title: Monitoring in real time the cytotoxic effect of Clostridium difficile upon the intestinal epithelial cell line HT29.
abstract: The incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) has been increased not only among hospitalized patients, but also in healthy individuals traditionally considered as low risk population. Current treatment of CDI involves the use of antibiotics to eliminate the pathogen, although recurrent relapses have also been reported. For this reason, the search of new antimicrobials is a very active area of research. The strategy to use inhibitors of toxin's activity has however been less explored in spite of being a promising option. In this regard, the lack of fast and reliable in vitro screening methods to search for novel anti-toxin drugs has hampered this approach. The aim of the current study was to develop a method to monitor in real time the cytotoxicity of C. difficile upon the human colonocyte-like HT29 line, since epithelial intestinal cells are the primary targets of the toxins. The label-free, impedance based RCTA (real time cell analyser) technology was used to follow overtime the behaviour of HT29 in response to C. difficile LMG21717 producing both A and B toxins. Results obtained showed that the selection of the medium to grow the pathogen had a great influence in obtaining toxigenic supernatants, given that some culture media avoided the release of the toxins. A cytotoxic dose- and time-dependent effect of the supernatant obtained from GAM medium upon HT29 and Caco2 cells was detected. The sigmoid-curve fit of data obtained with HT29 allowed the calculation of different toxicological parameters, such as EC50 and LOAEL values. Finally, the modification in the behaviour of HT29 reordered in the RTCA was correlated with the cell rounding effect, typically induced by these toxins, visualized by time-lapsed captures using an optical microscope. Therefore, this RTCA method developed to test cytotoxicity kinetics of C. difficile supernatants upon IEC could be a valuable in vitro model for the screening of new anti-CDI agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC) Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valdés
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC) Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gueimonde
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC) Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain. Electronic address: ruas-madiedo@ipla.csic.es.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruas-Madiedo
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D003584:Cytological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins
keywords: Clostridium difficile; HT29; RT-CES; RTCA; Toxins; xCELLigence