title: The use of food wastes as feed ingredients for culturing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) in Hong Kong.
abstract: Different types of food wastes, e.g., meats, bones, cereals, fruits, and vegetables, were collected from hotels in Hong Kong, mixed in different ratio, and processed into feed pellets (food wastes (FWs) A, B, and C) for feeding trials in aquaculture species. Grass carp fed with cereal-dominant feed (FW A) showed the best growth (in terms of specific growth rate, relative weight gain, and protein efficiency ratio), among all food waste feeds. However, the growth rates of food waste groups especially the meat product-contained feeds (FW B and FW C) were lower than the commercial feed, Jinfeng(®) 613 formulation (control). The results indicated that grass carp utilized plant proteins better than animal proteins and preferred carbohydrate as a major energy source than lipid. The high-lipid content in feed containing meat products was also a possible reason for hindering growth and resulted high body lipid. It is suggested that lipid should be removed in the preparation of food waste feed or further investigations by implementing supplements, e.g., enzymes in feed to enhance lipid or protein utilization by fish. This utilization of food waste could be an effective and practical way to deal with these wastes in this densely populated city.
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. minghwong@ied.edu.hk.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005398:Fisheries; D059022:Food Safety; D005524:Food Technology / Q000379:methods*; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D059027:Recycling / Q000379:methods*; D062611:Solid Waste / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D062611:Solid Waste
keywords: Aquaculture; Feed digestibility; Food waste; Grass carp; Lipid utilization; Protein solubility