title: Culture and molecular identification of fungal contaminants in edible bird nests.
abstract: Widespread food poisoning due to microbial contamination has been a major concern for the food industry, consumers and governing authorities. This study is designed to determine the levels of fungal contamination in edible bird nests (EBNs) using culture and molecular techniques. Raw EBNs were collected from five house farms, and commercial EBNs were purchased from five Chinese traditional medicine shops (companies A-E) in Peninsular Malaysia. The fungal contents in the raw and commercial EBNs, and boiled and unboiled EBNs were determined. Culturable fungi were isolated and identified. In this study, the use of these methods revealed that all EBNs had fungal colony-forming units (CFUs) that exceeded the limit set by Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) for yeast and moulds in EBNs. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the number of types of fungi isolated from raw and commercial EBNs, but no significant difference in the reduction of the number of types of fungi after boiling the EBNs (p > 0.05). The types of fungi isolated from the unboiled raw EBNs were mainly soil, plant and environmental fungi, while the types of fungi isolated from the boiled raw EBNs, unboiled and boiled commercial EBNs were mainly environmental fungi. Aspergillus sp., Candida sp., Cladosporium sp., Neurospora sp. and Penicillum sp. were the most common fungi isolated from the unboiled and boiled raw and commercial EBNs. Some of these fungi are mycotoxin producers and cause opportunistic infections in humans. Further studies to determine the mycotoxin levels and methods to prevent or remove these contaminations from EBNs for safe consumption are necessary. The establishment and implementation of stringent regulations for the standards of EBNs should be regularly updated and monitored to improve the quality of the EBNs and consumer safety.
authors.affiliation: a School of Medical Sciences , International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Jennifer Xiao Jing
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: a School of Medical Sciences , International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shew Fung
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: a School of Medical Sciences , International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Patricia Kim Chooi
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: a School of Medical Sciences , International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Joon Wah
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology; D002175:Candida / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002963:Cladosporium / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D064088:Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009425:Nesting Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D009491:Neurospora / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010407:Penicillium / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D009183:Mycotoxins
keywords: contaminants; edible bird nest; fungi; molecular techniques