title: Holding-time and method comparisons for the analysis of fecal-indicator bacteria in groundwater.
abstract: As part of the US Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program, groundwater samples from domestic- and public-supply wells were collected and analyzed for fecal-indicator bacteria. A holding time comparison for total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and enterococci was done by analyzing samples within 8 h using presence/absence methods and within 18-30 h using quantitative methods. The data indicate that results obtained within 18-30 h were not significantly different from those obtained within 8 h for total coliforms and enterococci, by Colilert® and Enterolert® methods (IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME), respectively. Quantitative laboratory methods for samples analyzed within 18-30 h showed a statistically significant higher detection frequency when compared to presence/absence methods done within 8 h for the following methods, E. coli by Colilert and enterococci by membrane filtration on mEI agar. Additionally, a comparison of methods for the enumeration of enterococci was done. Using non-parametric statistical analyses, results from the two methods were statistically different. In this study, the membrane filtration method on mEI agar was more sensitive, resulted in more detections of enterococci, and results were easier to interpret than with the quantitative Enterolert method. The quantitative Enterolert method produced varying levels of fluorescence, which required additional verification steps to eliminate false-positive results. It may be more advantageous to analyze untreated groundwater for enterococci using the membrane filtration method on mEI agar.
authors.affiliation: US Geological Survey, Ohio Water Science Center, 6480 Doubletree Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43229, USA. RNBushon@usgs.gov.
authors.forename: Rebecca N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Bushon
authors.affiliation: US Geological Survey, Ohio Water Science Center, 6480 Doubletree Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43229, USA.
authors.forename: Amie M G
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.affiliation: US Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Water Science Center, 215 Limekiln Road, New Cumberland, PA, 17070, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lindsey
mesh_terms: D016983:Enterococcus; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005374:Filtration; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D014871:Water Microbiology
keywords: Fecal-indicator bacteria; Groundwater; Holding time; Method comparison