title: A fast and simple dose-calibrator-based quality control test for the radionuclidic purity of cyclotron-produced (99m)Tc.
abstract: Cyclotron production of 99mTc through the (100)Mo(p,2n)99mTc reaction channel is actively being investigated as an alternative to reactor-based (99)Mo generation by nuclear fission of (235)U. Like most radioisotope production methods, cyclotron production of 99mTc will result in creation of unwanted impurities, including Tc and non-Tc isotopes. It is important to measure the amounts of these impurities for release of cyclotron-produced 99mTc (CPTc) for clinical use. Detection of radioactive impurities will rely on measurements of their gamma (γ) emissions. Gamma spectroscopy is not suitable for this purpose because the overwhelming presence of 99mTc and the count-rate limitations of γ spectroscopy systems preclude fast and accurate measurement of small amounts of impurities. In this article we describe a simple and fast method for measuring γ emission rates from radioactive impurities in CPTc. The proposed method is similar to that used to identify (99)Mo breakthrough in generator-produced 99mTc: one dose calibrator (DC) reading of a CPTc source placed in a lead shield is followed by a second reading of the same source in air. Our experimental and theoretical analysis show that the ratio of DC readings in lead to those in air are linearly related to γ emission rates from impurities per MBq of 99mTc over a large range of clinically-relevant production conditions. We show that estimates of the γ emission rates from Tc impurities per MBq of 99mTc can be used to estimate increases in radiation dose (relative to pure 99mTc) to patients injected with CPTc-based radiopharmaceuticals. This enables establishing dosimetry-based clinical-release criteria that can be tested using commercially-available dose calibrators. We show that our approach is highly sensitive to the presence of 93gTc, 93mTc, 94gTc, 94mTc, 95mTc, 95gTc, and 96gTc, in addition to a number of non-Tc impurities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tanguay
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Esquinas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vuckovic
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schaffer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bénard
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ruth
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Celler
mesh_terms: D017357:Cyclotrons; D004340:Drug Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D011786:Quality Control; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011874:Radiometry; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D011868:Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals