title: Antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa.
abstract: Grifola frondosa has long been known and respected as a medically important fungus. This study investigated the characterization, antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of a polysaccharide named GP11 purified from G. frondosa. The results revealed that GP11 was composed of → 1)-D-Manp-(6 →,→ 1)-D-Glcp-(4 →,→ 1)-D-Galp-(6 → and → 2,3,6)-D-Glcp-(1 →, with branches attached at O-2,3 of 1,2,3,6-linked Glcp residues and terminal T-Glcp. GP11 exhibited indirect cytotoxic activity against HepG-2 cells in vitro, and it significantly inhibited the growth of Heps cells in vivo. GP11 increased the relative thymus and spleen weights as well as serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-2 levels. GP11 stimulated tumoricidal activity and the production of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α and interleukin-1β, and it also stimulated the protein expression of iNOS and mRNA expression of iNOS and TNF-α. TLR-4 is a potential receptor for GP11-mediated macrophage activation. The results suggested that the antitumor activity of GP11 may be due to the improvement of immune functions through the TLR-4-mediated up-regulation of NO and TNF-α.
authors.affiliation: School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Guang-Hua
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Wei
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Yu
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Dun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Fangge Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xingguang Rd., 323800 Qingyuan, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Cai-Quan
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China. Electronic address: yangliuqing@ujs.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Liu-Qing
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China. Electronic address: wuxy@ujs.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiang-Yang
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D048691:Grifola / Q000737:chemistry*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D012995:Solubility; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D011134:Polysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014867:Water; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
keywords: Grifola frondosa; Polysaccharide; RAW264.7 cells; Toll-like receptor (TLR); Tumoricidal activity