title: Association between HIV infection and bone mineral density in climacteric women.
abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted with the purpose of evaluating bone mineral density in HIV seropositive and seronegative climacteric women. HIV infection was negatively associated with bone mineral density in the lumbar spine
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess bone mineral density (BMD) and its associated factors in HIV seropositive and seronegative climacteric women
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study with 537 women (273 HIV seropositive and 264 HIV seronegative) aged between 40 and 60 years old receiving follow-up care at two hospitals in Brazil. A questionnaire on clinical and sociodemographic characteristics was completed. Laboratory tests were performed, and BMD was measured at the lumbar spine and hip. Statistical analysis was carried out by Yates and Pearson chi-squared tests, Mann-Whitney test, and multiple linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 47.7 years in HIV-seropositive women, and 75 % had nadir CD4 above 200, and 77.8 % had viral load below the detection limit. The mean age in the HIV-seronegative women was 49.8 years. The prevalence of low spinal BMD was 14.6 % in the HIV-seropositive and 4.6 % in the HIV-seronegative women (p < 0.01). The prevalence of low BMD at the femoral neck was 5.6 % in HIV-seropositive and 3.3 % in the HIV-seronegative women (p = 0.38). Multiple analyses showed that the factors associated with lower BMD at the spine were being postmenopausal and being HIV-seropositive. Being overweight was associated with a higher BMD. At the femoral neck, factors associated with lower BMD were being postmenopausal and being white. Being overweight and having a greater number of pregnancies were associated with higher BMD CONCLUSIONS: HIV-seropositive women on long-term antiretroviral treatment and in good immunological conditions exhibited low BMD in the spine (L1-L4). However, BMD in the femoral neck was similar to non-infected women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Debora C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Climacteric, School of Medicine of José do Rosário Vellano University (UNIFENAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana L R
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Valadares
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Néville de Oliveira
authors.initials: Nde O
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aarão M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pinto-Neto
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. luiz.baccaro@gmail.com.|Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Alexander Fleming, 101 Street, 13083-881, Campinas, SP, Brazil. luiz.baccaro@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Luiz Francisco
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Baccaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lúcia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Costa-Paiva
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015519:Bone Density; D001938:Brazil; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000502:physiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D018023:HIV Seronegativity / Q000502:physiology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000502:physiology; D017698:Postmenopause; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D019562:Viral Load; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents
keywords: Climacteric; HIV; HIV seropositivity; Menopause; Metabolic bone diseases; Osteoporosis