title: Downhill Running-Based Overtraining Protocol Improves Hepatic Insulin Signaling Pathway without Concomitant Decrease of Inflammatory Proteins.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to verify the effects of overtraining (OT) on insulin, inflammatory and gluconeogenesis signaling pathways in the livers of mice. Rodents were divided into control (CT), overtrained by downhill running (OTR/down), overtrained by uphill running (OTR/up) and overtrained by running without inclination (OTR). Rotarod, incremental load, exhaustive and grip force tests were used to evaluate performance. Thirty-six hours after a grip force test, the livers were extracted for subsequent protein analyses. The phosphorylation of insulin receptor beta (pIRbeta), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (pGSK3beta) and forkhead box O1 (pFoxo1) increased in OTR/down versus CT. pGSK3beta was higher in OTR/up versus CT, and pFoxo1 was higher in OTR/up and OTR versus CT. Phosphorylation of protein kinase B (pAkt) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (pIRS-1) were higher in OTR/up versus CT and OTR/down. The phosphorylation of IκB kinase alpha and beta (pIKKalpha/beta) was higher in all OT protocols versus CT, and the phosphorylation of stress-activated protein kinases/Jun amino-terminal kinases (pSAPK-JNK) was higher in OTR/down versus CT. Protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF-4alpha) were higher in OTR versus CT. In summary, OTR/down improved the major proteins of insulin signaling pathway but up-regulated TRB3, an Akt inhibitor, and its association with Akt.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, RibeirãoPreto Medical School, USP, RibeirãoPreto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alisson L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: da Rocha
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, RibeirãoPreto Medical School, USP, RibeirãoPreto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Sport Sciences Course, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pauli
authors.affiliation: Sport Sciences Course, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dennys E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Cintra
authors.affiliation: Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology Laboratory Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Far Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudio T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Sport Sciences Course, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Ropelle
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, RibeirãoPreto Medical School, USP, RibeirãoPreto, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport of RibeirãoPreto, University of São Paulo, RibeirãoPreto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adelino S R
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: da Silva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005943:Gluconeogenesis; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D012420:Running; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D007328:Insulin; C474830:TRB3 protein, mouse; D011972:Receptor, Insulin; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt