title: Dipstick albuminuria and acute kidney injury recovery in critically ill septic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of sepsis, a pro-inflammatory state that alters tubular handling of filtered albumin. We hypothesized that dipstick albuminuria (DA) is associated with a lower rate of AKI recovery in septic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a single-centre, retrospective cohort study of adults with sepsis-associated AKI in an urban academic intensive care unit (ICU). Patients with unknown baseline serum creatinine (SCr), absent urinalysis, and those with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <15 mL/min per 1.73m(2) or receiving chronic renal replacement therapy (RRT) were excluded. The independent variable was DA (negative or trace, 30 mg/dL, and ≥100 mg/dL) within the first 72 h of ICU stay. The outcome variable was AKI recovery at 30 days following hospital discharge, defined as the last SCr returning to a level less than 1.5 times the baseline SCr level and independence of RRT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 988 patients were included in the study. The median length of hospitalization was 11 days. The patients with higher degree of DA had worse critical illness scores. After adjustment for several confounders, DA ≥30 mg/dL was independently associated with "no AKI recovery" at 30 days post-discharge (adjusted OR 1.40, 95% CI, 1.01-1.95 for DA =30 mg/dL and 1.67, 1.15-2.42 for DA ≥100 mg/dL, P = 0.02). Other independent predictors of "no AKI recovery" were cumulative fluid balance, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, exposure to diuretics, and the need for mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dipstick albuminuria ≥30 mg/dL is independently associated with lower rate of AKI recovery at 30 days post-discharge. Our findings emphasize the potential utility of a simple routine test of DA in the risk-stratification of AKI recovery in ICU septic patients.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Javier A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Neyra
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Xilong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.|Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Lenar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yessayan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Beverley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adams-Huet
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Toto
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011934:Reagent Strips; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D013781:Texas; D013997:Time Factors; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011934:Reagent Strips; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: acute kidney injury; albuminuria; dipstick; recovery