title: Transmission, Development, and Plasticity of Synapses.
abstract: Chemical synapses are sites of contact and information transfer between a neuron and its partner cell. Each synapse is a specialized junction, where the presynaptic cell assembles machinery for the release of neurotransmitter, and the postsynaptic cell assembles components to receive and integrate this signal. Synapses also exhibit plasticity, during which synaptic function and/or structure are modified in response to activity. With a robust panel of genetic, imaging, and electrophysiology approaches, and strong evolutionary conservation of molecular components, Drosophila has emerged as an essential model system for investigating the mechanisms underlying synaptic assembly, function, and plasticity. We will discuss techniques for studying synapses in Drosophila, with a focus on the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a well-established model glutamatergic synapse. Vesicle fusion, which underlies synaptic release of neurotransmitters, has been well characterized at this synapse. In addition, studies of synaptic assembly and organization of active zones and postsynaptic densities have revealed pathways that coordinate those events across the synaptic cleft. We will also review modes of synaptic growth and plasticity at the fly NMJ, and discuss how pre- and postsynaptic cells communicate to regulate plasticity in response to activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
authors.forename: Kathryn P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 troy@mit.edu.
authors.forename: J Troy
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Littleton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004330:Drosophila / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D007814:Larva; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000235:genetics; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000235:genetics; D013569:Synapses / Q000235:genetics*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents
keywords: Drosophila; FlyBook; active zone; neurotransmitter release; synapse; synaptic plasticity; synaptic vesicle