title: [Ultrasound motion tracking for radiation therapy].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In modern radiotherapy the radiation dose can be applied with an accuracy in the range of 1-2 mm provided that the exact position of the target is known. If, however, the target (the tumor) is located in the lungs or the abdomen, respiration or peristalsis can cause substantial movement of the target.
  
  
  METHODS
  Various methods for intrafractional motion detection and compensation are currently under consideration or are already applied in clinical practice. Sonography is one promising option, which is now on the brink of clinical implementation. Ultrasound is particularly suited for this purpose due to the high soft tissue contrast, real-time capability, the absence of ionizing radiation and low acquisition costs. Ultrasound motion tracking is an image-based approach, i.e. the target volume or an adjacent structure is directly monitored and the motion is tracked automatically on the ultrasound image. Diverse algorithms are presently available that provide the real-time target coordinates from 2D as well as 3D images. Definition of a suitable sonographic window is not, however, trivial and a gold standard for positioning and mounting of the transducer has not yet been developed. Furthermore, processing of the coordinate information in the therapy unit and the dynamic adaptation of the radiation field are challenging tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is not clear whether ultrasound motion tracking will become established in the clinical routine although all technical prerequisites can be considered as fulfilled, such that exciting progress in this field of research is still to be expected.
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer-Institut für Bildgestützte Medizin MEVIS, Universitätsallee 29, 28359, Bremen, Deutschland. juergen.jenne@mevis.fraunhofer.de.|Mediri GmbH, Vangerowstr. 18, 69115, Heidelberg, Deutschland. juergen.jenne@mevis.fraunhofer.de.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jenne
authors.affiliation: Mediri GmbH, Vangerowstr. 18, 69115, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwaab
mesh_terms: D000008:Abdominal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D009038:Motion; D011859:Radiography; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055425:Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Diagnostic ultrasound; Image guided radiotherapy; Improvement potential; Motion; Target structure