title: An ace-1 gene duplication resorbs the fitness cost associated with resistance in Anopheles gambiae, the main malaria mosquito.
abstract: Widespread resistance to pyrethroids threatens malaria control in Africa. Consequently, several countries switched to carbamates and organophophates insecticides for indoor residual spraying. However, a mutation in the ace-1 gene conferring resistance to these compounds (ace-1(R) allele), is already present. Furthermore, a duplicated allele (ace-1(D)) recently appeared; characterizing its selective advantage is mandatory to evaluate the threat. Our data revealed that a unique duplication event, pairing a susceptible and a resistant copy of the ace-1 gene spread through West Africa. Further investigations revealed that, while ace-1(D) confers less resistance than ace-1(R), the high fitness cost associated with ace-1(R) is almost completely suppressed by the duplication for all traits studied. ace-1 duplication thus represents a permanent heterozygote phenotype, selected, and thus spreading, due to the mosaic nature of mosquito control. It provides malaria mosquito with a new evolutionary path that could hamper resistance management.
authors.affiliation: CNRS, IRD, ISEM-UMR 5554, Montpellier, France.|University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.|IRSP, Ouidah, Benin.|University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
authors.forename: Benoît S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Assogba
authors.affiliation: IRSP, Ouidah, Benin.|University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
authors.forename: Luc S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Djogbénou
authors.affiliation: CNRS, IRD, ISEM-UMR 5554, Montpellier, France.|University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Milesi
authors.affiliation: CNRS, IRD, ISEM-UMR 5554, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berthomieu
authors.affiliation: CNRS, IRD, ISEM-UMR 5554, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.affiliation: IRD, CNRS, MIVEGEC-UMR 224/5290, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.affiliation: IRD, CNRS, MIVEGEC-UMR 224/5290, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chandre
authors.affiliation: IRSP, Ouidah, Benin.|University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makoutodé
authors.affiliation: CNRS, IRD, ISEM-UMR 5554, Montpellier, France.|University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Pierrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Labbé
authors.affiliation: CNRS, IRD, ISEM-UMR 5554, Montpellier, France.|University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Mylène
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weill
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase