title: Effect of Toothpaste Application Prior to Dental Bleaching on Whitening Effectiveness and Enamel Properties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on the enamel properties and effectiveness of bleaching using 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) when applying toothpastes with different active agents prior to dental bleaching.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy enamel blocks (4 × 4 × 2 mm) were submitted to in vitro treatment protocols in a tooth-brushing machine (n=10): with distilled water and exposure to placebo gel (negative control [NC]) or HP bleaching (positive control [PC]); and brushing with differing toothpastes prior to HP bleaching, including potassium nitrate toothpaste (PN) containing NaF, conventional sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste (FT), arginine-based toothpastes (PA and SAN), or a toothpaste containing bioactive glass (NM). Color changes were determined using the CIE L*a*b* system (ΔE, ΔL, Δa, and Δb), and a roughness (Ra) analysis was performed before and after treatments. Surface microhardness (SMH) and cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) were analyzed after treatment. Data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA for Ra, one-way ANOVA (SMH, ΔE, ΔL, Δa, and Δb), split-plot ANOVA (CSMH), and Tukey post hoc test (α<0.05). The relationship between the physical surface properties and color properties was evaluated using a multivariate Canonical correlation analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Color changes were statistically similar in the bleached groups. After treatments, SMH and CSMH decreased in PC. SMH increased significantly in the toothpaste groups vs the negative and positive control (NM > PA = SAN > all other groups) or decreased HP effects (CSMH). Ra increased in all bleached groups, with the exception of NM, which did not differ from the NC. The variation in the color variables (ΔL, Δa, and Δb) explained 21% of the variation in the physical surface variables (Ra and SMH).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of toothpaste prior to dental bleaching did not interfere with the effectiveness of treatment. The bioactive glass based toothpaste protected the enamel against the deleterious effects of dental bleaching.
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Vieira-Junior
authors.forename: D A N L
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: C P M
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Tabchoury
authors.forename: G M B
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ambrosano
authors.forename: F H B
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lovadino
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003743:Dental Enamel; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D014073:Tooth Bleaching; D014100:Toothpastes
chemical_list: D014100:Toothpastes; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide