title: Metabolites and hormones are involved in the intraspecific variability of drought hardening in radiata pine.
abstract: Studies of metabolic and physiological bases of plant tolerance and hardening against drought are essential to improve genetic breeding programs, especially in productive species such as Pinus radiata. The exposure to different drought cycles is a highly effective tool that improves plant conditioning, but limited information is available about the mechanisms that modulate this process. To clarify this issue, six P. radiata breeds with well-known differences in drought tolerance were analyzed after two consecutive drought cycles. Survival rate, concentration of several metabolites such as free soluble amino acids and polyamines, and main plant hormones varied between them after drought hardening, while relative growth ratio and water potential at both predawn and dawn did not. Hardening induced a strong increase in total soluble amino acids in all breeds, accumulating mainly those implicated in the glutamate metabolism (GM), especially L-proline, in the most tolerant breeds. Other amino acids from GM such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and L-arginine (Arg) were also strongly increased. GABA pathway could improve the response against drought, whereas Arg acts as precursor for the synthesis of spermidine. This polyamine showed a positive relationship with the survival capacity, probably due to its role as antioxidant under stress conditions. Finally, drought hardening also induced changes in phytohormone content, showing each breed a different profile. Although all of them accumulated indole-3-acetic acid and jasmonic acid and reduced zeatin content in needles, significant differences were observed regarding abscisic acid, salicylic acid and mainly zeatin riboside. These results confirm that hardening is not only species-dependent but also an intraspecific processes controlled through metabolite changes.
authors.affiliation: Neiker-Tecnalia, Department of Biotechnology, Vitoria-Gasteiz, E-01080, Spain; Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-01080, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic. Electronic address: nuria.de@upol.cz.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Diego
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-01080, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. Electronic address: inigo.saiz@ehu.es.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saiz-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics AS CR. Královopolská 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: rodriguezljose@uniovi.es.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, Murcia E-30100, Spain. Electronic address: alfocea@cebas.csic.es.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pérez-Alfocea
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. Electronic address: mariacarmen.sampedro@ehu.es.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Sampedro
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. Electronic address: r.barrio@ehu.es.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Barrio
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-01080, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. Electronic address: maite.lacuesta@ehu.es.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lacuesta
authors.affiliation: Neiker-Tecnalia, Department of Biotechnology, Vitoria-Gasteiz, E-01080, Spain. Electronic address: pmoncalean@neiker.eus.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moncaleán
mesh_terms: D055864:Droughts; D028223:Pinus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000069600:Plant Breeding; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D011392:Proline
keywords: Amino acids; Growth; Hardening; Phytohormones; Pinus radiata; Polyamines