title: Dissemination of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases and Quinolone Resistance Genes Among Clinical Isolates of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common childhood bacterial infections and Escherichia coli is the major pathogen. Producing β-lactamase enzymes are the most common mechanism of bacterial resistance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) and Quinolone Resistance (qnr) genes in E. coli strains isolated from UTIs.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, a total of 120 isolates of E. coli from urinary tract infections of the children were collected at Besat Hospital in Hamadan, Iran, from October 2010 to October 2011. The bacterial isolates were identified by standard biochemical methods. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by disk diffusion method, and ESBLs-producing was confirmed phenotypically using the double-disk synergy (DDS) test. The presence and identification of ESBLs and qnr genes were determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest sensitivity was seen to imipenem (96.7%), amikacin (92.5%), nitrofurantoin (93.3%), ofloxacin (81.7%), gentamicin norfloxacin (70.8%), and ciprofloxacin (79.2%). In contrast, the highest rate of resistance was seen to co-trimoxazole (77%) and nalidixic acid (40.9%). The results showed that 6 (2.18%) and 4 (1.12%) isolates of ESBL-producing E. coli were positive with respect to having qnrB and qnrS genes, respectively. No isolates was found to have qnrA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTX-M was the most prevalent ESBL genotype in uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolated from UTI. In addition, a high frequency of qnr genes among ESBL-producing E. coli was identified in this study. In order to avoid treatment failures, we recommend using phenotypic and molecular methods to diagnose these enzymes and qnr genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Iraj
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sedighi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran ; Brucellosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Arabestani
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic and Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahimbakhsh
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Karimitabar
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran ; Brucellosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Yousef
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Alikhani
keywords: Antibiotic Resistance; Escherichia coli; Quinolones