title: Reach Trajectories Characterize Tactile Localization for Sensorimotor Decision Making.
abstract: Spatial target information for movement planning appears to be coded in a gaze-centered reference frame. In touch, however, location is initially coded with reference to the skin. Therefore, the tactile spatial location must be derived by integrating skin location and posture. It has been suggested that this recoding is impaired when the limb is placed in the opposite hemispace, for example, by limb crossing. Here, human participants reached toward visual and tactile targets located at uncrossed and crossed feet in a sensorimotor decision task. We characterized stimulus recoding by analyzing the timing and spatial profile of hand reaches. For tactile targets at crossed feet, skin-based information implicates the incorrect side, and only recoded information points to the correct location. Participants initiated straight reaches and redirected the hand toward a target presented in midflight. Trajectories to visual targets were unaffected by foot crossing. In contrast, trajectories to tactile targets were redirected later with crossed than uncrossed feet. Reaches to crossed feet usually continued straight until they were directed toward the correct tactile target and were not biased toward the skin-based target location. Occasional, far deflections toward the incorrect target were most likely when this target was implicated by trial history. These results are inconsistent with the suggestion that spatial transformations in touch are impaired by limb crossing, but are consistent with tactile location being recoded rapidly and efficiently, followed by integration of skin-based and external information to specify the reach target. This process may be implemented in a bounded integrator framework.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  How do you touch yourself, for instance, to scratch an itch? The place you need to reach is defined by a sensation on the skin, but our bodies are flexible, so this skin location could be anywhere in 3D space. The movement toward the tactile sensation must therefore be specified by merging skin location and body posture. By investigating human hand reach trajectories toward tactile stimuli on the feet, we provide experimental evidence that this transformation process is quick and efficient, and that its output is integrated with the original skin location in a fashion consistent with bounded integrator decision-making frameworks.
authors.affiliation: Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany janina.brandes@uni-hamburg.de.
authors.forename: Janina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brandes
authors.affiliation: Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-6091
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011187:Posture; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: foot; limb crossing; motor control; remapping; touch