title: Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniation: Results of Revision Surgery and Assessment of Factors that May Affect the Outcome. A Non-Concurrent Prospective Study.
abstract: METHODS
  Non-concurrent prospective study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the functional outcome after open 'fragment' discectomy for recurrent lumbar disc herniation, and to analyze the factors that may affect the outcome.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Literature search revealed only four studies where the factors affecting the outcome of a revision surgery for recurrent disc herniation have been evaluated. None of these studies analyzed for diabetes, disc degeneration and facet arthropathy. We have analyzed these features, in addition to the demographic and clinical factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four patients who underwent the procedure were followed up for an average period of 27.1 months. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were used to assess the functional outcome. Age, gender, smoking, diabetic status, duration of recurrent symptoms, the side of leg pain, level and type of disc herniation, degree of disc degeneration on magnetic resonance imaging, and facet joint arthritis before first and second surgeries, were analyzed as factors affecting the outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average Hirabayashi improvement in JOA was 56.4%. The mean preoperative ODI was 74.5% and the mean ODI at final follow-up was 32.2%, the difference being statistically significant (p<0.01). Patients with diabetes, all of whom had poor long term glycemic control, were found to have a poor outcome in terms of ODI improvement (p=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Open fragment discectomy is a safe and effective surgical technique for the treatment of recurrent disc herniation. However, patients with uncontrolled diabetes may have a less favorable outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Spinal Disorders Surgery Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Spinal Disorders Surgery Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arockiaraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Spinal Disorders Surgery Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Amritanand
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Spinal Disorders Surgery Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Krishnan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Venkatesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Spinal Disorders Surgery Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Kenny Samuel
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: David
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Discectomy; Outcome assessment; Radiculopathy; Recurrent low back pain