title: Isolation and characterization of Clostridium difficile in farm animals from slaughterhouse to retail stage in Isfahan, Iran.
abstract: To determine the prevalence of Clostridium difficile in farm animals from slaughterhouse through to retail stage, a total of 750 samples of feces, posteviscerated and washed carcass were collected from cattle, camels, goats, and sheep in Isfahan, Iran. The overall prevalence of C. difficile in feces, posteviscerated and washed carcass were 20 (13.3%), 23 (15.3%), and 11 (7.3%), respectively; while C. difficile was isolated from 79 (26.3%) retail samples. Twenty-nine (3.8%) isolates were toxigenic, with most toxigenic isolates (n = 17, 5.6%) identified from the retail stage. All toxigenic isolates harbored tcdA and tcdB; however, all were negative for cdtB. The 29 isolates were classified into 21 different ribotypes. This study revealed evidence of existence of toxigenic C. difficile in farm animal feces and meat in Iran.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Research and Development, Deputy of Food and Drug, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran .|2 Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran .|3 Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Science and Technology, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran, Iran .
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Esfandiari
authors.affiliation: 4 Food Security Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran .|5 Department of Pathobiology and Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada .
authors.forename: J Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Weese
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Science and Technology, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran, Iran .
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ezzatpanah
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran, Iran .
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chamani
authors.affiliation: 2 Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran .
authors.forename: Parisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shoaei
authors.affiliation: 2 Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran .
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaran
authors.affiliation: 2 Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran .
authors.forename: Behrooz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ataei
authors.affiliation: 7 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran .
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Maracy
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Research and Development, Deputy of Food and Drug, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran .
authors.forename: Akbar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ansariyan
authors.affiliation: 8 Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University , Flavarjan Brach, Iran .
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ebrahimi
authors.affiliation: 4 Food Security Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran .|5 Department of Pathobiology and Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada .
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jalali
mesh_terms: D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; D000003:Abattoirs; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D002162:Camelus; D002417:Cattle; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004768:Enterotoxins; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006041:Goats; D007492:Iran; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; C041348:tcdA protein, Clostridium difficile; C031815:toxB protein, Clostridium difficile; D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; C410164:actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase, Clostridium