title: The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape: A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study.
abstract: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 100 genetic variants contributing to BMI, a measure of body size, or waist-to-hip ratio (adjusted for BMI, WHRadjBMI), a measure of body shape. Body size and shape change as people grow older and these changes differ substantially between men and women. To systematically screen for age- and/or sex-specific effects of genetic variants on BMI and WHRadjBMI, we performed meta-analyses of 114 studies (up to 320,485 individuals of European descent) with genome-wide chip and/or Metabochip data by the Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium. Each study tested the association of up to ~2.8M SNPs with BMI and WHRadjBMI in four strata (men ≤50y, men >50y, women ≤50y, women >50y) and summary statistics were combined in stratum-specific meta-analyses. We then screened for variants that showed age-specific effects (G x AGE), sex-specific effects (G x SEX) or age-specific effects that differed between men and women (G x AGE x SEX). For BMI, we identified 15 loci (11 previously established for main effects, four novel) that showed significant (FDR<5%) age-specific effects, of which 11 had larger effects in younger (<50y) than in older adults (≥50y). No sex-dependent effects were identified for BMI. For WHRadjBMI, we identified 44 loci (27 previously established for main effects, 17 novel) with sex-specific effects, of which 28 showed larger effects in women than in men, five showed larger effects in men than in women, and 11 showed opposite effects between sexes. No age-dependent effects were identified for WHRadjBMI. This is the first genome-wide interaction meta-analysis to report convincing evidence of age-dependent genetic effects on BMI. In addition, we confirm the sex-specificity of genetic effects on WHRadjBMI. These results may provide further insights into the biology that underlies weight change with age or the sexually dimorphism of body shape.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America; Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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authors.lastname: Polašek
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Pramstaller
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America; Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America; Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seatte, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Psaty
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Quertermous
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Raitakari
authors.affiliation: Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tuomo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rankinen
authors.affiliation: Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rauramaa
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ridker
authors.affiliation: Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rioux
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rivadeneira
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles BioMedical Resesarch Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jerome I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Rotter
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rudan
authors.affiliation: Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hester M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: den Ruijter
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saltevo
authors.affiliation: BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sattar
authors.affiliation: DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.
authors.forename: Heribert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schunkert
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter E H
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.affiliation: Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America; Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Vetrans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shuldiner
authors.affiliation: HUCH Heart and Lung Center, Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sinisalo
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Snieder
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thorkild I A
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tim D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.affiliation: Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; R & D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Staessen
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Bandinelli
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stefania
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Unnur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Thorsteinsdottir
authors.affiliation: University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stumvoll
authors.affiliation: Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tardif
authors.affiliation: Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tremoli
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria; Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain; Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: André G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Uitterlinden
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland; Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uusitupa
authors.affiliation: Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: André L M
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Verbeek
authors.affiliation: Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sita H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Jorma S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
authors.forename: Veronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vitart
authors.affiliation: Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Völzke
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vollenweider
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waeber
authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America; Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wallaschofski
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Eleftheria
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zeggini
authors.affiliation: Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Aravinda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakravarti
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Clegg
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: L Adrienne
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cupples
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gordon-Larsen
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Cashell E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Jaquish
authors.affiliation: Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America; Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
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authors.affiliation: Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
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authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Abecasis
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Themistocles L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Assimes
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barroso
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sonja I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Berndt
authors.affiliation: Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boehnke
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Panos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deloukas
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America.
authors.forename: Caroline S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Leif C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.affiliation: Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ingelsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Popualtion Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Mohlke
authors.affiliation: Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schlessinger
authors.affiliation: Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stefansson
authors.affiliation: Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands; Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van Duijn
authors.affiliation: Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America; Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Joel N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Hirschhorn
authors.affiliation: Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Cecilia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lindgren
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Iris M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Heid
authors.affiliation: Carolina Center for Genome Sciences and Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kari E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: North
authors.affiliation: Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ingrid B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Borecki
authors.affiliation: Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kutalik
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America; The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America; The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ruth J F
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Loos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D049628:Body Size / Q000235:genetics*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D044465:White People