title: Evaluation of district mental healthcare plans: the PRIME consortium methodology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have evaluated the implementation and impact of real-world mental health programmes delivered at scale in low-resource settings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the cross-country research methods used to evaluate district-level mental healthcare plans (MHCPs) in Ethiopia, India, Nepal, South Africa and Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multidisciplinary methods conducted at community, health facility and district levels, embedded within a theory of change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following designs are employed to evaluate the MHCPs: (a) repeat community-based cross-sectional surveys to measure change in population-level contact coverage; (b) repeat facility-based surveys to assess change in detection of disorders; (c) disorder-specific cohorts to assess the effect on patient outcomes; and (d) multilevel case studies to evaluate the process of implementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To evaluate whether and how a health-system-level intervention is effective, multidisciplinary research methods are required at different population levels. Although challenging, such methods may be replicated across diverse settings.
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: De Silva
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Sujit D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Rathod
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Breuer
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Abebaw
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fekadu
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jordans
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kigozi
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shidhaye
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Girmay
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Medhin
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ssebunnya
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thornicroft
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Crick
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.affiliation: Mary J. De Silva, MSc, PhD, Sujit D. Rathod, MSC, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Charlotte Hanlon, MRCPsych, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Erica Breuer, MPH, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dan Chisholm, PhD, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Abebaw Fekadu, MD, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Mark Jordans, PhD, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK and HealthNet TPO, Research and Development Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Fred Kigozi, MBChB, MMed, Butabika National Referral and Teaching Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; Inge Petersen, PhD, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rahul Shidhaye, MD(Psych), MHS, Centre for Mental Health, the Public Health Foundation of India, India and Maastricht University/CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Girmay Medhin, MSc, PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders and the Affective Disorders Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000592:standards*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D005002:Ethiopia; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D009390:Nepal; D010347:Patient Care Planning / Q000592:standards*; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000379:methods*; D058996:Quality Improvement; D013019:South Africa; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014454:Uganda