title: Extraction of fleshing oil from waste limed fleshings and biodiesel production.
abstract: The aim of the study was focused on extraction of fleshing oil from limed fleshings with different neutralization process by ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) followed by solvent extraction. The production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from limed fleshing oil by two stage process has also been investigated. The central composite design (CCD) was used to study the effect of process variables viz., amount of flesh, particle size and time of fleshing oil extraction. The maximum yield of fleshing oil from limed fleshings post neutralization by ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) was 26.32g and 12.43g obtained at 200g of flesh, with a particle size of 3.90mm in the time period of 2h. Gas chromatography analysis reveals that the biodiesel (FAME) obtained from limed fleshings is rich in oleic and palmitic acids with weight percentages 46.6 and 32.2 respectively. The resulting biodiesel was characterized for its physio-chemical properties of diesel as per international standards (EN14214).
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Sandhya
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abinandan
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: nvedaraman@yahoo.co.in.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vedaraman
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Velappan
mesh_terms: D000643:Ammonium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D000645:Ammonium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry; D056804:Biofuels; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004736:Energy-Generating Resources; D004952:Esters / Q000737:chemistry; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013464:Sulfuric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004952:Esters; D010087:Oxides; D013464:Sulfuric Acids; D000643:Ammonium Chloride; D019301:Oleic Acid; D019308:Palmitic Acid; C016538:lime; C033158:sulfuric acid; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D000645:Ammonium Sulfate
keywords: Central composite design; Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs); Fleshing oil; Limed fleshing