title: Development and field evaluation of the sentinel mosquito arbovirus capture kit (SMACK).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although sentinel animals are used successfully throughout the world to monitor arbovirus activity, ethical considerations and cross-reactions in serological assays highlight the importance of developing viable alternatives. Here we outline the development of a passive sentinel mosquito arbovirus capture kit (SMACK) that allows for the detection of arboviruses on honey-baited nucleic acid preservation cards (Flinders Technology Associates; FTA®) and has a similar trap efficacy as standard light traps in our trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  The trap efficacy of the SMACK was assessed against Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) miniature light traps (standard and ultraviolet) and the Encephalitis Vector Survey (EVS) trap in a series of Latin square field trials conducted in North Queensland, Australia. The ability of the SMACK to serve as a sentinel arbovirus surveillance tool was assessed in comparison to Passive Box Traps (PBT) during the 2014 wet season in the Cairns, Australia region and individually in the remote Northern Peninsula Area (NPA) of Australia during the 2015 wet season.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SMACK caught comparable numbers of mosquitoes to both CDC light traps (mean capture ratio 0.86: 1) and consistently outperformed the EVS trap (mean capture ratio 2.28: 1) when CO2 was supplied by either a gas cylinder (500 ml/min) or dry ice (1 kg). During the 2014 arbovirus survey, the SMACK captured significantly (t 6 = 2.1, P = 0.04) more mosquitoes than the PBT, and 2 and 1 FTA® cards were positive for Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus, respectively, while no arboviruses were detected from PBTs. Arbovirus activity was detected at all three surveillance sites during the NPA survey in 2015 and ca. 27 % of FTA® cards tested positive for either Murray Valley encephalitis virus (2 detections), West Nile virus (Kunjin subtype; 13 detections), or both viruses on two occasions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that the SMACK is a versatile, simple, and effective passive arbovirus surveillance tool that may also be used as a traditional overnight mosquito trap and has the potential to become a practical substitute for sentinel animal programs.
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, McGregor Rd, Cairns, 4878, QLD, Australia. brian.johnson@jcu.edu.au.|Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia. brian.johnson@jcu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, 114 Catalina Crescent, Cairns International Airport, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kerlin
authors.affiliation: Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Archerfield, 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hall-Mendelin
authors.affiliation: Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Archerfield, 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: van den Hurk
authors.affiliation: Private Contracting Engineer, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia.
authors.forename: Giles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cortis
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology, Pathology West-ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Doggett
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology, Pathology West-ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Toi
authors.affiliation: Bioquip Products, Inc., 2321 E Gladwick St., Rancho Dominguez, Compton, CA, 90220, USA.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fall
authors.affiliation: Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Archerfield, 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, McGregor Rd, Cairns, 4878, QLD, Australia.|Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, McGregor Rd, Cairns, 4878, QLD, Australia.|Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ritchie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001103:Arboviruses / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001315:Australia; D009033:Culicidae / Q000821:virology*; D006722:Honey; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance