title: Prevalence and spatial distribution of cattle herds infected with Theileria orientalis in New Zealand between 2012 and 2013.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence and spatial distribution of cattle herds infected with Ikeda and non-Ikeda types of Theileria orientalis in New Zealand between November 2012 and June 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pooled serum samples collected historically between November 2012 and June 2013 were obtained from cattle herds throughout New Zealand. Each pooled sample consisted of approximately 20 individual cattle samples from that herd, and was provided with details of the spatial location of the herd (n=722). DNA from all samples was tested using two quantitative PCR assays for the detection of T. orientalis (all types) and the Ikeda type. The proportion of herds that were positive for T. orientalis and Ikeda type, or that were positive for T. orientalis but negative for Ikeda type (non-Ikeda positive) was determined for different regions of New Zealand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest prevalence of herds infected with Ikeda type was detected in the Northland (33/35; 94%) and Auckland and the Waikato (63/191; 33%) regions. Only 2/204 (1%) herds were positive for the Ikeda type in the South Island. A high percentage of herds that were positive for non-Ikeda types was detected in the Gisborne and Hawkes Bay (23 (95%CI=13-37)%), Auckland and Waikato (22 (95%CI=16-29)%) and Bay of Plenty (24 (95%CI=10-44)%) regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high prevalence of Ikeda type detected in cattle herds in the Northland, Auckland and Waikato regions represents a risk to naive cattle being introduced into these regions. There is also the potential for resident cattle herds in the Gisborne and Hawkes Bay, Auckland, Waikato and Bay of Plenty regions to experience increased infection with the Ikeda type. The overall impact experienced by regions will depend on other factors such as the number of herds present and the predominant type of farming, as well as the interplay between tick ecology, cattle immunity and movement patterns of cattle.
authors.affiliation: a Ministry for Primary Industries , 66 Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt , 5018 , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Amj
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McFadden
authors.affiliation: a Ministry for Primary Industries , 66 Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt , 5018 , New Zealand.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gias
authors.affiliation: b Epicentre, Massey University , Tennent Drive, Palmerston North , 4474 , New Zealand.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heuer
authors.affiliation: c Callahan Innovation , 69 Gracefield Road, Seaview, Lower Hutt , New Zealand.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Stevens McFadden
authors.affiliation: a Ministry for Primary Industries , 66 Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt , 5018 , New Zealand.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pulford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring / Q000662:veterinary*; D015995:Prevalence; D016794:Theileria / Q000145:classification*; D013801:Theileriasis / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Ikeda; Theileria associated bovine anaemia; Theileria orientalis; Theileriosis; cattle; surveillance