title: Changes in anteroposterior position and inclination of the maxillary incisors after surgical-orthodontic treatment of skeletal class III malocclusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the anteroposterior (AP) position and inclination of the maxillary incisors in subjects with class I normal occlusion and a harmonious profile with patients with skeletal class III malocclusions, and to investigate the changes in maxillary incisor inclination and AP position after surgical-orthodontic treatment in class III patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five subjects (35 female and 30 male; mean age: 21.8 ± 3.89 years) with normal profiles and class I skeletal and dental patterns were selected as a control sample. Sixty-seven patients (38 female and 29 male; mean age: 21.3 ± 3.31 years) with skeletal and dental class III malocclusions who sought surgical-orthodontic treatment were used as the study sample. Subjects were asked to smile and profile photographs were taken with the head in a natural position and the maxillary central incisors and the forehead in full view; cephalograms were taken and superimposed on the profile pictures according to the outline of the forehead and nose. Forehead inclination, maxillary incisor facial inclination and the AP position of the maxillary central incisor relative to the forehead (FAFFA) were measured on the integrated images and statistical analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both groups, there were no significant male/female differences in either the maxillary central incisor inclination or AP position. Female subjects had a significantly steeper forehead inclination compared with males (P < 0.001) in both groups. After combined surgical-orthodontic treatment, the significant labial inclination (P < 0.001) and posterior positioning (P < 0.001) of the maxillary central incisors had been corrected to close to normal range (P > 0.05). In the control group, 84.6% had the facial axial point (FA) of their maxillary central incisors positioned between lines through the forehead facial axis (FFA) point and the glabella. In the study group, however, 79.1% had the maxillary central incisors positioned posterior to the line through the FFA point and the difference with the control group was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The position of the maxillary central incisors was strongly correlated with forehead inclination in the control sample (r(2) = 0.456; P < 0.01), but only a poor correlation was detected in the class III group (r(2) = 0.177; P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the integrated radiograph-photograph method, the lateral cephalogram was reoriented, which makes it possible to accurately measure the variables on profile photographs. The AP position and inclination of the maxillary central incisors relative to the forehead plays an important role in the esthetics of the profile during smiling and could be an important variable to be considered during diagnosis and treatment planning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China. Electronic address: doctorzou@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bingshuang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, China.
authors.forename: Alan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.affiliation: School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, China.
authors.forename: Huiqi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, China.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pliska
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead; D005624:Frontal Bone; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000601:surgery*; D008437:Maxilla; D012904:Smiling; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Class III malocclusion; Esthetics; Maxillary incisor inclination; Maxillary incisor position; Smiling profile; Surgical-orthodontic treatment