title: Evaluation of GCF MMP-1, MMP-8, TGF-β1, PDGF-AB, and VEGF levels in periodontally healthy smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of smoking on inflammatory biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is well established in the presence of periodontal inflammation. However, it is not clear if smoking has an influence on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and growth factor levels in the GCF of periodontally healthy subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate GCF levels of MMP-1, MMP-8, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in smoking versus nonsmoking periodontally healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two periodontally healthy subjects were included in this study. Probing depths, bleeding on probing, and plaque index was assessed. GCF levels of MMP-1, MMP-8, TGF-β1, PDGF-AB, and VEGF were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were observed in the distribution of demographic data between study groups. GCF total amount of PDGF-AB was significantly lower in smokers compared to nonsmokers (P = 0.014). Total amount of GCF MMP-1, MMP-8, TGF-β1, and VEGF levels were similar in both study groups (P = 0.022).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking has the effect of decreasing GCF PDGF-AB while it does not affect GCF MMP-1, MMP-8, TGF-β1, and VEGF in periodontally healthy subjects. Since increased levels of these molecules are involved in periodontal breakdown, our findings may emphasize the importance for maintenance of periodontal health in smokers.
authors.forename: Gülnihal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eren
authors.forename: Hatice Oya
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Türkoğlu
authors.forename: Harika
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Atmaca
authors.forename: Fatma Gül
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Atilla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000032:analysis*; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000032:analysis*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000517:prevention & control; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis*; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000032:analysis*; D014421:Turkey; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C095477:platelet-derived growth factor AB; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1