title: Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Nasopharyngeal Aspirate From Hospitalized Children With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection With or Without Rhinovirus Bronchiolitis, and Use of the Cytokines as Predictors of Illness Severity.
abstract: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (HRV) respiratory infection in children induce production of inflammatory interleukins (ILs) in the respiratory epithelium. As IL(s) determine the severity of illness, the purpose of this study was to identify the pro-inflammatory IL(s) that could be predictor(s) of clinical severity. One hundred and fifteen patients <2 years old with bronchiolitis due to RSV and /or HRV and 38 controls were selected from a hospital and an outpatient clinic. Clinical data of all patients were recorded. Severity was defined by the number of days with oxygen need. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were collected to perform viral diagnosis by quantitative reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and to quantify ILs: TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8, by flow cytometry. Simple and multiple regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used for statistical analysis. Of the patients selected 60 were single RSV, 28 RSV associated to HRV, and 27 single HRV. All patients (115) showed significantly higher IL levels when compared with controls. Levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 detected in NPA from RSV single and associated to HRV were significantly higher than HRV infected and positively associated with days requiring O2.Levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 detected in NPA from patients infected with RSV only or with both RSV and HRV are increased, and any of those 3 cytokines may have a predictive value for the number of days with need of supplemental oxygen.
authors.affiliation: From the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile (PVD, AAG, JG); Department of Public Health, Catholic University (GV); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile (MRB); Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile (GZ); San Borja-Arriarán, Clinical Hospital (MR, MLB); and Family Health Center "Agustin Cruz Melo", North Health Service, Santiago (PU).
authors.forename: Patricia V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valdivia
authors.forename: Aldo A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gaggero
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bono
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zepeda
authors.forename: Mabel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Uasapud
authors.forename: Ricardo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: M Lina
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Boza
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guerrero
mesh_terms: D001990:Bronchiolitis, Viral / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002673:Child, Hospitalized; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007378:Interleukins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D007378:Interleukins