title: Occurrence of diarrhoea and intestinal pathogens in non-medicated nursery pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intestinal disease in nursery pigs is the most common cause of antibiotic usage in pigs in Denmark. The decision to initiate batch medication of intestinal diseases in nursery pigs is typically made by the stock personnel based on clinical assessments of pigs and counting of diarrhoeic faecal pools on the pen floor. The target population of this study was batches of nursery pigs (10-66 days after weaning) where the stock personnel assessed the pigs to be without signs of intestinal disease and therefore did not needed treatment. The objective was to determine the within-herd prevalence of diarrhoea, and to determine the prevalence of Escherichia coli F4 and F18, Lawsonia intracellularis and Brachyspira pilosicoli by quantitative PCR in pigs with and without diarrhoea.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall apparent prevalence of diarrhoeic pigs across sixteen herds was 32.6 % (CI 95 % 27.9-37.3). The prevalence of diarrhoea increased (p ≤ 0.001) with age of the pigs (days after weaning) with an odds ratio of 1.04 (CI 95 % 1.02-1.05) per extra day. Diarrhoeic pools were observed in 51 % of the pens. L. intracellularis, B. pilosicoli, E. coli F4 and F18 were detected in 20, 17, 13 and 11 % of the 256 faecal samples analysed by quantitative PCR respectively. There was no association between detection of pathogens and diarrhoea status of the individual pigs and between detection of pathogens in a pen and diarrhoea floor pools. In 51 % of the samples from diarrhoeic pigs, pathogens were not detected. Only 5 % of the 3060 pigs examined had clinical signs of diseases other than diarrhoea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One-third of non-medicated nursery pigs had diarrhoea when clinically examined even though they were assessed as healthy by stock personnel. Diarrhoeic status of the pigs and diarrhoeic pools in pen was a poor indicator of intestinal infections with E. coli F4 and F18, L. intracellularis and B. pilosicoli and subclinical infections were common. Therefore, clinical examination and counting of diarrhoea pools should be supported by microbiological testing as decision tools for initiation of batch treatments of intestinal infections in nursery pigs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Sciences, HERD-Centre for Herd-oriented Education, Research and Development, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 2, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. weber@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Nicolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Sciences, HERD-Centre for Herd-oriented Education, Research and Development, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 2, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. jpni@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Jens Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Sciences, HERD-Centre for Herd-oriented Education, Research and Development, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 2, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. alex@oevet.dk.
authors.forename: Alex Stricker
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Sciences, HERD-Centre for Herd-oriented Education, Research and Development, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 2, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. lise-lotte@porcus.dk.
authors.forename: Lise-Lotte
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Sciences, HERD-Centre for Herd-oriented Education, Research and Development, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 2, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. cfh@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Christian Fink
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Sciences, HERD-Centre for Herd-oriented Education, Research and Development, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 2, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. ken@oevet.dk.
authors.forename: Ken Steen
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017400:Brachyspira / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D045824:Desulfovibrionaceae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D020639:Lawsonia Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D015995:Prevalence; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology