title: Clinical Use of Doppler Echocardiography in Organic Mitral Regurgitation: From Diagnosis to Patients' Management.
abstract: Knowledge of mitral regurgitation (MR) is essential for any care provider, and not only for those directly involved in the management of cardiovascular diseases. This happens because MR is the most frequent valvular lesion in North America and the second most common form of valve disease requiring surgery in Europe. Furthermore, due to the ageing of the general population and the reduced mortality from acute cardiovascular events, the prevalence of MR is expected to increase further. Doppler echocardiography is essential both for the diagnosis and the clinical management of MR. In the present article, we sought to provide a practical step-by-step approach to help either performing a Doppler echocardiography or interpreting its findings in light of contemporary knowledge on organic (but not only) MR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Cardiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grigioni
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Cardiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Cardiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pasquale
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Cardiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biagini
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Cardiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barberini
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Cardiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Marinella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferlito
authors.affiliation: Pathology Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Cardiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rapezzi
keywords: Echocardiography; Heart failure; Mitral regurgitation; Mitral repair