title: Implication of Unfolded Protein Response and Autophagy in the Treatment of BRAF Inhibitor Resistant Melanoma.
abstract: The continuous activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade, typified by the BRAFV600E mutation, is one of the key alterations in melanoma. Accordingly, two BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi), vemurafenib and dabrafenib are utilized to treat melanoma and resulted in an excellent clinical outcome. However, the clinical success is not long-lasting, and the BRAFi resistance and disease progression inevitably occurs in nearly all patients. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced unfolded protein response and autophagy have emerged as potential pro-survival mechanisms adopted by melanoma cells in response to BRAFi. In this review, we discuss the role of unfolded protein response and autophagy that are implicated in the development of BRAFi-resistant melanoma and the corresponding strategy aiming at overcoming the intractable clinical problem.
authors.forename: Xiao-Xiao
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia. xu.zhang@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Hong-Xi
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Mu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Qihan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Xu Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018450:Disease Progression; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009154:Mutation; D010091:Oximes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D056811:Unfolded Protein Response; D000077484:Vemurafenib
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007211:Indoles; D010091:Oximes; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000077484:Vemurafenib; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; C561627:dabrafenib