title: Application of genome editing technologies to the study and treatment of hematological disease.
abstract: Genome editing technologies have advanced significantly over the past few years, providing a fast and effective tool to precisely manipulate the genome at specific locations. The three commonly used genome editing technologies are Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), and the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-associated Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system. ZFNs and TALENs consist of endonucleases fused to a DNA-binding domain, while the CRISPR/Cas9 system uses guide RNAs to target the bacterial Cas9 endonuclease to the desired genomic location. The double-strand breaks made by these endonucleases are repaired in the cells either by non-homologous end joining, resulting in the introduction of insertions/deletions, or, if a repair template is provided, by homology directed repair. The ZFNs, TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 systems take advantage of these repair mechanisms for targeted genome modification and have been successfully used to manipulate the genome in human cells. These genome editing tools can be used to investigate gene function, to discover new therapeutic targets, and to develop disease models. Moreover, these genome editing technologies have great potential in gene therapy. Here, we review the latest advances in the application of genome editing technology to the study and treatment of hematological disorders.
authors.affiliation: Bloodwise Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: andrea.pellagatti@ndcls.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pellagatti
authors.affiliation: Bloodwise Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dolatshad
authors.affiliation: Bloodwise Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Bon Ham
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.affiliation: Bloodwise Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valletta
authors.affiliation: Bloodwise Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: jacqueline.boultwood@ndcls.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boultwood
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000072669:Gene Editing; D005821:Genetic Techniques / Q000639:trends; D016678:Genome; D006402:Hematologic Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans
keywords: CRISPR; Genome editing; Hematological disease; TALEN; ZFN