title: Direct DNA Analysis with Paper-Based Ion Concentration Polarization.
abstract: DNA analysis is essential for diagnosis and monitoring of many diseases. Conventional DNA testing is generally limited to the laboratory. Increasing access to relevant technologies can improve patient care and outcomes in both developed and developing regions. Here, we demonstrate direct DNA analysis in paper-based devices, uniquely enabled by ion concentration polarization at the interface of patterned nanoporous membranes in paper (paper-based ICP). Hepatitis B virus DNA targets in human serum are simultaneously preconcentrated, separated, and detected in a single 10 min operation. A limit of detection of 150 copies/mL is achieved without prior viral load amplification, sufficient for early diagnosis of hepatitis B. We clinically assess the DNA integrity of sperm cells in raw human semen samples. The percent DNA fragmentation results from the paper-based ICP devices strongly correlate (R(2) = 0.98) with the sperm chromatin structure assay. In all cases, agreement was 100% with respect to the clinical decision. Paper-based ICP can provide inexpensive and accessible advanced molecular diagnostics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Rd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8.
authors.forename: Max M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Rd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nosrati
authors.affiliation: Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1.
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: San Gabriel
authors.affiliation: Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1.
authors.forename: Armand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zini
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Rd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sinton
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000097:blood*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D010209:Paper; D010316:Particle Size; D016062:Porosity; D012661:Semen / Q000166:cytology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D004247:DNA