title: Fluoride concentrations of milk, infant formulae, and soy-based products commercially available in Brazil.
abstract: To assess the fluoride (F) content in commercially available milk formulae in Brazil and to estimate the F intake in children from this source in the first year of life.
  
  
  
  Samples of cow's milk (n = 51), infant formulae (n = 15), powdered milk (n = 13), and soy-based products (n = 4) purchased in Araçatuba (Brazil) had their F content measured using an ion-specific electrode, after hexamethyldisiloxane-facilitated diffusion. Powdered milk and infant formulae were reconstituted with deionized water, while ready-to-drink products were analyzed without any dilution. Using average infant body masses and suggested volumes of formula consumption for infants 1-12 months of age, possible F ingestion per body mass was estimated. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis.
  
  
  
  Mean F content ranged from 0.02 to 2.52 mg/L in all samples. None of the cow's milk provided F intake higher than 0.07 mg/kg. However, two infant formulae, one powdered milk, and one soy-milk led to a daily F intake above the suggested threshold for fluorosis when reconstituted with deionized water. Assuming reconstitution of products with tap water at 0.7 ppm F, two infant formulae, five powdered milk, and four soymilks led to daily F intake ranging from 0.108 to 0.851 mg/kg.
  
  
  
  The results suggest that the consumption of some brands of infant formulae, powdered milk, and soy-based milk in the first year of age could increase the risk of dental fluorosis, reinforcing the need for periodic surveillance of the F content of foods and beverages typically consumed by young children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Emi
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alberto Carlos Botazzo
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Delbem
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karina Yuri
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciene Pereira
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: de Castro
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kevin Bruce
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Célio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Percinoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sandra Maria Herondina Coelho Ávila
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliano Pelim
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pessan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D002417:Cattle; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food / Q000032:analysis*; D017736:Ion-Selective Electrodes; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D011208:Powders; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011208:Powders; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: dental fluorosis; fluoride; infant formula; milk