title: Pharmacogenomic study in patients with multiple sclerosis: Responders and nonresponders to IFN-β.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the association between polymorphisms located in type I interferon (IFN)-induced genes, genes belonging to the toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway, and genes encoding neurotransmitter receptors and the response to IFN-β treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a first or screening phase of the study, 384 polymorphisms were genotyped in 830 patients with MS classified into IFN-β responders (n = 416) and nonresponders (n = 414) according to clinical criteria. In a second or validation phase, the most significant polymorphisms associated with IFN-β response were genotyped in an independent validation cohort of 555 patients with MS (281 IFN-β responders and 274 nonresponders).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected from the screening phase for further validation: rs832032 (GABRR3; p = 0.0006), rs6597 (STUB1; p = 0.019), rs3747517 (IFIH1; p = 0.010), rs2277302 (PELI3; p = 0.017), rs10958713 (IKBKB; p = 0.003), rs2834202 (IFNAR1; p = 0.030), and rs4422395 (CXCL1; p = 0.017). None of these SNPs were significantly associated with IFN-β response when genotyped in an independent cohort of patients. Combined analysis of these SNPs in all patients with MS (N = 1,385) revealed 2 polymorphisms associated with IFN-β response: rs2277302 (PELI3; p = 0.008) and rs832032 (GABRR3; p = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings do not support an association between polymorphisms located in genes related to the type I IFN or TLR pathways or genes encoding neurotransmitter receptors and the clinical response to IFN-β. Nevertheless, additional genetic and functional studies of PELI3 and GABRR3 are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Marta F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morcillo-Suárez
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Sunny
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rio
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leyva
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Uwe K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Zettl
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Joep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Killestein
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brassat
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Juan Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: García-Merino
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Antonio J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Urcelay
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Lafuente
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Lusia M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Villar
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Jose Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Cermeño
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Farré
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lechner-Scott
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vandenbroeck
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Antigüedad
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Jelena S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Drulovic
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martinelli Boneschi
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oksenberg
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Arcadi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Montalban
authors.affiliation: Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (M.F.B., S.M., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC) (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Bioinformatics (C.M.-S., X.F., A.N.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (L.L., O.F.), Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; Department of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Pole des neurosciences et INSERM U1043 (D.B.), Université de Toulouse III, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France; Neuroinmunología (J.A.G.-M., A.J.S.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (E.U., R.A.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., J.C.A.-C.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle, Australia; University Newcastle (J.L.-S.), Callaghan Campus, Australia; Neurogenomiks Group (K.V.), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE (K.V.), Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience (K.V.), Zamudio, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (A.R.-A.), Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain; Clinic of Neurology (J.S.D.), Clinical Centre of Serbia (CCS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders and Department of Neuro-rehabilitation (F.M.B
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Comabella