title: Analysis of γ-hydroxy butyrate by combining capillary electrophoresis-indirect detection and wall dynamic coating: application to dried matrices.
abstract: γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a powerful central nervous system depressant, currently used in medicine for the treatment of narcolepsy and alcohol dependence. In recent years, it has gained popularity among illegal club drugs, mainly because of its euphoric effects as well as doping agent and date rape drug. The purpose of the present work was the development of a rapid analytical method for the analysis of GHB in innovative biological matrices, namely dried blood spots (DBSs) and dried urine spots (DUSs). The analytical method is based on capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect UV absorption detection at 210 nm and capillary wall dynamic coating. The background electrolyte is composed of a phosphate buffer containing nicotinic acid (probe for detection) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, reversal of electroosmosis in wall dynamic coating). The influence of probe and CTAB concentration, together with buffer pH, on migration time and signal response was investigated. Under the optimized conditions, analytical linearity and precision were satisfactory; absolute recovery values were also high (>90 %); the use of dried matrices (DBSs and DUSs) was advantageous as an alternative matrix to classical ones. No interferences were found either from the most common exogenous or from endogenous compounds. This analytical approach can offer a rapid, precise and accurate method for GHB determination in innovative biological samples, which could be important for screening purposes in clinical and forensic toxicology. Graphical Abstract CE method, by combined indirect UV detection and dynamic coating, for GHB determination in DBSs and DUSs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Saracino
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Catapano
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iezzi
authors.affiliation: Addiction Treatment Centre, Health Local Unit ASL, Via Pier Maffei 59, 13836, Cossato, Biella, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Somaini
authors.affiliation: Drug Prevention and Health Branch, Division for Operations, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, P.O. Box 500, 1400, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerra
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy. laura.mercolini@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mercolini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D059788:Dried Blood Spot Testing / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D008958:Models, Molecular; D012978:Sodium Oxybate / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D012978:Sodium Oxybate
keywords: Capillary electrophoresis; Dried blood spots; Dried urine spots; GHB; Indirect UV detection; Wall dynamic coating