title: Impact of Elicitation on Antioxidant and Potential Antihypertensive Properties of Lentil Sprouts.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the application of elicitors (500 μM ascorbic acid, 50 μM folic acid, 5 mM glutamic acid and 50 ppm chitosan in 5 mM glutamic acid) during lentil germination up to 8 days as a strategy to increase germination rate and to enhance the accumulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and phenolic compounds. The effect of elicitation on the protein profile and antioxidant and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of sprouted lentils was also evaluated. The application of elicitors did not negatively affect the germination yield of lentils and no significant changes on the protein pattern of lentils germinated in the presence of elicitors were observed. Chitosan/glutamic acid increased by 1.6-fold the GABA content in lentil sprouts, whilst ascorbic and folic acids as well as chitosan/glutamic acid were highly effective to enhance the total content of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of sprouted lentils. All elicited lentil sprouts showed ability to inhibit ACE activity (IC50: 9.5-11.9 μg peptides/mL). Therefore, elicitation can be considered a promising approach to improve the content of compounds with antioxidant and potential antihypertensive activities in lentil sprouts.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peñas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Rocío I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Limón
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez-Villaluenga
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Restani
authors.affiliation: Natural Resource Institute Finland (LUKE), New Business Opportunities, New Products, Services and Technology, Myllytie 1, FI-31600, Jokioinen, Finland.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pihlanto
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain. frias@ictan.csic.es.
authors.forename: Juana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frias
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D027806:Lens Plant / Q000254:growth & development*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D036226:Seedlings / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D010636:Phenols; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D005492:Folic Acid; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: Antihypertensive compounds; Antioxidant activity; Elicitation; Lentils; Sprouts