title: Analysis and characterization of anthocyanins and carotenoids in Japanese blue tomato.
abstract: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is rich in anthocyanins, which are polyphenolic pigments. This study aimed to analyze and characterize the anthocyanin composition in cultivated blue tomato in Japan. The extracts of peel, seed, and pulp of tomatoes were purified following which anthocyanins and lycopene contents were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Eleven types of anthocyanins were identified, including delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin. Further, the antioxidant activity of anthocyanins was evaluated using 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical quenching assays and electron spin resonance. "Blue tomato" extracts exert antioxidant activity. Thus, we showed that petunidin was present in the "blue tomato" peel while lycopene was present in the peel and pulp. Additionally, the blue tomato peel extract was found to significantly inhibit H2O2-induced cell death in vitro. This is the first study on cell protective effects of Japanese blue tomato extract and petunidin in murine photoreceptor cells.
authors.affiliation: a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan.
authors.forename: Emi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ooe
authors.affiliation: a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan.
authors.forename: Kenjirou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: b Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences , Kakamihara , Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horiuchi
authors.affiliation: b Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences , Kakamihara , Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tada
authors.affiliation: a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Murase
authors.affiliation: a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuruma
authors.affiliation: a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan.
authors.forename: Masamitsu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimazawa
authors.affiliation: a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077276:Lycopene; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C065861:malvidin; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; D002338:Carotenoids; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C017185:delphinidin; D000077276:Lycopene; C473206:petunidin
keywords: anthocyanin; antioxidant activity; lycopene, tomato; photoreceptor cell