title: Hexabromocyclododecanes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and polychlorinated biphenyls in radiometrically dated sediment cores from English lakes, ~1950-present.
abstract: This paper reports input fluxes between ~1950 and present, of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in radiometrically-dated sediment cores from 7 English lakes. Fluxes of PCBs at all but one location prone to significant sediment resuspension peaked in the late-1960s/early-1990s, before declining thereafter. Input fluxes of HBCDs at all sites increased from first emergence in the mid-1960s. Thereafter, fluxes peaked in the late-1980s/early-2000s, before declining through to the present, except at the most urban site where HBCD fluxes are still increasing. Trends of PBDEs predominant in the Penta-BDE and Octa-BDE formulations vary between sites. While at some locations, fluxes peaked in the late-1990s/early-2000s; at others, fluxes are still increasing. This suggests the full impact of EU restrictions on these formulations has yet to be felt. Fluxes of BDE-209 have yet to peak at all except one location, suggesting little discernible environmental response to recent EU restrictions on the Deca-BDE product. Strikingly, fluxes of BDE-209 in the most recent core slices either exceed or approach peak fluxes of ΣPCBs, implying substantial UK use of Deca-BDE. Excepting HBCDs, inventories of our target contaminants correlated significantly with local population density, implying substantial urban sources.
authors.affiliation: School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. Electronic address: congqiao.yang@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Congqiao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: Neil L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: Simon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: Handong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Losada
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.affiliation: School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harrad
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000032:analysis*; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C089796:hexabromocyclododecane; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; C010902:decabromobiphenyl ether
keywords: English lakes; HBCDs; PBDEs; PCBs; Sediment core