title: Which hospitalisations are ambulatory care-sensitive, to what degree, and how could the rates be reduced? Results of a group consensus study in Germany.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Much has been written lately regarding hospitalisations for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (ACSH) and their strengths and weaknesses as a quality management indicator. The idea underlying ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (ACSC) is that effective treatment of acute conditions, good management of chronic illnesses and immunisation against infectious diseases can reduce the risk of a specified set of hospitalisations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present paper applies group consensus methods to synthesise available evidence with expert opinion, thus identifying relevant ACSC. It contributes to the literature by evaluating the degree of preventability of ACSH and surveying the medical and systemic changes needed to increase quality for each diagnosis group. Forty physicians proportionally selected from all medical disciplines relevant to the treatment of ACSC participated in the three round Delphi survey. The setting of the study is Germany.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed core list is a subset of 22 ACSC diagnosis groups, covering 90% of all consented ACSH and conditions with a higher than 85% estimated degree of preventability. Of all 18.6 million German hospital cases in the year 2012, the panelists considered 5.04 million hospitalisations (27%) to be sensitive to ambulatory care, of which 3.72 (20%) were estimated to be actually preventable. If only emergencies are considered, the ACSH share reduces to less than 8%. The geographic distribution of ACSH indicates significant regional variation with particularly high rates and potential for improvement in the North Rhine region, in Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt, northern and eastern Bavaria and the Saarland. The average degree of preventability was 75% across all diagnosis groups. By far the most often mentioned strategy for reducing ACSH was 'improving continuous care'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are several good reasons why process indicators prevail in the assessment of ambulatory care. ACSH rates can however provide a more complete picture by adding useful information related to the overall patient outcome. The results of our analysis should be used to encourage debate and as a basis for further confirmatory work.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Management, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Schackstrasse 4, 80539 Munich, Germany. Electronic address: sundmacher@bwl.lmu.de.
authors.forename: Leonie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sundmacher
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Management, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Schackstrasse 4, 80539 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fischbach
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Management, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Schackstrasse 4, 80539 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Wiebke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schuettig
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Management, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Schackstrasse 4, 80539 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Naumann
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Management, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Schackstrasse 4, 80539 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Augustin
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Management, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Schackstrasse 4, 80539 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faisst
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D003697:Delphi Technique; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Ambulatory care-sensitive conditions; Avoidable hospitalisations; Delphi; Germany; Group consensus; Preventability; Regional variation; Strategies