title: Iodine nutritional status in Himachal Pradesh state, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iodine deficiency (ID) is the preventable causes of mental retardation worldwide. Himachal Pradesh (HP) state is a known endemic region to ID.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  the objective was to assess the current status of iodine nutrition in a population of HP, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  There are three regions in HP namely: Kangra, Mandi, and Shimla. In each region, one district was selected namely: Kangra, Kullu, and Solan. In each district, 30 clusters were identified by utilizing population proportional-to-size cluster sampling methodology. A total of 5748 school-age children (SAC) (Kangra; 1864, Kullu; 1986, Solan: 1898), 1711 pregnant mothers (PMs) (Kangra; 647, Kullu; 551, Solan: 513), and 1934 neonates (Kangra; 613, Kullu; 638, Solan: 683), were included in study. Clinical examination of thyroid of each child and PM was conducted. Casual urine samples were collected from children and PMs. Cord blood samples were collected for estimation of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) among neonates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In SAC, total goiter rate (TGR) was 15.8% (Kangra), 23.4% (Kullu), and 15.4% (Solan). Median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) level was 200 μg/l (Kangra), 175 μg/l (Kullu), and 62.5 μg/l (Solan). In PMs, TGR was 42.2% (Kangra), 42.0% (Kullu), and 19.9% (Solan). Median UIC level was 200 μg/l (Kangra), 149 μg/l (Kullu), and 130 μg/l (Solan). In Neonates, TSH levels of > 5 mIU/L were found in 73.4 (Kangra), 79.8 (Kullu), and 63.2 (Solan) percent of neonates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As per, UIC level (<100 μg/l) in SAC, ID was found in district Solan. In Kullu and Solan districts, there were ID (UIC level < 150 μg/l) among PMs. TSH levels indicated ID in all districts surveyed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Umesh
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kapil
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ravindra Mohan
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sareen
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Preetika
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Khenduja
authors.affiliation: Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ajeet Singh
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bhadoria
keywords: Goiter; Himachal Pradesh; iodine deficiency; thyroid stimulating hormone