title: General stress, detoxification pathways, neurotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluated in Ruditapes philippinarum exposed to human pharmaceuticals.
abstract: A battery of biomarkers was evaluated on Ruditapes philippinarum exposed during 14 days to caffeine, ibuprofen, carbamazepine and novobiocin (0.1, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 50µgL(-1)). The battery included general stress (lysosomal membrane stability - LMS) analysed in the hemolymph, and biochemical biomarkers analysed in digestive gland tissues including: biomarkers of phase I (etoxyresorufin O-deethylase - EROD, dibenzylfluorescein dealkylase - DBF), phase II (gluthathione-S-transferase - GST), oxidative stress (gluthathione reductase - GR, gluthathione peroxidase - GPX, lipid peroxidation - LPO), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase activity - AChE), and genotoxicity (DNA damage). Pharmaceuticals tested induced the sublethal responses (even at the environmental range 0.1µgL(-1)). At this low concentration; caffeine, ibuprofen and carbamazepine decreased the LMS significantly compared with controls (p<0.05). The four compounds induced significantly the detoxification metabolism and oxidative stress (p<0.05). Neurotoxicity was noticed in clams exposed to caffeine and carbamazepine (p<0.05). Ibuprofen, carbamazepine and novobiocin produced genotoxic effects (p<0.05). Results from this research validate the use of biomarkers when assessing the effects of pharmaceuticals within a marine environmental risk assessment framework, using as a laboratory bioassay model the species R. philippinarum.
authors.affiliation: Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cádiz, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; Andalusian Center for Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain. Electronic address: gabriela.aguirre@uca.es.
authors.forename: Gabriela V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Aguirre-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cádiz, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: T Angel
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: DelValls
authors.affiliation: Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cádiz, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; Andalusian Center for Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: M Laura
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Martín-Díaz
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002110:Caffeine / Q000633:toxicity*; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000633:toxicity*; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000633:toxicity*; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D009675:Novobiocin / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009675:Novobiocin; D002220:Carbamazepine; D002110:Caffeine; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D007052:Ibuprofen
keywords: Bioassay; Biomarkers; Clams; Digestive gland tissue; Drugs; Sublethal effects