title: Tamarind seed coat ameliorates fluoride induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in A549 cells.
abstract: Fluoride (F) is an environmental contaminant and industrial pollutant. Molecular mechanisms remain unclear in F induced pulmonary toxicity even after numerous studies. Tamarind fruits act as defluoridating agents, but no study was conducted in in vitro systems. Hence, we aimed to assess the ameliorative impact of the tamarind seed coat extract (TSCE) against F toxicity utilizing lung epithelial cells, A549. Cells were exposed to sodium fluoride (NaF-5 mM) alone and in combination with TSCE (750 ng/ml) or Vitamin C (positive control) for 24 h and analyzed for F content, intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) level, oxidative stress, mitochondrial integrity and apoptotic markers. TSCE treatment prevented the F induced alterations in [Ca(2+)]i overload, F content, oxidant (reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content and nitric oxide) and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione) parameters. Further, TSCE modulates F activated changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, permeability transition pore opening, cytochrome-C release, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 and PARP-1 expressions. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that TSCE as a potential protective agent against F toxicity, which can be utilized as a neutraceutical.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India.
authors.forename: Jaishabanu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ameeramja
authors.affiliation: Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India.
authors.forename: Lakshmikanthan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Panneerselvam
authors.affiliation: Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India.
authors.forename: Vimal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Govindarajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India.
authors.forename: Sivakamavalli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jeyachandran
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India.
authors.forename: Vaseeharan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baskaralingam
authors.affiliation: Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India. Electronic address: ekas2009@buc.edu.in.
authors.forename: Ekambaram
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perumal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D029861:Tamarindus
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Apoptosis; Fluoride; Intracellular calcium level; Mitochondrial dysfunction; Oxidative stress; Tamarind seed coat