title: Schmallenberg disease in sheep or goats: Past, present and future.
abstract: Schmallenberg disease has emerged in North-Western Europe in 2011 and has since spread widely, even across the European borders. It has the potency to infect many, mainly ruminant, species, but seems to lack zoonotic potential. Horizontal transmission occurs through various Culicoides biting midges and subsequent trans-placental transmission causes teratogenic effects. In some small ruminants, clinical signs, including fever, decreased milk production and diarrhea occur during the viraemic phase, but infection is mostly asymptomatic. However, fetal Schmallenberg virus infection in naïve ewes and goats can result in stillborn offspring, showing a congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome. The economic impact of infection depends on the number of malformed lambs, but is generally limited. There is debate on whether Schmallenberg virus has newly emerged or is re-emerging, since it is likely one of the ancestors of Shamonda virus, both Orthobunyaviruses belonging to the species Sathuperi virus within the Simbu serogroup viruses. Depending on the vector-borne transmission and the serologic status, future outbreaks of Schmallenberg disease induced congenital disease are expected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Ruminant Health, GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands. Electronic address: k.lievaart-peterson@gddiergezondheid.nl.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lievaart-Peterson
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Ruminant Health, GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luttikholt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peperkamp
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Ruminant Health, GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van den Brom
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Ruminant Health, GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vellema
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002044:Bunyaviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D002519:Ceratopogonidae; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D016851:Orthobunyavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012418:Ruminants / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000821:virology*; D012756:Sheep / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000821:virology; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology; D034561:Sheep, Domestic
keywords: Goats; SBV; Schmallenberg virus; Sheep; Small ruminants