title: Gender stereotype endorsement differentially predicts girls' and boys' trait-state discrepancy in math anxiety.
abstract: Mathematics is associated with anxiety for many students; an emotion linked to lower well-being and poorer learning outcomes. While findings typically show females to report higher trait math anxiety than males, no gender differences have to date been found in state (i.e., momentary) math anxiety. The present diary study aimed to replicate previous findings in investigating whether levels of academic self-concept was related to this discrepancy in trait vs. state anxiety measures. Additionally, mathematics-related gender stereotype endorsement (mathematics is a male domain) was investigated as an additional predictor of the trait-state discrepancy. The sample included 755 German 9th and 10th graders who completed self-report measures of trait math anxiety, math self-concept, and gender stereotype endorsement, in addition to state measures of anxiety after math classes by use of a standardized diary for 2-3 weeks (N within = 6207). As expected, females reported higher trait math anxiety but no gender differences were found for state math anxiety. Also in line with our assumptions, multilevel analyses showed the discrepancy between trait and state anxiety to be negatively related to students' self-concept (i.e., a lower discrepancy for students with higher self-concepts). Furthermore, gender stereotype endorsement differentially predicted the trait-state discrepancy: When controlling for self-concept in mathematics, females who endorsed the gender stereotype of math being a male domain more strongly overestimated their trait math anxiety as compared to their state anxiety whereas this effect was not significant for males. The present findings suggest that gender stereotype endorsement plays an important role in explaining gender differences in math anxiety above and beyond academic self-concept. Implications for future research and educational practice are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Empirical Educational Research, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany.
authors.forename: Madeleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bieg
authors.affiliation: Department of Empirical Educational Research, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany ; Department of Empirical Educational Research, Thurgau University of Teacher Education Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.affiliation: Instrument Development and Research, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories Bamberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ilka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wolter
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Nathan C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Hall
keywords: anxiety; diary study; ecological momentary assessment; gender stereotype; mathematics; self-concept; state anxiety; trait anxiety