title: The effect of implant angulation and splinting on stress distribution in implant body and supporting bone: A finite element analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of implant crown splinting and the use of angulated abutment on stress distribution in implant body and surrounding bone by three-dimensional finite element analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this study, three models with two implants at the site of mandibular right second premolar and first molar were designed (1): Both implants, parallel to adjacent teeth, with straight abutments (2): Anterior implant with 15 mesial angulations and posterior implant were placed parallel to adjacent tooth, (3): Both implants with 15 mesial angulations and parallel to each other with 15° angulated abutments. Restorations were modeled in two shapes (splinted and nonsplinted). Loading in tripod manner as each point 50 N and totally 300 N was applied. Stress distribution in relation to splinting or nonsplinting restorations and angulations was done with ABAQUS6.13.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Splinting the restorations in all situations, led to lower stresses in all implant bodies, cortical bone and spongy bone except for the spongy bone around angulated first molar. Angulated implant in nonsplinted restoration cause lower stresses in implant body and bone but in splinted models more stresses were seen in implant body in comparison with straight abutment (model 2). Stresses in nonsplinted and splinted restorations in cortical bone of angulated molar region were more than what was observed in straight molar implant (model 3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implant restorations splinting lead to a better distribution of stresses in implant bodies and bone in comparison with nonsplinted restorations, especially when the load is applied off center to implant body. Angulations of implant can reduce stresses when the application of the load is in the same direction as the implant angulation.
authors.affiliation: Dental Implant Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ebadian
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Behnaz
authors.affiliation: Dental Materialt Research Center and Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mosharraf
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramin
authors.affiliation: Department of prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Samaneh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abbasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Memar Ardestani
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pouya
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Farzin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mahmood
keywords: Angulated abutment; dental implant; finite element analysis