title: Rehabilitation After Immobilization for Ankle Fracture: The EXACT Randomized Clinical Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The benefits of rehabilitation after immobilization for ankle fracture are unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of a supervised exercise program and advice (rehabilitation) compared with advice alone and to determine if effects are moderated by fracture severity or age and sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  The EXACT trial was a pragmatic, randomized clinical trial conducted from December 2010 to June 2014. Patients with isolated ankle fracture presenting to fracture clinics in 7 Australian hospitals were randomized on the day of removal of immobilization. Of 571 eligible patients, 357 chose not to participate and 214 were allocated to rehabilitation (n = 106) or advice alone (n = 108), with 194 (91%) followed up at 1 month, 173 (81%) at 3 months, and 170 (79%) at 6 months. There were no withdrawals attributed to adverse effects. Recruitment terminated early on December 31, 2013 (planned enrollment, 342; actual, 214), because funding was exhausted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Supervised exercise program and advice about self-management (rehabilitation) (individually tailored, prescribed, monitored, and progressed) or advice alone, both delivered by a physical therapist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcomes were activity limitation assessed using the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (score range, 0-80; higher scores indicate better activity), and quality of life assessed using the Assessment of Quality of Life (score range, 0-1; higher scores indicate better quality of life), measured at baseline and at 1, 3 (primary time point), and 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean activity limitation and quality of life at baseline were 30.1 (SD, 12.5) and 0.51 (SD, 0.24), respectively, for advice and 30.2 (SD, 13.2) and 0.54 (SD, 0.24) for rehabilitation, increasing to 64.3 (SD, 13.5) and 0.85 (SD, 0.17) for advice vs 64.3 (SD, 15.1) and 0.85 (SD, 0.20) for rehabilitation at 3 months. Rehabilitation was not more effective than advice for activity limitation (mean effect at 3 months, 0.4 [95% CI, -3.3 to 4.1]) or quality of life (-0.01 [95% CI, -0.06 to 0.04]). Treatment effects were not moderated by fracture severity or age and sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A supervised exercise program and advice did not confer additional benefits in activity limitation or quality of life compared with advice alone for patients with isolated and uncomplicated ankle fracture. These findings do not support the routine use of supervised exercise programs after removal of immobilization for patients with isolated and uncomplicated ankle fracture.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12610000979055.
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Moseley
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Paula R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Beckenkamp
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation (CHERE), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Chung-Wei Christine
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D064386:Ankle Fractures / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011788:Quality of Life; D012046:Rehabilitation / Q000191:economics; D012648:Self Care; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome