title: Minimally invasive approaches to resection of benign/low-grade gastric tumors.
abstract: Tumors in the stomach have traditionally been treated with either subtotal gastrectomy or total gastrectomy, depending on the location. However, many of these lesions are benign spindle cell tumors or adenomas and could be resected with margins. Here, we explore multiple minimally invasive methods for the resection of these tumors. We highlight a wedge resection, a circumferential resection with transverse closure, a transgastric resection, and an endoscopic/laparoscopic submucosal resection. The wedge resection was performed in a 71-year-old man found to have a mass in the stomach on screening upper endoscopy. The biopsy was not definitive, but on CT scan there was a 4.5-cm submucosal mass consistent with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. The circumferential resection was performed for an 83-year-old woman who had abdominal discomfort which led to an upper endoscopy. She was found to have a mass in the lesser curve of her stomach. Biopsy revealed this to be a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Ultimately, it was removed when serial CT scans showed that it was growing. The transgastric approach was used for a 75-year-old man who had upper endoscopy for reflux symptoms and was found to have a mass in the stomach. Biopsy showed that it was a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Due to patient preference, it was initially observed but was eventually removed when it was found to be growing on serial CT scans. The endoscopic/laparoscopic approach was for a 65-year-old man who had an upper endoscopy performed for work-up of melena and was found to have a 5-cm mass at the gastroesophageal junction. The biopsy showed this to be an adenoma, and he went on to have it removed.
  
  
  
  We identified representative videos from patients treated with each of the above techniques. Small exophytic lesions can be completely excised with a wedge resection using a stapler to fire across the base of the lesion. By contrast, if the lesion is in an awkward location or is too large to remove in this way, a vessel-sealing device can divide the mass from the stomach circumferentially (intragastric resection). The resultant defect in the gastric wall must be repaired transversely to avoid narrowing the lumen. Endophytic lesions can be treated with transgastric resection. Ports are placed directly into the stomach allowing excision from within the stomach. Finally, submucosal resection is ideal for lesions close to the GE junction. This combined endoscopic and laparoscopic approach allows the tumor to be lifted off the muscle fibers and to be resected without transmural injury to the stomach or esophagus.
  
  
  
  All four patients tolerated the procedure well and were discharged home by postoperative day 2. There were no complications. One patient, the one who underwent the endoscopic/laparoscopic approach and was preoperatively found to have an adenoma on biopsy, was ultimately found to have an invasive component and later underwent total gastrectomy. The other three patients all had gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
  
  
  
  Minimally invasive techniques should be considered more frequently for the management of benign gastric tumors. The four methods illustrated here can be used safely and result in faster recovery as well as shorter hospital stays compared to traditional approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive H3591, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. arghavan@alumni.stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Arghavan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salles
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive H3591, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dua
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Shai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friedland
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive H3591, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.|Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Visser
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000601:surgery; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D046152:Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors / Q000601:surgery; D005773:Gastroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Gastrectomy; Laparoscopy; Minimally invasive