title: Effect of sex and fatigue on single leg squat kinematics in healthy young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The single-leg squat (SLS) test is widely used in screening for musculoskeletal injury risk. Little is known, however, of lower limb, pelvis, and trunk kinematics of SLS performance or the effect of sex and fatigue. Our aim was to determine sex differences and the influence of fatigue on SLS kinematics in healthy young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 60 healthy men and women between the ages of 20 and 40 years. Three-dimensional kinematic data was collected for SLSs with a ten-camera VICON motion analysis system (Oxford Metrics, UK) before and after a lower limb fatiguing exercise regime. One-way ANCOVA was used to make sex comparisons of kinematic parameters and repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the effect of fatigue and the interaction with sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  30 men (25.6 ± 4.8 years) and 30 women (25.1 ± 3.8 years) volunteered to participate. Peak pelvic rotation (3.9 ± 4.1 vs. 7.7 ± 6.2 deg, P = 0.03), peak hip internal rotation (-1.8 ± 5.7 vs. 3.0 ± 7.3 deg, P = 0.02), hip adduction range (11.7 ± 4.8 vs. 18.3 ± 6.7 deg, P = 0.004), and hip rotation range (10.7 ± 3.9 vs. 13.0 ± 4.2 deg, P = 0.04) were smaller for men than for women. Likewise, distance of mediolateral knee motion (180 ± 51 vs. 227 ± 50 mm, P = 0.001) was shorter for men than for women. The kinematic response to fatigue was an increase in trunk flexion, lateral flexion and rotation, an increase in pelvic tilt, obliquity and rotation, and an increase in hip flexion and adduction range (P ≤0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sex differences in SLS kinematics appear to apply only at the hip, knee, and pelvis and not at the trunk. Fatiguing exercise, however, produces changes at the trunk and pelvis with little effect on the knee.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, QLD, Australia. b.weeks@griffith.edu.au.|School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, QLD, 4222, Australia. b.weeks@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Benjamin K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Weeks
authors.affiliation: Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, QLD, Australia. c.carty@griffith.edu.au.|School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, QLD, 4222, Australia. c.carty@griffith.edu.au.|Queensland Children's Motion Analysis Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. c.carty@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Carty
authors.affiliation: Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, QLD, Australia. s.horan@griffith.edu.au.|School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, QLD, 4222, Australia. s.horan@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sean A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Horan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012737:Sex Factors; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult