title: Placental transfer of and infantile exposure to perchlorate.
abstract: Fetuses and infants are vulnerable to perchlorate toxicity. We assessed fetal and infantile exposure to perchlorate in two Chinese cities (Nanchang and Tianjin). Perchlorate was widely found (82%-100%) in breast milk, dissolved infant formula, infants' urine, maternal and cord blood samples. Perchlorate levels in infants' urine (mean ± standard deviation: 22.4 ± 35.6 ng mL(-1)), breast milk (36.6 ± 48.1 ng mL(-1)), and cord blood (3.18 ± 3.83 ng mL(-1)) samples collected from Nanchang and Tianjin were approximately an order of magnitude higher than those reported for the U.S. Perchlorate concentrations in cord blood were comparable to that in maternal blood, indicating that perchlorate is transferred from mother to fetus through placenta. Among all infants providing urine samples, the average daily intake of perchlorate (DOSEU) was estimated to be 1.17 ± 1.57 μg kg(-1) bw d(-1), and 40% of these infants had DOSEU exceeding the RfD (0.7 μg kg(-1) bw d(-1)) recommended by U.S. EPA. However, approximately 70% of exclusively breast-fed infants had perchlorate exposure dose via breast milk exceeding the RfD. For breast-fed infants, breast milk was the overwhelmingly predominant exposure pathway; while infant formula and indoor dust ingestion were major perchlorate exposure sources for formula-fed infants. To our knowledge, this is the first report to assess the fetal and infantile exposure to perchlorate in China.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. Electronic address: zhangt47@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yufang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Dou
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Rudan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Xiaojia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Weiwen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Xiaolei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. Electronic address: sunhongwen@nankai.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hongwen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
authors.forename: Kurunthachalam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010472:Perchlorates; C494474:perchlorate
keywords: Breast milk; Perchlorate; Placental transfer; Postnatal exposure sources