title: Are Dimensions of Parenting Differentially Linked to Substance Use Across Caucasian and Asian American College Students?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parental warmth and autonomy granting are commonly thought of as protective factors against substance use among Caucasians. However, limited research has examined whether associations between parenting dimensions and substance use outcomes are the same or different among Asian Americans.
  
  
  METHODS
  A final analytic sample of 839 college students was used to test whether race (Caucasian vs. Asian American) moderated the relations between parenting dimensions and substance use outcomes across Caucasians and Asian Americans. We utilized the Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker, Tupling, & Brown, 1979) to measure maternal and paternal warmth, encouragement of behavioral freedom, and denial of psychological autonomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate regression models controlling for covariates including age, gender, and paternal education indicated four significant parenting by race interactions on alcohol problems and/or marijuana use. Specifically, maternal warmth was inversely associated with both alcohol problems and marijuana use among Caucasians but not among Asian Americans. Both maternal and paternal denial of psychological autonomy were positively associated with alcohol problems among Caucasians but not among Asian Americans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with emerging cross-cultural research, the associations between parenting dimensions and substance use behaviors observed in Caucasian populations may not be readily generalized to Asian Americans. These findings highlight the importance of considering different parenting dimensions in understanding substance use etiology among Asian Americans. Future research should use longitudinal data to replicate these findings across development and seek to identify other parenting dimensions that may be more relevant for Asian American youth.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology, University of Washington , Seattle , Washington , USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Luk
authors.affiliation: b Department of Psychology, Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona , USA.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Patock-Peckham
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology, University of Washington , Seattle , Washington , USA.
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Asian Americans; alcohol problems; marijuana use; parental autonomy granting; parental warmth