title: Influence of applying different units of measurement on reporting antimicrobial consumption data for pig farms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antimicrobial use in livestock is one of the factors contributing to selection and spread of resistant microorganisms in the environment. National veterinary antimicrobial consumption monitoring programs are therefore in place in a number of countries in the European Union. However, due to differences in methodology, results on veterinary antimicrobial consumption from these national monitoring programs cannot be compared internationally. International comparison is highly needed to establish regulations on veterinary antimicrobial use and reducing antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to assess differences in the outcomes on veterinary antimicrobial consumption by applying three different sets of nationally established animal defined daily dosages to the same antimicrobial drug delivery dataset of Dutch pigs in 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Delivery information for the complete Dutch pig sector for the year 2012 reported to the Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Authority (SDa) was analysed with three differently and nationally established animal defined daily dosages from the Netherlands and Denmark: the Defined Daily Dosage AnimalNL (DDDANL), the Animal Daily DosageDK (ADDDK) and Defined Animal Daily DosageDK (DADDDK). For each applied Dutch product equivalent, Danish products were identified based on authorization for pigs, active substance (including form), administration route, concentration and dosage regimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consumption in number of ADDDK/Y was lower than in number of DDDANL/Y for sows/piglets and finisher pigs, with proportions of 83.3 % and 98.3 %. Use in number of DADDDK/Y was even lower, 79.7 % for sows/piglets and 88.1 % for finisher pigs compared to number of DDDANL/Y. At therapeutic group level proportions of number of DADDDK/Y to number of DDDANL/Y were 63.6-150.4 % (sows/piglets) and 55.6-171.0 % (finisher pigs). Proportions were > 100 % for the polymyxines (sows/piglets 150.4 % and finisher pigs 149.9 %) and the macrolides/lincosamides (finisher pigs 171.0 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences between nationally established animal defined daily dosages caused by different correction factors for long-acting products and national differences in authorized dosages, have a substantial influence on the results of antimicrobial consumption in pigs. To enable international comparison of veterinary antimicrobial consumption data, harmonized units of measurement, animal weights and animal (sub) categories are needed.
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Authority (SDa), Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. f.j.taverne@uu.nl.|Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. f.j.taverne@uu.nl.|Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 106, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. f.j.taverne@uu.nl.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Taverne
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Authority (SDa), Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. j.h.jacobs@uu.nl.|Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. j.h.jacobs@uu.nl.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Authority (SDa), Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. d.heederik@uu.nl.|Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. d.heederik@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Djj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heederik
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Authority (SDa), Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. jwmouton@gmail.com.|Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. jwmouton@gmail.com.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mouton
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Authority (SDa), Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. j.wagenaar@uu.nl.|Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands. j.wagenaar@uu.nl.|Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA, Lelystad, The Netherlands. j.wagenaar@uu.nl.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wagenaar
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Authority (SDa), Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. i.m.vangeijlswijk@uu.nl.|Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 106, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. i.m.vangeijlswijk@uu.nl.
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: van Geijlswijk
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009426:Netherlands; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents