title: North American tree squirrels and ground squirrels with overlapping ranges host different Cryptosporidium species and genotypes.
abstract: Wildlife-associated Cryptosporidium are an emerging cause of cryptosporidiosis in humans. The present study was undertaken to determine the extent to which North American tree squirrels and ground squirrels host zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and genotypes. Fragments of the Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA and actin genes were amplified and sequenced from fecal samples obtained from three tree squirrel and three ground squirrel species. In tree squirrels, Cryptosporidium was identified in 40.5% (17/42) of American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), 40.4% (55/136) of eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), and 28.6% (2/7) of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). Human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium ubiquitum and Cryptosporidium skunk genotype were the most prevalent species/genotypes in tree squirrels. Because tree squirrels live in close proximity to humans and are frequently infected with potentially zoonotic Cryptosporidium species/genotypes, they may be a significant reservoir of infection in humans. In ground squirrels, Cryptosporidium was detected in 70.2% (33/47) of 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus), 35.1% (27/77) of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus), and the only golden-mantled ground squirrel (Callospermophilus lateralis) that was sampled. Cryptosporidium rubeyi and ground squirrel genotypes I, II, and III were identified in isolates from these ground squirrel species. In contrast to the Cryptosporidium infecting tree squirrels, these species/genotypes appear to be specific for ground squirrels and are not associated with human disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA; Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: Brianna L S
authors.initials: BLS
authors.lastname: Stenger
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA; Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kváč
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: Eakalak
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Giddings
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jitka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prediger
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA; Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA. Electronic address: john.mcevoy@ndsu.edu.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McEvoy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000469:parasitology*; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D006702:Homing Behavior; D058507:Host Specificity; D009656:North America; D010802:Phylogeny; D012589:Sciuridae / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Cryptosporidium; Ground squirrels; Host specificity; Tree squirrels; Zoonotic