title: Survival and High-Hydrostatic Pressure Inactivation of Foodborne Pathogens in Salmorejo, a Traditional Ready-to-Eat Food.
abstract: Salmorejo is a traditional tomato-based creamy product. Because salmorejo is not heat-processed, there is a risk of contamination with foodborne pathogens from raw materials. Even though bacterial growth in salmorejo is strongly inhibited because of its acidic pH (close to 3.9), the growth and survival of 3 foodborne pathogens in this food has not been studied before. In this study, 3 cocktails consisting of Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes strains were inoculated in freshly prepared salmorejo. The food was treated by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) at 400, 500, or 600 MPa for 8 min, or left untreated, and stored at 4 °C for 30 d. Viable cell counts were determined on selective media and also by the triple-layer agar method in order to detect sublethally injured cells. In control samples, L. monocytogenes viable cells decreased by 2.4 log cycles at day 7 and were undetectable by day 15. S. enterica cells decreased by 0.5 or 2.4 log cycles at days 7 and 15 respectively, but still were detectable at day 30. E. coli O157 cells survived much better in salmorejo, decreasing only by 1.5 log cycles at day 30. Treatments at pressures of 400 MPa or higher reduced viable counts of L. monocytogenes and S. enterica to undetectable levels. HHP treatments significantly (P < 0.05) reduced E. coli counts by approximately 5.2 to 5.4 log cycles, but also yielded surviving cells that apparently were sublethally injured. Only samples treated at 600 MPA for 8 min were devoid of detectable E. coli cells during storage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salmorejo is a traditional, vitamin-rich food, usually produced on a small scale. HHP treatment at 600 MPa for 8 min can be an efficient nonthermal method for industrial-scale preparation of preservative-free salmorejo with improved safety against transmission of foodborne pathogens L. monocytogenes serotyes 4a and 4b, S. enterica serovar Enteritidis, and E. coli O157.
authors.affiliation: Área de Microbiología. Depto. de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Univ. de Jaén, P.O. Box 23071, Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toledo Del Árbol
authors.affiliation: Área de Microbiología. Depto. de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Univ. de Jaén, P.O. Box 23071, Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Rubén
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pérez Pulido
authors.affiliation: Área de Microbiología. Depto. de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Univ. de Jaén, P.O. Box 23071, Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Ma José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Grande
authors.affiliation: Área de Microbiología. Depto. de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Univ. de Jaén, P.O. Box 23071, Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gálvez
authors.affiliation: Área de Microbiología. Depto. de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Univ. de Jaén, P.O. Box 23071, Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lucas
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000254:growth & development; D057140:Fast Foods; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000254:growth & development; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000254:growth & development
keywords: 4b; Escherichia coli O157; Salmonella Enteritidis; foodborne pathogens; high hydrostatic pressure, Listeria monocytogenes serotypes 4a; salmorejo