title: Comparison between indexes of insulin resistance for risk prediction of cardiovascular diseases or development of diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The predictive effect of various insulin resistance indexes for risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is still unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand and forty-nine 71-years-old male subjects from the Swedish ULSAM study, mean follow-up 9 years. All subjects performed the euglycemic insulin clamp for M/I [glucose disposal/mean insulin], and 75-g oral glucose tolerance test for Ceder-IR: 1/glucose uptake rate/[mean glucose×log mean insulin]; Matsuda-IR: 1/10,000/square root [glucose0×insulin0×glucose120×insulin120]; Belfiore-IR: 1/([glucose0+glucose120]/normal mean glucose×[insulin0+insulin120]/normal mean insulin)+1); and HOMA-IR: [glucose0×insulin0]/22.5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bland-Altman plots showed best agreement between M/I versus Belfiore-IR and Ceder-IR with mean difference near zero, -0.21 to -0.46, while -0.68 to -0.77 for the other indexes. ISI-Ceder was the strongest predictor for incident nonfatal/fatal ischemic heart disease (CHD) or CVD at Cox regression in all subjects, and for incident T2DM at logistic regression in 1024 subjects with no baseline T2DM, with significantly higher hazard ratios or odds ratios than with all other indexes, also with best model fit, after adjusting for clinical characteristics and the traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including metabolic syndrome for CVD risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ceder-IR performed strongest as independent predictor for incidences of CHD/CVD and T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zethelius
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: jan.cederholm@pubcare.uu.se.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cederholm
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin
keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; Diabetes mellitus; Insulin clamp test; Insulin resistance; Myocardial infarction