title: Lower respiratory tract infections among HIV positive and control group in Nepal.
abstract: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are the most frequent respiratory diseases among HIV infected patients and are frequently the first clinical manifestations of the HIV infections. LRTIs are common not only among the HIV seropositive cases but also the commonest domiciliary and nosocomial infections among the general population. The present study was carried out to determine the comparative prevalence of common bacterial and fungal organism among the HIV positive and control population. This cross sectional study was conducted among 220 people attending National Public Health Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal. Out of them 120 were HIV sero-positive and rest were HIV sero-negative. Sputum samples were collected and processed soon after its collection. Macroscopic examination was done to determine the sample integrity. Gram stain, AFB stain and KOH preparation was performed for preliminary identification of the pathogens. Culture was carried out for bacterial and fungal pathogens. Antibiotic susceptibility test (Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method) was performed from the isolated organisms. The 85 out of 120 HIV sero-positive patients were found to be infected with one or more microbial pathogens. The overall infection rate was found to be significantly lower in HIV seronegative people (27 %). Among HIV seropositive cases prevalence of LRTIs was strongly associated with lower CD4 counts (<200/mm(3)). The prevalence of mycobacterium tuberculosis was found to be 10 % among HIV/AIDS patients which was significantly higher than among the non-HIV cases (3 %). The bacterial pathogens was observed among 46.6 % of HIV positive and 22.0 % of HIV negative people. Among the positive cases, K. pneumoniae was the predominant bacterial pathogens, followed by E. coli and S. pneumoniae. C. albicans was found to be predominant fungal pathogen followed by Aspergillus spp. germ tube negative Candida spp. and Penicillium spp. Similar types of organisms were found to be associated with LRTIs among HIV positive and negative people. The prevalence of both fungal and bacterial infections was significantly higher among HIV seropositive people than HIV seronegative people. All in all, lower respiratory tract illness is significantly higher in HIV/AIDS cases than in HIV seronegative cases.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Laboratory, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Chet Raj
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Ojha
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Laboratory, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rijal
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Laboratory, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Khagendra
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Laboratory, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Palpasa
authors.affiliation: Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu Nepal.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kansakar
authors.affiliation: Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu Nepal.
authors.forename: B P
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6477-6260
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Laboratory, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shakya
keywords: Bacterial pathogens; Fungal pathogens and tuberculosis; HIV positive; Lower respiratory tract infections