title: Exploiting Human Resource Requirements to Infer Human Movement Patterns for Use in Modelling Disease Transmission Systems: An Example from Eastern Province, Zambia.
abstract: In this research, an agent-based model (ABM) was developed to generate human movement routes between homes and water resources in a rural setting, given commonly available geospatial datasets on population distribution, land cover and landscape resources. ABMs are an object-oriented computational approach to modelling a system, focusing on the interactions of autonomous agents, and aiming to assess the impact of these agents and their interactions on the system as a whole. An A* pathfinding algorithm was implemented to produce walking routes, given data on the terrain in the area. A* is an extension of Dijkstra's algorithm with an enhanced time performance through the use of heuristics. In this example, it was possible to impute daily activity movement patterns to the water resource for all villages in a 75 km long study transect across the Luangwa Valley, Zambia, and the simulated human movements were statistically similar to empirical observations on travel times to the water resource (Chi-squared, 95% confidence interval). This indicates that it is possible to produce realistic data regarding human movements without costly measurement as is commonly achieved, for example, through GPS, or retrospective or real-time diaries. The approach is transferable between different geographical locations, and the product can be useful in providing an insight into human movement patterns, and therefore has use in many human exposure-related applications, specifically epidemiological research in rural areas, where spatial heterogeneity in the disease landscape, and space-time proximity of individuals, can play a crucial role in disease spread.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Complex System Simulation, School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Geography and Environment, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alderton
authors.affiliation: Institute of Complex System Simulation, School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schaten
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Welburn
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Technology, Engineering Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; Faculty of Geosciences, University of Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Atkinson
mesh_terms: D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000191:economics; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population; D015024:Zambia