title: Blood Pressure Characteristics in Moderate to Severe Renal Insufficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients has been extensively studied, but few investigations have attempted to relate ABPM with CKD stages. The objectives of this article were to compare ABPM parameters for the diagnosis and treatment determination of CKD with daytime clinic blood pressure (BP) measurements. We also investigated BP and renal injury in combined hypertension and CKD. We supposed ABPM was important in combined hypertension and CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared ABPM in hypertension patients, including 152 patients with combined hypertension and CKD. Patients with combined hypertension and CKD were grouped according to severity into stages 1 through 3 (Stage 1-3) and stages 4 and 5 (Stage 4-5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the Stage 4-5 group, systolic BP (SBP) (daytime, nighttime and 24 h mean), diastolic BP (DBP), pulse pressure and SBP standard deviations (SD) (daytime and 24 h) were higher. SBP and DBP loads were significantly higher in the Stage 4-5 group. The nighttime load was higher than the daytime load. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was higher and heart rates (HR) were faster in the Stage 4-5 group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BP load should be a component employed in ABPM to determine cardiovascular risk stratification. MAP and HR might be associated with risk to develop end-stage renal disease.
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Province, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zheyou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Shanjun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Benyan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index