title: Viral transmission risk factors in an Egyptian population with high hepatitis C prevalence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Egypt has the world's highest prevalence of infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. The high HCV prevalence is largely attributed to the parenteral antischistosomal therapy (PAT) campaigns conducted from the 1950s through the 1980s; however, the primary modes of transmission in the post-PAT period are not well known. In this study we examined the associations between HCV prevalence and exposures to risk factors, including PAT, in a high HCV prevalence population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a cross-sectional design, we examined the associations between demographic characteristics and risk factors for HCV transmission and HCV positivity prevalence among a sample of Egyptian residents. Data were collected through an interview-administered survey, and the association estimates were determined using χ (2) and logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest HCV positivity prevalence was observed in cohorts born before 1960, and declined precipitously thereafter; whereas the proportion of subjects reporting PAT remained relatively stable. Being male, having a rural residence, and having received PAT were all associated with HCV positivity; however, PAT alone could not account for the high prevalence of HCV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Egypt, PAT and other transmission factors yet to be identified, as well as cohorts born before the 1960s and infected with HCV, are most likely the main contributors to the current HCV endemic.
authors.affiliation: Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, 20057, USA. m.k.mohlman@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mary Kate
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Mohlman
authors.affiliation: Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. doa_a_saleh@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Doa'a A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.affiliation: Menoufiya University, Shibin El Kom, Egypt. sameera.ezzat@57357.org.
authors.forename: Sameera
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ezzat
authors.affiliation: Minia University, Minia, Egypt. vhrl@link.net.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdel-Hamid
authors.affiliation: Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, 20057, USA. korbabe@georgetown.edu.
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Korba
authors.affiliation: Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, 20057, USA. ks359@georgetown.edu.
authors.forename: Kirti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. samr@epi.umaryland.edu.
authors.forename: Sania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amr
authors.affiliation: Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, 20057, USA. cal9@georgetown.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Loffredo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012556:Schistosomicides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D012556:Schistosomicides