title: Effects of Pollution on Marine Organisms.
abstract: This review covers selected 2014 articles on the biological effects of pollutants and human physical disturbances on marine and estuarine plants, animals, ecosystems and habitats. The review, based largely on journal articles, covers field and laboratory measurement activities (bioaccumulation of contaminants, field assessment surveys, toxicity testing and biomarkers) as well as pollution issues of current interest including endocrine disrupters, emerging contaminants, wastewater discharges, dredging and disposal, etc. Special emphasis is placed on effects of oil spills and marine debris due in part to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil blowout in the Gulf of Mexico and the 2011 Japanese tsunami. Several topical areas reviewed in the past (ballast water and ocean acidification) were dropped this year. The focus of this review is on effects, not pollutant fate and transport. There is considerable overlap across subject areas (e.g.some bioaccumulation papers may be cited in other topical categories). Please use keyword searching of the text to locate related but distributed papers. Use this review only as a guide and please consult the original papers before citing them.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Response Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mearns
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Reish
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Oshida
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ginn
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rempel-Hester
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.forename: Nicolle
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rutherford
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pryor