title: Technique determinants of knee abduction moments during pivoting in female soccer players.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No previous studies have investigated the optimal technique for pivoting with regard to reducing peak knee abduction moments and potential knee injury risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between technique characteristics and peak knee abduction moments during pivoting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven female soccer players [mean (SD); age: 21 (3.8) years, height: 1.67 (0.07) m, and mass: 60.0 (7.2) kg] participated in the study. Three dimensional motion analyses of pivots on the right leg were performed using 10 Qualysis 'Pro reflex' infrared cameras (240Hz). Ground reaction forces were collected from two AMTI force platforms (1200Hz) embedded into the running track to examine penultimate and final contact. Pearson's correlation coefficients, co-efficients of determination and stepwise multiple regression were used to explore relationships between a range of technique parameters and peak knee abduction moments. Significance was set at P<0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stepwise multiple regression found that initial foot progression and initial knee abduction angles together could explain 35% (30% adjusted) of the variation in peak knee abduction moments (F(2,26)=6.499, P=0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study suggest that initial-foot progression and knee abduction angles are potential technique factors to lower knee abduction moments during pivoting.
authors.affiliation: University of Salford, Allerton Building, Frederick Road Campus, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom, M6 6PU. Electronic address: P.A.Jones@salford.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: University of Salford, Allerton Building, Frederick Road Campus, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom, M6 6PU. Electronic address: L.C.Herrington@salford.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Lee C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Herrington
authors.affiliation: University of Salford, Allerton Building, Frederick Road Campus, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom, M6 6PU; Aspire Academy, P.O. BOX 22287, Doha, Qatar. Electronic address: Philip.GrahamSmith@aspire.qa.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Graham-Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: 180° turns; Anterior cruciate ligament; Injury; Knee abduction moment; Technique