title: The Effect of Changes in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Weight on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity in Overweight Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity prior to and following adjustment for changes in weight over the course of a 4-y weight loss intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  As secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial, 263 overweight/obese adults with type 2 diabetes and OSA participated in an intensive lifestyle intervention or education control condition. Measures of OSA severity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body weight were obtained at baseline, year 1, and year 4. Change in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) served as the primary outcome. The percentage change in fitness (submaximal metabolic equivalents [METs]) and change in weight (kg) were the primary independent variables. Primary analyses collapsed intervention conditions with statistical adjustment for treatment group and baseline METs, weight, and AHI among other relevant covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, greater METs were associated with lower AHI (B [SE] = -1.48 [0.71], P = 0.038), but this relationship no longer existed (B [SE] = -0.24 [0.73], P = 0.75) after adjustment for weight (B [SE] = 0.31 [0.07], P < 0.0001). Fitness significantly increased at year 1 (+16.53 ± 28.71% relative to baseline), but returned to near-baseline levels by year 4 (+1.81 ± 24.48%). In mixed-model analyses of AHI change over time without consideration of weight change, increased fitness at year 1 (B [SE] = -0.15 [0.04], P < 0.0001), but not at year 4 (B [SE] = 0.04 [0.05], P = 0.48), was associated with AHI reduction. However, with weight change in the model, greater weight loss was associated with AHI reduction at years 1 and 4 (B [SE] = 0.81 [0.16] and 0.60 [0.16], both P < 0.0001), rendering the association between fitness and AHI change at year 1 nonsignificant (B [SE] = -0.04 [0.04], P = 0.31).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among overweight/obese adults with type 2 diabetes, fitness change did not influence OSA severity change when weight change was taken into account.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov identification number NCT00194259.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.affiliation: Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Reboussin
authors.affiliation: Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.|Weight Watchers International, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Elsa S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Strotmeyer
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jakicic
authors.affiliation: Brown University, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Millman
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, New York, NY.
authors.forename: F Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Pi-Sunyer
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wadden
authors.affiliation: Clinilabs, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zammit
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA.|Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Samuel T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Kuna
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015431:Weight Loss
keywords: apnea-hypopnea index; cardiorespiratory fitness; obstructive sleep apnea; physical activity; weight loss