title: Parasympathomimetic drugs for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction due to radiotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review on parasympathomimetic drugs for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction due to radiotherapy (published in Issue 3, 2007). Salivary gland dysfunction is a predictable side effect of radiotherapy to the head and neck region. Pilocarpine hydrochloride (a choline ester) is licensed in many countries for the treatment of radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction. Other parasympathomimetics have also been used 'off licence' in the treatment of this condition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy and tolerability of parasympathomimetic drugs in the treatment of radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction (specifically radiation-induced xerostomia).
  
  
  METHODS
  For this update, we ran searches of the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2015, Issue 6), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL in July 2015. We checked the reference lists of retrieved articles for additional studies, contacted experts in the field for unpublished and ongoing trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies for unpublished and ongoing trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  The selection criteria for the review were: 1) randomised controlled trials; 2) people suffering from radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction; 3) people treated with parasympathomimetic drugs; and 4) assessable data available on primary outcome measure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The two review authors independently collected data from the full-text version of relevant papers including: 1) citation details; 2) participants; 3) interventions; 4) assessments; 5) outcomes (that is efficacy, tolerability); and 6) quality issues.Due to a lack of appropriate data, we were unable to perform a meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the original review, three studies, including a total of 298 participants, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All three studies involved the use of pilocarpine hydrochloride. We have included no additional studies in the update of the review; we have excluded eight additional studies.The data suggest that pilocarpine hydrochloride is more effective than placebo and at least as effective as artificial saliva. The response rate was 42% to 51%. The time to response was up to 12 weeks. The overall side effect rate was high, and side effects were the main reason for withdrawal (6% to 15% of participants taking 5 mg three times a day had to withdraw). The side effects were usually the result of generalised parasympathomimetic stimulation (for example sweating, headaches, urinary frequency, vasodilatation). Response rates were not dose dependent, but side effect rates were dose dependent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is limited evidence to support the use of pilocarpine hydrochloride in the treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia. Currently, there is little evidence to support the use of other parasympathomimetic drugs in the treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia. Available studies suggest that approximately half of patients will respond, but side effects can be problematic. The conclusions of the update are the same as the conclusions of the original review, since no new relevant studies have been published in the interim.
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Medicine, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010277:Parasympathomimetics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D010277:Parasympathomimetics; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D010862:Pilocarpine