title: Endocrinological and biochemical changes of scorpionism in children in Upper Egypt.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine some endocrinological and biochemical changes of scorpionism in children in Upper Egypt. In addition, it aimed to find any possible relationship between these changes and the severity of scorpionism.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study was carried out at two university hospitals in Upper Egypt and included 42 children with envenomation and 20 apparently healthy children as controls. In all subjects, levels were measured of noradrenaline, aldosterone, insulin and cortisol, and some biochemical parameters and electrolytes including nitric oxide (NO), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), Na+ and K+.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Na+, NO and CPK levels were significantly higher in children with envenomation compared with the controls. Also, there was a significant reduction in K+ in patients compared with controls. Children with severe envenomation had significantly higher levels of noradrenaline, cortisol and aldosterone compared with the controls and mild cases. However, insulin levels were significantly decreased in severe cases of scorpionism compared with mild ones. Moreover, hyperglycemia was detected in all patients with envenomation compared with controls, with significantly higher blood glucose levels among children with severe envenomation compared with mild cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endocrinological changes were common in all children with scorpion envenomation and more obvious in cases of severe envenomation. The released mediators may account for several inflammatory manifestations such as pulmonary edema, myocardial failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The use of insulin is recommended in cases of severe envenomation to improve the outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Qena Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Qena Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Khaled A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Abdel-Baseer
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
authors.forename: Asmaa F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amira A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El-Houfey
keywords: aldosterone; hyperglycemia; insulin; nitric oxide; noradrenaline; scorpion envenomation