title: Comprehensive Survey of Domiciliary Triatomine Species Capable of Transmitting Chagas Disease in Southern Ecuador.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chagas disease is endemic to the southern Andean region of Ecuador, an area with one of the highest poverty rates in the country. However, few studies have looked into the epidemiology, vectors and transmission risks in this region. In this study we describe the triatomine household infestation in Loja province, determine the rate of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in triatomines and study the risk factors associated with infestation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An entomological survey found four triatomine species (Rhodnius ecuadoriensis, Triatoma carrioni, Panstrongylus chinai, and P. rufotuberculatus) infesting domiciles in 68% of the 92 rural communities examined. Nine percent of domiciles were infested, and nymphs were observed in 80% of the infested domiciles. Triatomines were found in all ecological regions below 2,200 masl. We found R. ecuadoriensis (275 to 1948 masl) and T. carrioni (831 to 2242 masl) mostly in bedrooms within the domicile, and they were abundant in chicken coops near the domicile. Established colonies of P. chinai (175 to 2003 masl) and P. rufotuberculatus (404 to 1613 masl) also were found in the domicile. Triatomine infestation was associated with surrogate poverty indicators, such as poor sanitary infrastructure (lack of latrine/toilet [w = 0.95], sewage to environment [w = 1.0]). Vegetation type was a determinant of infestation [w = 1.0] and vector control program insecticide spraying was a protective factor [w = 1.0]. Of the 754 triatomines analyzed, 11% were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and 2% were infected with T. rangeli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, only limited vector control efforts have been implemented. Together with recent reports of widespread sylvatic triatomine infestation and frequent post-intervention reinfestation, these results show that an estimated 100,000 people living in rural areas of southern Ecuador are at high risk for T. cruzi infection. Therefore, there is a need for a systematic, sustained, and monitored vector control intervention that is coupled with improvement of socio-economic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America; Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Mario J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Grijalva
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Anita G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Villacis
authors.affiliation: Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America; Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ocaña-Mayorga
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Cesar A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Yumiseva
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Ana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Moncayo
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Esteban G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Baus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004484:Ecuador / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors; D008297:Male; D010203:Panstrongylus / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology; D012239:Rhodnius / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014224:Triatoma / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D057509:Trypanosoma rangeli / Q000302:isolation & purification*