title: Association between fish and shellfish, and omega-3 PUFAs intake and CVD risk factors in middle-aged female patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to investigate the association between the dietary intake of fish and shellfish, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in the middle-aged Korean female patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis was performed with 356 female patients (means age: 55.5 years), who were recruited from the Huh's Diabetes Clinic in Seoul, Korea between 2005 and 2011. The dietary intake was assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and analyzed using the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis program (CAN-Pro) version 4.0 software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a multiple regression analysis after the adjustment for confounding factors such as age, BMI, duration of diagnosed T2D, alcohol consumption, fiber intake, sodium intake, and total energy intake, fish and shellfish intake of the subjects was negatively associated with triglyceride and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Omega-3 PUFAs intake was negatively associated with triglyceride, systolic blood pressures, diastolic blood pressures, and PWV. The multiple logistic regression analysis with the covariates showed a significant inverse relationship between the omega-3 PUFAs consumption and prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia [OR (95% CI) for greater than the median compared to less than the median: 0.395 (0.207-0.753)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the consumption of fish and shellfish, good sources of omega-3 PUFAs, may reduce the risk factors for CVD in the middle-aged female patients with T2D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyesook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition Science, The Graduate School of Clinical Health Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
authors.forename: Seokyung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyesu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Huh's Diabetes Clinic & the 21C Diabetes and Vascular Research Institute, Seoul 121-806, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Huh's Diabetes Clinic & the 21C Diabetes and Vascular Research Institute, Seoul 121-806, Korea.
authors.forename: Kap Bum
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
authors.forename: Namsoo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chang
keywords: CVD factors; Fish intake; Omega-3 PUFAs; Type 2 diabetes