title: Low self-recognition and awareness of past hypomanic and manic episodes in the general population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bipolar disorder is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Its detection and correct diagnosis highly relies on the report of past hypomanic or manic episodes. We investigated the recognition and awareness of past hypomanic and manic episodes in a sample of respondents with bipolar disorder selected from a general population study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a reappraisal study from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), we further investigated 40 respondents with lifetime bipolar disorder confirmed by the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Respondents were asked about awareness of past depressive, manic and hypomanic episodes, illness characteristics and treatment history.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most respondents (82.5 %) recognized that they had experienced a depressive episode while 75 % had consulted a health professional for a depressive episode. Only a minority (22.5 %) recognized that they had experienced a (hypo)manic episode and only 17.5 % had consulted a health professional for a (hypo)manic episode. Only 12.5 % of the respondents reported having received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Recognition of previous (hypo)manic episodes was not related to severity of bipolar disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In routine clinical practice history-taking on a syndromal level, i.e., only inquiring whether a patient presenting with depression ever experienced a hypomanic or manic episode or received treatment for such an episode, is not sufficient to confirm or exclude a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Other efforts, such as an interview with a significant other and the use of self report questionnaires or (semi-)structured interviews may be needed to recognize previous manic symptoms in patients with depression.
authors.affiliation: Altrecht Institute for Mental Health Care, Nieuwe Houtenseweg 12, 3524 SH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. e.regeer@altrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Eline J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Regeer
authors.affiliation: Altrecht Institute for Mental Health Care, Nieuwe Houtenseweg 12, 3524 SH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. R.Kupka@ggzingeest.nl.|Department of Psychiatry, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. R.Kupka@ggzingeest.nl.
authors.forename: Ralph W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Kupka
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute), Utrecht, The Netherlands. mhave@trimbos.nl.
authors.forename: Margreet Ten
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Have
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. W.A.M.Vollebergh@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Wilma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vollebergh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. w.a.nolen@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Willem A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Nolen
keywords: Awareness; Bipolar disorder; General population; Self-recognition