title: Do dogs sense hypoglycaemia?
abstract: To summarize the current knowledge on the phenomenon of dogs, both trained and untrained, sensing hypoglycaemia and alerting their owners to it.
  
  
  
  Electronic databases were searched for all types of articles reporting on untrained or trained 'diabetes alert' dogs. Articles published up until December 2014 in the English or German language were included.
  
  
  
  Several case reports and observational studies provide evidence that animals can perform at a level above that attributable to chance, and may reliably detect low diurnal as well as nocturnal hypoglycaemic episodes. Behavioural changes in untrained dogs were reported during 38-100% of hypoglycaemic events experienced by their owners. The sensitivity and specificity of the performance of trained diabetes alert dogs sensing hypoglycaemia ranged from 22 to 100% and 71 to 90%, respectively. Additionally, 75-81% of patients with diabetes who owned a trained dog reported a subsequent improvement in their quality of life. Nevertheless, the available data are limited and heterogeneous because they rely on low patient numbers and survey-based studies prone to recall bias.
  
  
  
  Further research is needed to confirm the preliminary data on the reliability and mechanism underlying the dogs' abilities to detect hypoglycaemia, and its impact on patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Centre at Heinrich Heine University, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany.|German Centre for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Centre at Heinrich Heine University, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany.|German Centre for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.|Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roden
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Centre at Heinrich Heine University, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany.|German Centre for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.|Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Müssig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055696:Olfactory Perception; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents