title: ABO (histo) blood group phenotype development and human reproduction as they relate to ancestral IgM formation: A hypothesis.
abstract: The formation of a histo (blood) group) ABO phenotype and the exclusion of an autoreactive IgM or isoagglutinin activity arise apparently in identical glycosylation of complementary domains on cell surfaces and plasma proteins. The fundamental O-glycan emptiness of the circulating IgM, which during the neonatal amino acid sequencing of the variable regions is exerting germline-specific O-GalNAc glycan-reactive serine/threonine residues that in the plasma of the adult human blood group O individuals apparently remain associated with the open glycosidic sites on the ABOH convertible red cell surface, must raise suggestions on a transient expression of developmental glycans, which have been "lost" over the course of maturation. In fact, while the mammalian non-somatic, embryogenic stem cell (ESC)- germ cell (GC) transformation is characterized by a transient and genetically as-yet-undefined trans-species-functional O-GalNAc glycan expression, in the C57BL/10 mouse such expression was potentially identified in growth-dependent, blood group A-like GalNAc glycan-bearing, ovarian glycolipids complementary with the syngeneic anti-A reactive IgM, which does not appear in early ovariectomized animals. This non-somatically encoded, polyreactive, ancestral IgM molecule has not undergone clonal selection and does primarily not differentiate between self and non-self and might, due to amino acid hydroxyl groups, highly suggest substrate competition with subsequent O-glycosylations in ongoing ESC-GC transformations and affecting GC maturation. However, the membrane-bound somatic N/O-glycotransferases, which initiate, after formation of the zygote, the complex construction of the human ABO phenotypes in the trans cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, are associated and/or completed with soluble enzyme versions exerting identical specificities in plasma and likely competing vice versa by glycosylation of neonatal IgM amino acids, where they suggest to accomplish the clearance of anti-A autoreactivity at germline serine and threonine residues. Sustaining the lineage-maintaining position of the classic A allele and the discovery of the OA hybrid alleles at the normal ABO locus and in heterozygous ESC lines have, together with clinical observations, raised discussions about a silent A-allelic support within blood group O reproduction. However, the question of whether a fictional "continued blood group O inbreeding" ultimately occurs without the A-allelic or somatic function remains unanswered because the genetic relationship between non-somatic O-GalNAc-glycosylations that operate before sperm-egg recognition and somatic O-GalNAc-glycosylations that arise after the formation of the zygote remains to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Philipps University Marburg/Lahn, Germany; Gastroenterology Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Research Laboratories, Chemie Grünenthal GmbH, D-52062 Aachen, Germany. Electronic address: parend@t-online.de.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arend
mesh_terms: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005854:Germ Cells; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017350:N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D010052:Ovariectomy; D010641:Phenotype; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012098:Reproduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D011134:Polysaccharides; D017350:N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases
keywords: Antibody clearance; Germline-encoded immunity; Non-somatic IgM; O-glycosylation; Phenotype-protected reproduction