title: Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Changes in Parkinson's Disease With and Without Psychosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychosis prevalence in Parkinson's disease is estimated at 8-30%. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy measures specific metabolites as markers of cell functioning.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study N-acetyl-aspartate and glutamate levels in the caudate and putamen nuclei in subjects with Parkinson's disease with and without psychosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 20 non-demented Parkinson's disease patients with psychosis and 20 Parkinson's disease patients without psychosis matched for age, sex, disease duration, and levodopa equivalent daily dose, all attended at an academic medical center. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy scans were performed in a 3T GE whole-body scanner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decreased glutamate levels scaled to creatine were found in the dorsal caudate (p = 0.005) and putamen (p = 0.007) of the Parkinson's disease psychosis group compared with the without psychosis group. Glutamate plus glutamine levels scaled to creatine and N-acetyl-aspartate levels scaled to creatine were also significantly reduced in the dorsal caudate of the Parkinson's disease with psychosis group (p = 0.018 and p = 0.011, respectively). No group differences were found for any of the other metabolites in the two regions of interest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that decreased metabolite levels in specific brain areas may be implicated in the development of psychosis in Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurodegenerative Disease Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, D.F., México.|Movement Disorders Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, D.F., México.
authors.forename: Mayela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Violante
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurodegenerative Disease Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, D.F., México.
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cervantes-Arriaga
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurodegenerative Disease Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, D.F., México.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: González-Latapí
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, D.F., México.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: León-Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, D.F., México.|Neuropsychiatry Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, D.F., México.
authors.forename: Camilo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de la Fuente-Sandoval
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurodegenerative Disease Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, D.F., México.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Corona
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000368:Aged; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D011699:Putamen / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate