title: Relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in maternal diets and human milk in the first month post-partum.
abstract: The present study evaluated the relationship between dietary fatty acid (FA) intakes and human milk FA levels.
  
  
  
  Healthy lactating women (n = 514) from Northern China participated in the study. Dietary intake was assessed with a 24-h dietary recall questionnaire and evaluated using golden key maternal nutrition software (Wincome, Shanghai, China) and China Food Composition 2009. Human milk FA composition was determined by gas chromatography.
  
  
  
  The maternal daily median intakes of linoleic acid (LA), α-linolenic acid (ALA) and arachidonic acid (AA) were 19.93 g, 3.08 g and 16.33 mg, respectively. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intakes were below the recommended levels. FA levels in 100 g of human milk were 0.363 g LA, 0.038 g γ-linolenic acid (GLA), 0.052 g dihomo γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), 0.144 g ALA, 0.079 g AA, 0.007 g EPA, 0.018 g docosatetraenoic acid (DTA) and 0.048 g DHA. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that human milk DGLA levels were negatively correlated with dietary LA intake (β = -0.223, P = 0.030), and human milk GLA and DTA levels were negatively correlated with dietary ALA intake (β = -2.189, P = 0.031; β = -2.252, P = 0.027) after adjusting for possible confounding factors.
  
  
  
  The results of the present study suggest the presence of competitive interactions between n-3 fatty acids (ALA) and n-6 fatty acids (GLA and DTA).
authors.affiliation: Experimental Center of Prevention, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D015126:8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D000072001:Diet, Healthy / Q000208:ethnology; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007774:Lactation / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000208:ethnology; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional / Q000009:adverse effects; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000208:ethnology; D011247:Pregnancy; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D015126:8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid
keywords: Chinese women; dietary intake; human breast milk; north of China; polyunsaturated fatty acids; urban