title: Functional Mapping in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgical Candidates: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Under Sedation With Chloral Hydrate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging is a useful tool to lateralize and localize language in presurgical patients, as well as to localize other functionally salient cortex. The procedure is typically reserved for older children and adults, since it necessitates cooperation and participation in tasks. We have explored the applicability of functional magnetic resonance imaging for language and motor mapping at our epilepsy surgical center in younger children under sedation with chloral hydrate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 24 consecutive patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging, between ages 16 months and 11 years, were scanned under sedation. Assisted finger-tapping and foot-tapping tasks were conducted for the purpose of motor mapping in nine patients, and a speech-based auditory task was conducted in 23 of the 24 patients for the purpose of lateralizing and localizing language.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant blood oxygen level-dependent signal increases in hand and foot regions of the primary motor cortex were generated in all but one patient who underwent the motor mapping tasks. Signal increases in receptive language cortex were convincingly generated in 12 of the 23 (52%) patients who underwent the speech-based auditory task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that functional magnetic resonance imaging can help to localize motor and/or somatosensory cortex and language cortex in young children under sedation with chloral hydrate. This procedure may be used to assist in presurgical planning. The findings also imply that a sedating agent may be used in pediatric neuroimaging as an alternative to general anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: vives@mweb.co.za.
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Ives-Deliperi
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Neurology, University of South Africa.
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Butler
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002697:Chloral Hydrate; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011300:Preoperative Care
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D002697:Chloral Hydrate
keywords: epilepsy; functional MRI; language mapping; presurgical fMRI