title: Association of interleukin-10 levels with age of onset and duration of illness in patients with major depressive disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate peripheral levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) and evaluate the relationship between IL-10, age of disease onset, and duration of illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study nested in a population-based cohort of 231 individuals (age 18-24 years) living in Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Participants were screened for psychopathology using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I). Serum IL-10 was measured using commercially available immunoassay kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peripheral levels of IL-10 were not significantly different in individuals with MDD or BD as compared to controls. However, higher IL-10 levels were found in MDD patients with a later disease onset as compared with controls or early-onset patients. In addition, IL-10 levels correlated negatively with illness duration in the MDD group. In the BD group, age of onset and duration of illness did not correlate with IL-10 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher levels of IL-10 are correlated with late onset of MDD symptoms. Moreover, levels of this cytokine might decrease with disease progression, suggesting that an anti-inflammatory balance may be involved in the onset of depressive symptoms and disease progression in susceptible individuals.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gazal
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciano D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jean P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Oses
authors.affiliation: Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ghisleni
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quevedo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Manuella P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kaster
authors.affiliation: Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kapczinski
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: da Silva
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016753:Interleukin-10