title: The Interplay between Sulfur and Iron Nutrition in Tomato.
abstract: Plant response mechanisms to deficiency of a single nutrient, such as sulfur (S) or iron (Fe), have been described at agronomic, physiological, biochemical, metabolomics, and transcriptomic levels. However, agroecosystems are often characterized by different scenarios, in which combined nutrient deficiencies are likely to occur. Soils are becoming depleted for S, whereas Fe, although highly abundant in the soil, is poorly available for uptake because of its insolubility in the soil matrix. To this end, earlier reports showed that a limited S availability reduces Fe uptake and that Fe deficiency results in the modulation of sulfate uptake and assimilation. However, the mechanistic basis of this interaction remains largely unknown. Metabolite profiling of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) shoots and roots from plants exposed to Fe, S, and combined Fe and S deficiency was performed to improve the understanding of the S-Fe interaction through the identification of the main players in the considered pathways. Distinct changes were revealed under the different nutritional conditions. Furthermore, we investigated the development of the Fe deficiency response through the analysis of expression of ferric chelate reductase, iron-regulated transporter, and putative transcription factor genes and plant sulfate uptake and mobilization capacity by analyzing the expression of genes encoding sulfate transporters (STs) of groups 1, 2, and 4 (SlST1.1, SlST1.2, SlST2.1, SlST2.2, and SlST4.1). We identified a high degree of common and even synergistic response patterns as well as nutrient-specific responses. The results are discussed in the context of current models of nutrient deficiency responses in crop plants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (S.Z., S.C., A.R.P., S.A.) and Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood, and Forest Systems (G.C., M.C.), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14424 Potsdam, Germany (M.W., H.-M.H., M.B., A.R.F., R.H.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," University of Malaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.).
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (S.Z., S.C., A.R.P., S.A.) and Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood, and Forest Systems (G.C., M.C.), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14424 Potsdam, Germany (M.W., H.-M.H., M.B., A.R.F., R.H.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," University of Malaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.).
authors.forename: Mutsumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (S.Z., S.C., A.R.P., S.A.) and Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood, and Forest Systems (G.C., M.C.), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14424 Potsdam, Germany (M.W., H.-M.H., M.B., A.R.F., R.H.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," University of Malaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.).
authors.forename: Hans-Michael
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hubberten
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (S.Z., S.C., A.R.P., S.A.) and Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood, and Forest Systems (G.C., M.C.), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14424 Potsdam, Germany (M.W., H.-M.H., M.B., A.R.F., R.H.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," University of Malaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.).
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bromke
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (S.Z., S.C., A.R.P., S.A.) and Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood, and Forest Systems (G.C., M.C.), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14424 Potsdam, Germany (M.W., H.-M.H., M.B., A.R.F., R.H.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," University of Malaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.).
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Osorio
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (S.Z., S.C., A.R.P., S.A.) and Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood, and Forest Systems (G.C., M.C.), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14424 Potsdam, Germany (M.W., H.-M.H., M.B., A.R.F., R.H.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," University of Malaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.).
authors.forename: Alisdair R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fernie
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (S.Z., S.C., A.R.P., S.A.) and Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood, and Forest Systems (G.C., M.C.), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14424 Potsdam, Germany (M.W., H.-M.H., M.B., A.R.F., R.H.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," University of Malaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.).
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Celletti
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (S.Z., S.C., A.R.P., S.A.) and Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood, and Forest Systems (G.C., M.C.), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14424 Potsdam, Germany (M.W., H.-M.H., M.B., A.R.F., R.H.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," University of Malaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.).
authors.forename: Anna Rita
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Paolacci
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (S.Z., S.C., A.R.P., S.A.) and Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood, and Forest Systems (G.C., M.C.), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14424 Potsdam, Germany (M.W., H.-M.H., M.B., A.R.F., R.H.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," University of Malaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.).
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Catarcione
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (S.Z., S.C., A.R.P., S.A.) and Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood, and Forest Systems (G.C., M.C.), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14424 Potsdam, Germany (M.W., H.-M.H., M.B., A.R.F., R.H.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," University of Malaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.).
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciaffi
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (S.Z., S.C., A.R.P., S.A.) and Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood, and Forest Systems (G.C., M.C.), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14424 Potsdam, Germany (M.W., H.-M.H., M.B., A.R.F., R.H.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," University of Malaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.).
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoefgen
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (S.Z., S.C., A.R.P., S.A.) and Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood, and Forest Systems (G.C., M.C.), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14424 Potsdam, Germany (M.W., H.-M.H., M.B., A.R.F., R.H.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," University of Malaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.) sastolfi@unitus.it.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1450-8783
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Astolfi
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013455:Sulfur / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D013455:Sulfur; D007501:Iron