title: Metabolite Profiles of Maize Leaves in Drought, Heat, and Combined Stress Field Trials Reveal the Relationship between Metabolism and Grain Yield.
abstract: The development of abiotic stress-resistant cultivars is of premium importance for the agriculture of developing countries. Further progress in maize (Zea mays) performance under stresses is expected by combining marker-assisted breeding with metabolite markers. In order to dissect metabolic responses and to identify promising metabolite marker candidates, metabolite profiles of maize leaves were analyzed and compared with grain yield in field trials. Plants were grown under well-watered conditions (control) or exposed to drought, heat, and both stresses simultaneously. Trials were conducted in 2010 and 2011 using 10 tropical hybrids selected to exhibit diverse abiotic stress tolerance. Drought stress evoked the accumulation of many amino acids, including isoleucine, valine, threonine, and 4-aminobutanoate, which has been commonly reported in both field and greenhouse experiments in many plant species. Two photorespiratory amino acids, glycine and serine, and myoinositol also accumulated under drought. The combination of drought and heat evoked relatively few specific responses, and most of the metabolic changes were predictable from the sum of the responses to individual stresses. Statistical analysis revealed significant correlation between levels of glycine and myoinositol and grain yield under drought. Levels of myoinositol in control conditions were also related to grain yield under drought. Furthermore, multiple linear regression models very well explained the variation of grain yield via the combination of several metabolites. These results indicate the importance of photorespiration and raffinose family oligosaccharide metabolism in grain yield under drought and suggest single or multiple metabolites as potential metabolic markers for the breeding of abiotic stress-tolerant maize.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.O., S.W., J.L., I.F.-S., A.R.F.);International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Kilometer 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, Texcoco, Mexico 56130 (N.P.-R.);Department de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.Y., J.L.A.); andInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Southern Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe (J.E.C.) obata@mpimp-golm.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8931-7722
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Obata
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.O., S.W., J.L., I.F.-S., A.R.F.);International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Kilometer 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, Texcoco, Mexico 56130 (N.P.-R.);Department de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.Y., J.L.A.); andInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Southern Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe (J.E.C.).
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.O., S.W., J.L., I.F.-S., A.R.F.);International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Kilometer 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, Texcoco, Mexico 56130 (N.P.-R.);Department de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.Y., J.L.A.); andInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Southern Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe (J.E.C.).
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lisec
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.O., S.W., J.L., I.F.-S., A.R.F.);International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Kilometer 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, Texcoco, Mexico 56130 (N.P.-R.);Department de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.Y., J.L.A.); andInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Southern Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe (J.E.C.).
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Palacios-Rojas
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.O., S.W., J.L., I.F.-S., A.R.F.);International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Kilometer 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, Texcoco, Mexico 56130 (N.P.-R.);Department de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.Y., J.L.A.); andInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Southern Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe (J.E.C.).
authors.forename: Igor
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1862-7931
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Florez-Sarasa
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.O., S.W., J.L., I.F.-S., A.R.F.);International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Kilometer 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, Texcoco, Mexico 56130 (N.P.-R.);Department de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.Y., J.L.A.); andInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Southern Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe (J.E.C.).
authors.forename: Salima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yousfi
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.O., S.W., J.L., I.F.-S., A.R.F.);International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Kilometer 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, Texcoco, Mexico 56130 (N.P.-R.);Department de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.Y., J.L.A.); andInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Southern Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe (J.E.C.).
authors.forename: Jose Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Araus
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.O., S.W., J.L., I.F.-S., A.R.F.);International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Kilometer 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, Texcoco, Mexico 56130 (N.P.-R.);Department de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.Y., J.L.A.); andInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Southern Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe (J.E.C.).
authors.forename: Jill E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2735-3485
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cairns
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.O., S.W., J.L., I.F.-S., A.R.F.);International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Kilometer 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, Texcoco, Mexico 56130 (N.P.-R.);Department de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.Y., J.L.A.); andInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Southern Africa Regional Office, Harare, Zimbabwe (J.E.C.).
authors.forename: Alisdair R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fernie
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018533:Biomass; D055864:Droughts; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000378:metabolism; D005838:Genotype; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012621:Seasons; D013045:Species Specificity; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D003313:Zea mays / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D009844:Oligosaccharides