title: A closer look at 'Cheap White' cigarettes.
abstract: Given the prominence of Cheap Whites in illicit tobacco discussions, we examined various definitions, market presence, brand proliferation, manufacturers, production locations, trademark ownership, prices and compliance with tax stamp and warning labels.
  
  
  
  Data from peer-reviewed and grey literature, newspapers, trademark registries, governments/international organisation reports, and the tobacco industry were contrasted with two visual legal requirements (tax stamps and warning labels) and prices from the Tobacco Pack Surveillance System (TPackSS).
  
  
  
  Multiple sources identified 82 Cheap White brands and 53 manufacturers operating at least 82 production facilities. One-third of these manufacturers are in the free zones of Russia, Cyprus and the UAE. Two-thirds of the 37 Cheap White brands in the TPackSS had neither the correct health warning nor the required tax stamp in at least one country where they were purchased. Cheap Whites are on average less expensive than all other brands, but the price gap is often not as large as anecdotally reported. The cheapest Cheap White cigarettes purchased in one of the TPackSS countries irrespective of the presence of legal signs were still more expensive than the least expensive other brands satisfying both legal requirements.
  
  
  
  We confirmed that many Cheap White brands do not comply with the legal requirements in countries where they are sold, but also found that some of these cigarettes appear to be sold legally even outside their country of origin. The presence of untaxed Cheap Whites undermines tobacco tax policies, while the availability of legal cheap cigarettes is a public health concern.
authors.affiliation: School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vellios
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Clegg Smith
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Joanna E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006801:Humans; D011356:Product Labeling / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D011634:Public Health; D013660:Taxes / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000191:economics*; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence
keywords: Illegal tobacco products; Price; Taxation; Tobacco industry