title: Discordant temporal development of bacterial phyla and the emergence of core in the fecal microbiota of young children.
abstract: The colonization pattern of intestinal microbiota during childhood may impact health later in life, but children older than 1 year are poorly studied. We followed healthy children aged 1-4 years (n=28) for up to 12 months, during which a synbiotic intervention and occasional antibiotics intake occurred, and compared them with adults from the same region. Microbiota was quantified with the HITChip phylogenetic microarray and analyzed with linear mixed effects model and other statistical approaches. Synbiotic administration increased the stability of Actinobacteria and antibiotics decreased Clostridium cluster XIVa abundance. Bacterial diversity did not increase in 1- to 5-year-old children and remained significantly lower than in adults. Actinobacteria, Bacilli and Clostridium cluster IV retained child-like abundances, whereas some other groups were converting to adult-like profiles. Microbiota stability increased, with Bacteroidetes being the main contributor. The common core of microbiota in children increased with age from 18 to 25 highly abundant genus-level taxa, including several butyrate-producing organisms, and developed toward an adult-like composition. In conclusion, intestinal microbiota is not established before 5 years of age and diversity, core microbiota and different taxa are still developing toward adult-type configuration. Discordant development patterns of bacterial phyla may reflect physiological development steps in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ringel-Kulka
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ineke
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heikamp-de Jong
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.|Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel.
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ringel
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willem M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: de Vos
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jarkko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salojärvi
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Reetta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Satokari
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001407:Bacillus; D044822:Biodiversity; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003013:Clostridium; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010802:Phylogeny; D019936:Probiotics / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult