title: Quantifying Neonicotinoid Insecticide Residues Escaping during Maize Planting with Vacuum Planters.
abstract: Neonicotinoid residues escaping in vacuum-planter exhaust during maize planting were measured in 25 fields in southwestern Ontario in 2013-2014 using filter bags to collect planter exhaust dust and horizontal and vertical sticky traps to collect planter operation-generated dust. Atrazine residues were used to differentiate between neonicotinoid residues originating from seed or from disturbed soil. Recovery rates of seed-applied neonicotinoids in exhaust were 0.014 and 0.365% in 2013 and 2014, respectively, calculated on the basis of neonicotinoid concentrations in preplant soil and seed application rates. Neonicotinoid exhaust emission rates were 0.0036 and 0.1104 g/ha for 2013 and 2014, respectively, with 99.9472 and 99.7820% originating from treated seed in 2013 and 2014, respectively, calculated on the basis of the atrazine marker. Rates of recovery of seed-applied neonicotinoid residues by exhaust filter bags were 0.015 and 0.437% for 2013 and 2014, respectively. Neonicotinoid residues captured on horizontal and vertical traps were 1.10 ng/cm2 (0.1104 g/ha) and 1.45 ng/cm2 (0.0029 g/ha), respectively, with 92.31 and 93.03% originating from treated seed, respectively, representing 0.3896% of the original active ingredient applied to the seed planted. Exposure to pollinators can be best reduced by strategies to keep active ingredient on the seed, below the soil surface, and in the field where applied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph , Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, Ontario N0P 2C0, Canada.
authors.forename: Yingen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph , Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, Ontario N0P 2C0, Canada.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Limay-Rios
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph , Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, Ontario N0P 2C0, Canada.
authors.forename: Jocelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs , Ridgetown, Ontario N0P 2C0, Canada.
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baute
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph , Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, Ontario N0P 2C0, Canada.
authors.forename: Luis Gabriel
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Forero
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph , Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, Ontario N0P 2C0, Canada.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schaafsma
mesh_terms: D000691:Anabasine / Q000032:analysis*; D001280:Atrazine / Q000032:analysis; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D009864:Ontario; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D014618:Vacuum; D003313:Zea mays / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D012987:Soil; D000691:Anabasine; D001280:Atrazine