title: Endovascular Management of Long-Segmental Petrocavernous Internal Carotid Artery (Carotid S) Occlusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Long-segmental thrombotic occlusion of the distal internal carotid artery (ICA) sparing the cervical segment proximally and the supraclinoid segment distally, which could be termed 'Carotid S occlusion', has an unusual clinical presentation. However, endovascular management of this lesion is challenging. The purpose of our study is to report our endovascular treatment clinical experience of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  From March 2008 to June 2013, we could identify 14 patients (average age: 62.1, median age: 62, range: 50-79) with 'Carotid S occlusion', who underwent endovascular recanalization procedures. Patient's clinical presentations were collected and the imaging findings also analyzed. The technical success rate, 24-hour and follow-up imaging outcome, and the clinical outcome using the 90-day mRS (modified Rankin scale) score were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients presented with gradually progressing (n = 8), fluctuating (n = 3), transient ischemic attack (n = 2) and stationary (n = 1) symptoms. DWI showed internal and external border-zone lesions in six patients, only internal ICA border-zone lesions in three patients, and only external border-zone lesions in two patients. Underlying distal ICA stenosis was noted in 12 patients. The technical success rate was 92.8% (13/14). Luminal patency was noted in all patients (100%) after 24 hours and in nine of 10 (90%) on long-term follow-up (median: 6.5, average: 15.1, range: 1-39 months). A 90-day, good functional outcome (mRS ≤ 2) was noted in 13 of 14 patients (92.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  'Carotid S occlusion' usually presented with border-zone infarction and endovascular management of the lesions was feasible. A relatively successful clinical outcome could be achieved after successful revascularization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Soonchan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Suk
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Hyuk
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Geun
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Chul
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun U
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Deok Hee
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Angioplasty, balloon; Atherosclerosis; Carotid artery, internal; Stents; Stroke