title: Associations of gestational glycemia and prepregnancy adiposity with offspring growth and adiposity in an Asian population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal obesity and hyperglycemia increase risk of obesity and diabetes in offspring later in life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the relation between gestational glycemia and prepregnancy body mass index (ppBMI) with offspring growth in an Asian mother-offspring cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant mothers undertook a 75-g 2-h oral-glucose-tolerance test at 26-28 wk of gestation. In 937 singleton offspring, ≤9 serial measurements of weight and length were obtained from birth until 36 mo of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gestational fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was positively associated with birth weight (B: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.24; P < 0.001) and birth BMI (B: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.40; P = 0.001) but not at ≥3 mo of age. In contrast, maternal ppBMI was positively associated with birth variables and conditional growth in weight and BMI in the first 36 mo of life. However, gestational FPG and prepregnancy obesity status interacted significantly for the association with offspring growth and overweight status in the first 36 mo of life (P-interaction < 0.01). In nonobese mothers, each unit increase in gestational FPG was associated with increased offspring weight (B: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.008, 0.16; P = 0.03) and BMI (B: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.15; P = 0.04) as well as increased risk of overweight in the first 36 mo of life (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.68). However, in obese mothers, each unit increase in gestational FPG was associated with decreased offspring weight (B: -0.01; 95% CI: -0.02, -0.003) and BMI (B: -0.008; 95% CI: -0.01, -0.002) velocity (P < 0.01 for both) and decreased risk of overweight (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.86) in the first 36 mo of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prepregnancy adiposity was associated with offspring growth in early childhood. Although pooled analyses showed no demonstrable difference by 3 mo of age, there were contrasting and opposite associations of gestational glycemia with weight and BMI in the first 36 mo of life in offspring of nonobese and obese mothers separately. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore; Departments of Paediatrics and.
authors.forename: Izzuddin M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Aris
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore; Departments of.
authors.forename: Shu E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Soh
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and.
authors.forename: Mya Thway
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tint
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore; Departments of.
authors.forename: Seang Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.affiliation: Neonatology and.
authors.forename: Victor S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Rajadurai
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom;
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore; Departments of Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand;
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gluckman
authors.affiliation: Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore; and.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore; Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and.
authors.forename: Yap Seng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore; Departments of Paediatrics and Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore paeleeys@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Yung Seng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000208:ethnology; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002657:Child Development; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000208:ethnology; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: gestational glycemia; offspring growth and body composition; prepregnancy obesity