title: Exposure to long-term air pollution and road traffic noise in relation to cholesterol: A cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to traffic noise and air pollution have both been associated with cardiovascular disease, though the mechanisms behind are not yet clear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate whether the two exposures were associated with levels of cholesterol in a cross-sectional design.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1993–1997, 39,863 participants aged 50–64 year and living in the Greater Copenhagen area were enrolled in a population-based cohort study. For each participant, non-fasting total cholesterol was determined in whole blood samples on the day of enrolment. Residential addresses 5-years preceding enrolment were identified in a national register and road traffic noise (Lden) were modeled for all addresses. For air pollution, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was modeled at all addresses using a dispersion model and PM2.5 was modeled at all enrolment addresses using a land-use regression model. Analyses were done using linear regression with adjustment for potential confounders as well as mutual adjustment for the three exposures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline residential exposure to the interquartile range of road traffic noise,NO2 and PM2.5 was associated with a 0.58 mg/dl (95% confidence interval: −0.09; 1.25), a 0.68 mg/dl (0.22; 1.16) and a 0.78 mg/dl (0.22; 1.34) higher level of total cholesterol in single pollutant models, respectively. In two pollutant models with adjustment for noise in air pollution models and vice versa, the association between air pollution and cholesterol remained for both air pollution variables (NO2: 0.72 (0.11; 1.34); PM2.5: 0.70 (0.12; 1.28) mg/dl), whereas there was no association for noise (−0.08mg/dl). In three-pollutant models (NO2, PM2.5 and road traffic noise), estimates for NO2 and PM2.5 were slightly diminished (NO2: 0.58 (−0.05; 1.22); PM2.5: 0.57 (−0.02; 1.17) mg/dl).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Air pollution and possibly also road traffic noise may be associated with slightly higher levels of cholesterol, though associations for the two exposures were difficult to separate.
authors.affiliation: Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: mettes@cancer.dk.
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Dorrit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hjortebjerg
authors.affiliation: Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kirsten T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Eriksen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ketzel
authors.affiliation: Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.affiliation: Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Raaschou-Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003718:Denmark; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D009624:Noise, Transportation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002784:Cholesterol; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide
keywords: Air pollution; Cholesterol; Cross-sectional; Epidemiology; Road traffic noise