title: Population Prevalence of Need for Spectacles and Spectacle Ownership Among Urban Migrant Children in Eastern China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The number of urban migrants in China is 300 million and is increasing rapidly in response to government policies. Urban migrants have poor access to health care, but little is known about rates of correction of refractive error among migrant children. This is of particular significance in light of recent evidence demonstrating the educational impact of providing children with spectacles.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure prevalence of spectacle need and ownership among Chinese migrant children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based, cross-sectional study among children who failed vision testing (uncorrected visual acuity ≤6/12 in either eye) between September 15 and 30, 2013, at 94 randomly selected primary schools in predominantly migrant communities in Shanghai, Suzhou, and Wuxi, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Refractive error by cycloplegic refraction; spectacle ownership, defined as producing glasses at school, having been told to bring them; and needing glasses, defined as uncorrected visual acuity of 6/12 or less correctable to greater than 6/12 in either eye, with myopia of -0.5 diopters (D) or less, hyperopia of +2.0 D or greater, or astigmatism of 0.75 D or greater in both eyes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 4409 children, 4376 (99.3%) completed vision screening (mean [SD] age, 11.0 [0.81] years; 55.3% boys; 4225 [96.5%] migrant and 151 [3.5%] local). Among 1204 children failing vision testing (total, 27.5%; 1147 migrant children [27.1%] vs 57 local children [37.7%]; P = .003), 850 (70.6%) completed refraction. Spectacle ownership in migrant children needing glasses (147 of 640 children [23.0%]) was less than among local children (12 of 34 children [35.3%]) (odds ratio = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.32-0.95; P = .03). Having uncorrected visual acuity less than 6/18 in both eyes was associated positively with baseline spectacle ownership (odds ratio = 5.73; 95% CI, 3.81-8.62; P < .001), but parental education and family wealth were not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among urban migrant children, there was a high prevalence of need for spectacles and a very low rate of spectacle ownership. Spectacle distribution programs are needed specifically targeting migrant children.
authors.affiliation: Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China2Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China.
authors.forename: Xiuqin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Ophthalmic Treatment and Prevention Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Linxiu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China6Stanford Center for International Development, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Xiaochen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Haiqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: African Vision Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa9Brien Holden Vision Institute, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Kovin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Naidoo
authors.affiliation: Brien Holden Vision Institute, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minto
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Ophthalmic Treatment and Prevention Hospital, Shanghai, China10Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Stanford Center for International Development, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rozelle
authors.affiliation: Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China11Translational Research for Equitable Eyecare, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland12Orbis.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Congdon
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005139:Eyeglasses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010067:Ownership; D015995:Prevalence; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014787:Vision Tests; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology