title: Penetration Peg Formation and Invasive Hyphae Development Require Stage-Specific Activation of MoGTI1 in Magnaporthe oryzae.
abstract: The hemibiotrophic pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae causes one of the most destructive diseases in cultivated rice. Complex infection-related morphogenesis and production of various effectors are known to be important for successful colonization and disease development. In this study, we characterized the activation of the MoGTI1 transcription factor and its role in infection-related morphogenesis and effector gene expression. The Mogti1 mutant was nonpathogenic, although it was normal in appressorium formation and turgor generation. Close examination showed that Mogti1 was defective in penetration and growth of normal invasive hyphae. Deletion of MoGTI1 affected the expression of the majority of effector genes. The expression of MoGti1 appeared to be controlled by the Mps1 but not Pmk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and the mps1 and Mogti1 mutants had similar phenotypes in plant infection and cell wall integrity defects. However, lack of MAPK phosphorylation sites and dispensability of the putative MAPK docking site suggested that MoGti1 is not a direct target of Mps1. Site-specific mutagenesis analyses showed that the putative protein kinase A phosphorylation site was not essential for localization of MoGti1 to the nucleus but important for its normal function. Although the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) phosphorylation site of MoGti1 is dispensable during vegetative growth and appressorium formation, the S77A mutation affected penetration and invasive growth. Localization of MoGti1(S77A)-green fluorescent protein to the nucleus in late stages of appressorium formation and during invasive growth was not observed, suggesting a stage-specific CDK phosphorylation of MoGti1. Overall, our data indicate that Mps1 may indirectly regulate the expression of MoGti1 in maintaining cell wall integrity, conidiation, and plant infection. MoGti1 is likely a stage-specific target of CDK and plays a crucial role in effector gene expression and morphogenesis related to the development of penetration pegs and invasive hyphae.
authors.affiliation: 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China;|2 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China;
authors.forename: Guanghui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Jin-Rong
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China;
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000502:physiology; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D001467:Hordeum / Q000166:cytology; D025301:Hyphae / Q000254:growth & development*; D020082:Magnaporthe / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D019441:Plant Epidermis / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins