title: Coadministration of alloxan and nicotinamide in rats produces biochemical changes in blood and pathological alterations comparable to the changes in type II diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the present study, thirty six male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups and were injected with varying doses of alloxan (Ax) and nicotinamide (NA). The serum levels of glucose, insulin, and adiponectin were measured weekly up to 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated levels of glucose were observed in all groups on days 7, 14, 21, and 28, except in groups a and f (control). The serum insulin levels were significantly elevated in groups b and c on day 7, when compared with that in group f, whereas a decrease in the serum insulin levels was observed in groups d and e on days 21 and 28. The adiponectin levels showed inconsistencies on days 7 and 14. However, significant decrease in the adiponectin levels was observed on days 21 and 28. Histological section of the pancreas showed mild (group a), moderate (group b) to severe (groups c, d, and e) degenerative changes. Concomitant fatty changes in the liver and inflammatory infiltration of the kidney were markedly observed in all the treated groups, when compared to control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested that the use of selective combination of Ax120 + NA50 injection demonstrated type II diabetes mellitus in rats.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Vattam
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia tkzrea@um.edu.my hbr_bala@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hrb
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raghavendran
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Murali
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Savatey
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Clinical Investigative Centre (CIC), University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamarul
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000496:Alloxan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood* / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D010179:Pancreas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D009536:Niacinamide; D000496:Alloxan
keywords: Diabetes; adiponectin; alloxan; inflammatory; nicotinamide