title: Adherence to NICE guidance on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an evaluation using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess adherence to the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines for initiating and continuing glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study of 7133 primary care patients ≥40 years with a first prescription for a GLP-1 receptor agonist following publication of NICE guideline/guidance. Patient characteristics and levels of clinical monitoring were assessed using descriptive analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Main outcomes were the proportion of patients initiating GLP-1 receptor agonists as part of NICE-recommended dual- or triple-therapy regimens; the proportions meeting NICE triple therapy initiation criteria (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] ≥7.5% and body mass index [BMI] ≥35 kg/m(2)) and the proportions continuing GLP-1 receptor agonist at 6 months according to NICE recommendations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age at initiating GLP-1 receptor agonists was 58.2 years (SD 9.4), BMI 38.4 kg/m(2) (SD 6.8) and HbA1c 9.2% (SD 3.2%). Overall, only 25% of patients initiated GLP-1 receptor agonists as part of a NICE-recommended regimen. Of patients initiated on a recommended triple-therapy regimen, 50% (646/1284) fulfilled both NICE HbA1c and BMI initiation criteria. Approximately 18% (32/174) of patients continuing NICE-recommended dual therapy at 6 months achieved a 1% reduction in HbA1c and 6.4% (33/515) continuing with NICE-recommended triple therapy achieved NICE's target reductions for both HbA1c and body weight. About 8% of patients continuing exenatide as triple therapy (N = 243) achieved both targets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adherence to NICE guidance for initiating and continuing GLP-1 receptor agonists is low. However, lack of data on ethnicity (for assessing NICE's BMI criteria) and on contraindications and/or hypersensitivity to other diabetes medication in the treatment pathway have limited our ability to fully assess adherence to GLP-1 prescribing. Further research is warranted to better understand general practitioners' prescribing decisions given the cost of prescribing GLP-1 receptor agonists.
authors.affiliation: a a Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd , Hertfordshire , UK.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jameson
authors.affiliation: a a Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd , Hertfordshire , UK.
authors.forename: Kalpana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: D'Oca
authors.affiliation: a a Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd , Hertfordshire , UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leigh
authors.affiliation: b b Clinical Practice Research Datalink , London , UK.
authors.forename: Tarita
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murray-Thomas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000097789:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000097789:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Continuation; GLP-1; Guidelines; Initiation; NICE; Type 2 diabetes