title: Psychogenic and neural visual-cue response in PD dopamine dysregulation syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients refers to the compulsive use of dopaminergic replacement therapy and has serious psycho-social consequences. Mechanisms underlying DDS are not clear although has been linked to dysfunctional brain reward networks.
  
  
  METHODS
  With fMRI, we investigate behavioral and neural response to drug-cues in six PD DDS patients and 12 PD control patients in both the ON and OFF medication state. Behavioral measures of liking, wanting and subjectively 'feeling ON medication' were also collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behaviorally, PD DDS patients feel less ON and want their drugs more at baseline compared to PD controls. Following drug-cue exposure, PD DDS patients feel significantly more ON medication, which correlates with significant increases in reward related regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that exposure to drug-cues increases the subjective feeling of being 'ON' medication which corresponds to dysfunctional activation in reward related regions in PD DDS patients. These findings should be extended in future studies. Visual stimuli being sufficient to elicit behavioral response through neuroadaptations could have direct implications to the management of addictive behavior.
authors.affiliation: Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK; Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loane
authors.affiliation: Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
authors.forename: Kit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, University College London, UK; Department of Neurology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Sean S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Zoe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Woodhead
authors.affiliation: Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.affiliation: Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Piccini
authors.affiliation: Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK; Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, UK. Electronic address: marios.politis@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Marios
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Politis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003463:Cues; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012201:Reward; D013577:Syndrome; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015259:Dopamine Agents
keywords: Addiction; Dopamine dyregulation syndrome; Parkinson's disease; Psychiatry; Reward; fMRI