title: Immobilization of enzymes using non-ionic colloidal liquid aphrons (CLAs): Surface and enzyme effects.
abstract: The use of non-ionic colloidal liquid aphrons (CLAs) as a support for enzyme immobilisation was investigated. Formulation required the mixing of an aqueous-surfactant solution with a relatively non-polar solvent-surfactant solution, forming a solvent droplet surrounded by a thin stabilised aqueous film (soapy shell). Studies utilising anionic surfactants have showed increased retention, however, very little have been understood about the forces governing immobilisation. This study seeks to determine the effects of enzyme properties on CLA immobilisation by examining a non-ionic/non-polar solvent system comprised of two non-ionic surfactants, Tween 20 and 80, mineral oil and the enzymes lipase, aprotinin and α-chymotrypsin. From these results it was deduced that hydrophobic interactions strongly governed immobilisation. Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM) revealed that immobilisation was predominantly achieved by surface adsorption attributed to hydrophobic interactions between the enzyme and the CLA surface. Enzyme surface affinity was found to increase when added directly to the formulation (pre-manufacture addition), as opposed to the bulk continuous phase (post-manufacture addition), with α-chymotrypsin and aprotinin being the most perturbed, while lipase was relatively unaffected. The effect of zeta potential on immobilisation showed that enzymes adsorbed better closer to their pI, indicating that charge minimisation was necessary for immobilisation. Finally, the effect of increasing enzyme concentration in the aqueous phase resulted in an increase in adsorption for all enzymes due to cooperativity between protein molecules, with saturation occurring faster at higher adsorption rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK. Electronic address: keeran.ward10@ic.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Keeran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK.
authors.forename: Jingshu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK. Electronic address: d.stuckey@ic.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Stuckey
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003102:Colloids / Q000737:chemistry*; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized
keywords: Adsorption; Colloidal liquid aphron; Enzyme; Immobilisation; Surfactant