title: Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System: A Report From the Workshop Convened by the World Heart Federation.
abstract: Major scholars in the field, on the basis of a 3-day consensus, created an in-depth review of current knowledge on the role of diet in cardiovascular disease (CVD), the changing global food system and global dietary patterns, and potential policy solutions. Evidence from different countries and age/race/ethnicity/socioeconomic groups suggesting the health effects studies of foods, macronutrients, and dietary patterns on CVD appear to be far more consistent though regional knowledge gaps is highlighted. Large gaps in knowledge about the association of macronutrients to CVD in low- and middle-income countries particularly linked with dietary patterns are reviewed. Our understanding of foods and macronutrients in relationship to CVD is broadly clear; however, major gaps exist both in dietary pattern research and ways to change diets and food systems. On the basis of the current evidence, the traditional Mediterranean-type diet, including plant foods and emphasis on plant protein sources provides a well-tested healthy dietary pattern to reduce CVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sonia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.affiliation: Centre for Food Policy, City University, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hawkes
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Russell J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mente
authors.affiliation: Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mahshid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dehghan
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zulyniak
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weis
authors.affiliation: Center for Lifestyle Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Lyndhurst, Ohio.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kromhout
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: David J A
authors.initials: DJA
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Vasanti
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Publica, Universidad de Navarra-CIBEROBN, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martinez-Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Dariush
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mozaffarian
authors.affiliation: Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Publica, Universidad de Navarra-CIBEROBN, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Electronic address: popkin@unc.edu.
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Popkin
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D057231:Climate Change; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005523:Food Supply; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: cardiovascular disease; climate change; diet; food consumption; food system; low- and middle-income countries