title: Efficiency of powered systems for interproximal enamel reduction (IER) and enamel roughness before and after polishing-an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This aims to evaluate the efficiency of three different powered interproximal enamel reduction (IER) systems and to assess enamel roughness before and after polishing using different polishing times.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four metal strips of the G5 ProLign Set (swissdentacare, SDC, Grancia, Switzerland), four segmental discs of the ASR-Set 4594 and two sonic tips of the SonicLine Set (both Gebr. Basseler GmbH & Co. KG, Komet, Lemgo, Germany) were evaluated. Human extracted incisors served as the medium. Enamel reduction was determined in five intervals of 15 s each. Polishing was performed for 15 and 30 s using the manufacturers' recommended polishing systems. Enamel roughness (Ra) was quantitatively assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in terms of enamel reduction were found among the working ends of all tested systems. The time needed to remove 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mm of enamel was determined. Surface analysis showed significantly higher mean Ra values for nine out of ten working ends before polishing. This was still the case for five working ends after 15 s and for two after 30 s of polishing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The graining and the system used have a significant influence on enamel reduction. The time needed for polishing depends on the last working end used; a polishing time of 30 s is not always appropriate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge about the cutting efficiency of powered IER working ends might help the clinician to estimate better the amount of enamel reduction during the stripping process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. sebastian.zingler@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zingler
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sinan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saure
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.|Heraeus Holding GmbH, Hanau, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.|Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing, Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Guillon
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lux
mesh_terms: D003743:Dental Enamel; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007180:Incisor; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013499:Surface Properties
keywords: Cutting efficiency; Enamel roughness; Enamel surface; Interproximal enamel reduction; Powered IER systems