title: Posology of insulins: A review of standard textbooks and product inserts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study is aimed to assess whether the information contained in standard pharmacology, endocrinology, and diabetology textbooks regarding timings of administration, frequency and dose of various insulins is adequate and also to see whether the information contained in these texts is concordant with product inserts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four standard textbooks of pharmacology, two of diabetology and three of endocrinology were assessed for the published information regarding dose, timing, and frequency of insulin administration. The product inserts of commonly available insulins in India were also studied for the same.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various omissions and disparities could be seen in the coverage of insulins in standard textbooks. Posology information about premixed insulins and basal insulins have been omitted by the majority of the textbooks. Details about dose, frequency and timings of ultra-short acting insulins have also not been covered by all textbooks. Some discrepancies regarding prescribing information was also noted in product inserts, especially in case of newer insulins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, this article stresses upon the need of a uniform source of information for providing adequate and standardized knowledge regarding timing, frequency, and dose of insulins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, BPS GMC for Women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Garima
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bhutani
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital and BRIDE, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalra
keywords: Insulins; patient information leaflet; posology; product insert