lamien-Meda@vetmeduni.ac.at.
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lamien-Meda
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biochimie et Chimie Appliquées, LABIOCA, University of Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiendrebeogo
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biochimie et Chimie Appliquées, LABIOCA, University of Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Moussa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Compaoré
authors.affiliation: UFR Sciences et Techniques, Polytechnic University of Bobo Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo 01, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Roland N T
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Meda
authors.affiliation: Division of Chemistry of Renewables, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bacher
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pacher
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Fuehrer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noedl
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
authors.forename: Merlin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Willcox
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Novak
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D031212:Bixaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D002050:Burkina Faso; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D014970:Xanthines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000099053:Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; C000609078:Cochloxanthine; D011506:Proteins; D014970:Xanthines; C000609079:dihydrocochloxanthine; D000099053:Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein
keywords: Antimalarial activity; Cochlospermum planchonii; Cochlospermum tinctorium; HPLC; Haemolytic activity; Identification; Quality assessment; TLC