title: Engineering the lipid layer of lipid-PLGA hybrid nanoparticles for enhanced in vitro cellular uptake and improved stability.
abstract: Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (NPs), consisting of a polymeric core and a lipid shell, have been intensively examined as delivery systems for cancer drugs, imaging agents, and vaccines. For applications in vaccine particularly, the hybrid NPs need to be able to protect the enclosed antigens during circulation, easily be up-taken by dendritic cells, and possess good stability for prolonged storage. However, the influence of lipid composition on the performance of hybrid NPs has not been well studied. In this study, we demonstrate that higher concentrations of cholesterol in the lipid layer enable slower and more controlled antigen release from lipid-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) acid (lipid-PLGA) NPs in human serum and phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Higher concentrations of cholesterol also promoted in vitro cellular uptake of hybrid NPs, improved the stability of the lipid layer, and protected the integrity of the hybrid structure during long-term storage. However, stabilized hybrid structures of high cholesterol content tended to fuse with each other during storage, resulting in significant size increase and lowered cellular uptake. Additional experiments demonstrated that PEGylation of NPs could effectively minimize fusion-caused size increase after long term storage, leading to improved cellular uptake, although excessive PEGylation will not be beneficial and led to reduced improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper reports the engineering of the lipid layer that encloses a polymeric nanoparticle, which can be used as a carrier for drug and vaccine molecules for targeted delivery. We demonstrated that the concentration of cholesterol is critical for the stability and uptake of the hybrid nanoparticles by dendritic cells, a targeted cell for the delivery of immune effector molecules. However, we found that hybrid nanoparticles with high cholesterol concentration tend to fuse during storage resulting in larger particles with decreased cellular uptake. This problem is subsequently solved by PEGylating the hybrid nanoparticles. With increased research and clinical applications of lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles in drug and vaccine delivery, this work will significantly impact the design of the hybrid nanoparticles for minimized molecule release during circulation and increased bioavailability of the target molecules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Reece
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoerle
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ehrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Electronic address: chzhang2@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Chenming
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D004705:Endocytosis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols
keywords: Cholesterol; Delivery system; Hybrid nanoparticle; Lipid layer; PLGA