title: Discovery of Compound A--a selective activator of the glucocorticoid receptor with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity.
abstract: Glucocorticoids are among the most effective anti-inflammatory drugs, and are widely used for cancer therapy. Unfortunately, chronic treatment with glucocorticoids results in multiple side effects. Thus, there was an intensive search for selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activators (SEGRA), which retain therapeutic potential of glucocorticoids, but with fewer adverse effects. GR regulates gene expression by transactivation (TA), by binding as homodimer to gene promoters, or transrepression (TR), via diverse mechanisms including negative interaction between monomeric GR and other transcription factors. It is well accepted that metabolic and atrophogenic effects of glucocorticoids are mediated by GR TA. Here we summarized the results of extensive international collaboration that led to discovery and characterization of Compound A (CpdA), a unique SEGRA with a proven "dissociating" GR ligand profile, preventing GR dimerization and shifting GR activity towards TR both in vitro and in vivo. We outlined here the unusual story of compound's discovery, and presented a comprehensive overview of CpdA ligand properties, its anti-inflammatory effects in numerous animal models of inflammation and autoimmune diseases, as well as its anti-cancer effects. Finally, we presented mechanistic analysis of CpdA and glucocorticoid effects in skin, muscle, bone, and regulation of glucose and fat metabolism to explain decreased CpdA side effects compared to glucocorticoids. Overall, the results obtained by our and other laboratories underline translational potential of CpdA and its derivatives for treatment of inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lesovaya
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yemelyanov
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
authors.forename: Amanda C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Swart
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Swart
authors.affiliation: LEGEST, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haegeman
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Budunova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D031248:Salsola / Q000737:chemistry*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid
keywords: Review; autoimmune diseases; cancer; compound A; inflammation; selective glucocorticoid receptor activator (SEGRA)