title: Performance evaluation of conventional and water saving taps.
abstract: The rapid pace of urbanisation comes with considerable environmental implications including pressures on already stressed limited water resources. In urban areas, most of the water use is associated with water consumption in buildings. The second largest use of water is via taps. It is often assumed that water taps with low flow rates can contribute to reduced per capita water consumption. However, this is based on very little evidence. This paper presents the synthesis of a 13,000 high resolution observations made to investigate the actual water consumption of innovative (water saving) electronic taps and conventional mixer taps. High resolution flow-meters and data loggers were fitted into two washrooms in two different buildings of a higher education institution to record the water use through the basin taps. The recorded data provided information on duration, frequency of use and volume of water consumption per use. The data was helpful in identifying trends in hot and cold water use and therefore can be useful in estimating energy for producing hot water and associated greenhouse gas emissions. Analysis of the observed data suggests that the low flow taps have greater mean water consumption per event than the conventional taps and water consumption is more influenced by user behaviour rather than the technology.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom. Electronic address: afidar2@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fidar
authors.affiliation: Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom. Electronic address: f.a.memon@exeter.ac.uk.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Memon
authors.affiliation: Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom. Electronic address: d.butler@exeter.ac.uk.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Butler
keywords: Carbon emissions; Energy consumption; Event duration; Low flow rates; Micro-components; Taps; Water efficiency