title: Knowledge and attitudes regarding clinical trials and willingness to participate among prostate cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enrollment of minorities in clinical trials remains low. Through a California population-based study of men with early stage prostate cancer, we examined the relationships between race/ethnicity and 1) attitudes, 2) knowledge and 3) willingness to participate in clinical trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  From November 2011-November 2012, we identified all incident cases of prostate cancer in African American, Latino, and Asian American men ages 18-75 years, and a random sample of white men diagnosed in 2008, through the California Cancer Registry, living within 60 miles of a site offering ≥ 1 clinical trial. Participants completed a 30-min telephone interview in English, Spanish, or Chinese. In this cross-sectional population-based study, multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate associations between race/ethnicity and 1) attitudes, 2) knowledge and 3) willingness to participate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 855 participants, 52% were ≥ 65 years, 42% were white, 24% Latino, 19% African American and 15% Asian American. The majority (81%) had medium-to-high health literacy. Compared to non-Latino white men, African American men were less likely to have above average knowledge of clinical trials (OR=0.55; CI=0.35-0.86), as were Asian American (OR=0.55; CI=0.33-0.93) and Latino men (OR=0.30; CI=0.18-0.48). There were no racial/ethnic differences in willingness to participate. The attitude that "researchers are the main beneficiaries" was negatively associated with willingness (OR=0.63; CI=0.43-0.93); the attitude that "patients are the main beneficiaries" was positively associated with willingness to participate (OR=1.57; CI=1.07-2.29).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men with early stage prostate cancer are willing to take part in clinical trials and this willingness does not vary by race/ethnicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine,University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center,University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, USA. Electronic address: celia.kaplan@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Celia P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine,University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center,University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nápoles
authors.affiliation: Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center,University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narine
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine,University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gregorich
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine,University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Livaudais-Toman
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine,University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center,University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Tung
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry,University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Leykin
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Mack
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roach
authors.affiliation: Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center,University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology,University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Small
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology; D002140:California; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D057220:Health Literacy; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000523:psychology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy*; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000523:psychology*; D035842:Research Subjects / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Clinical trials participation,; Prostate cancer