title: Studies of trypanosomiasis in the Luangwa valley, north-eastern Zambia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study, conducted in Zambia's Luangwa valley where both animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) are endemic, combined the use of microscopy and molecular techniques to determine the presence of trypanosome species in cattle, goats and tsetse flies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted between 2008 and 2010 in Petauke, Chama and Isoka districts, north-eastern Zambia. A total of 243 cattle, 36 goats and 546 tsetse flies, were examined for presence of trypanosome species using microscopy, PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was poor agreement among the test methods used for detection of trypanosomes species in animal blood and tsetse flies. Trypanosomes were observed in 6.1 % (95 % CI: 3.3-8.9 %) of the animals sampled by microscopy, 7.5 % (95 % CI: 4.4-10.6 %) by PCR and 18.6 % (95 % CI: 13.6-23.6 %) by PFR-LAMP. PFR-LAMP was more sensitive for detecting Trypanozoon than KIN-PCR. The highest occurrence of AAT was recorded in cattle from Petauke (58.7 %, 95 % CI: 44.7-72.7 %) while the lowest was from Isoka (5.4 %, 95 % CI: 0.8-10.0 %). Infection of both cattle and goats with Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax was associated with clinical AAT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When selecting molecular techniques for AAT surveillance in endemic regions, the KIN-PCR and species-specific PCR may be recommended for screening animal or tsetse fly samples for T. congolense and T. vivax, respectively. On the other hand, species-specific PCR and/or LAMP might be of greater value in the screening of animal and human body fluids as well as tsetse fly samples for Trypanozoon.
authors.affiliation: O.I.E. Reference Laboratory on Surra, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. dusit.lao@mahidol.ac.th.|Clinical Sciences and Public Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand. dusit.lao@mahidol.ac.th.
authors.forename: Dusit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laohasinnarong
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: O.I.E. Reference Laboratory on Surra, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. aygoto@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yasuhuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan. masahitoasada@nagasaki-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masahito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asada
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan. ryo.nakao@czc.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan. kyouko-h@czc.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashida
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan. kiichi@czc.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kajino
authors.affiliation: O.I.E. Reference Laboratory on Surra, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. skawazu@obihiro.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shin-ichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawazu
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan. sugimoto@czc.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.affiliation: O.I.E. Reference Laboratory on Surra, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. ircpmi@obihiro.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia. b.namangala@unza.zm.
authors.forename: Boniface
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Namangala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014345:Trypanosoma / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014352:Trypanosomiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000469:parasitology*; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology