title: Active Microbial Communities Inhabit Sulphate-Methane Interphase in Deep Bedrock Fracture Fluids in Olkiluoto, Finland.
abstract: Active microbial communities of deep crystalline bedrock fracture water were investigated from seven different boreholes in Olkiluoto (Western Finland) using bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA, dsrB, and mcrA gene transcript targeted 454 pyrosequencing. Over a depth range of 296-798 m below ground surface the microbial communities changed according to depth, salinity gradient, and sulphate and methane concentrations. The highest bacterial diversity was observed in the sulphate-methane mixing zone (SMMZ) at 250-350 m depth, whereas archaeal diversity was highest in the lowest boundaries of the SMMZ. Sulphide-oxidizing ε-proteobacteria (Sulfurimonas sp.) dominated in the SMMZ and γ-proteobacteria (Pseudomonas spp.) below the SMMZ. The active archaeal communities consisted mostly of ANME-2D and Thermoplasmatales groups, although Methermicoccaceae, Methanobacteriaceae, and Thermoplasmatales (SAGMEG, TMG) were more common at 415-559 m depth. Typical indicator microorganisms for sulphate-methane transition zones in marine sediments, such as ANME-1 archaea, α-, β- and δ-proteobacteria, JS1, Actinomycetes, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, and MBGB Crenarchaeota were detected at specific depths. DsrB genes were most numerous and most actively transcribed in the SMMZ while the mcrA gene concentration was highest in the deep methane rich groundwater. Our results demonstrate that active and highly diverse but sparse and stratified microbial communities inhabit the Fennoscandian deep bedrock ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Malin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bomberg
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nyyssönen
authors.affiliation: Posiva Oy, Olkiluoto, 27160 Eurajoki, Finland.
authors.forename: Petteri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pitkänen
authors.affiliation: Posiva Oy, Olkiluoto, 27160 Eurajoki, Finland.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lehtinen
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itävaara
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D017753:Ecosystem; D005387:Finland; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000382:microbiology; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D008697:Methane / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D013431:Sulfates; D008697:Methane