title: Management of perioperative tumour necrosis factor α inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumour necrosis factor α inhibitors (TNFis) are widely used in RA patients who undergo surgery, and optimal perioperative management must balance the risk of infection with the risk of post-operative flare. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of TNFi exposure on surgical site infections (SSIs) in RA patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery by systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis were performed using PUBMED, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, through May 2014. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts, and analysed selected papers in detail. Included studies assessed RA patients with or without TNFi exposure prior to orthopaedic surgery, and described post-operative infections. Study quality was assessed using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. Meta-analyses of the individual study odds ratios (ORs) were conducted, and each pooled OR was calculated using a random effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight observational studies and three case control studies met inclusion criteria; risk of bias was low in eight studies and moderate in three. Publication bias was not apparent. These studies represent 3681 patients with recent exposure to TNFis (TNFi+) and 4310 with no recent exposure to TNFis (TNFi-) at the time of surgery. The TNFi+ group had higher risk of developing SSI compared with patients in the TNFi- group (random effects model: OR 2.47 (95% CI 1.66, 3.68); P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from the available literature suggest that there is an increased risk of SSIs in RA patients who use or have recently used TNFis at the time of elective orthopaedic surgery. Prospective studies to confirm these findings and establish the optimal withhold and restart time of TNFis, in the context of other risk factors for infection in RA patients such as higher disease activity, corticosteroid use, smoking and diabetes, are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, goodmans@hss.edu.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery.
authors.forename: Indu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Weill Cornell Medical College and.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Christos
authors.affiliation: Department of Academic Training, Education Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smethurst
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery.
authors.forename: Vivian P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Bykerk
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D001178:Arthroplasty / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: arthroplasty; perioperative management; rheumatoid arthritis; surgical site infection; tumour necrosis factor α inhibitors