title: Endoscopic Evaluation of Upper and Lower Gastro-Intestinal Bleeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A myriad of pathologies lead to gastro-intestinal bleeding (GIB). The common clinical presentations are hematemesis, melena, and hematochezia. Endoscopy aids localization and treatment of these lesions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to study the differential diagnosis of GIB emphasizing the role of endoscopy in diagnosis and treatment of GIB.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of patients with GIB referred to the Endoscopy unit of two health facilities in Port Harcourt Nigeria from February 2012 to August 2014. The variables studied included: Demographics, clinical presentation, risk score, endoscopic findings, therapeutic procedure, and outcome. Data were collated and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 159 upper and lower gastro-intestinal (GI) endoscopies were performed during the study period with 59 cases of GI bleeding. There were 50 males and 9 females with an age range of 13-86 years (mean age 52.4 ± 20.6 years). The primary presentations were hematochezia, hematemesis, and melena in 44 (75%), 9 (15%), and 6 (10%) cases, respectively. Hemorrhoids were the leading cause of lower GIB seen in 15 cases (41%). The majority of pathologies in upper GIB were seen in the stomach (39%): Gastritis and benign gastric ulcer. Injection sclerotherapy was successfully performed in the hemorrhoids and a case of gastric varices. The mortality recorded was 0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopy is vital in the diagnosis and treatment of GIB. Gastritis and Haemorrhoid are the most common causes of upper and lower GI bleeding respectively, in our environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital and Digestive Disease Unit, Oak Endoscopy Centre, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Emeka
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ray-Offor
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital and Digestive Disease Unit, Oak Endoscopy Centre, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Solomon N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Elenwo
keywords: Endoscopy; diagnosis and treatment; gastro-intestinal bleeding