title: Thyroid Dysfunction and Associated Risk Factors among Nepalese Diabetes Mellitus Patients.
abstract: Objectives. To assess thyroid function and associated risk factors in Nepalese diabetes mellitus patients. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 419 diabetes mellitus patients at B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. Information on demographic and anthropometric variables and risk factors for thyroid dysfunction was collected. Blood samples were analysed to measure thyroid hormones, blood sugar, and lipid profile. Results. Prevalence rate of thyroid dysfunction was 36.03%, with subclinical hypothyroidism (26.5%) as the most common thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid dysfunction was much common in females (42.85%) compared to males (30.04%) (p = 0.008) and in type 1 diabetes (50%) compared to type 2 diabetes mellitus (35.41%) (p = 0.218). Diabetic patients with thyroid dysfunction had higher total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol in comparison to patients without thyroid dysfunction. Significant risk factors for thyroid dysfunction, specifically hypothyroidism (overt and subclinical), were smoking (relative risk of 2.56 with 95% CI (1.99-3.29, p < 0.001)), family history of thyroid disease (relative risk of 2.57 with 95% CI (2.0-3.31, p < 0.001)), and female gender (relative risk of 1.44 with 95% CI (1.09-1.91, p = 0.01)). Conclusions. Thyroid dysfunction is common among Nepalese diabetic patients. Smoking, family history of thyroid disease, and female gender are significantly associated with thyroid dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Central Institute of Science and Technology (CIST) College, Pokhara University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Saroj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khatiwada
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Modern Technical College, Satdobato, Lalitpur, Nepal.
authors.forename: Rajendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kc
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal.
authors.forename: Santosh Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sah
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
authors.forename: Seraj Ahmed
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
authors.forename: Rajendra Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Chaudhari
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
authors.forename: Nirmal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Baral
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
authors.forename: Madhab
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lamsal