title: Hyaluronic acid increases tendon derived cell viability and collagen type I expression in vitro: Comparative study of four different Hyaluronic acid preparations by molecular weight.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyaluronic Acid (HA) has been already approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for osteoarthritis (OA), while its use in the treatment of tendinopathy is still debated. The aim of this study was to evaluate in human rotator cuff tendon derived cells the effects of four different HA on cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis and the expression of collagen type I and collagen type III.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vitro model was developed on human tendon derived cells from rotator cuff tears to study the effects of four different HA preparations (Ps) (sodium hyaluronate MW: 500-730 KDa - Hyalgan®, 1000 kDa Artrosulfur HA®, 1600 KDa Hyalubrix® and 2200 KDa Synolis-VA®) at various concentrations. Tendon derived cells morphology were evaluated after 0, 7 and 14 d of culture. Viability, proliferation, apoptosis were evaluated after 0, 24 and 48 h of culture. The expression and deposition of collagen type I and collagen type III were evaluated after 1, 7 and 14 d of culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All HAPs tested increased viability and proliferation, in dose dependent manner. HAPs already reduce apoptosis at 24 h compared to control cells (without HAPs). Furthermore, HAPs stimulated the synthesis of collagen type I in a dose dependent fashion over 14 d, without increase in collagen type III; moreover, in the presence of Synolis-VA® the expression and deposition of collagen type I was significantly higher as compare with the other HAPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAPs enhanced viability, proliferation and expression of collagen type I in tendon derived cells.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Arthoscopy and Sports Trauma Surgery, Hesperia Hospital, Modena, Italy. leonardoosti@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Osti
authors.affiliation: U.O.C. of Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Spirito Santo Hospital, via Fonte Romana 8, 65125, Pescara, Italy. martina.berardocco@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berardocco
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy. v.digiacomo@unich.it.
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: di Giacomo
authors.affiliation: U.O.C. of Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine, Santo Spirito Hospital, Pescara, Italy. graziella.dibernardo@ausl.pe.it.
authors.forename: Graziella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Bernardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" School of Medicine, Rome, Italy. olivafrancesco@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.affiliation: U.O.C. of Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Spirito Santo Hospital, via Fonte Romana 8, 65125, Pescara, Italy. annacberardi@yahoo.it.
authors.forename: Anna C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Berardi
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013710:Tendons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D055675:Viscosupplements / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D055675:Viscosupplements; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid