title: Influence of endurance exercise training on antioxidant enzymes, tight junction proteins, and inflammatory markers in the rat ileum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated the effects of endurance exercise training on ileum antioxidant status, as well as tight junction, inflammatory, and nutrient transporter gene expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats (4 month old) were assigned to sedentary (SED) or endurance exercise-training (EXE) groups (n = 8/group). EXE animals were trained on the treadmill for 10 days at a speed of 30 m/min at 0° incline for 60 min/day. SED and EXE animals were sacrificed (24 h after the final training bout) and the ileum was stored for analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ileum of EXE had higher (p < 0.05) antioxidant protein levels of manganese superoxide dismutase and catalase compared to SED with no change (p > 0.05) in the lipid peroxidation biomarker 4-hydroxynonenal. Ileum mRNA expression of the tight junction gene zonulin increased (p < 0.05) and claudin 1 decreased (p < 0.05) in EXE compared to SED, but occludin and zonula occluden 1 were not different (p > 0.05) between SED and EXE. The ileum mRNA expressions of seven nutrient transporters (SLC5A8, SLC7A6, SLC6A19, SLC7A7, SLC27A2, SLC16A10, and SLC15A1) were not different between the two groups (p > 0.05). EXE had lower ileum TNFα mRNA expression (p < 0.05) compared to SED. No changes (p > 0.05) were found in the other inflammatory mRNAs including NFκB, IFNγ, IL6, CCL2, TLR4, and IL10. In addition, no changes in p-p65:p65 were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that 10 days of endurance exercise training up-regulates key endogenous antioxidant enzymes, decreases select inflammation markers, and alters select markers of tight junction permeability.
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA. amh0078@auburn.edu.
authors.forename: A Maleah
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA. hwh0001@auburn.edu.
authors.forename: Hayden W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Hyatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. asmuder@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Ashley J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smuder
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. sollanek@sonoma.edu.
authors.forename: Kurt J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Sollanek
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. aaronbmorton@hhp.ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Aaron B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA. mdr0024@auburn.edu.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA. ank0012@auburn.edu.
authors.forename: Andreas N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kavazis
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism; D026921:Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D062445:Claudin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006242:Haptoglobins; D007082:Ileum / Q000378:metabolism*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D027501:Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D062793:Occludin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000235:genetics*; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D027981:Symporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D026921:Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral; D000975:Antioxidants; D002630:Chemotactic Factors; D062445:Claudin-1; C568114:Cldn1 protein, rat; D006242:Haptoglobins; D027501:Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters; D016328:NF-kappa B; D062793:Occludin; C568987:Ocln protein, rat; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D027981:Symporters; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein; C408043:zonulin; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal