title: Hip kinematics and kinetics in persons with and without cam femoroacetabular impingement during a deep squat task.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have indicated that hip and pelvis kinematics may be altered during functional tasks in persons with femoroacetabular impingement. The purpose of this study was to compare hip and pelvis kinematics and kinetics during a deep squat task between persons with cam femoroacetabular impingement and pain-free controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen persons with cam femoroacetabular impingement and 15 persons without cam femoroacetabular impingement performed a deep squat task. Peak hip flexion, abduction, and internal rotation, and mean hip extensor, adductor, and external rotator moments were quantified. Independent t-tests (α<0.05) were used to evaluate between group differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the control group, persons with cam femoroacetabular impingement demonstrated decreased peak hip internal rotation (15.2° (SD 9.5°) vs. 9.4° (SD 7.8°); P=0.041) and decreased mean hip extensor moments (0.56 (SD 0.12) Nm/kg vs. 0.45 (SD 0.15) Nm/kg; P=0.018). In addition persons in the cam femoroacetabular impingement group demonstrated decreased posterior pelvis tilt during squat descent compared to the control group, resulting in a more anteriorly tilted pelvis at the time peak hip flexion (12.5° (SD 17.1°) vs. 23.0° (SD 12.4°); P=0.024).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decreased hip internal rotation observed in persons with cam femoroacetabular impingement may be the result of bony impingement. Furthermore, the decrease in posterior pelvis tilt may contribute to impingement by further approximating the femoral head-neck junction with the acetabulum. Additionally, decreased hip extensor moments suggest that diminished hip extensor muscle activity may contribute to decreased posterior pelvis tilt.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar Street, CHP-155, Los Angeles, CA 90740, USA. Electronic address: jennybagwell@creighton.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bagwell
authors.affiliation: Snibbe Orthopedics, 120 South Spalding, Beverly Hills, CA 90212, USA. Electronic address: jsnibbe@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Snibbe
authors.affiliation: Santa Monica Orthopedic Group, 2020 Santa Monica Boulevard, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA. Electronic address: MGerhardt@smog-ortho.net.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerhardt
authors.affiliation: Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar Street, CHP-155, Los Angeles, CA 90740, USA. Electronic address: powers@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Powers
mesh_terms: D000077:Acetabulum / Q000503:physiopathology; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D057925:Femoracetabular Impingement / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005269:Femur / Q000503:physiopathology; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Femoroacetabular impingement; Hip; Kinematics; Kinetics; Pelvis; Squat