title: Citrus Fruit Intake Substantially Reduces the Risk of Esophageal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies.
abstract: Many epidemiologic studies indicate a potential association between fruit and vegetable intake and various cancers. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to investigate the association between citrus fruit intake and esophageal cancer risk. The authors conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from inception until July 2014. Studies presenting information about citrus intake and esophageal cancer were analyzed. The authors extracted the categories of citrus intake, study-specific odds ratio or relative risk, and the P value and associated 95% confidence intervals for the highest versus lowest dietary intake of citrus fruit level. The association was quantified using meta-analysis of standard errors with a random-effects model. Thirteen case-control studies and 6 cohort studies were eligible for inclusion. Citrus intake may significantly reduce risk of esophageal cancer (summary odds ratio = 0.63; 95% confidence interval = 0.52-0.75; P = 0), without notable publication bias (intercept = -0.79, P = 0.288) and with significant heterogeneity across studies (I = 52%). The results from epidemiologic studies suggest an inverse association between citrus fruit intake and esophageal cancer risk. The significant effect is consistent between case-control and cohort studies. Larger prospective studies with rigorous methodology should be considered to validate the association between citrus fruits and esophageal cancer.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (AW, CZ, LF, XW, XY, HZ, LH, XS, HZ); and Liver Center and The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RM).
authors.forename: Anqiang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chengpei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Lilan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Xueshuai
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Xiaobo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Haohai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ruoyu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Xinting
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sang
authors.forename: Haitao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D002277:Carcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002957:Citrus; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment