title: Enhanced permeability of ferulic acid loaded nanoemulsion based gel through skin against UVA mediated oxidative stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was aimed to develop a ferulic acid (FA) loaded nanoemulsion based gel in order to ensure the enhanced permeability and maximum antioxidant activity against UVA induced oxidative stress in rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  The optimized ferulic acid loaded nanoemulsion 3 (FA-NE3) was prepared by spontaneous nano-emulsification method with an appropriate ratio (20:30:50% w/w) of the oil (isostearyl isostearate), aqueous system and Smix [surfactant (labrasol) and co-surfactant (plurol isostearique)] respectively. FA-NE3 was characterized by measuring their droplet size, zeta potential, refractive index, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet (UV), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and rheological characteristics. Ex vivo skin permeation and in vivo UVA protection activity of FA-NE3 based nano-gels (FA-NG3) along with placebo were studied through the rat skin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FA-NE3 exhibited sustained-release profile, better permeability and ultraviolet A (UVA) protection activity as compared to conventional dosage form. This phenomenon may be attributed towards increased solubility of the drug and enhanced permeability from nanoemulsion. FA-NE3 based nanogel (FA-NG3) could elevate the level of skin marker enzymes against oxidative stress mediated by UVA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The gel formulation exhibited significant (P<0.01) skin permeability and antioxidant activity in the current investigations. The nanogel could be promising nanocarriers for topical delivery of FA in response to better skin protection activity against UVA rays in a sustained manner.
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
authors.forename: Ranjit K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Harwansh
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India. Electronic address: naturalproductm@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pulok K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
authors.forename: Shiv
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bahadur
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
authors.forename: Rajarshi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Biswas
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004655:Emulsions; D008297:Male; D000080385:Nanogels; D049329:Nanostructures; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011094:Polyethyleneimine; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012212:Rheology; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004655:Emulsions; D000080385:Nanogels; D020011:Protective Agents; C413692:polyethylene glycol polyethyleneimine nanogel; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011094:Polyethyleneimine; C004999:ferulic acid
keywords: Ferulic acid; Nano-gel; Nanoemulsion; Oxidative stress; Permeability; UVA protection activity