title: Laparoscopic surgery of benign entero-vesical or entero-vaginal fistulae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Entero-vesical or entero-vaginal fistulae (EVF) are an uncommon septic complication mainly of diverticular disease. The fistulae are usually situated within extensive and dense inflammatory masses occluding the entrance of the pelvis. There are still some controversies regarding laparoscopic feasibility and treatment modalities of this disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of all patients with EVF operated at our department since 2008. Patients were identified by use of the computerized hospital information system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In nineteen patients (ten males), median age 68 years, 13 patients had entero-vesical fistulae, and 6 patients had entero-vaginal fistulae. The fistulae were caused by complicated diverticular disease in 16 patients (84 %), Crohn's disease (two patients), and ulcerative colitis (one patient). All cases were attempted laparoscopically. Operative treatment involved separation of the inflammatory mass and resection of the affected colorectal segment. There were three conversions (16 %), all three requiring bladder repair considered too extensive for laparoscopic means. In two further patients small bladder defects were sutured laparoscopically, the remaining patients required no bladder repair. The inferior mesentric artery (IMA) was preserved in all cases. Median operative time was 180 min. Two patients received a protective ileostomy: one converted patient and one cachectic patient with Crohn's disease under immune-modulating therapy. Both ileostomies were closed. Altogether, there were five complications in five patients (26 %), four of them were minor (Clavien grade I and II). The cachectic patient with Crohn's disease suffered a major (grade IIIb) complication (stoma prolapse, treated by early closure of the ileostomy). There was no anastomotic leakage and no mortality. Median hospital stay was 12 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The laparoscopic approach is a safe option for the treatment of EVF of benign inflammatory origin. In most cases it offers all the advantages pertaining to minimally invasive surgery. For a definite and causal approach, the disorder belongs primarily within the therapeutic domain of the visceral surgeon. Following the separation of the inflammatory colon, most of the bladder lesions caused by EVF will heal without further surgical measures.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Allgemeine und Viszeralchirurgie, Koloproktologie, St. Barbara-Klinik, Am Heessener Wald 1, 59073, Hamm, Germany. mkraemer@barbaraklinik.de.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Allgemeine und Viszeralchirurgie, Koloproktologie, St. Barbara-Klinik, Am Heessener Wald 1, 59073, Hamm, Germany.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kara
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007412:Intestinal Fistula / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D019990:Perioperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D001747:Urinary Bladder Fistula / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D014624:Vaginal Fistula / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Crohn’s disease; Diverticular disease; Entero-vaginal fistulae; Entero-vesical fistulae; Laparoscopic surgery