title: IMAGE ARTIFACTS IN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe image artifacts of optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography and their underlying causative mechanisms. To establish a common vocabulary for the artifacts observed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The methods by which OCT angiography images are acquired, generated, and displayed are reviewed as are the mechanisms by which each or all of these methods can produce extraneous image information. A common set of terminology is proposed and used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Optical coherence tomography angiography uses motion contrast to image blood flow and thereby images the vasculature without the need for a contrast agent. Artifacts are very common and can arise from the OCT image acquisition, intrinsic characteristics of the eye, eye motion, image processing, and display strategies. Optical coherence tomography image acquisition for angiography takes more time than simple structural scans and necessitates trade-offs in flow resolution, scan quality, and speed. An important set of artifacts are projection artifacts in which images of blood vessels seem at erroneous locations. Image processing used for OCT angiography can alter vascular appearance through segmentation defects, and because of image display strategies can give false impressions of the density and location of vessels. Eye motion leads to discontinuities in displayed data. Optical coherence tomography angiography artifacts can be detected by interactive evaluation of the images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Image artifacts are common and can lead to incorrect interpretations of OCT angiography images. Because of the quantity of data available and the potential for artifacts, physician interaction in viewing the image data will be required, much like what happens in modern radiology practice.
authors.affiliation: *Vitreous, Retina, Macula Consultants of New York, New York, New York; †Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Spaide
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Nadia K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Waheed
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply; D015862:Choroid Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D012171:Retinal Vessels; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence