title: Differential Effects of HRAS Mutation on LTP-Like Activity Induced by Different Protocols of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Costello syndrome (CS) is a rare congenital disorder due to a G12S amino acid substitution in HRAS protoncogene. Previous studies have shown that Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS), a repetitive brain stimulation protocol inducing motor cortex plasticity by coupling peripheral nerve stimulation with brain stimulation, leads to an extremely pronounced motor cortex excitability increase in CS patients. Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation (iTBS) represents a protocol able to induce motor cortex plasticity by trains of stimuli at 50 Hz. In healthy subjects PAS and iTBS produce similar after-effects in motor cortex excitability. Experimental models showed that HRAS-dependent signalling pathways differently affect LTP induced by different patterns of repetitive synaptic stimulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to compare iTBS-induced after-effects on motor cortex excitability with those produced by PAS in CS patients and to observe whether HRAS mutation differentially affects two different forms of neuromodulation protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated in vivo after-effects induced by PAS and iTBS applied over the right motor cortex in 4 CS patients and in 21 healthy age-matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings confirmed HRAS-dependent extremely pronounced PAS-induced after-effects and showed for the first time that iTBS induces no change in MEP amplitude in CS patients whereas both protocols lead to an increase of about 50% in controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CS patients are characterized by an impairment of iTBS-related LTP-like phenomena besides enhanced PAS-induced after-effects, suggesting that HRAS-dependent signalling pathways have a differential influence on PAS- and iTBS-induced plasticity in humans.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; Department of Neurosciences, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; CINAC, HM Puerta del Sur, Hospitales de Madrid, 28938 Móstoles, Spain. Electronic address: dileone.michele@ulssvicenza.it.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dileone
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, Campus Biomedico University, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Alberto Sordi - Research Institute for Ageing, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ranieri
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, Campus Biomedico University, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Alberto Sordi - Research Institute for Ageing, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Florio
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, Campus Biomedico University, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Alberto Sordi - Research Institute for Ageing, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Fioravante
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Capone
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, Campus Biomedico University, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Alberto Sordi - Research Institute for Ageing, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Musumeci
authors.affiliation: Servizio di Epidemiologia e Clinica dei Difetti Congeniti Istituto di Clinica Pediatrica, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mordillo-Mateos
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tartaglia
authors.affiliation: Servizio di Epidemiologia e Clinica dei Difetti Congeniti Istituto di Clinica Pediatrica, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zampino
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, Campus Biomedico University, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Alberto Sordi - Research Institute for Ageing, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Lazzaro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D056685:Costello Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D009154:Mutation; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000235:genetics*; D013826:Theta Rhythm; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
chemical_list: C501009:HRAS protein, human; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)
keywords: Costello; HRAS; PAS; Plasticity; TMS; iTBS