title: Effectiveness and safety of nitrofurantoin in outpatient male veterans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to assess both the safety and the effectiveness of nitrofurantoin in male veterans treated for urinary tract infections (UTIs) with varying degrees of renal impairment in the outpatient setting. Nitrofurantoin is an important oral option for treating UTIs given increasing resistance to commonly used agents. Nitrofurantoin is currently contraindicated in patients with a creatinine clearance (CrCl) of < 60 ml/min, but the reason for this threshold has not been well documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected through a retrospective chart review from January 2004 to July 2013 of men who had received nitrofurantoin. Bivariate analyses followed by multivariate analyses were performed between patients experiencing clinical cure and those who did not, to determine factors significantly impacting effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Gram stain of the organism causing the UTI and CrCl were significant factors impacting effectiveness. For every 1 ml/min increase in CrCl, the odds of clinical cure increased by 1.3%. Patients with Gram-negative UTIs predictably had 80% cure rates with CrCl around 60 ml/min. Patients with Gram-positive UTIs required higher CrCl, nearing 100 ml/min, to establish an 80% cure rate. Adverse effects did not vary with CrCl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The odds of clinical cure varied with CrCl and with the type of organism causing the UTI, while adverse events did not differ based on renal function. A minimum CrCl of 60 ml/min is suggested for men to achieve an 80% cure rate for UTIs with the most common urinary pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ingalsbe
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, D'Youville College School of Pharmacy, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wojciechowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Clinical Pharmacist, Department of Pharmacy - 119, VA Western New York Healthcare System, 3495 Bailey Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA.
authors.forename: Kari A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mergenhagen
keywords: effectiveness; nitrofurantoin; safety; urinary tract infection