title: Design and Evaluation of the Kinect-Wheelchair Interface Controlled (KWIC) Smart Wheelchair for Pediatric Powered Mobility Training.
abstract: Children with severe disabilities are sometimes unable to access powered mobility training. Thus, we developed the Kinect-Wheelchair Interface Controlled (KWIC) smart wheelchair trainer that converts a manual wheelchair into a powered wheelchair. The KWIC Trainer uses computer vision to create a virtual tether with adaptive shared-control between the wheelchair and a therapist during training. It also includes a mixed-reality video game system.
  
  
  
  We performed a year-long usability study of the KWIC Trainer at a local clinic, soliciting qualitative and quantitative feedback on the device after extended use.
  
  
  
  Eight therapists used the KWIC Trainer for over 50 hours with 8 different children. Two of the children obtained their own powered wheelchair as a result of the training. The therapists indicated the device allowed them to provide mobility training for more children than would have been possible with a demo wheelchair, and they found use of the device to be as safe as or safer than conventional training. They viewed the shared control algorithm as counter-productive because it made it difficult for the child to discern when he or she was controlling the chair. They were enthusiastic about the video game integration for increasing motivation and engagement during training. They emphasized the need for additional access methods for controlling the device.
  
  
  
  The therapists confirmed that the KWIC Trainer is a useful tool for increasing access to powered mobility training and for engaging children during training sessions. However, some improvements would enhance its applicability for routine clinical use.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of California at Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Zondervan
authors.affiliation: a Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of California at Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Secoli
authors.affiliation: a Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of California at Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Aurelia Mclaughlin
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Darling
authors.affiliation: b Department of Product Design & Manufacturing Engineering , Grand Valley State University , Grand Rapids , MI , USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Farris
authors.affiliation: c Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Technology for Children With Orthopedic Disabilities , Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center , Downey , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Furumasu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of California at Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA.|d Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California at Irvine , Irvine , California , USA.|e Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , University of California at Irvine , Irvine , California , USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Reinkensmeyer
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002648:Child; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D018910:Video Games; D014910:Wheelchairs
keywords: cerebral palsy; powered mobility training; shared control; smart wheelchair; virtual reality