title: Potent Activities of Roemerine against Candida albicans and the Underlying Mechanisms.
abstract: Roemerine (RM) is an aporphine alkaloid isolated from the fresh rattan stem of Fibraurea recisa, and it has been demonstrated to have certain antifungal activity. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of RM and the underlying mechanisms in Candida albicans (C. albicans). The in vitro antifungal activity of RM was evaluated by a series of experiments, including the XTT reduction assay, confocal laser scanning microscopy assay, scanning electron microscope assay. Results showed that 1 μg/mL RM inhibited biofilm formation significantly (p < 0.01) both in Spider medium and Lee's medium. In addition, RM could inhibit yeast-to-hyphae transition of C. albicans in a dose-dependent manner. The biofilm-specific and hypha-specific genes such as YWP1, SAP5, SAP6, HWP1, ECE1 were up-regulated and EFG1 was down-regulated after 8 μg/mL RM treatment. Furthermore, the toxicity of RM was investigated using C. elegans worms, three cancer cells and one normal cell. The date showed that RM had no significant toxicity. In conclusion, RM could inhibited the formation of C. albicans biofilm in vitro, but it had no fungicidal effect on planktonic C. albicans cells, and the anti-biofilm mechanism may be related to the cAMP pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, 212 Da-Guan Road, Kunming 650032, China. 15198808817@163.com.|School of Pharmacy, Kunming Medical University, 1168 Yu-Hua Road, Kunming 650500, China. 15198808817@163.com.
authors.forename: Chaoyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, 212 Da-Guan Road, Kunming 650032, China. faya_du@126.com.
authors.forename: Faya
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: New Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China. yl08101963@163.com.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, 212 Da-Guan Road, Kunming 650032, China. hegonghao@163.com.
authors.forename: Gonghao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, 212 Da-Guan Road, Kunming 650032, China. hejianchang123@sina.com.
authors.forename: Jianchang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Yunnan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yu-Hua Road, Kunming 650500, China. wcy19901111@126.com.
authors.forename: Chengying
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Yunnan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yu-Hua Road, Kunming 650500, China. raogaoxiong@yeah.net.
authors.forename: Gaoxiong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: New Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China. 13761571578@163.com.
authors.forename: Yuanying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, 212 Da-Guan Road, Kunming 650032, China. xugl_0044@163.com.
authors.forename: Guili
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects; D025301:Hyphae / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; C030169:roemerine
keywords: Candida albicans; antifungal activity; biofilm; roemerine