title: Epidemiology and Management Cost of Myocardial Infarction in North Punjab, Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary heart disease (CHD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Pakistan. The temporal trends in the risk factors for myocardial infarction (MI) and the impact of socioeconomic status on these risk factors remain ambiguous.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of the present analysis were to investigate the potential association between various risk factors and MI in North Punjab, Pakistan, and to assess the status of the control of the risk factors associated with MI in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study included 515 patients admitted to the coronary care units or equivalent cardiology wards of the participating hospitals between 2011 and 2012 in North Punjab, Pakistan. The analysis was focused on identifying the socioeconomic status, lifestyle, family history of MI, and risk factors (i.e. hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and hyperlipidemia). A structured questionnaire was designed to collect data. The lipid profile was recorded from the investigation chart of every patient. For statistical analysis, the Kruskal Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon, and chi-square tests were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MI was common in the males at the age of 41 - 60 years as compared to the females (P = 0.015). Patients with a positive parental history of CHD experienced MI at a younger age (P = 0.0001) at a body mass index (BMI) ≤ 25 kg/m(2). Sedentary lifestyle (70%) and smoking (60%) had a male predominance. Hypertension accounted for nearly 37%, hyperlipidemia 26%, and diabetes 19.4% of the rural and urban subjects (P < 0.01). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased (up to 34 mg/dl), while low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hypertension increased with age. The mean monthly cost of medicines and physicians' fees per patient was 2381.132 Pakistani Rupees (24.24 USD).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher BMI, positive family history, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes were the strong predictors of MI in North Punjab, Pakistan. Preventive efforts are needed to start early in life and continue throughout the life course.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Riffat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Nusrat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jahan
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Atif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hanif
keywords: Diabetes; Hypertension; Myocardial Infarction; Smoking