title: Metal release from coffee machines and electric kettles.
abstract: The release of elemental ions from 8 coffee machines and 11 electric kettles into food simulants was investigated. Three different types of coffee machines were tested: portafilter espresso machines, pod machines and capsule machines. All machines were tested subsequently on 3 days before and on 3 days after decalcification. Decalcification of the machines was performed with agents according to procedures as specified in the respective manufacturer's manuals. The electric kettles showed only a low release of the elements analysed. For the coffee machines decreasing concentrations of elements were found from the first to the last sample taken in the course of 1 day. Metal release on consecutive days showed a decreasing trend as well. After decalcification a large increase in the amounts of elements released was encountered. In addition, the different machine types investigated clearly differed in their extent of element release. By far the highest leaching, both quantitatively and qualitatively, was found for the portafilter machines. With these products releases of Pb, Ni, Mn, Cr and Zn were in the range and beyond the release limits as proposed by the Council of Europe. Therefore, a careful rinsing routine, especially after decalcification, is recommended for these machines. The comparably lower extent of release of one particular portafilter machine demonstrates that metal release at levels above the threshold that triggers health concerns are technically avoidable.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Frederic D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Christin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hackethal
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kappenstein
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pfaff
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luch
mesh_terms: D003069:Coffee; D003297:Cooking and Eating Utensils; D005504:Food Analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D008670:Metals
keywords: ICP-MS; coffee machine; electric kettle; food contact materials; metal release; method validation