title: Effect of CXCR4 pretreated with ultrasound-exposed microbubbles on accelerating homing of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to ischemic myocardium in AMI rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role and potential mechanism of CXCR4 in promoting targeted homing of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) with ultrasound-exposed microbubbles (UM) pretreatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Third generation BMSCs were divided into four groups control group, ultrasound (US) group, UM group and ultrasound-exposed microbubbles plus catalase group. RT-PCR and western blot were performed to determine the levels of CXCR4 mRNA transcription and protein expression, respectively. Third generation BMSCs were labeled with Fluo-α/AM and divided into three groups: control group, US group and UM group, and fluorescence intensities in the cells were observed immediately, 5 min and 15 min after intervention under fluorescence microscope. The calcium iron levels in the cells were analyzed. BMSCs were divided into five group: group A without calcium in the medium, group B, group C, group D and group E containing calcium chloride with concentration of l mol, 2 mol, 4 mol, anti-calcium-sensing receptor antibody, respectively. RT-PCR and western blot were performed to determine the levels of CXCR4 mRNA transcription and proteins expression of the third generation BMSCs of each group, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of CXCR4 mRNA transcription and protein expression between US group and control group had no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) shown by RT-PCR and western blot; the transcription level in the UM group was significantly higher than that in US group and control group (P < 0.05); and in the ultrasound-exposed microbubbles plus catalase group, the transcription level was much lower than that in UM group. Fluorescence intensify in the cells of US group had no significant difference compared with that in the cells of the control group (P > 0.05), which in the cells of UM group was significantly higher than that in the cells of both US group and control group (P < 0.05). Compared to group A, expressions of CXCR4 of group B to D were significantly increased in concentration-dependent manner showed by RT-PCR and western blot (P < 0.05). Compared to group C, expressions of CXCR4 of group E were significantly decreased (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UM can promote the influx of calcium in BMSCs and increase mRNA transcription and protein expression of CXCR4. The latter may partly be caused by influx of calcium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Yi
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Fen
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
authors.forename: Xiu-Li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
authors.forename: Qing-Qing
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China. Electronic address: zhangbodongfang@qq.com.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
keywords: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; CXCR4; Calcium ion; Ultrasound-exposed microbubbles