title: Evaluation of a supervised multi-modal physical exercise program for prostate cancer survivors in the rehabilitation phase: Rationale and study protocol of the ProCaLife study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After treatment for localized prostate cancer, many survivors experience severe physical and psychological/psychosocial impairments, such as urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, fatigue, depressive symptoms and decreased physical functioning. Physical activity and exercise can positively influence such side effects and improve quality of life. However, the majority of prostate cancer survivors are not physically active. Thus, supportive interventions, such as supervised exercise programs, are necessary. But particularly in the post-treatment phase, infrastructure and resources are limited and specific exercise recommendations for prostate cancer survivors do not yet exist.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ProCaLife study is a quasi-randomized controlled intervention trial evaluating a specific 26-week physical exercise program for prostate cancer survivors in the rehabilitation phase following medical treatment. Participants are assigned to one of two intervention groups (supervised multi-modal physical exercise including or not including further behavior-oriented techniques) or a control group (not receiving any supervised intervention). Exercise sessions are performed twice weekly and contain specific aerobic, strengthening, flexibility, balance, relaxation and pelvic floor/sphincter exercises as well as mixed games. Behavior-oriented techniques include physical activity-related knowledge transfer and barriers management. The primary endpoint quality of life and secondary psychological/psychosocial, urological, physical fitness and physical activity outcomes are assessed at pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By evaluating a specific supervised multi-modal physical exercise program, the ProCaLife study contributes to identify effective forms of physical exercise for prostate cancer survivors in the rehabilitation phase. This is of great importance for establishing specific exercise recommendations which are missing so far.
authors.affiliation: Department of Training and Health, Institute of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestraße 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany; Center of Health, Physical Activity & Sports, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 12, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany. Electronic address: lutz.schega@ovgu.de.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schega
authors.affiliation: Department of Training and Health, Institute of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestraße 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany. Electronic address: alexander.toerpel@ovgu.de.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Törpel
authors.affiliation: Center of Health, Physical Activity & Sports, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 12, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany. Electronic address: info@vgbs.de.
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hein
authors.affiliation: Center of Health, Physical Activity & Sports, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 12, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany. Electronic address: info@vgbs.de.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Napiontek
authors.affiliation: Psychological Psychotherapy Center Magdeburg, Friesenstraße 3, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany. Electronic address: psychotherapie-wenzel@web.de.
authors.forename: Constanze
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wenzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Training and Health, Institute of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestraße 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany. Electronic address: tim.becker@ovgu.de.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015444:Exercise; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000628:therapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D012107:Research Design; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000534:rehabilitation
keywords: Behavior; Physical activity; Physical exercise; Prostate cancer; Quality of life; Rehabilitation