title: Dietary pantothenic acid depressed the gill immune and physical barrier function via NF-κB, TOR, Nrf2, p38MAPK and MLCK signaling pathways in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).
abstract: This study explored the effects of pantothenic acid (PA) on the immune and physical barrier function, and relative mRNA levels of signaling molecules in the gill of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The results indicated that compared with optimal PA supplementation, PA deficiency (1.31 mg/kg diet) decreased gill interleukin 10, transforming growth factor β1, inhibitor of κBα (IκBα), eIF4E-binding protein 2, Claudin b and ZO-1 mRNA levels; anti-superoxide anion activity, and activities and mRNA levels of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and NF-E2-related factor (P < 0.05). Additionally, PA deficiency and excess (75.08 mg/kg diet) decreased gill complement 3 and glutathione contents, lysozyme and acid phosphatase, anti-hydroxy radical, catalase and glutathione S-transferases activities, and liver-expression antimicrobial peptide 2, hepcidin, Claudin 3, Claudin c and Occludin mRNA levels (P < 0.05). Conversely, PA deficiency increased gill reactive oxygen species and protein carbonyl contents, and interferon γ2, interleukin 8, nuclear factor kappa B P65, Claudin 15a, Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1a and Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1b mRNA levels (P<0.05). Moreover, PA deficiency and excess increased gill malondialdehyde content, and tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, IκB kinase α, IκB kinase β, IκB kinase γ, target of rapamycin and ribosomal S6 protein kinase1 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and myosin light-chain kinase mRNA levels (P<0.05). In conclusion, PA deﬁciency decreased immune and physical barrier function, and regulated relative mRNA levels of signaling molecules in fish gill. Based on the quadratic regression analysis of gill lysozyme activity, the optimal PA levels in grass carp (253.44-745.25 g) were estimated to be 36.97 mg/kg diet.
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Dan
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Sheng-Yao
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Wu-Neng
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
authors.forename: Yong-An
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. Electronic address: zhouxq@sicau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qiu
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. Electronic address: kyckgk@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005880:Gills / Q000276:immunology; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D010205:Pantothenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D010205:Pantothenic Acid
keywords: Antioxidant enzyme; Gill; Grass carp; Immune; Pantothenic acid; Physical barrier; Tight junction protein; mRNA level