title: Assessment of chronic effects of tebuconazole on survival, reproduction and growth of Daphnia magna after different exposure times.
abstract: The effect of the fungicide tebuconazole (0.41, 0.52, 0.71 and 1.14mg/L) on survival, reproduction and growth of Daphnia magna organisms was monitored using 14 and 21 days exposure tests. A third experiment was performed by exposing D. magna to the fungicide for 14 days followed by 7 days of recovery (14+7). In order to test fungicide effects on D. magna, parameters as survival, mean whole body length, mean total number of neonates per female, mean number of broods per female, mean brood size per female, time to first brood/reproduction and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) were used. Reproduction was seriously affected by tebuconazole. All tebuconazole concentrations tested affected the number of broods per female and day to first brood. At 14-days test, number of neonates per female and body size decreased by concentrations of tebuconazole higher than 0.52mg/L, whereas at 21-days test both parameters were affected at all the concentrations tested. Survival of the daphnids after 14 days fungicide exposure did not exhibited differences among experimental and control groups. In this experiment r value was reduced (in a 22%) when animals were exposed to concentrations of 0.71mg/L and 1.14mg/L. Survival of daphnids exposed during 21 days to 1.14mg/L declined, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) decreased in a 30 % for tebuconazole concentrations higher than 0.41mg/L. Longevity of daphnids pre-exposed to tebuconazole for 14 days and 7 days in clean water did not show differences from control values and all of them survived the 21 days of the test. However, after 7 days in fungicide free medium animals were unable to restore control values for reproductive parameters and length. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) was calculated using the r values as parameter of evaluation. MATC estimations were 0.61mg/L and 0.46mg/L for 14 and 21 days, respectively. Results showed that the number of neonates per female was the highest sensitive parameter to the effects of tebuconazole on D. magna. On the other hand, a recovery period of 7 days in a free toxicant medium would not be longer enough to reestablish normal reproduction parameters in pre-exposed tebuconazole daphnids.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Dept. Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sancho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Dept. Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Villarroel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Dept. Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: dolores.ferrando@uv.es.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ferrando
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size / Q000187:drug effects; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014230:Triazoles / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D014230:Triazoles; C087114:tebuconazole
keywords: Chronic effects; D. magna; Recovery; Sublethal effects; Tebuconazole; Toxicity