title: Reference gene selection for quantitative gene expression studies during biological invasions: A test on multiple genes and tissues in a model ascidian Ciona savignyi.
abstract: As invasive species have successfully colonized a wide range of dramatically different local environments, they offer a good opportunity to study interactions between species and rapidly changing environments. Gene expression represents one of the primary and crucial mechanisms for rapid adaptation to local environments. Here, we aim to select reference genes for quantitative gene expression analysis based on quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) for a model invasive ascidian, Ciona savignyi. We analyzed the stability of ten candidate reference genes in three tissues (siphon, pharynx and intestine) under two key environmental stresses (temperature and salinity) in the marine realm based on three programs (geNorm, NormFinder and delta Ct method). Our results demonstrated only minor difference for stability rankings among the three methods. The use of different single reference gene might influence the data interpretation, while multiple reference genes could minimize possible errors. Therefore, reference gene combinations were recommended for different tissues - the optimal reference gene combination for siphon was RPS15 and RPL17 under temperature stress, and RPL17, UBQ and TubA under salinity treatment; for pharynx, TubB, TubA and RPL17 were the most stable genes under temperature stress, while TubB, TubA and UBQ were the best under salinity stress; for intestine, UBQ, RPS15 and RPL17 were the most reliable reference genes under both treatments. Our results suggest that the necessity of selection and test of reference genes for different tissues under varying environmental stresses. The results obtained here are expected to reveal mechanisms of gene expression-mediated invasion success using C. savignyi as a model species.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xuena
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yangchun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fishery Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Bei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fishery Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Zunchun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Electronic address: zhanaibin@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Aibin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhan
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D058865:Introduced Species; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D014561:Urochordata / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
keywords: Ascidian; Biological invasions; Ciona savignyi; Gene expression; Reference genes; qRT-PCR