title: Engineered heart tissues and induced pluripotent stem cells: Macro- and microstructures for disease modeling, drug screening, and translational studies.
abstract: Engineered heart tissue has emerged as a personalized platform for drug screening. With the advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, patient-specific stem cells can be developed and expanded into an indefinite source of cells. Subsequent developments in cardiovascular biology have led to efficient differentiation of cardiomyocytes, the force-producing cells of the heart. iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) have provided potentially limitless quantities of well-characterized, healthy, and disease-specific CMs, which in turn has enabled and driven the generation and scale-up of human physiological and disease-relevant engineered heart tissues. The combined technologies of engineered heart tissue and iPSC-CMs are being used to study diseases and to test drugs, and in the process, have advanced the field of cardiovascular tissue engineering into the field of precision medicine. In this review, we will discuss current developments in engineered heart tissue, including iPSC-CMs as a novel cell source. We examine new research directions that have improved the function of engineered heart tissue by using mechanical or electrical conditioning or the incorporation of non-cardiomyocyte stromal cells. Finally, we discuss how engineered heart tissue can evolve into a powerful tool for therapeutic drug testing.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.|Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.
authors.forename: Evangeline
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tzatzalos
authors.affiliation: Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.|Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.|Bio-X Program.|Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine.
authors.forename: Oscar J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Abilez
authors.affiliation: Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.|Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.
authors.forename: Praveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.|Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.|Bio-X Program.|Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine.
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D066126:Cardiotoxicity; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Disease modeling; Drug screening; Induced pluripotent stem cells; Tissue engineering