title: Policies to foster quality improvement registries: lessons from the Swedish case.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multi-institutional quality improvement registries (QI registries) are a promising approach to quality improvement. They are also used for clinical research, public quality reporting and other valuable purposes. The aim of this study was to identify elements and outcomes of national policies to promote registries in Sweden and to compare them with recent policies in the USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case study draws on previous studies of Swedish registries and on interviews, observations and document studies conducted in Sweden and the USA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Sweden, registries are fostered by favourable patient data regulation and an indirect control approach combining government funding with soft regulation and professional self-governance. This enables the development of high-quality QI registries which are used for improvements by engaged clinicians, for clinical research and for decision support for practitioners and stakeholders. For example, Riks-HIA/Swedeheart achieved improved outcomes in cardiac intensive care, SCAAR/Swedeheart was used in a unique registry-based randomized trial, and the Swedish Rheumatology Quality Register provides a Web interface for patient encounters and clarifies adverse effects of biologic drugs. Still, the system has persistent limitations, especially the administrative burden on participants. In the USA, Medicare's programme for qualified clinical data registries and other recent changes mirror Swedish policies. Automated data capture is a US advantage, but uncertain funding and complex data regulations stall registry development in the USA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study indicate that tailor-made data regulation and a soft regulatory policy approach foster high-quality QI registries with multiple meaningful uses. These findings offer a framework for further cross-country comparative study to evaluate registry policies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Business Administration, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.|Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Levay
mesh_terms: D005380:Financing, Government; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D011640:Public Policy; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards; D012042:Registries / Q000592:standards*; D013548:Sweden; D014481:United States
keywords: health policy; legal/regulatory issues; quality improvement; registries