title: A Survey of the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Gene Superfamily in the Salmon Louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis).
abstract: Salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837), are fish ectoparasites causing significant economic damage in the mariculture of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758. The control of L. salmonis at fish farms relies to a large extent on treatment with anti-parasitic drugs. A problem related to chemical control is the potential for development of resistance, which in L. salmonis is documented for a number of drug classes including organophosphates, pyrethroids and avermectins. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) gene superfamily is found in all biota and includes a range of drug efflux transporters that can confer drug resistance to cancers and pathogens. Furthermore, some ABC transporters are recognised to be involved in conferral of insecticide resistance. While a number of studies have investigated ABC transporters in L. salmonis, no systematic analysis of the ABC gene family exists for this species. This study presents a genome-wide survey of ABC genes in L. salmonis for which, ABC superfamily members were identified through homology searching of the L. salmonis genome. In addition, ABC proteins were identified in a reference transcriptome of the parasite generated by high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of a multi-stage RNA library. Searches of both genome and transcriptome allowed the identification of a total of 33 genes / transcripts coding for ABC proteins, of which 3 were represented only in the genome and 4 only in the transcriptome. Eighteen sequences were assigned to ABC subfamilies known to contain drug transporters, i.e. subfamilies B (4 sequences), C (11) and G (2). The results suggest that the ABC gene family of L. salmonis possesses fewer members than recorded for other arthropods. The present survey of the L. salmonis ABC gene superfamily will provide the basis for further research into potential roles of ABC transporters in the toxicity of salmon delousing agents and as potential mechanisms of drug resistance.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Greta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carmona-Antoñanzas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stephen N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heumann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Taggart
authors.affiliation: Edinburgh Genomics, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gharbi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bron
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michaël
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bekaert
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sturm
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000235:genetics; D033342:Copepoda / Q000235:genetics*; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D010802:Phylogeny; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000469:parasitology*; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters