title: Antigenotoxic, anti-photogenotoxic and antioxidant activities of natural naphthoquinone shikonin and acetylshikonin and Arnebia euchroma callus extracts evaluated by the umu-test and EPR method.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antigenotoxic and antioxidant potential of shikonin (SH), acetylshikonin (ACS) and Arnebia euchroma callus extract (EXT). The antigenotoxic activity was investigated by the umu-test as the inhibition of the SOS system induction caused by genotoxic chemical agents - 4-nitroquinoline oxide and 2-aminoanthracene. Moreover the ability of SH, ACS and EXT to prevent photogenotoxicity triggered by chlorpromazine under UVA irradiation was measured. The cytotoxicity of EXT toward V79 Chinese hamster cell line was additionally assessed. Shikonin and acetylshikonin had no effect on 4-NQO induced genotoxicity whereas EXT demonstrated an unclear effect. The protection against 2AA induced genotoxicity was observed for all tested substances. The highest protection was demonstrated for EXT with inhibition of 66%. SH and ACS reduced 2AA genotoxicity with inhibition of about 60%. Under UVA the strongest and dose-dependent activity was observed for EXT. Acetylshikonin was a weak anti-photogenotoxin whereas shikonin had no clear effect. EXT was highly cytotoxic toward the V79 cell line - the cells' morphology was affected seriously and apoptosis was impacted. The antioxidant activity of SH, ACS and EXT was studied by means of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. All three samples exhibited radical scavenging properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: agata.skrzypczak@wum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skrzypczak
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Przystupa
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zgadzaj
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parzonko
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sykłowska-Baranek
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Paradowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nałęcz-Jawecki
mesh_terms: D015112:4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000873:Anthracenes / Q000633:toxicity; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D028082:Boraginaceae; D002460:Cell Line; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000633:toxicity; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D000880:Anthraquinones; D000975:Antioxidants; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D010936:Plant Extracts; C016101:shikonin; D015112:4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide; C006593:2-anthramine; C073944:acetylshikonin; D002746:Chlorpromazine
keywords: Antigenotoxicity; Antioxidant activity; Arnebia euchroma extract; EPR method; Naphthoquinones; Umu-test