title: Effect of early pregnancy diagnosis by per rectum amniotic sac palpation on pregnancy loss, calving rates, and abnormalities in newborn dairy calves.
abstract: The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effect of per rectal amniotic sac palpation (ASP) for pregnancy diagnosis during the late embryonic period on pregnancy loss, calving rates, and abnormalities in newborn calves. A controlled, randomized, blocked, blind experiment containing 680 lactating pregnant dairy cows with a viable embryo diagnosed by transrectal ultrasonography was performed. Two dairy operation sites (farm A and farm B) were selected. At each farm, the cows were randomly divided into control (CON) and ASP groups. The CON group was not subjected to pregnancy diagnosis via per rectum palpation. The ASP examinations were performed by one experienced veterinarian between Days 34 and 45 after breeding. All cows were reevaluated by transrectal ultrasonography only between 2 and 4 weeks later. Two calving rates were calculated: calving rate 1 (cows that calved from the initial number of pregnant cows) and calving rate 2 (cows that calved from cows pregnant at reexamination). In farm A, the percentages of early pregnancy loss were 11.5% (19 of 165) and 13.2% (24 of 182) for the CON and the ASP groups, respectively (P = 0.64). In farm B, the percentage of early pregnancy loss was 11.2% (19 of 170) for the CON group and 8.8% (14 of 159; P = 0.48) for the ASP group. In farm A, the percentage of late pregnancy loss was 7.6% (11 of 145) for the CON group and 5.5% (8 of 155; P = 0.39) for the ASP group. In farm B, the percentage of late pregnancy loss was 3.7% (5 of 137) for the CON group and 6.3% (8 of 127; P = 0.32) for the ASP group. In farm A, early pregnancy loss was higher than late pregnancy loss (12.4% vs. 6.3%; P = 0.01), and in farm B, the same tendency was detected (10.0% vs. 4.9%, for early and late pregnancy loss, respectively; P = 0.02). In farm A, calving rate 1 was 81.2% (134 of 165) for the CON group and 80.8% (147 of 182; P = 0.92) for the ASP group. Calving rate 2 for the same groups was 92.4% (134 of 145) and 94.8% (147 of 155), respectively (P = 0.68). In farm B, calving rate 1 was 77.7% (132 of 170) for the CON group and 74.8% (119 of 159; P = 0.55) for the ASP group. Calving rates 2 for the same groups were 87.4% (132 of 151) and 82.1% (119 of 145), respectively (P = 0.20). Two female calves with atresia coli were diagnosed only in the CON group. It was concluded that ASP during the late embryonic period for pregnancy diagnosis did not increase the pregnancy loss, affect calving rates, or produce abnormalities in calves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA. Electronic address: jromano@cvm.tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Juan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Amarillo, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Amarillo, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Roney S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Aurora Organic Dairy, Stratford, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Velez
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Amarillo, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pinedo
mesh_terms: D000034:Abortion, Veterinary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D000650:Amnion; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000002:abnormalities*; D001723:Birth Rate; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods; D051517:Digital Rectal Examination / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D011258:Pregnancy Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000662:veterinary
keywords: Amniotic sac; Atresia coli; Cattle; Per rectum palpation; Pregnancy diagnosis; Pregnancy loss