title: Medical marijuana patient counseling points for health care professionals based on trends in the medical uses, efficacy, and adverse effects of cannabis-based pharmaceutical drugs.
abstract: The purpose of this report is to present a review of the medical uses, efficacy, and adverse effects of the three approved cannabis-based medications and ingested marijuana. A literature review was conducted utilizing key search terms: dronabinol, nabilone, nabiximols, cannabis, marijuana, smoke, efficacy, toxicity, cancer, multiple sclerosis, nausea, vomiting, appetite, pain, glaucoma, and side effects. Abstracts of the included literature were reviewed, analyzed, and organized to identify the strength of evidence in medical use, efficacy, and adverse effects of the approved cannabis-based medications and medical marijuana. A total of 68 abstracts were included for review. Dronabinol's (Marinol) most common medical uses include weight gain, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), and neuropathic pain. Nabiximol's (Sativex) most common medical uses include spasticity in multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuropathic pain. Nabilone's (Cesamet) most common medical uses include CINV and neuropathic pain. Smoked marijuana's most common medical uses include neuropathic pain and glaucoma. Orally ingested marijuana's most common medical uses include improving sleep, reducing neuropathic pain, and seizure control in MS. In general, all of these agents share similar medical uses. The reported adverse effects of the three cannabis-based medications and marijuana show a major trend in central nervous system (CNS)-related adverse effects along with cardiovascular and respiratory related adverse effects. Marijuana shares similar medical uses with the approved cannabis-based medications dronabinol (Marinol), nabiximols (Sativex), and nabilone (Cesamet), but the efficacy of marijuana for these medical uses has not been fully determined due to limited and conflicting literature. Medical marijuana also has similar adverse effects as the FDA-approved cannabis-based medications mainly consisting of CNS related adverse effects but also including cardiovascular and respiratory related adverse effects. Finally, insufficient higher-order evidence to support the widespread use of medical marijuana was found, but a limited amount of moderate-level evidence supports its use in pain and seizure management.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA. Electronic address: jparmar@umes.edu.
authors.forename: Jayesh R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Parmar
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D064086:Medical Marijuana / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D064086:Medical Marijuana; D013759:Dronabinol
keywords: Appetite; Cancer; Cannabis; Dronabinol; Efficacy; Glaucoma; Marijuana; Multiple sclerosis; Nabilone; Nabiximols; Nausea; Pain; Side effects; Smoke; Toxicity; Vomiting