title: A Larger Body Mass Index is Associated with Increased Atherogenic Dyslipidemia, Insulin Resistance, and Low-Grade Inflammation in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The consequences of increased body mass index (BMI) on the metabolic disorders associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) have not been thoroughly examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from 262 individuals, 97 men and 165 women (aged 18-70 years), classified with MetS to investigate whether variations in BMI could be associated with parameters of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, or low-grade inflammation. We hypothesized that increases in BMI would positively correlate with the major dysregulations in metabolism that define MetS. For this purpose, individuals were separated into four subgroups based on their BMI: normal weight (<25 kg/m(2)), overweight (≥25 to <30 kg/m(2)), obese (≥30 to <40 kg/m(2)), and morbidly obese (≥40 kg/m(2)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, body weight and waist circumference increased significantly as BMI increased (P < 0.0001). Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were lower in the normal BMI group compared with the other three BMI groups (P = 0.001). Markers of HDL metabolism were adversely impacted in elevated BMI groups, as both high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and large HDL decreased as BMI increased (P = 0.01). BMI was negatively correlated with HDL-C (r = -0.193, P = 0.002), HDL size (r = (-)0.227, P = 0.002), and large HDL (r = -0.147, P = 0.037). In addition, plasma insulin was highest in subjects classified as morbidly obese (P < 0.0001). There was also a strong positive correlation between BMI and plasma insulin (r = 0.413, P < 0.0001), whereas adiponectin, a marker of insulin sensitivity, was negatively correlated with BMI (r = -0.288, P = 0.001). Finally, BMI was positively correlated with proinflammatory C-reactive protein (r = 0.312, P = 0.0001) and interleukin-6 (r = 0.238, P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data from this study suggest that the physiological factors associated with increased BMI exacerbate the metabolic abnormalities characteristic of MetS.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Kolin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ebron
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut.|2 Department of Biology, Fairfield University , Fairfield, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Christopher N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Blesso
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut.|3 Escuela de Microbiologia, Universidad de Antioquia , Medellín, Colombia .
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barona
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Dugan
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Taif
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Al-Sarraj
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Maria Luz
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fernandez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055105:Waist Circumference; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008055:Lipids; D002097:C-Reactive Protein