title: Injuries in Full-Scale Vehicle Side Impact Moving Deformable Barrier and Pole Tests Using Postmortem Human Subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct near-side moving deformable barrier (MDB) and pole tests with postmortem human subjects (PMHS) in full-scale modern vehicles, document and score injuries, and examine the potential for angled chest loading in these tests to serve as a data set for dummy biofidelity evaluations and computational modeling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two PMHS (outboard left front and rear seat occupants) for MDB and one PMHS (outboard left front seat occupant) for pole tests were used. Both tests used sedan-type vehicles from same manufacturer with side airbags. Pretest x-ray and computed tomography (CT) images were obtained. Three-point belt-restrained surrogates were positioned in respective outboard seats. Accelerometers were secured to T1, T6, and T12 spines; sternum and pelvis; seat tracks; floor; center of gravity; and MDB. Load cells were used on the pole. Biomechanical data were gathered at 20 kHz. Outboard and inboard high-speed cameras were used for kinematics. X-rays and CT images were taken and autopsy was done following the test. The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2005 scoring scheme was used to score injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MDB test: male (front seat) and female (rear seat) PMHS occupant demographics: 52 and 57 years, 177 and 166 cm stature, 78 and 65 kg total body mass. Demographics of the PMHS occupant in the pole test: male, 26 years, 179 cm stature, and 84 kg total body mass. Front seat PMHS in MDB test: 6 near-side rib fractures (AIS = 3): 160-265 mm vertically from suprasternal notch and 40-80 mm circumferentially from center of sternum. Left rear seat PMHS responded with multiple bilateral rib fractures: 9 on the near side and 5 on the contralateral side (AIS = 3). One rib fractured twice. On the near and contralateral sides, fractures were 30-210 and 20-105 mm vertically from the suprasternal notch and 90-200 and 55-135 mm circumferentially from the center of sternum. A fracture of the left intertrochanteric crest occurred (AIS = 3). Pole test PMHS had one near-side third rib fracture. Thoracic accelerations of the 2 occupants were different in the MDB test. Though both occupants sustained positive and negative x-accelerations to the sternum, peak magnitudes and relative changes were greater for the rear than the front seat occupant. Magnitudes of the thoracic and sternum accelerations were lower in the pole test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to use PMHS occupants in MDB and pole tests in the same recent model year vehicles with side airbag and head curtain restraints. Injuries to the unilateral thorax for the front seat PMHS in contrast to the bilateral thorax and hip for the rear seat occupant in the MDB test indicate the effects of impact on the seating location and restraint system. Posterolateral locations of fractures to the front seat PMHS are attributed to constrained kinematics of occupant interaction with torso side airbag restraint system. Angled loading to the rear seat occupant from coupled sagittal and coronal accelerations of the sternum representing anterior thorax loading contributed to bilateral fractures. Inward bending initiated by the distal femur complex resulting in adduction of ipsilateral lower extremity resulted in intertrochanteric fracture to the rear seat occupant. These results serve as a data set for evaluating the biofidelity of the WorldSID and federalized side impact dummies and assist in validating human body computational models, which are increasingly used in crashworthiness studies.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Narayan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoganandan
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pintar
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Humm
authors.affiliation: b U.S. Department of Transportation, NHTSA , Washington , D.C.
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rudd
mesh_terms: D015998:Abbreviated Injury Scale; D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D017278:Air Bags; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018986:Motor Vehicles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012253:Rib Fractures / Q000209:etiology; D013249:Sternum / Q000502:physiology; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D013909:Thorax / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: AIS score; biomechanics; chest injuries; femur fracture; kinematics; oblique loading; rib fractures; side impact