title: Environmental fate of the insecticide cypermethrin applied as microgranular and emulsifiable concentrate formulations in sunflower cultivated field plots.
abstract: A field dissipation and transport study of the insecticide cypermethrin applied as microgranular (MG) and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations has been conducted in field sunflower cultivations and bare soil plots with two different slopes (1% and 5%). The dissipation of insecticide in soil (on planting rows) was monitored for a period of 193 days. Cypermethrin residual concentrations in the upper soil layer (0-10 cm), 2 days after soil application (DASA), ranged from 0.53 to 0.73 μg g(- 1) when the maximum values were observed 7 DASA, ranged from 1.06 to 1.23 μg g(-1). The dissipation rate was better described by first-order kinetics. The average half-life in cultivated (tilled and planted) plots was 23.07 and 24.24 days for soil slopes 5% and 1%, respectively. In uncultivated (tilled but not planted) plots the respective values were 22.01 and 22.37 days. The insecticide was found below the 10 cm soil layer occasionally in few samples at low concentrations (< 0.02 μg g(- 1)). In runoff water it was detected once (7 days after foliar application, at levels below LOQ), when in sediment it was detectable for seven samplings. The maximum values were observed 7 days after foliar application, when they reached 0.097 and 0.143 μg g(-1) in cultivated plots with soil slopes 1% and 5%; and 0.394 and 0.500 μg g(-1) in uncultivated plots, respectively. The amount of cypermethrin which was transferred by the sediment remained at low levels (less than 0.01% of the totally applied active ingredient), even in plots with 5% inclination. The insecticide was detected in leaves and stems of the sunflower plants after the foliar application up to the day of harvest. On the contrary, in roots it was detectable during the whole cultivation period. No residues were detected in flowers or seeds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece; Faculty of Agricultural Technology, T.E.I. of Epirus, 47100 Arta, Greece.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mantzos
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece; Department of Business Administration of Food and Agricultural Products, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karakitsou
authors.affiliation: Department of Business Administration of Food and Agricultural Products, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hela
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece. Electronic address: iokonst@upatras.gr.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Konstantinou
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006207:Half-Life; D006368:Helianthus / Q000254:growth & development*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C017160:cypermethrin
keywords: Cypermethrin; Microgranular form; Runoff water; Sediment; Soil dissipation; Sunflower