title: Moderate consumption of white and fortified wine is associated with reduced odds of diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the association between alcohol consumption and the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, patients with type 2 diabetes answered questions on consumption of low and full-strength beer, white wine/champagne, red wine, fortified wines, and spirits. Never, moderate and high consumption of each alcoholic beverage, and overall alcoholic beverage consumption, were defined as <1, 1-14 and >14 standard drinks/week, respectively. DR was categorized into none; non vision-threatening DR (VTDR) and VTDR. Multivariable logistic regression determined the associations between alcohol consumption and DR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 395 participants (mean age±SD [standard deviation] 65.9±10.4years; males=253), 188 (47.6%) consumed alcohol and 235 (59.5%) had any DR. Compared to no alcohol consumption, moderate alcohol consumption (overall) was significantly associated with reduced odds of any DR (OR=0.47, 95% CI [confidence interval] 0.26-0.85). Moderate consumption of white wine/champagne or fortified wine was also associated with reduced odds of any DR (OR=0.48, 95% CI 0.25-0.91, and OR=0.15, 95% CI 0.04-0.62, respectively). Similar results were observed for non-VTDR and VTDR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amount and type of alcohol are associated with risk of DR in patients with type 2 diabetes. A longitudinal study is needed to assess the protective effect of alcohol consumption and DR.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: fenwicke@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Eva K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Fenwick
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ryan Eyn Kidd
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Man
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Lyndell L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia and St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Victoria M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Flood
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Finger
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tien Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ecosse L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Lamoureux
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001515:Beer / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000628:therapy; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000032:analysis; D012306:Risk; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D014920:Wine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D010860:Pigments, Biological
keywords: Alcohol consumption; Association; Diabetic retinopathy; Fortified wine; White wine