title: Possible role of trace elements in epilepsy and febrile seizures: a meta-analysis.
abstract: Seizures are among the most common causes of apparent life-threatening events. There are discrepancies among the published reports on the correlation between epilepsy/febrile seizures and deficiency or overload of trace elements. The objective of this review and meta-analysis was to examine the present knowledge on the concentrations of the most investigated trace metals, including zinc, copper, selenium, and magnesium, in patients with epilepsy and febrile seizures. The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched to identify case-control studies that compared the concentration of zinc, copper, magnesium, and selenium in serum, hair, or cerebrospinal fluid between patients with epilepsy/febrile seizures and controls. A total of 60 articles were included in the present study (40 pertaining to epilepsy and 25 pertaining to febrile seizures). The serum concentration of zinc in nontreated patients with epilepsy was significantly higher than in controls (P = 0.034). There were significantly reduced serum concentrations of zinc (P = 0.018) and selenium (P = 0.012) in patients with febrile seizures compared with controls. The concentrations of copper, magnesium, and zinc were all significantly altered in patients with epilepsy who received antiepileptic drugs compared with untreated patients with epilepsy. Designing treatments to selectively restore zinc levels may be a strategy for treating patients with epilepsy. It is still unclear whether these ions are causal to, or a cofactor in, the development of epilepsy. Knowledge of the effects of various antiepileptic drugs on trace element homeostasis could potentially be used to effectively guide appropriate therapeutic strategies in the future.
authors.affiliation: A. Saghazadeh, M. Gharedaghi, and N. Rezaei are with the Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. M. Mahmoudi is with the Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. A. Meysamie is with the Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. G.W. Zamponi is with the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. N. Rezaei is with the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; and the Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Amene
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saghazadeh
authors.affiliation: A. Saghazadeh, M. Gharedaghi, and N. Rezaei are with the Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. M. Mahmoudi is with the Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. A. Meysamie is with the Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. G.W. Zamponi is with the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. N. Rezaei is with the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; and the Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom. m-mahmoudi@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahmoudi
authors.affiliation: A. Saghazadeh, M. Gharedaghi, and N. Rezaei are with the Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. M. Mahmoudi is with the Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. A. Meysamie is with the Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. G.W. Zamponi is with the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. N. Rezaei is with the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; and the Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alipasha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meysamie
authors.affiliation: A. Saghazadeh, M. Gharedaghi, and N. Rezaei are with the Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. M. Mahmoudi is with the Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. A. Meysamie is with the Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. G.W. Zamponi is with the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. N. Rezaei is with the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; and the Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gharedaghi
authors.affiliation: A. Saghazadeh, M. Gharedaghi, and N. Rezaei are with the Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. M. Mahmoudi is with the Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. A. Meysamie is with the Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. G.W. Zamponi is with the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. N. Rezaei is with the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; and the Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gerald W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Zamponi
authors.affiliation: A. Saghazadeh, M. Gharedaghi, and N. Rezaei are with the Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. M. Mahmoudi is with the Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. A. Meysamie is with the Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. G.W. Zamponi is with the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. N. Rezaei is with the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; and the Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rezaei
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D003294:Seizures, Febrile / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: antiepileptic drugs; copper; epilepsy; febrile seizures; magnesium; meta-analysis; selenium; zinc