title: New data for vitamin D in Australian foods of animal origin: impact on estimates of national adult vitamin D intakes in 1995 and 2011-13.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the potential dietary supply of vitamin D to Australian adults by application of new data for Australian primary foods of animal origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  New published analytical data on the vitamin D contents of Australian primary foods from animal products were obtained and assessed for reliability. Using food consumption data from Australian population dietary surveys for 1995 and 2011-2013, estimates were made of the likely average daily intakes of vitamin D equivalents from these sources by Australian adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Meats, chicken, fish, eggs and dairy produce may alone have contributed about 4.2 μg vitamin D equivalents per day to average Australian diets of adults >18 years in 1995 and 4.3 μg in 2011-2013.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary vitamin D intake in Australia is likely to be higher than previously estimated because new data from improved analytical methods reveal the contributions to vitamin D supply from foods of animal origin. Absence of reliable vitamin D data for milk and milk products, and the gaps in vitamin D data for many commonly consumed seafood, poultry, eggs and processed animal products greatly limit estimation of dietary vitamin D intakes by Australians.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. Email: jerry.liu@sydney.edu.au; jerryliu@optusnet.com.au.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Food Science and Technology Group, University of NSW, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Jayashree
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arcot
authors.affiliation: Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Greenfield
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Padula
authors.affiliation: National Measurement Institute, Port Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Strobel
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004034:Diet Surveys / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004531:Eggs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008892:Milk / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017747:Seafood / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D