title: Effect of breakfast omission on subjective appetite, metabolism, acylated ghrelin and GLP-17-36 during rest and exercise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breakfast omission induces compensatory eating behaviour at lunch, but often reduces daily energy intake. This study investigated the effect of breakfast omission on within-day subjective appetite, energy expenditure, substrate utilisation, and appetite hormone profiles, in response to standardised feeding and exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight male, habitual breakfast eaters completed two randomised trials. Subjects arrived overnight fasted (0 h), and either consumed (BC) or omitted (BO) a standardized breakfast (mean standard deviation [SD]) (3085 [217] kJ). Lunch (4162 [510] kJ) and dinner (4914 [345] kJ) were provided at 4.5 and 10 h, respectively and subjects performed 60 min fixed-intensity cycling (50% VO2 peak) at 8 h. Blood samples were collected at 0, 4.5, 6, and 8 h, with expired air and subjective appetite sensations (hunger, fullness, desire to eat (DTE), and prospective food consumption [PFC]) collected throughout. Heart rate and perceived exertion were measured during exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hunger, DTE and PFC were greater and fullness lower during BO (P < 0.05) between breakfast and lunch, with no differences after lunch (P > 0.193). Resting energy expenditure was greater at 2.5 h during BC (P < 0.05) with no other differences between trials (P > 0.156). Active glucogon-like peptide-1 (GLP-17-36) was greater (P < 0.05) and acylated ghrelin tended to be greater (P = 0.078) at 4.5 h during BC. Heart rate was greater on BO (P < 0.05) during exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this laboratory-controlled study suggest that the effects of breakfast omission are transient and do not extend beyond lunch, even when the negative energy balance created by breakfast omission is sustained via standardised feeding and exercise.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stensel
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK. Electronic address: L.James@lboro.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Lewis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D000215:Acylation; D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D062408:Breakfast; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000502:physiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
keywords: Breakfast skipping; Energy balance; Energy expenditure; Energy restriction; Meal omission