title: Computerized cognitive training and functional recovery in major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is common, frequently resistant to antidepressant treatment, and associated with impairments in cognition and everyday functioning. Computerized cognitive training (CCT) paradigms offer potential to improve cognition, mood and everyday functioning, but their effectiveness is not well established. The goal of this article was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the efficacy of CCT in depressive disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search was conducted to identify high quality randomized controlled CCT trials per PRISMA guidelines using PsycINFO and MEDLINE with the keywords "Cognitive training" or "Cognitive remediation" or "Cognitive rehabilitation" and "Depression". 9 randomized trials for depressed adults met inclusion criteria. Effect sizes (Hedge's g) were calculated for key outcome measures of mood symptom severity, daily functioning, and cognition. A 3-level Bayesian hierarchical linear model was used to estimate effect sizes for each domain and study. Publication bias was assessed using Classic Fail Safe N's and homogeneity was evaluated using Q and I(2) indexes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant small-moderate effects for Symptom Severity (0.43) and Daily Functioning (0.72), and moderate-large effects for Attention (0.67), Working Memory (0.72), and Global Functioning (1.05) were found. No significant effects were found for Executive Functioning or Verbal Memory. Moderator variable analysis revealed decreased effect of CCT with age. Gender and concurrent medication treatment did not affect the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small sample size, short duration, pseudo-specificity, and high heterogeneity for Verbal Memory measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CCT is associated with improvement in depressive symptoms and everyday functioning, though produces inconsistent effects on cognition.
authors.affiliation: The Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA; Queens College, City University of New York, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Motter
authors.affiliation: The Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA; Queens College, City University of New York, USA.
authors.forename: Monique A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pimontel
authors.affiliation: The Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rindskopf
authors.affiliation: Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA.
authors.forename: Davangere P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Devanand
authors.affiliation: Duke Medicine and Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, USA.
authors.forename: P Murali
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Doraiswamy
authors.affiliation: Queens College, City University of New York, USA; Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA. Electronic address: joel.sneed@qc.cuny.edu.
authors.forename: Joel R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sneed
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Cognitive training; Depression; Meta-analysis