title: Developmental RacGAP α2-Chimaerin Signaling Is a Determinant of the Morphological Features of Dendritic Spines in Adulthood.
abstract: Morphological characteristics of dendritic spines form the basis of cognitive ability. However, molecular mechanisms involved in fine-tuning of spine morphology during development are not fully understood. Moreover, it is unclear whether, and to what extent, these developmental mechanisms determine the normal adult spine morphological features. Here, we provide evidence that α2-isoform of Rac-specific GTPase-activating protein α-chimaerin (α2-chimaerin) is involved in spine morphological refinement during late postnatal period, and furthermore show that this developmental α2-chimaerin function affects adult spine morphologies. We used a series of mice with global and conditional knock-out of α-chimaerin isoforms (α1-chimaerin and α2-chimaerin). α2-Chimaerin disruption, but not α1-chimaerin disruption, in the mouse results in an increased size (and density) of spines in the hippocampus. In contrast, overexpression of α2-chimaerin in developing hippocampal neurons induces a decrease of spine size. Disruption of α2-chimaerin suppressed EphA-mediated spine morphogenesis in cultured developing hippocampal neurons. α2-Chimaerin disruption that begins during the juvenile stage results in an increased size of spines in the hippocampus. Meanwhile, spine morphologies are unaltered when α2-chimaerin is deleted only in adulthood. Consistent with these spine morphological results, disruption of α2-chimaerin beginning in the juvenile stage led to an increase in contextual fear learning in adulthood; whereas contextual learning was recently shown to be unaffected when α2-chimaerin was deleted only in adulthood. Together, these results suggest that α2-chimaerin signaling in developmental stages contributes to determination of the morphological features of adult spines and establishment of normal cognitive ability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent studies of neurodevelopmental disorders in humans and their animal models have led to an attractive hypothesis that spine morphogenesis during development forms the basis of adult cognition. In particular, the roles of Rac and its regulators, such as Rac-specific GTPase-activating proteins (RacGAPs) and Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factors, are a topic of focus in spine morphogenesis and cognitive ability. Using a series of mice with global and conditional knock-out (KO) of RacGAP α-chimaerin isoforms (α1-chimaerin and α2-chimaerin), we provide compelling evidence demonstrating that α2-chimaerin is involved in spine morphological refinement during late postnatal development and that this developmental α2-chimaerin function affects adult spine morphologies. Furthermore, our results clearly showed that α2-chimaerin signaling during late postnatal development contributes to normal cognitive ability in adult mice.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan, Department of Genetics, Sokendai, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan, and tiwasato@nig.ac.jp riwata@nig.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Ryohei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, Riken Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsukawa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, Riken Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan, Department of Genetics, Sokendai, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan, and.
authors.forename: Hidenobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, Riken Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeyoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Itohara
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan, Department of Genetics, Sokendai, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan, and tiwasato@nig.ac.jp riwata@nig.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwasato
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000235:genetics; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D020848:Chimerin 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D049229:Dendritic Spines / Q000502:physiology*; D036384:Ephrin-A3 / Q000378:metabolism; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005239:Fear; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009474:Neurons / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D020848:Chimerin 1; D036384:Ephrin-A3; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins
keywords: cognitive development; conditional knock-out mouse; hippocampus; mouse genetics