title: Tumor Necrosis Factor Gene Polymorphisms in Advanced Non-exudative Age-related Macular Degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α gene polymorphisms in advanced dry-type age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a population from Northeastern Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this case-control study, 50 patients with geographic macular atrophy and 73 gender-matched controls were enrolled. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from the peripheral blood. Polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze 2 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms in the TNF-α gene, namely -1031 thymine (T)/cytosine (C) and -308 guanine (G)/adenine (A).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distribution of the - 1031 T/C genotype was TT, 62%; TC, 36%; CC, 2% in the patients and TT, 60%; TC, 36%; CC, 4% in the controls (P = 0.94). Genotype analysis of TNF-α -308 also revealed no significant difference in distribution between patients (G, 78%; GA, 22%; AA, 0%) and controls (GG, 74%; GA, 23%; AA, 3%) (P = 0.51). None of the haplotypes nor alleles of studied TNF-α polymorphisms were significantly associated with advanced dry-type AMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study show that polymorphisms in the TNF-α gene, do not play an important role in dry-type AMD in the studied population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran ; Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein Jabbarpoor
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bonyadi
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonyadi
authors.affiliation: Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmadieh
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Nikoo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fotuhi
authors.affiliation: Retina Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Nasser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shoeibi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saadat
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
authors.forename: Zakieh
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yagubi
keywords: Age-related Macular Degeneration; Gene Polymorphism; Geographic Atrophy; Tumor Necrosis Factor-α