title: Determination of oxygen and nitrogen derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fractions of asphalt mixtures using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization.
abstract: Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was used for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives, the oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, formed in asphalt fractions. Two different methods have been developed for the determination of five oxygenated and seven nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that are characterized by having two or more condensed aromatic rings and present mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. The parameters of the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface were optimized to obtain the highest possible sensitivity for all compounds. The detection limits of the methods ranged from 0.1 to 57.3 μg/L for nitrated and from 0.1 to 6.6 μg/L for oxygenated derivatives. The limits of quantification were in the range of 4.6-191 μg/L for nitrated and 0.3-8.9 μg/L for oxygenated derivatives. The methods were validated against a diesel particulate extract standard reference material (National Institute of Standards and Technology SRM 1975), and the obtained concentrations (two nitrated derivatives) agreed with the certified values. The methods were applied in the analysis of asphalt samples after their fractionation into asphaltenes and maltenes, according to American Society for Testing and Material D4124, where the maltenic fraction was further separated into its basic, acidic, and neutral parts following the method of Green. Only two nitrated derivatives were found in the asphalt sample, quinoline and 2-nitrofluorene, with concentrations of 9.26 and 2146 mg/kg, respectively, whereas no oxygenated derivatives were detected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Cicero
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Assis
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Gobo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bohrer
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandro Machado
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: CENPES/Petrobras, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Margareth Coutinho
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cravo
authors.affiliation: CENPES/Petrobras, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leni Figueiredo Mathias
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Leite
keywords: Asphalt; Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry; Liquid chromatography; Nitrated polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons; Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons