title: Parasite-Parasite Interactions in the Wild: How To Detect Them?
abstract: Inter-specific interactions between parasites impact on parasite intra-host dynamics, host health, and disease management. Identifying and understanding interaction mechanisms in the wild is crucial for wildlife disease management. It is however complex because several scales are interlaced. Parasite-parasite interactions are likely to occur via mechanisms at the within-host level, but also at upper levels (host population and community). Furthermore, interactions occurring at one level of organization spread to upper levels through cascade effects. Even if cascade effects are important confounding factors, we argue that we can also benefit from them because upper scales often provide a way to survey a wider range of parasites at lower cost. New protocols and theoretical studies (especially across scales) are necessary to take advantage of this opportunity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 5558, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France; Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. Electronic address: eleonore.hellard@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Eléonore
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hellard
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 5558, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France; LabEx Ecofect, Ecoevolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, University of Lyon, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fouchet
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 5558, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France; LabEx Ecofect, Ecoevolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, University of Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vavre
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 5558, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France; LabEx Ecofect, Ecoevolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, University of Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pontier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000469:parasitology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006801:Humans; D010271:Parasites / Q000502:physiology*; D010273:Parasitic Diseases, Animal / Q000469:parasitology; D010274:Parasitology / Q000639:trends
keywords: Coinfections; cascade effect; interactions; natural populations