title: A widefield fluorescence microscope with a linear image sensor for image cytometry of biospecimens: Considerations for image quality optimization.
abstract: Linear image sensors have been widely used in numerous research and industry applications to provide continuous imaging of moving objects. Here, we present a widefield fluorescence microscope with a linear image sensor used to image translating objects for image cytometry. First, a calibration curve was characterized for a custom microfluidic chamber over a span of volumetric pump rates. Image data were also acquired using 15 μm fluorescent polystyrene spheres on a slide with a motorized translation stage in order to match linear translation speed with line exposure periods to preserve the image aspect ratio. Aspect ratios were then calculated after imaging to ensure quality control of image data. Fluorescent beads were imaged in suspension flowing through the microfluidics chamber being pumped by a mechanical syringe pump at 16 μl min(-1) with a line exposure period of 150 μs. The line period was selected to acquire images of fluorescent beads with a 40 dB signal-to-background ratio. A motorized translation stage was then used to transport conventional glass slides of stained cellular biospecimens. Whole blood collected from healthy volunteers was stained with 0.02% (w/v) proflavine hemisulfate was imaged to highlight leukocyte morphology with a 1.56 mm × 1.28 mm field of view (1540 ms total acquisition time). Oral squamous cells were also collected from healthy volunteers and stained with 0.01% (w/v) proflavine hemisulfate to demonstrate quantifiable subcellular features and an average nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio of 0.03 (n = 75), with a resolution of 0.31 μm pixels(-1).
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 120 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hutcheson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 120 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
authors.forename: Aneeka A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Majid
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 120 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Powless
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 120 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Muldoon
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D006801:Humans; D019044:Image Cytometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology; D016014:Linear Models; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009055:Mouth / Q000166:cytology