title: Prevalence of postpartum depression among immigrant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were threefold: to estimate the prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms in immigrant women, compare this prevalence to non-immigrant women, and determine risk factors for postpartum depressive symptoms in immigrant women. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, ResearchGate and Google Scholar databases from 1950 until October 2014. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria of which 22 (12 cross-sectional and 10 prospective cohort) contributed data for meta-analyses. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed. The prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms in immigrant women was 20% (95% confidence interval [CI] 17-23%, 18 studies, N = 13,749 women). Immigrant women were twice more likely to experience depressive symptoms in the postpartum period than non-immigrant women (pooled unadjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.10 [95% CI 1.62-2.73, 15 studies, N = 50,519 women] and adjusted OR = 2.18 [95% CI 1.60-2.96, 7 studies, N = 35,557 women]). There was, however, evidence of publication bias with the pooled adjusted OR reduced to 1.63 (95% CI 1.22-2.17) after adjustment for bias. Risk factors associated with postpartum depressive symptoms among immigrant women included shorter length of residence in the destination country, lower levels of social support, poorer marital adjustment, and perceived insufficient household income. This study suggests that postpartum depression is a common condition among immigrant women. Moreover, immigrant women are at higher risk of postpartum depression than non-immigrant women. Further prospective studies on the risk factors of postpartum depression among immigrant women verified by a clinical diagnosis are needed.
authors.affiliation: Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Canada. Electronic address: k.falah.hassani@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Kobra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Falah-Hassani
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Rahman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shiri
authors.affiliation: Women's College Hospital and Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vigod
authors.affiliation: Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Cindy-Lee
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Dennis
mesh_terms: D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000453:epidemiology*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence
keywords: Immigrants; Meta-analysis; Postpartum depression; Prevalence; Risk factors