title: A novel diagnostic biosensor for distinguishing immunoglobulin mutated and unmutated types of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
abstract: In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable (IgVH) region may be mutated (Ig-mutated CLL) or unmutated (Ig-unmutated CLL); and the presence or absence of mutations in this region of CLL cells distinguishes two clinically distinct forms. It is important for physicians to distinguish between patients with Ig-unmutated CLL, where typically have more indolent disease with median survivals close to 25 years, and Ig-mutated CLL, where have more aggressive disease with median survivals around eight years. In this work, a biosensor capable of diagnosis and distinguishing between these two types of CLL was reported. The biosensor was fabricated by modifying a gold electrode with gold nanoparticles (AuNPS) followed by coating of ZAP70 oligonucleotide probe on the surface to detect specific sequence of ZAP70 gene. ZAP70 could predict the IgVH mutation status and is a good marker for differentiating Ig-mutated and Ig-unmutated CLL and serve as prognostic marker. First, we focused on achieving hybridization between probe and its complementary sequence. Hybridization between probe and target was determined with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Then, our efforts turned to optimize the conditions for the detection of any point mutation and also to maximize the selectivity. Under optimal conditions, the biosensor has a good calibration range between 2.0 × 10(-14) and 1.0 × 10(-9)molL(-1), with ZAP70 DNA sequence detection limit of 4.0 × 10(-15)molL(-1). We successfully detect hybridization first in synthetic samples, and ultimately in blood samples from patients. Experimental results illustrated that the nanostructured biosensor clearly discriminates between mutated and non-mutated CLL and predict the IgVH mutation status, which it has been considered as the single most informative stage independent prognostic factor in CLL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran. Electronic address: ensafi@cc.iut.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ensafi
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amini
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rezaei
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Talebi
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003217:Conductometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000235:genetics*; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D051746:ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D051746:ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase; C497261:ZAP70 protein, human
keywords: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia; DNA biosensor; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; IgVH mutation; ZAP70