title: Postprandial profiles of CCK after high fat and high carbohydrate meals and the relationship to satiety in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CCK is understood to play a major role in appetite regulation. Difficulties in measuring CCK have limited the potential to assess its profile in relation to food-induced satiety. Improvements in methodology and progress in theoretical understanding of satiety/satiation make it timely for this to be revisited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  First, examine how physiologically relevant postprandial CCK8/33(s) profiles are influenced by fat (HF) or carbohydrate (HCHO) meals. Second, to examine relationships between postprandial CCK and profiles of satiety (hunger/fullness) and satiation (meal size).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen overweight/obese adults (11 females/5 males) participated in a randomised-crossover study (46 years, 29.8 kg/m(2)) in a university research centre. Plasma was collected preprandially and for 180 min postprandially. Simultaneously, ratings of hunger/fullness were tracked for 180 min before an ad libitum lunch was provided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CCK8/33(s) levels increased more rapidly and reached a higher peak following HF compared to HCHO breakfast (F(1,15)=14.737, p<0.01). Profiles of hunger/fullness did not differ between conditions (F(1,15)=0.505, p=0.488; F(1,15)=2.277, p=0.152). There was no difference in energy intake from the ad libitum meal (HF-3958 versus HCHO-3925 kJ; t(14)=0.201, p=0.844). CCK8/33(s) profiles were not associated with subjective appetite during early and late phases of satiety; nor was there an association between CCK8/33(s) and meal size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate CCK levels were higher after HF meal compared to HCHO isocaloric meal. There was no association between CCK levels and intensity of satiety, or with meal size. Under these circumstances, CCK does not appear to play a unique independent role in satiety/satiation. CCK probably acts in conjunction with other peptides and the action of the stomach.
authors.affiliation: Biopsychology Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. Electronic address: c.gibbons@leeds.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.affiliation: Biopsychology Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Finlayson
authors.affiliation: Biopsychology Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Phillipa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caudwell
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Dominic-Luc
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Näslund
authors.affiliation: Biopsychology Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Blundell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001069:Appetite Regulation; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012527:Satiation; D012844:Sincalide / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007328:Insulin; D012844:Sincalide
keywords: Appetite; CCK; Eating behaviour; Satiation; Satiety