title: The Influence of Enhanced Side Impact Protection on Kinematics and Injury Measures of Far- or Center-Seated Children in Forward-Facing Child Restraints.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of forward-facing child restraint systems' (FFCRSs) side impact structure, such as side wings, on the head kinematics and response of a restrained, far- or center-seated 3-year-old anthropomorphic test device (ATD) in oblique sled tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sled tests were conducted utilizing an FFCRS with large side wings and with the side wings removed. The CRS were attached via LATCH on 2 different vehicle seat fixtures-a small SUV rear bench seat and minivan rear bucket seat-secured to the sled carriage at 20° from lateral. Four tests were conducted on each vehicle seat fixture, 2 for each FFCRS configuration. A Q3s dummy was positioned in FFCRS according to the CRS owner's manual and FMVSS 213 procedures. The tests were conducted using the proposed FMVSS 213 side impact pulse. Three-dimensional motion cameras collected head excursion data. Relevant data collected during testing included the ATD head excursions, head accelerations, LATCH belt loads, and neck loads.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate that side wings have little influence on head excursions and ATD response. The median lateral head excursion was 435 mm with side wings and 443 mm without side wings. The primary differences in head response were observed between the 2 vehicle seat fixtures due to the vehicle seat head restraint design. The bench seat integrated head restraint forced a tether routing path over the head restraint. Due to the lateral crash forces, the tether moved laterally off the head restraint reducing tension and increasing head excursion (477 mm median). In contrast, when the tether was routed through the bucket seat's adjustable head restraint, it maintained a tight attachment and helped control head excursion (393 mm median).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This testing illustrated relevant side impact crash circumstances where side wings do not provide the desired head containment for a 3-year-old ATD seated far-side or center in FFCRS. The head appears to roll out of the FFCRS even in the presence of side wings, which may expose the occupant to potential head impact injuries. We postulate that in a center or far-side seating configuration, the absence of door structure immediately adjacent to the CRS facilitates the rotation and tipping of the FFCRS toward the impact side and the roll-out of the head around the side wing structure. Results suggest that other prevention measures, in the form of alternative side impact structure design, FFCRS vehicle attachment, or shared protection between the FFCRS and the vehicle, may be necessary to protect children in oblique side impact crashes.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Hans W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Hauschild
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Humm
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Pintar
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Narayan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoganandan
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin.|b Neurosurgery , Children's Hospital of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.affiliation: c The Center for Injury Research and Prevention at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania.|d University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Maltese
authors.affiliation: c The Center for Injury Research and Prevention at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania.|d University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Kristy B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Arbogast
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D057207:Child Restraint Systems; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans
keywords: LATCH and tether; Q3s ATD; child restraint; head excursion; neck tension; oblique side impact