title: Trends of Mycobacterium bovis Isolation and First-Line Anti-tuberculosis Drug Susceptibility Profile: A Fifteen-Year Laboratory-Based Surveillance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes the majority of tuberculosis (TB) cases in humans; however, in developing countries, human TB caused by M. bovis may be frequent but undetected. Human TB caused by M. bovis is considered a zoonosis; transmission is mainly through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, and it is less frequently attributed to animal-to-human or human-to-human contact. We describe the trends of M. bovis isolation from human samples and first-line drug susceptibility during a 15-year period in a referral laboratory located in a tertiary care hospital in Mexico City.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data on mycobacterial isolates from human clinical samples were retrieved from the laboratory's database for the 2000-2014 period. Susceptibility to first-line drugs: rifampin, isoniazid, streptomycin (STR) and ethambutol was determined. We identified 1,165 isolates, 73.7% were M. tuberculosis and 26.2%, M. bovis. Among pulmonary samples, 16.6% were M. bovis. The proportion of M. bovis isolates significantly increased from 7.8% in 2000 to 28.4% in 2014 (X(2)trend, p<0.001). Primary STR resistance was higher among M. bovis compared with M. tuberculosis isolates (10.9% vs.3.4%, p<0.001). Secondary multidrug resistance (MDR) rates were 38.5% and 34.4% for M. bovis and M. tuberculosis, respectively (p = 0.637). A rising trend of primary STR monoresistance was observed for both species (3.4% in 2000-2004 vs. 7.6% in 2010-2014; p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high prevalence and a rising trend of M. bovis isolates in our region. The proportion of pulmonary M. bovis isolates is higher than in previous reports. Additionally, we report high rates of primary anti-tuberculosis resistance and secondary MDR in both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. This is one of the largest reports on drug susceptibility of M. bovis from human samples and shows a significant proportion of first-line anti-tuberculosis drug resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bobadilla-del Valle
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Torres-González
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México.
authors.forename: Miguel Enrique
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cervera-Hernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México.
authors.forename: Areli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martínez-Gamboa
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, HIV Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Crabtree-Ramirez
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México.
authors.forename: Bárbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chávez-Mazari
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México.
authors.forename: Narciso
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Conchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Cruz
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cervantes-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México.
authors.forename: Tomasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gudiño-Enríquez
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cinta-Severo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sifuentes-Osornio
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ponce de León
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007755:Laboratories, Hospital / Q000639:trends; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000639:trends*; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers / Q000639:trends; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents