title: Maternal nutritional status (as measured by height, weight and BMI) in Bangladesh: trends and socio-economic association over the period 1996 to 2007.
abstract: To analyse trends in maternal nutritional status in Bangladesh over a 12-year period and to examine the associations between nutritional status and socio-economic variables.
  
  
  
  Maternal nutritional status indicators were height, weight and BMI. Socio-economic variables used were region, residency, education and occupation of the mothers and their husbands, house type, and possession score in the household.
  
  
  
  Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (1996, 2000, 2004 and 2007) were the source of data.
  
  
  
  A total of 16 278 mothers were included.
  
  
  
  All of the socio-economic variables showed significant associations with maternal nutritional status indicators. Regional variation was found to be present; all three indicators were found to be lowest in the Sylhet division. Upward trends in maternal height, weight and BMI were evident from no possessions to four possessions in households, and for no education to higher education of women and their husbands. Bangladeshi mothers measured in 2007 were found to be on average 0·34 cm taller and 3·36 kg heavier than mothers measured in 1996. Between 1996 and 2007 maternal underweight fell from nearly 50 % to just over 30 % while overweight and obesity increased from about 3 % to over 9 % (WHO cut-offs) or from 7 % to nearly 18 % (Asian cut-offs).
  
  
  
  The study reveals that over the 12-year period in Bangladesh there has been a substantial reduction in maternal underweight accompanied by a considerable increase in obesity. It is also evident that malnutrition in Bangladesh is a multidimensional problem that warrants a proper policy mix and programme intervention.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Community Medicine,Ibrahim Medical College,122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue,Shahbagh,Dhaka,Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Masuda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohsena
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Biological Anthropology,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Biological Anthropology,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK.
authors.forename: Cg Nicholas
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Mascie-Taylor
mesh_terms: D001459:Bangladesh; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: BMI; Malnutrition; Socio-economic status