title: Reducing consistency in human realism increases the uncanny valley effect; increasing category uncertainty does not.
abstract: Human replicas may elicit unintended cold, eerie feelings in viewers, an effect known as the uncanny valley. Masahiro Mori, who proposed the effect in 1970, attributed it to inconsistencies in the replica's realism with some of its features perceived as human and others as nonhuman. This study aims to determine whether reducing realism consistency in visual features increases the uncanny valley effect. In three rounds of experiments, 548 participants categorized and rated humans, animals, and objects that varied from computer animated to real. Two sets of features were manipulated to reduce realism consistency. (For humans, the sets were eyes-eyelashes-mouth and skin-nose-eyebrows.) Reducing realism consistency caused humans and animals, but not objects, to appear eerier and colder. However, the predictions of a competing theory, proposed by Ernst Jentsch in 1906, were not supported: The most ambiguous representations-those eliciting the greatest category uncertainty-were neither the eeriest nor the coldest.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, 535 West Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. Electronic address: kmacdorm@indiana.edu.
authors.forename: Karl F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: MacDorman
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, 535 West Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Debaleena
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chattopadhyay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000066499:Facial Recognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012938:Social Perception; D035501:Uncertainty; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anthropomorphism; Computer animation; Face perception; Photorealism