title: Empirical validation of a short version of the Adolescent Sleep-Wake Scale using a sample of ethnically diverse adolescents from an economically disadvantage community.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a need for brief, psychometrically sound instruments to assess adolescent sleep, particularly for ethnic minority and economically disadvantaged adolescents. A 10-item short version of the Adolescent Sleep-Wake Scale was recently proposed based upon exploratory factor analysis with primarily Caucasian healthy adolescents from middle- to high-income families. The aim of this study was to expand the utility of the short version of the Adolescent Sleep-Wake Scale by investigating the empirical and construct validity of the measure on an ethnically diverse sample of adolescents from an economically disadvantaged community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 467 adolescents (40% African American, 35.5% Caucasian, 16.5% Latino, and 7.9% multiethnic), aged 12-18 years (mean = 15.27 years, SD = 1.96 years), who completed the Adolescent Sleep-Wake Scale. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with Mplus 7 based on the three-factor solution proposed by Essner et al. (2014).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CFA indicated that the three-factor structure was a good fit for the data (χ(2) (29) = 52.053, p = 0.005, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.04, CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.96, standardized root mean residuals (SRMR) = 0.03), and factor loadings for each item were >0.40. Cronbach's alphas by ethnicity indicated that the scale has acceptable reliability (0.70 ≤ α ≤ 0.90) for African American, Caucasian, and multiethnic adolescents, but not for Latino adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the use of the Adolescent Sleep-Wake Scale short form for the majority of ethnic minority and economically disadvantaged adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA. Electronic address: sufrinkoam@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sufrinko
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
authors.forename: Cecelia R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Valrie
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lanzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
authors.forename: Kayzandra E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
authors.forename: Krystal L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Trout
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ladd
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
authors.forename: D Erik
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Everhart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012890:Sleep; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D035862:Vulnerable Populations / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Ethnic disparities; Ethnic minority; Inadequate sleep; Sleep measure; Wakefulness; Youth