title: Joint kinematics of surgeons during lumbar pedicle screw placement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A surgical robot for spine surgery has recently been developed. The objective is to assess the joint kinematics of the surgeon during spine surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 18 spine surgeons, who each performed pedicle screw placement, and used an optoelectronic motion analysis system. Using three-dimensional (3D) motion images, distance changes in five joints and angle changes in six joints were calculated during surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Distance fluctuations increased gradually from the proximal to the distal joint. Angle fluctuations were largest at the distal point but did not gradually increase, and the elbow showed the second largest fluctuation. Changes along the X axis were larger than those of the Y and Z axes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distances gradually increased from proximal portions of the body to the hand. In angle changes, the elbow was most dynamic during pedicle screw placement. The surgeons' whole joints carry out a harmonic role during lumbar pedicle screw placement. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Yoon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Uk
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Kuh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Kyu
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Keun-Su
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Eun
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007596:Joints / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000379:methods*; D065289:Pedicle Screws; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D066231:Surgeons; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted
keywords: kinematics; pedicle screw; spine; surgeon