title: Enhanced inactivation of avian influenza virus at -20°C by disinfectants supplemented with calcium chloride or other antifreeze agents.
abstract: Avian influenza outbreaks have occurred during winter months, and effective disinfection of poultry premises at freezing temperatures is needed. The commercial disinfectants Virkon and Accel, supplemented with an antifreeze agent [propylene glycol (PG), methanol (MeOH), or calcium chloride (CaCl₂)], were evaluated for their effectiveness in killing avian influenza virus (AIV) at -20°C or 21°C. An AIV suspension was applied to stainless steel disks, air-dried, and covered with a disinfectant or antifreeze agent for 5 to 30 min. Virkon (2%) and Accel (6.25%) with 30% PG, 20% MeOH, or 20% CaCl₂ inactivated 6 log₁₀ AIV within 5 min at -20°C and 21°C. At these temperatures PG and MeOH alone did not kill AIV, but the 20% CaCl₂ solution alone inactivated 5 log10 AIV within 10 min. The results suggested that CaCl₂ is potentially useful to enhance the effectiveness of disinfection of poultry facilities after outbreaks of AIV infection in warm and cold seasons.
authors.affiliation: Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8P9.
authors.forename: Jiewen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8P9.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8P9.
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8P9.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rohonczy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005615:Freezing; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000187:drug effects*; D000432:Methanol; D010545:Peroxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019946:Propylene Glycol; D013464:Sulfuric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D038301:Virus Inactivation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D010545:Peroxides; D013464:Sulfuric Acids; C071517:monoperoxysulfate; D019946:Propylene Glycol; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D000432:Methanol