title: Prevalence and determinants of symptoms of common mental disorders in retired professional Rugby Union players.
abstract: The primary aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of symptoms of common mental disorders (CMD) (distress, anxiety/depression, sleeping disturbance, adverse nutrition behaviour, adverse alcohol behaviour and smoking) among retired professional Rugby Union players. The secondary aim was to explore the associations between stressors (life events, Rugby Union career dissatisfaction) and the health conditions under study. Therefore, cross-sectional analyses were conducted on baseline questionnaires from an ongoing prospective cohort study of retired professional Rugby Union players. An electronic questionnaire was established using validated questionnaires to assess symptoms of CMD and stressors. The electronic questionnaire was subsequently distributed to retired players by the national Rugby Union players' associations in France, Ireland and South Africa. Among 295 retired professional Rugby Union players (mean age of 38 years), prevalence rates were 25% for distress, 28% for anxiety/depression, 29% for sleeping disturbance, 62% for adverse nutrition behaviour, 15% for smoking and 24% for adverse alcohol behaviour. A higher number of life events were associated with distress (OR = 1.2; 95% CI 1.1-1.4), anxiety/depression (OR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.2-2.1), sleeping disturbance (OR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.2-2.1) and adverse nutrition behaviour (OR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.3-2.5). A higher level of dissatisfaction of the player's Rugby Union career was associated with distress (OR = 0.9; 95% CI 0.8-1.0), sleeping disturbance (OR = 0.9; 95% CI 0.9-1.0), smoking (OR = 0.9; 95% CI 0.9-1.0) and adverse nutrition behaviour (OR = 0.9; 95% CI 0.8-0.9). In conclusion, our study suggests that prevalence of symptoms of CMD is high among retired professional Rugby Union players, being associated with both a higher number of life events and a higher level of Rugby Union career dissatisfaction.
authors.affiliation: a Academic Center for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.|b Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.|c Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gouttebarge
authors.affiliation: a Academic Center for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.|b Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.|c Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kerkhoffs
authors.affiliation: d Division of Exercise Science and Sports medicine , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D056352:Athletes / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005538:Football / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012179:Retirement / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Rugby Union; elite athletes; mental disorders; substance-related disorders