title: Controlled DNA Patterning by Chemical Lift-Off Lithography: Matrix Matters.
abstract: Nucleotide arrays require controlled surface densities and minimal nucleotide-substrate interactions to enable highly specific and efficient recognition by corresponding targets. We investigated chemical lift-off lithography with hydroxyl- and oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers as a means to produce substrates optimized for tethered DNA insertion into post-lift-off regions. Residual alkanethiols in the patterned regions after lift-off lithography enabled the formation of patterned DNA monolayers that favored hybridization with target DNA. Nucleotide densities were tunable by altering surface chemistries and alkanethiol ratios prior to lift-off. Lithography-induced conformational changes in oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated monolayers hindered nucleotide insertion but could be used to advantage via mixed monolayers or double-lift-off lithography. Compared to thiolated DNA self-assembly alone or with alkanethiol backfilling, preparation of functional nucleotide arrays by chemical lift-off lithography enables superior hybridization efficiency and tunability.
authors.affiliation: California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Huan H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Nako
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakatsuka
authors.affiliation: California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Serino
authors.affiliation: California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Wei-Ssu
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Sarawut
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheunkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Health, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Hongyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.affiliation: California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Health, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000737:chemistry; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011327:Printing / Q000379:methods*; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D004247:DNA
keywords: DNA hybridization; alkanethiol patterning; chemical lift-off lithography; nucleotide arrays; self-assembled monolayers