title: No Evidence for Association Between Norepinephrine Transporter-3081 (A/T) Polymorphism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Iranian Population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can lead to drastic problems for the patient and its worldwide prevalence is 5%-12%. It also has many comorbidities with other disorders, and the genetic contribution seems the most significant cause.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study was conducted to investigate the association between norepinephrine transporter-3081 (A/T) polymorphisms and ADHD in Iranian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were chosen from children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD referred to Imam Hoseyn Hospital. A child and adolescent psychiatrist confirmed the diagnosis using the Kiddie-Sads-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) semi-structural interview. The control group was from pupils of schools in Tehran (capital city of Iran) who had no history or presence of psychiatric and medical complications. Also, a child and adolescent psychiatrist confirmed their health using the K-SADS-PL semi-structural interview. Genetic examinations were DNA distraction, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), which were conducted according to standard protocols. The statistical analysis was performed using chi-square and Fisher's exact test in SPSS version 21.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentages of ADHD subtypes for combined, inattentive, and hyperactive/impulsive were 72.2%, 17.2%, and 11.9%, respectively. There was no significant association between norepinephrine transporter polymorphism and ADHD (P = 0.81). Moreover, no significant relationship was found between gender [male (P = 0.92) and female (P = 0.63)] and polymorphism. No significant association was found between subtypes of ADHD [combined (P = 0.46), inattentive (P = 0.41), hyperactive/impulsive (P = 0.32)] and polymorphism SCL6A2. This lack of association can also be seen in gender in every subtype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study show no significant association between norepinephrine transporter polymorphism SCL6A2 and ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Eslami Amirabadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Rozita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davari-Ashtiani
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mojgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khademi
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Sepideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: RajeziEsfahani
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Emamalizadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Abolfazl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Movafagh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Fariba
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arabgol
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Said
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadr
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Darvish
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Katayoon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Razjouyan
keywords: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Humans; Iran; Polymorphism, Genetic; SCL6A2 Protein