title: Both Volatiles and Cuticular Plant Compounds Determine Oviposition of the Willow Sawfly Nematus oligospilus on Leaves of Salix spp. (Salicaceae).
abstract: Plant volatile organic compounds play a role in selection of host plants by herbivorous insects. Once the insect reaches the plant, contact cues determine host acceptance. Although the willow sawfly Nematus oligospilus (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) can differentiate among willow genotypes, no knowledge is available on the cues used by this insect to seek and accept the host plant. In this study, we recorded behavioral orientation in a Y-tube olfactometer of willow sawfly females to volatiles of the highly preferred genotype Salix nigra and the non-preferred genotype S. viminalis. The volatiles released by undamaged willows of each genotype were analyzed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Contact cues were evaluated first by oviposition preference bioassays after selective leaf wax removal, and then by studying the micromorphology of abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces and their chemical composition. Willow sawfly females oriented preferentially to S. nigra volatiles, which contained more than 3 times the amount of volatiles than that collected from S. viminalis. Analysis of volatiles showed significant differences in amounts of (Z) and (E)-β-ocimene, undecane, decanal, and β-caryophyllene. The adaxial leaf surface of S. nigra was less preferred after wax removal, suggesting a role of cuticular waxes for oviposition acceptance. No differences were found among the micromorphology of leaf surfaces between preferred and non-preferred genotypes. The chemical analysis of cuticular waxes showed that the abaxial leaf surface of S. viminalis, which is completely avoided for oviposition, possessed 97% of alkanes. The accepted leaf surfaces contained a more diverse wax profile including alcohols, acids, and esters. Thus, non-alkane wax compounds might be related to oviposition. In sum, our study suggests that several cues act in concert to provide oviposition cues for the sawfly N. oligospilus: females are attracted to volatiles from a distance, and once alighting on the plant, they seek specific chemical contact cues in order to lay eggs.
authors.affiliation: INTA, Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales, De los Reseros y Dr. Nicolás Repetto s/n, 1686, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Celina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Braccini
authors.affiliation: UBA, Cátedra de Botánica General, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.|Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Andrea S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.affiliation: PROIMI-CONICET Biotecnología, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros, T4001 MBV, Tucumán, Argentina.
authors.forename: M Victoria
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Coll Aráoz
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Teal
authors.affiliation: INTA, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Delta del Paraná, Paraná de las Palmas y Cl Comas s/n, 2804, Campana, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cerrillo
authors.affiliation: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.|UBA, Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zavala
authors.affiliation: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina. pcfernan@agro.uba.ar.|INTA, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Delta del Paraná, Paraná de las Palmas y Cl Comas s/n, 2804, Campana, Buenos Aires, Argentina. pcfernan@agro.uba.ar.
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Fernandez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D020387:Food Chain; D060434:Herbivory; D006927:Hymenoptera / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D055696:Olfactory Perception; D010058:Oviposition; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D032108:Salix / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: Cuticular wax; Host plant location; Insect-plant interaction; Olfactometer; Oviposition cues; Tenthredinidae; Volatiles