title: Gender, Ethnicity, and Their Intersectionality in the Prediction of Smoking Outcome Expectancies in Regular Cigarette Smokers.
abstract: The current study utilized the intersectionality framework to explore whether smoking outcome expectancies (i.e., cognitions about the anticipated effects of smoking) were predicted by gender and ethnicity, and the gender-by-ethnicity interaction. In a cross-sectional design, daily smokers from the general community (32.2% women; non-Hispanic African American [n = 175], non-Hispanic White [n = 109], or Hispanic [n = 26]) completed self-report measures on smoking expectancies and other co-factors. Results showed that women reported greater negative reinforcement (i.e., anticipated smoking-induced negative affect reduction) and weight control (i.e., anticipated smoking-induced appetite/weight suppression) expectancies than men. Hispanic (vs. African American or White) smokers endorsed greater negative reinforcement expectancies. A gender-by-ethnicity interaction was found for weight control expectancies, such that White women reported greater weight control expectancies than White men, but no gender differences among African American and Hispanic smokers were found. These findings suggest that gender, ethnicity, and their intersectionality should be considered in research on cognitive mechanisms that may contribute to tobacco-related health disparities.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Claudia G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Mariel S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Nafeesa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andrabi
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Raina D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, USA.
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Hendricks
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Ricky N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Bluthenthal
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA adam.leventhal@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Leventhal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: ethnic minority; gender differences; health disparities; smoking expectancies