title: Skin temperature reveals the intensity of acute stress.
abstract: Acute stress triggers peripheral vasoconstriction, causing a rapid, short-term drop in skin temperature in homeotherms. We tested, for the first time, whether this response has the potential to quantify stress, by exhibiting proportionality with stressor intensity. We used established behavioural and hormonal markers: activity level and corticosterone level, to validate a mild and more severe form of an acute restraint stressor in hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). We then used infrared thermography (IRT) to non-invasively collect continuous temperature measurements following exposure to these two intensities of acute handling stress. In the comb and wattle, two skin regions with a known thermoregulatory role, stressor intensity predicted the extent of initial skin cooling, and also the occurrence of a more delayed skin warming, providing two opportunities to quantify stress. With the present, cost-effective availability of IRT technology, this non-invasive and continuous method of stress assessment in unrestrained animals has the potential to become common practice in pure and applied research.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Electronic address: katherine.herborn@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Herborn
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jerem
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Neil P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Ruedi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nager
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Dominic J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McCafferty
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Dorothy E F
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: McKeegan
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D003129:Comb and Wattles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005123:Eye / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005145:Face / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006234:Handling, Psychological; D017440:Photoperiod; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013817:Thermography; D014741:Video Recording
keywords: Animal welfare; Corticosterone; Stress-induced hyperthermia; Thermal imaging