title: Walking with eyes closed is easier than walking with eyes open without visual cues: The Romberg task versus the goggle task.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Romberg test, with the subject standing and with eyes closed, gives diagnostic arguments for a proprioceptive disorder. Closing the eyes is also used in balance rehabilitation as a main way to stimulate neural plasticity with proprioceptive, vestibular and even cerebellar disorders. Nevertheless, standing and walking with eyes closed or with eyes open in the dark are certainly 2 different tasks. We aimed to compare walking with eyes open, closed and wearing black or white goggles in healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 50 healthy participants were randomly divided into 2 protocols and asked to walk on a 5-m pressure-sensitive mat, under 3 conditions: (1) eyes open (EO), eyes closed (EC) and eyes open with black goggles (BG) and (2) EO, EO with BG and with white goggles (WG). Gait was described by velocity (m·s(-1)), double support (% gait cycle), gait variability index (GVI/100) and exit from the mat (%). Analysis involved repeated measures Anova, Holm-Sidak's multiple comparisons test for parametric parameters (GVI) and Dunn's multiple comparisons test for non-parametric parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared with walking with EC, walking with BG produced lower median velocity, by 6% (EO 1.26; BG 1.01 vs EC 1.07 m·s(-1), P=0.0328), and lower mean GVI, by 8% (EO 91.8; BG 66.8 vs EC 72.24, P=0.009). Parameters did not differ between walking under the BG and WG conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The goggle task increases the difficulty in walking with visual deprivation compared to the Romberg task, so the goggle task can be proposed to gradually increase the difficulty in walking with visual deprivation (from eyes closed to eyes open in black goggles).
authors.affiliation: PRM Department, GHU Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Paris Diderot University, AP-HP, 200, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France; UMR 8257 "Cognac-G" Paris Descartes University, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France. Electronic address: alain.yelnik@lrb.aphp.fr.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Yelnik
authors.affiliation: PRM Department, GHU Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Paris Diderot University, AP-HP, 200, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France; UMR 8257 "Cognac-G" Paris Descartes University, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France; PRM Department, Hôpital Sud, CHU d'Amiens, University of Picardie Jules-Verne, avenue René-Laennec-Salouël, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tasseel Ponche
authors.affiliation: PRM Department, GHU Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Paris Diderot University, AP-HP, 200, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andriantsifanetra
authors.affiliation: PRM Department, GHU Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Paris Diderot University, AP-HP, 200, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France; UMR 8257 "Cognac-G" Paris Descartes University, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Provost
authors.affiliation: PRM Department, GHU Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Paris Diderot University, AP-HP, 200, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calvalido
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de physiologie de l'exercice, EA4338, University of Savoie, domaine universitaire de Savoie-Technolac, 73376 Le Bourget du Lac, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rougier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D012683:Sensory Deprivation / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Balance; Eyes closed; Goggles; Romberg; Walk