title: Depth-Dependent Glycosaminoglycan Concentration in Articular Cartilage by Quantitative Contrast-Enhanced Micro-Computed Tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A quantitative contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography (qCECT) method was developed to investigate the depth dependency and heterogeneity of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentration of ex vivo cartilage equilibrated with an anionic radiographic contrast agent, Hexabrix.
  
  
  METHODS
  Full-thickness fresh native (n = 19 in 3 subgroups) and trypsin-degraded (n = 6) articular cartilage blocks were imaged using micro-computed tomography (μCT) at high resolution (13.4 μm(3)) before and after equilibration with various Hexabrix bathing concentrations. The GAG concentration was calculated depth-dependently based on Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium theory. Analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc was used to test for statistical significance (P < 0.05) for effect of Hexabrix bathing concentration, and for differences in bulk and zonal GAG concentrations individually and compared between native and trypsin-degraded cartilage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bulk GAG concentration was calculated to be 74.44 ± 6.09 and 11.99 ± 4.24 mg/mL for native and degraded cartilage, respectively. A statistical difference was demonstrated for bulk and zonal GAG between native and degraded cartilage (P < 0.032). A statistical difference was not demonstrated for bulk GAG when comparing Hexabrix bathing concentrations (P > 0.3214) for neither native nor degraded cartilage. Depth-dependent GAG analysis of native cartilage revealed a statistical difference only in the radial zone between 30% and 50% Hexabrix bathing concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This nondestructive qCECT methodology calculated the depth-dependent GAG concentration for both native and trypsin-degraded cartilage at high spatial resolution. qCECT allows for more detailed understanding of the topography and depth dependency, which could help diagnose health, degradation, and repair of native and contrived cartilage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mittelstaedt
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
keywords: cartilage; contrast agent (Hexabrix [Ioxaglate]); glycosaminoglycans (GAG); micro–computed tomography (μCT); osteoarthritis (OA)