title: Targeted predation of extrafloral nectaries by insects despite localized chemical defences.
abstract: Extrafloral (EF) nectaries recruit carnivorous arthropods that protect plants from herbivory, but they can also be exploited by nectar thieves. We studied the opportunistic, targeted predation (and destruction) of EF nectaries by insects, and the localized chemical defences that plants presumably use to minimize this effect. In field and laboratory experiments, we identified insects that were possibly responsible for EF nectary predation in Vicia faba (fava bean) and determined the extent and accuracy of the feeding damage done to the EF nectaries by these insects. We also performed biochemical analyses of plant tissue samples in order to detect microscale distribution patterns of chemical defences in the area of the EF nectary. We observed selective, targeted feeding on EF nectaries by several insect species, including some that are otherwise not primarily herbivorous. Biochemical analyses revealed high concentrations of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, a non-protein amino acid that is toxic to insects, near and within the EF nectaries. These results suggest that plants allocate defences to the protection of EF nectaries from predation, consistent with expectations of optimal defence theory, and that this may not be entirely effective, as insects limit their exposure to these defences by consuming only the secreting tissue of the nectary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gish
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mescher
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland consuelo.demoraes@usys.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Consuelo M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: De Moraes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060434:Herbivory; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D009987:Orthoptera / Q000502:physiology*; D057048:Plant Nectar / Q000378:metabolism; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D031307:Vicia faba / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D057048:Plant Nectar
keywords: ecological costs; extrafloral nectaries; nectar robbery; optimal defence theory; plant–insect interactions