title: Clonidine versus sufentanil as an adjuvant to ropivacaine in patient-controlled epidural labour analgesia: A randomised double-blind trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adjuvants to local anaesthetics for epidural labour analgesia are useful if they reduce side-effects or personnel requirements. Epidural clonidine improves analgesia and provides a significant local anaesthetic-sparing effect.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the number of rescue doses administered by the anaesthesiologist when clonidine or sufentanil is added to epidural ropivacaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised double-blind trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium, from June 2009 to June 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ninety-five women in labour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidural analgesia initiated with 10 ml ropivacaine 0.1%, women randomised to receive patient-controlled epidural analgesia (5 ml demand bolus, 15 min lockout) with ropivacaine 0.1% and sufentanil 0.25 μg ml⁻¹ (RS group; n = 65), or ropivacaine 0.1% and clonidine 1.5 μg ml⁻¹ (RC1.5 group; n = 65) or ropivacaine 0.1% and clonidine 3 μg ml⁻¹ (RC3 group; n = 65). Rescue analgesia was available as needed – 10 ml ropivacaine 0.1% (numerical rating scale <6/10) or ropivacaine 0.2% (numerical rating scale ≥6/10).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparison of the total number of rescue doses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total number of rescue doses was similar among the groups [median (interquartile range): 1 (0 to 1) in the RC1.5 group, 1 (1 to 2) in the RC3 group and 2 (1 to 2) in the RS group; overall P = 0.056]. However, fewer patients in both the RC1.5 and RC3 groups needed two or more rescue doses (25 and 29% versus 52% in the RS group, P = 0.01). The rate of instrumental delivery was higher in both clonidine groups (13 and 12% versus 0%, P = 0.03). Nausea was significantly less frequent in both the clonidine groups. Satisfaction scores, total ropivacaine consumption, maternal sedation, and hypotension and neonatal outcomes were similar among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with sufentanil 0.25 μg ml⁻¹, addition of clonidine (1.5 to 3 μg ml⁻¹) to patient-controlled epidural analgesia with ropivacaine 0.1% provided similar labour analgesia and a similar need for anaesthesiologist-administered rescue doses. Clonidine 3 μg ml⁻¹ did not offer any advantage over clonidine 1.5 μg ml⁻¹. The instrumentation rate was higher in both the clonidine groups.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anesthesiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roelants
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lavand'homme
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D017409:Sufentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D017409:Sufentanil; D003000:Clonidine