title: Effectiveness of repeated transplantations of hematopoietic stem cells in spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the short and long-term effects of the complex cell therapy of 202 cases of spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  The main arm included 202 cases of SCI and the control arm included 20 SCI cases. For the therapy the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitor cells (PCs) were mobilized to peripheral blood by 8 subcutaneous injections of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) for 4 d and are harvested at day 5. The cells were administered to the main arm intrathecally every 3 mo for a long term (3-5 years) according to the internal research protocol international medical institute of tissue engineering. Magnetic resonance imaging of the site of injury and urodynamic tests were performed every 6 mo. Motor evoked potentials (MEP), somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) were evaluated every 3 mo. The patients were evaluated with american spianl injury association (ASIA) index, functional independence measure index, the Medical Research Council Scale, the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISCSCI-92) and specifically developed scales. The function of bladder was evaluated by a specifically developed clinical scale. The long-term clinical outcomes were assessed for the SCI patients who received no less than 20 intrathecal transplantations of HSCs and hematopoietic precursors (HPs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The restoration of neurologic deficit after HSCs and HPs transplantations was proved stable and evident in 57.4% of the cases. In 42.6% cases no neurologic improvement has been observed. In 50% of the cases the motor restoration began after the first transplantation, which is confirmed in average by 9.9 points improvement in neurologic impairment as compared to the baseline (P < 0.05). Repair of the urinary system was observed in 47.7% of the cases. The sensitivity improved from baseline 124.3 points to 138.4 after the first and to 153.5 points after the second transplantations of HSCs and HPs (P < 0.05, between the stages of research). The evaluation with ASIA index demonstrated regress of neurologic symptoms in 23 cases. Motor progress was also assessed with the ISCISCI-92 motor and sensory scores, and the data coincided with those received with the specifically developed scale. The number of the patients with the signs of locomotive repair was 56.9%. No life threatening complications or adverse effects have been observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method is safe, effective and considerably improves the life quality of SCI patients. The therapy is approved for clinical use as the treatment of choice.
authors.affiliation: Andrey S Bryukhovetskiy, Federal Research Center for Specialized Types of Medical Assistance and Medical Technologies of FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Andrey S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bryukhovetskiy
authors.affiliation: Andrey S Bryukhovetskiy, Federal Research Center for Specialized Types of Medical Assistance and Medical Technologies of FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Igor S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Bryukhovetskiy
keywords: Cell therapy; Hematopoietic stem cells; Paraplegia; Spinal cord injury; Stem cells; Tetraplegia