title: Comparative analysis of biological characteristics of adult mesenchymal stem cells with different tissue origins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To invest the differences among mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from different tissues and their impacts on clinical applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, MSCs were isolated from adipose tissue (AD), umbilical cord tissue (UC), and menstrual blood (Men) and compared their biological characteristics in terms of proliferation capacity, passage capacity, colony formation, and surface markers were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stem cells (SCs) obtained from different sources were all characterized as MSCs, but demonstrated some differences. Umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UCMSCs) were able to overcome density inhibition. The proliferation rate decreased in the order UCMSCs > MenSCs > ADSCs, while the colony-forming ability decreased in the order MenSCs > ADSCs > UCMSCs. Based on gene-expression data for MSCs from different sources within the same donor, 768 MenSC genes were found that were specifically upregulated or downregulated compared with bone marrow-derived MSCs and UCMSCs, most of which were involved in cell function-related pathways. In addition, MenSCs appeared to be superior in terms of immune inflammation, stress response, and neural differentiation potentials, but weaker in terms of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation capacities, compared with UCMSCs and bone marrow-derived MSCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MenSCs have higher extraction efficiency, colony-forming ability, and long time passage capacity. Although the proliferation capacity is inferior to UCMSCs.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Yang
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Zhou
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Mou
authors.affiliation: S-Evans Biosciences, Hangzhou 311121, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Chun
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; S-Evans Biosciences, Hangzhou 311121, China. Electronic address: cxiang@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Charlie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xiang
keywords: Adipose; Menstrual blood; Mesenchymal stem cell; Umbilical cord