title: Temperature monitoring during microwave ablation in ex vivo porcine livers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to assess the temperature map and its reproducibility while applying two different MWA systems (915 MHz vs 2.45 GHz) in ex vivo porcine livers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen fresh pig livers were treated using the two antennae at three different settings: treatment time of 10 min and power of 45 W for both systems; 4 min and 100 W for the 2.45 GHz system. Trends of temperature were recorded during all procedures by means of fiber optic-based probes located at five fixed distances from the antenna, ranging between 10 mm and 30 mm. Each trial was repeated twice to assess the reproducibility of temperature distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Temperature as function of distance from the antenna can be modeled by a decreasing exponential trend. At the same settings, temperature obtained with the 2.45 GHz system was higher than that obtained with the 915 MHz thus resulting into a wider area of ablation (diameter 17 mm vs 15 mm). Both systems showed good reproducibility in terms of temperature distribution (root mean squared difference for both systems ranged between 2.8 °C and 3.4 °C).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When both MWA systems are applied, a decreasing exponential model can predict the temperature map. The 2.45 GHz antenna causes higher temperatures as compared to the 915 MHz thus, resulting into larger areas of ablation. Both systems showed good reproducibility although better results were achieved with the 2.45 GHz antenna.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Center for Integrated Research, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome 00128, Italy. Electronic address: p.saccomandi@unicampus.it.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saccomandi
authors.affiliation: Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Center for Integrated Research, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome 00128, Italy. Electronic address: e.schena@unicampus.it.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schena
authors.affiliation: Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Center for Integrated Research, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome 00128, Italy. Electronic address: c.massaroni@unicampus.it.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Massaroni
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte-Main Campus, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA. Electronic address: y.fong@coh.org.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.affiliation: Unit of Radiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome 00128, Italy. Electronic address: r.grasso@unicampus.it.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Grasso
authors.affiliation: Unit of Radiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome 00128, Italy. Electronic address: f.giurazza@unicampus.it.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giurazza
authors.affiliation: Unit of Radiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome 00128, Italy. Electronic address: b.zobel@unicampus.it.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beomonte Zobel
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France. Electronic address: x.buy@bordeaux.unicancer.fr.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Buy
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France. Electronic address: j.palussiere@bordeaux.unicancer.fr.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palussiere
authors.affiliation: Unit of Radiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome 00128, Italy. Electronic address: r.cazzato@unicampus.it.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Cazzato
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature
keywords: Fiber optic sensors; Hyperthermal treatment; Liver ablation; Microwave ablation; Thermometry; Tissue