title: Extracranial to intracranial by-pass anastomosis: Review of our preliminary experience from a low volume center in Egypt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebral revascularization is a useful microsurgical technique for the treatment of steno-occlusive intracranial ischemic disease, complex intracranial aneurysms that require deliberate occlusion of a parent artery and invasive skull base tumors. We describe our preliminary experience with extracranial-to-intracranial by-passes at a low volume center; and discuss clinical indications and microsurgical techniques, challenges in comparison to large advanced referral centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven patients with hemodynamic ischemia or complex aneurysms or skull base tumors were operated at Cairo University Hospitals in the period between May 2009 and June 2014. All patients operated by a low flow by-pass were operated through a superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (MCA) anastomosis. All patients chosen for a high flow by-pass were operated using a radial artery graft interposed between the MCAs distally and the common or the external carotid artery proximally. Patency was confirmed at the end of surgery using appearance on the table and confirmed after surgery by transcranial color-coded duplex or computed tomography angiography. All patient data were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed at the end of surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen patients (70.4%) were operated upon for flow augmentation and eight patients (29.6%) were operated upon for flow replacement. A total of 30 anastomoses were performed. All except one were patent which gives a patency rate of 96.3%. There was one death in the present series resulting from a hyperperfusion syndrome. 89.5% of patients with hemodynamic ischemia stopped having symptoms after surgery. All but one patient operated for hemodynamic ischemia showed a considerable cognitive improvement after surgery. None of the patients operated upon for flow replacement showed improvement of oculomotor nerve function in spite of adequate intraoperative decompression. All patients treated for flow replacement showed the absence of recurrence on follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our initial results for both low and high flow by-pass procedures in our low volume center indicate that such complex surgical procedures are possible with results comparable to those obtained in other larger referral centers throughout the world. This procedure not only represents a more definitive treatment when compared to other endovascular or radiation treatments but is also much less costly when compared to other treatment modalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Arundhati
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: A El
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Samadoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Interventional Neurology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elbassiouny
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sobh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hegazy
keywords: Complex tumors; Extracranial-to–intracranial by-pass; hemodynamic ischemia; vascular lesions