title: Pseudomonas aeruginosa: arsenal of resistance mechanisms, decades of changing resistance profiles, and future antimicrobial therapies.
abstract: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious public health issues facing humans since the discovery of antimicrobial agents. The frequent, prolonged, and uncontrolled use of antimicrobial agents are major factors in the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial strains, including multidrug-resistant variants. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of nosocomial infections. The abundant data on the increased resistance to antipseudomonal agents support the need for global action. There is a paucity of new classes of antibiotics active against P. aeruginosa. Here, we discuss recent antibacterial resistance profiles and mechanisms of resistance by P. aeruginosa. We also review future potential methods for controlling antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as phage therapy, nanotechnology and antipseudomonal vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.|BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, PO Box 2713, Qatar.
authors.forename: Mohamed E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: El Zowalaty
authors.affiliation: BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, PO Box 2713, Qatar.|Department of Health Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
authors.forename: Asmaa A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al Thani
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02018, USA.|Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.|Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmed E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: El Zowalaty
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.|Emerging Pathogens Institute, Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Herbert P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Schweizer
authors.affiliation: BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, PO Box 2713, Qatar.|Department of Health Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
authors.forename: Gheyath K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Nasrallah
authors.affiliation: BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, PO Box 2713, Qatar.
authors.forename: Hany E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Marei
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.|Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Hossam M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ashour
mesh_terms: D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001692:Biological Transport; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001618:beta-Lactamases
keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; antibiotics; antimicrobial; carbapenemases; decoys; efflux; gold; impermeability; mechanisms; multidrug; nanoantimicrobial; nanoparticles; nanostars; pandrug; phage therapy; polymersomes; pumps; resistance; vaccines; vecoys; virus; β-lactamases