title: An array of highly flexible electrodes with a tailored configuration locked by gelatin during implantation-initial evaluation in cortex cerebri of awake rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major challenge in the field of neural interfaces is to overcome the problem of poor stability of neuronal recordings, which impedes long-term studies of individual neurons in the brain. Conceivably, unstable recordings reflect relative movements between electrode and tissue. To address this challenge, we have developed a new ultra-flexible electrode array and evaluated its performance in awake non-restrained animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  An array of eight separated gold leads (4 × 10 μm), individually flexible in 3D, were cut from a gold sheet using laser milling and insulated with Parylene C. To provide structural support during implantation into rat cortex, the electrode array was embedded in a hard gelatin based material, which dissolves after implantation. Recordings were made during 3 weeks. At termination, the animals were perfused with fixative and frozen to prevent dislocation of the implanted electrodes. A thick slice of brain tissue, with the electrode array still in situ, was made transparent using methyl salicylate to evaluate the conformation of the implanted electrode array.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median noise levels and signal/noise remained relatively stable during the 3 week observation period; 4.3-5.9 μV and 2.8-4.2, respectively. The spike amplitudes were often quite stable within recording sessions and for 15% of recordings where single-units were identified, the highest-SNR unit had an amplitude higher than 150 μV. In addition, high correlations (>0.96) between unit waveforms recorded at different time points were obtained for 58% of the electrode sites. The structure of the electrode array was well preserved 3 weeks after implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new implantable multichannel neural interface, comprising electrodes individually flexible in 3D that retain its architecture and functionality after implantation has been developed. Since the new neural interface design is adaptable, it offers a versatile tool to explore the function of various brain structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medical Science, Neuronano Research Centre, Lund University Lund, Sweden ; The Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Agorelius
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medical Science, Neuronano Research Centre, Lund University Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fotios
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tsanakalis
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medical Science, Neuronano Research Centre, Lund University Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Friberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medical Science, Neuronano Research Centre, Lund University Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Palmi T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Thorbergsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medical Science, Neuronano Research Centre, Lund University Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lina M E
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medical Science, Neuronano Research Centre, Lund University Lund, Sweden ; The Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schouenborg
keywords: brain machine interface; brain micro-motions; embedding material; flexible electronic implant; mechanical compliance; neural probe; neuromodulation; stable neural recordings