title: Empirical estimation of peak pressure level from sound exposure level. Part II: Offshore impact pile driving noise.
abstract: Numerical models of underwater sound propagation predict the energy of impulsive signals and its decay with range with a better accuracy than the peak pressure. A semi-empirical formula is suggested to predict the peak pressure of man-made impulsive signals based on numerical predictions of their energy. The approach discussed by Galindo-Romero, Lippert, and Gavrilov [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 138, in press (2015)] for airgun signals is modified to predict the peak pressure from offshore pile driving, which accounts for impact and pile parameters. It is shown that using the modified empirical formula provides more accurate predictions of the peak pressure than direct numerical simulations of the signal waveform.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Modelling and Computation, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestrasse 17, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tristan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lippert
authors.affiliation: Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia tristan.lippert@tuhh.de, marta.galindoromero@postgrad.curtin.edu.au, A.Gavrilov@curtin.edu.au, estorff@tuhh.de.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galindo-Romero
authors.affiliation: Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia tristan.lippert@tuhh.de, marta.galindoromero@postgrad.curtin.edu.au, A.Gavrilov@curtin.edu.au, estorff@tuhh.de.
authors.forename: Alexander N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Gavrilov
authors.affiliation: Institute of Modelling and Computation, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestrasse 17, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: von Estorff