title: Saponin-enriched sea cucumber extracts exhibit an antiobesity effect through inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity and upregulation of LXR-β signaling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sea cucumbers have been consumed as tonic, food, and nutrition supplements for many years.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to investigate the antiobesity and lipid-lowering effects of sea cucumber extracts in in vitro and in vivo models and elucidate the mechanism of action of the extracts on obesity and dyslipidemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 60% ethanol extracts from the body walls of 10 different sea cucumbers were investigated for the inhibition of pancreatic lipase (PL) activity in vitro. The optimal active extract (SC-3) was further chemically analyzed by LC-MS and UV. And 0.1% and 0.2% of SC-3 was mixed with a high-fat diet to treat C57/BL6 mice for 6 weeks or 2 weeks as preventive and therapeutic study. The body weight, serum, and liver lipid profile in the mice were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The crude extract of Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper (Holothuriidae) inhibited the PL activity by 36.44% of control at 0.5 μg/mL. SC-3 and echinoside A inhibited PL with an IC50 value at 2.86 μg/mL and 0.76 μM. 0.1% of SC-3 reduced the body weight (23.0 ± 0.62 versus 26.3 ± 0.76 g), the serum TC (2.46 ± 0.04 versus 2.83 ± 0.12 mmol/L), TG (0.19 ± 0.08 versus 0.40 ± 0.03 mmo/L), and LDL-c (0.48 ± 0.02 versus 0.51 ± 0.02 mmol/L), and liver TC (1.19 ± 0.17 versus 1.85 ± 0.13 mmol/mg) and TG (6.18 ± 0.92 versus 10.87 ± 0.97 mmol/mg) contents of the obese C57BL/six mice on a high-fat diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sea cucumber may be used for developing antiobesity and antihyperlipidemia drugs.
authors.affiliation: a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and.
authors.forename: Ziyang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and.
authors.forename: Liuqiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and.
authors.forename: Fujiang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: b Institute for Nutritional Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and.
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D052438:Adipocytes, White / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006697:Holothurin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D008049:Lipase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000071518:Liver X Receptors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010179:Pancreas / Q000201:enzymology*; D012503:Saponins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012616:Sea Cucumbers / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008055:Lipids; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; C000605210:NR1H2 protein, human; C000605211:Nr1h2 protein, mouse; D012503:Saponins; D006697:Holothurin; C043973:echinoside A; D008049:Lipase
keywords: ABCA1 nRNAs; C57/BL6 mice, Echinoside A; Pearsonothuria graeffei; antihyperlipidemia