title: Toward a model-based cognitive neuroscience of mind wandering.
abstract: People often "mind wander" during everyday tasks, temporarily losing track of time, place, or current task goals. In laboratory-based tasks, mind wandering is often associated with performance decrements in behavioral variables and changes in neural recordings. Such empirical associations provide descriptive accounts of mind wandering - how it affects ongoing task performance - but fail to provide true explanatory accounts - why it affects task performance. In this perspectives paper, we consider mind wandering as a neural state or process that affects the parameters of quantitative cognitive process models, which in turn affect observed behavioral performance. Our approach thus uses cognitive process models to bridge the explanatory divide between neural and behavioral data. We provide an overview of two general frameworks for developing a model-based cognitive neuroscience of mind wandering. The first approach uses neural data to segment observed performance into a discrete mixture of latent task-related and task-unrelated states, and the second regresses single-trial measures of neural activity onto structured trial-by-trial variation in the parameters of cognitive process models. We discuss the relative merits of the two approaches, and the research questions they can answer, and highlight that both approaches allow neural data to provide additional constraint on the parameters of cognitive models, which will lead to a more precise account of the effect of mind wandering on brain and behavior. We conclude by summarizing prospects for mind wandering as conceived within a model-based cognitive neuroscience framework, highlighting the opportunities for its continued study and the benefits that arise from using well-developed quantitative techniques to study abstract theoretical constructs.
authors.affiliation: Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: guy.e.hawkins@gmail.com.
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø, Huginbakken 32, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mittner
authors.affiliation: Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boekel
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine - Division of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Social Sciences Building, Private Bag 30, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heathcote
authors.affiliation: Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B U
authors.initials: BU
authors.lastname: Forstmann
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D008390:Markov Chains; D008959:Models, Neurological; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: mind wandering; mixture model; model-based cognitive neuroscience; sequential sampling model; single-trial regression; task-unrelated thoughts