title: Comparative aspects of immunity and vaccination in human and bovine trichomoniasis: a review.
abstract: Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus are important extracellular protozoans that cause, respectively, human and bovine venereal diseases. Trichomonads are extracellular parasites that primarily inhabit the genital tracts of the mammalian hosts where they overcome the mucus barrier and parasitize mucosa by contact-dependent or contact-independent cytotoxicity. Transient immunity is usually achieved by the host after clinical infection. At present, vaccination in cattle reduces infection rates and reproductive wastage in affected herds. After vaccination, immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels increase in systemic circulation while immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels rise in the vagina. Only moderate protection is conferred by means of vaccination. Future vaccine development strategies are needed for cattle to enhance the antigenic component or use adjuvant that strongly activates the innate immune response to produce safe and potent vaccines. This paper reviews the current knowledge of the immunology of trichomoniasis infection and the challenges and potential of vaccines in the control of the infection in human and bovine trichomoniasis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Well-being (IFNuW), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. achapwanya@rossvet.edu.kn.|Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Box 334, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis, West Indies. achapwanya@rossvet.edu.kn.
authors.forename: Aspinas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chapwanya
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Abubakar Yusha'u
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Usman
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.|Institute of Food, Nutrition and Well-being (IFNuW), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Pete Charles
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Irons
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D006801:Humans; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D014245:Trichomonas Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D016052:Protozoan Vaccines
keywords: Bovine; Fertility; Immunity; Trichomonas vaginalis; Tritrichomonas foetus; Vaccination; Venereal infection