title: A protocol for engaging unlicensed private drug shops in Rural Eastern Uganda for Integrated Community Case Management (ICCM) of malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea are leading causes of death in young children in Uganda. In 2010, Integrated Community Case Management (ICCM) was adopted in Uganda for community level diagnosis and treatment of these diseases through community health workers. However, 50-60% of sick children will receive treatment from the private sector, especially drug shops. Only about half of drug shops are licensed and the quality of care is poor. There is an urgent need to improve quality of care and regulation of drug shops in Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a pre-post cross-sectional study with before and after measurement in an intervention area in Kamujli district. A snowball mapping exercise, exit interviews, focus group discussions and interviews will be used. 25 randomly selected drug shops will be selected for an intervention that will assist drug shops to become licensed, and provide five days of ICCM training, subsidised prepackaged medicines (artemisinin-based combination therapies for malaria, amoxicillin for pneumonia, Oral Rehydration Salts/zinc for diarrhoea) and free diagnostic tools (rapid diagnostic tests, respiratory timers, thermometers, algorithms). We anticipate a sample size of 1200 (600 at baseline and 600 at the end of the study).
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative data will be analysed using SPSS for proportions and CIs. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analysis with adjustment for clustering of data will be performed to adjust for confounding and determine intervention effect. Qualitative data will be entered into NVivo 10 and analysed using content analysis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Research ethics approval is received from the University of Calgary (REB 14-0269), and Makerere University (IRB00011353). Findings from this study will be disseminated through journal articles and conference presentations, and will illustrate the feasibility of introducing ICCM for drug shops.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Denise L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Buchner
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Awor
mesh_terms: D019090:Case Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000379:methods*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017149:Private Sector / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D012424:Rural Population; D014454:Uganda