title: Subcellular Distribution of NAD+ between Cytosol and Mitochondria Determines the Metabolic Profile of Human Cells.
abstract: The mitochondrial NAD pool is particularly important for the maintenance of vital cellular functions. Although at least in some fungi and plants, mitochondrial NAD is imported from the cytosol by carrier proteins, in mammals, the mechanism of how this organellar pool is generated has remained obscure. A transporter mediating NAD import into mammalian mitochondria has not been identified. In contrast, human recombinant NMNAT3 localizes to the mitochondrial matrix and is able to catalyze NAD(+) biosynthesis in vitro. However, whether the endogenous NMNAT3 protein is functionally effective at generating NAD(+) in mitochondria of intact human cells still remains to be demonstrated. To modulate mitochondrial NAD(+) content, we have expressed plant and yeast mitochondrial NAD(+) carriers in human cells and observed a profound increase in mitochondrial NAD(+). None of the closest human homologs of these carriers had any detectable effect on mitochondrial NAD(+) content. Surprisingly, constitutive redistribution of NAD(+) from the cytosol to the mitochondria by stable expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondrial NAD(+) transporter NDT2 in HEK293 cells resulted in dramatic growth retardation and a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, despite the elevated mitochondrial NAD(+) levels. These results suggest that a mitochondrial NAD(+) transporter, similar to the known one from A. thaliana, is likely absent and could even be harmful in human cells. We provide further support for the alternative possibility, namely intramitochondrial NAD(+) synthesis, by demonstrating the presence of endogenous NMNAT3 in the mitochondria of human cells.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Molecular Biology and.
authors.forename: Magali R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: VanLinden
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Molecular Biology and Christian.Doelle@uib.no.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dölle
authors.affiliation: Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Ina K N
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Pettersen
authors.affiliation: the Institute of Nanobiotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Veronika A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Kulikova
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Molecular Biology and.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niere
authors.affiliation: the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics and.
authors.forename: Gennaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agrimi
authors.affiliation: Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Sissel E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Dyrstad
authors.affiliation: the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics and the Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy, and.
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.affiliation: the Institute of Nanobiotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia, the Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Andrey A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nikiforov
authors.affiliation: Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Karl Johan
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Tronstad
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Molecular Biology and.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ziegler
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism*; D006019:Glycolysis; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D055442:Metabolome; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism*; D009612:Nicotinamide-Nucleotide Adenylyltransferase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D033704:Nucleotide Transport Proteins; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; C508687:Ndt1 protein, S cerevisiae; D033704:Nucleotide Transport Proteins; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D009243:NAD; C484009:NMNAT3 protein, human; D009612:Nicotinamide-Nucleotide Adenylyltransferase
keywords: NAD transport; NMNAT3; cell compartmentalization; glycolysis; metabolism; mitochondria; respiration