title: Comparison of pulpal anesthesia and cardiovascular parameters with lidocaine with epinephrine and lidocaine with clonidine after maxillary infiltration in type 2 diabetic volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pulpal anesthetic and cardiovascular parameters obtained by 2 % lidocaine with epinephrine (LE; 1:80,000) or clonidine (LC; 15 mcg/ml) were studied in diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 and healthy volunteers (72), after maxillary infiltration anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Onset and duration of pulpal anesthesia were measured by electric pulp tester; vasoconstrictive effect of used local anesthetic mixtures by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) through pulpal blood flow (PBF); systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were registered by electrocardiogram monitoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Onset of pulpal anesthesia was shorter for LC than for LE in healthy, while it was not different in diabetic participants; duration of pulpal anesthesia was significantly longer in type 2 diabetic participants, regardless of used anesthetic mixture. Significant reduction of PBF with LE was observed during 45 min in healthy and 60 min in diabetic participants, while with LC such reduction was observed during 45 min in both groups. LE caused a significant increase of SBP in the 5th and 15th minutes in diabetic versus healthy participants, while LC decreased SBP from the 10th to 60th minutes in healthy versus diabetic participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DM type 2 influences duration of maxillary infiltration anesthesia obtained with LE and LC, and systolic blood pressure during LE anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The obtained results provide elements for future protocols concerning intraoral local anesthesia in DM type 2 patients.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Marija S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Milic
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Bozidar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brkovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krsljak
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology in Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. dragica.stojic@stomf.bg.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Dragica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stojic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects*; D003791:Dental Pulp Test; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D003971:Diastole; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008437:Maxilla; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013599:Systole; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D003000:Clonidine; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: Cardiovascular parameters; Clonidine; Diabetes mellitus; Epinephrine; Pulpal anesthesia; Pulpal blood flow