title: The role of high-involvement work practices and professional self-image in nursing recruits' turnover: A three-year prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The retention of young graduate nurses has become a major management challenge among hospitals in Western countries, which is amplified in a context of aging of populations and an increasing demand for services from patients. Moreover, as it has been reported that 50% of experienced nurses do not recommend a career in nursing, it is likely that retention problems occur not only at the level of the organization, but also at the level of the nursing profession. Although research has identified some predictors of nurse turnover, it is unclear which factors influence nurses' turnover from the organization and from the profession and how these factors interrelate with one another over time.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study extends previous research on nurse turnover by looking at the combined effects of nurses' pre-entry expectations, perceived high-involvement work practices, and professional self-image, on intended and actual turnover from the organization and the profession.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, longitudinal study of a sample of 160 graduated nurses affiliated with the Quebec Nurses' Association, Canada, was conducted. Participants were surveyed at three points in time, spread over a 3-year period. Graduated nurses' pre-entry expectations and professional self-image were surveyed at graduation (Time 1), while perceived high-involvement work practices, professional self-image, and intention to leave the organization and the profession were captured six months following nurses' entry into the labor market (Time 2). Finally, participants were surveyed with respect to organizational and professional turnover three years after the Time 2 survey (Time 3). Structural equations modeling was used to examine the structure of the measures and the relationships among the constructs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although pre-entry expectations had no effect, perceived high-involvement work practices were positively related to Time 2, professional self-image (controlling for pre-entry professional self-image). Moreover, high-involvement work practices exerted an indirect, negative effect on organizational and professional turnover through intention to leave the organization, and an indirect negative effect on intention to leave the profession through professional self-image. Nonetheless, professional self-image did not affect turnover.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study indicates that hospitals and nurse directors can take advantage of developing high-involvement work practices as these practices foster a stronger professional self-image among nurses, thereby contributing to their sense of value as care providers, and indirectly reduce intended and actual turnover from the organization and the profession.
authors.affiliation: HEC Montréal, Department of Human Resources Management, 3000 chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T2A7. Electronic address: denis.chenevert@hec.ca.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chênevert
authors.affiliation: HEC Montréal, Department of Human Resources Management, 3000 chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T2A7. Electronic address: genevieve.jourdain@hec.ca.
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jourdain
authors.affiliation: HEC Montréal, Department of Management, 3000 chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T2A7. Electronic address: christian.vandenberghe@hec.ca.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vandenberghe
mesh_terms: D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D010563:Personnel Turnover; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011792:Quebec
keywords: High-involvement work practices; Intention to leave; Nurses’ expectations; Organizational turnover; Professional self-image; Professional turnover; Quantitative analysis