title: Older Adults at Increased Risk as Pedestrians in Victoria, Australia: An Examination of Crash Characteristics and Injury Outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Engaging in active transport modes (especially walking) is a healthy and environmentally friendly alternative to driving and may be particularly beneficial for older adults. However, older adults are a vulnerable group: they are at higher risk of injury compared with younger adults, mainly due to frailty and may be at increased risk of collision due to the effects of age on sensory, cognitive, and motor abilities. Moreover, our population is aging, and there is a trend for the current cohort of older adults to maintain mobility later in life compared with previous cohorts. Though these trends have serious implications for transport policy and safety, little is known about the contributing factors and injury outcomes of pedestrian collision. Further, previous research generally considers the older population as a homogeneous group and rarely considers the increased risks associated with continued ageing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Collision characteristics and injury outcomes for 2 subgroups of older pedestrians (65-74 years and 75+ years) were examined by extracting data from the state police-reported crash dataset and hospital admission/emergency department presentation data over the 10-year period between 2003 and 2012. Variables identified for analysis included pedestrian characteristics (age, gender, activity, etc.), crash location and type, injury characteristics and severity, and duration of hospital stay. A spatial analysis of crash locations was also undertaken to identify collision clusters and the contribution of environmental features on collision and injury risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adults over 65 years were involved in 21% of all pedestrian collisions. A high fatality rate was found among older adults, particularly for those aged 75 years and older: this group had 3.2 deaths per 100,000 population, compared to a rate of 1.3 for 65- to 74-year-olds and 0.7 for adults below 65 years of age. Older pedestrian injuries were most likely to occur while crossing the carriageway; they were also more likely to be injured in parking lots, at driveway intersections, and on sidewalks compared to younger cohorts. Spatial analyses revealed older pedestrian crash clusters on arterial roads in urban shopping precincts. Significantly higher rates of hospital admissions were found for pedestrians over the age of 75 years and for abdominal, head, and neck injuries; conversely, older adults were underrepresented in emergency department presentations (mainly lower and upper extremity injuries), suggesting an increased severity associated with older pedestrian injuries. Average length of hospital stay also increased with increasing age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis revealed age differences in collision risk and injury outcomes among older adults and that aggregate analysis of older pedestrians can distort the significance of risk factors associated with older pedestrian injuries. These findings have implications that extend to the development of engineering, behavioral, and enforcement countermeasures to address the problems faced by the oldest pedestrians and reduce collision risk and improve injury outcomes.
authors.affiliation: a Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC), Monash Injury Research Institute (MIRI), Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Hern
authors.affiliation: a Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC), Monash Injury Research Institute (MIRI), Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oxley
authors.affiliation: a Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC), Monash Injury Research Institute (MIRI), Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Logan
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000069636:Pedestrians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D016138:Walking / Q000293:injuries*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: aging; countermeasure; injury; pedestrian; risk factors; safety