title: Low consumption of fruits and dairy foods is associated with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults from outpatient clinics in and near Seoul.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine differences in nutrient intake and food consumption by the presence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study subjects in this cross-sectional study were recruited from four outpatient clinics in and near the Seoul metropolitan area of South Korea between 2006 and 2012. A total of 668 subjects (413 men and 255 women) aged ≥ 30 y were included in the final data analyses. For each subject, daily nutrient intake and food consumption were calculated using three days of dietary intake data obtained from a combination of 24-hour recalls and dietary records. To evaluate food consumption, mean number of servings consumed per day and percentages of recommended number of servings for six food groups were calculated. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. The general linear model was performed to examine differences in nutrient intake and food consumption by sex and the presence of metabolic syndrome after adjustment for potential confounding variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nutrient intake did not differ by the presence of metabolic syndrome in both men and women. Men with metabolic syndrome had lower consumption and percentage of the recommendation for fruits compared with those without metabolic syndrome (1.6 vs. 1.1 servings/day, P-value = 0.001; 63.5 vs. 49.5%, P-value = 0.013). Women with metabolic syndrome showed lower consumption and percentage of the recommendation for dairy foods than those without metabolic syndrome (0.8 vs. 0.5 servings/day, P-value = 0.001; 78.6 vs. 48.9%, P-value = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low intakes of fruits and dairy foods might be associated with the risk of having metabolic syndrome among Korean adults. Dietary advice on increasing consumption of these foods is needed to prevent and attenuate the risk of metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
authors.forename: SuJin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Kyung
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Nutrition, Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
authors.forename: Soyoung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Sangah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Major of Food and Nutrition, School of Human Ecology, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi 420-743, Korea.
authors.forename: YoonJu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, DMC Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, Gyeonggi 463-774, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Wook
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Baik
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Nutrition, Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyojee
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Joung
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
authors.forename: Hee Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Paik
keywords: Fruits; Korean adults; dairy foods; food consumption; metabolic syndrome