title: Municipal solid waste characterization and quantification as a measure towards effective waste management in Ghana.
abstract: Reliable national data on waste generation and composition that will inform effective planning on waste management in Ghana is absent. To help obtain this data on a regional basis, selected households in each region were recruited to obtain data on rate of waste generation, physical composition of waste, sorting and separation efficiency and per capita of waste. Results show that rate of waste generation in Ghana was 0.47 kg/person/day, which translates into about 12,710 tons of waste per day per the current population of 27,043,093. Nationally, biodegradable waste (organics and papers) was 0.318 kg/person/day and non-biodegradable or recyclables (metals, glass, textiles, leather and rubbers) was 0.096 kg/person/day. Inert and miscellaneous waste was 0.055 kg/person/day. The average household waste generation rate among the metropolitan cities, except Tamale, was high, 0.72 kg/person/day. Metropolises generated higher waste (average 0.63 kg/person/day) than the municipalities (0.40 kg/person/day) and the least in the districts (0.28 kg/person/day) which are less developed. The waste generation rate also varied across geographical locations, the coastal and forest zones generated higher waste than the northern savanna zone. Waste composition was 61% organics, 14% plastics, 6% inert, 5% miscellaneous, 5% paper, 3% metals, 3% glass, 1% leather and rubber, and 1% textiles. However, organics and plastics, the two major fractions of the household waste varied considerably across the geographical areas. In the coastal zone, the organic waste fraction was highest but decreased through the forest zone towards the northern savanna. However, through the same zones towards the north, plastic waste rather increased in percentage fraction. Households did separate their waste effectively averaging 80%. However, in terms of separating into the bin marked biodegradables, 84% effectiveness was obtained whiles 76% effectiveness for sorting into the bin labeled other waste was achieved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Kodwo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miezah
authors.affiliation: Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Kwasi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Obiri-Danso
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) DK 2800, Kgs, Lynbgy, Denmark. Electronic address: zska@kt.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Zsófia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kádár
authors.affiliation: Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fei-Baffoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Moses Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Mensah
mesh_terms: D005869:Ghana; D010865:Pilot Projects; D059027:Recycling; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D062611:Solid Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D062611:Solid Waste
keywords: Biodegradables; Compliance level; Generation rate; Household waste; Municipal solid waste; Nationwide; Waste sorting