title: Preclinical models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
abstract: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most difficult human malignancies to treat. The 5-year survival rate of PDA patients is 7% and PDA is predicted to become the second leading cancer-related cause of death in the USA. Despite intensive efforts, the translation of findings in preclinical studies has been ineffective, due partially to the lack of preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate features of human PDA. Here, we review current preclinical models for human PDA (eg human PDA cell lines, cell line-based xenografts and patient-derived tumour xenografts). In addition, we discuss potential applications of the recently developed pancreatic ductal organoids, three-dimensional culture systems and organoid-based xenografts as new preclinical models for PDA.
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.|Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Chang-Il
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Centre Utrecht and CancerGenomics.nl, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|foundation Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sylvia F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Boj
authors.affiliation: Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Centre Utrecht and CancerGenomics.nl, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Clevers
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.|Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.|Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Tuveson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
keywords: organoid; pancreatic cancer; patient-derived tumour xenograft; preclinical model