title: Linkage between the PROMIS® pediatric and adult emotional distress measures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research studies that measure health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in both children and adults and longitudinal studies that follow children into adulthood need measures that can be compared across these age groups. This study links the PROMIS pediatric and adult emotional distress measures using data from participants with diverse health conditions and disabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses were conducted and compared in two separate samples to confirm the stability of results. One sample (n = 874) included individuals aged 14-20 years with special health care needs and who require health services. The other sample (n = 641) included individuals aged 14-25 years who have a physical or cognitive disability. Participants completed both PROMIS pediatric and adult measures. Item response theory-based scores were linked using the linear approximation to calibrated projection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated latent-variable correlation between pediatric and adult PROMIS measures ranged from 0.87 to 0.94. Regression coefficients β 0 (intercept) and β 1 (slope), and mean squared error are provided to transform scores from the pediatric to the adult measures, and vice versa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study used a relatively new linking method, calibrated projection, to link PROMIS pediatric and adult measure scores, thus expanding the use of PROMIS measures to research that includes both populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1101-D McGavran-Greenberg Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, CB 7411, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7411, USA. bbreeve@email.UNC.edu.|Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. bbreeve@email.UNC.edu.
authors.forename: Bryce B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Reeve
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thissen
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Darren A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: DeWalt
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: I-Chan
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts University of California, Merced, USA.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Brooke
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Magnus
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Hally
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.affiliation: Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Heather E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.affiliation: Center for Assessment Research and Translation, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kisala
authors.affiliation: Health and Disability Research Institute, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Pengsheng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Health and Disability Research Institute, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haley
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mulcahey
authors.affiliation: Craig Hospital, Englewood, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Susie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Charlifue
authors.affiliation: Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hanks
authors.affiliation: Health and Disability Research Institute, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slavin
authors.affiliation: Health and Disability Research Institute, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jette
authors.affiliation: Center for Assessment Research and Translation, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Tulsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D057566:Self Report; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Emotional distress; Item response theory; Linkage; PROMIS; Patient-reported outcomes; Pediatrics