title: Intranasal administration of poly-gamma glutamate induced antiviral activity and protective immune responses against H1N1 influenza A virus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The global outbreak of a novel swine-origin strain of the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus and the sudden, worldwide increase in oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 influenza A viruses highlight the urgent need for novel antiviral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we investigated the antiviral efficacy of poly-gamma glutamate (γ-PGA), a safe and edible biomaterial that is naturally synthesized by Bacillus subtilis, against A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8) and A/California/04/2009 (CA04) H1N1 influenza A virus infections in C57BL/6 mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intranasal administration of γ-PGA for 5 days post-infection improved survival, increased production of antiviral cytokines including interferon-beta (IFN-β) and interleukin-12 (IL-12), and enhanced activation of natural killer (NK) cells and influenza antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that γ-PGA protects mice against H1N1 influenza A virus by enhancing antiviral immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Viral Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejon, Republic of Korea. dealereh@hanmail.net.|College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chengju, Republic of Korea. dealereh@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Eun-Ha
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chengju, Republic of Korea. choiki55@cbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Young-Ki
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. cjkim@cnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Chul-Joong
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio & Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. smoonhee@kookmin.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Moon-Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: Viral Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejon, Republic of Korea. haryoung@kribb.re.kr.|Infection and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejon, Republic of Korea. haryoung@kribb.re.kr.
authors.forename: Haryoung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Poo
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; C511775:poly(gamma-glutamic acid); D011099:Polyglutamic Acid