title: Wireless non-invasive continuous respiratory monitoring with FMCW radar: a clinical validation study.
abstract: Altered respiratory rate is one of the first symptoms of medical conditions that require timely intervention, e.g., sepsis or opioid-induced respiratory depression. To facilitate continuous respiratory rate monitoring on general hospital wards a contactless, non-invasive, prototype monitor was developed using frequency modulated continuous wave radar. We aimed to study whether radar can reliably measure respiratory rate in postoperative patients. In a diagnostic cross-sectional study patients were monitored with the radar and the reference monitor (pneumotachograph during mechanical ventilation and capnography during spontaneous breathing). Eight patients were included; yielding 796 min of observation time during mechanical ventilation and 521 min during spontaneous breathing. After elimination of movement artifacts the bias and 95 % limits of agreement for mechanical ventilation and spontaneous breathing were -0.12 (-1.76 to 1.51) and -0.59 (-5.82 to 4.63) breaths per minute respectively. The radar was able to accurately measure respiratory rate in mechanically ventilated patients, but the accuracy decreased during spontaneous breathing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Mailstop Q 04.2.313, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands. K.vanLoon-3@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van Loon
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Mailstop Q 04.2.313, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Breteler
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Mailstop Q 04.2.313, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Wolfwinkel
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care, ZGT Hospital, Almelo, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Rheineck Leyssius
authors.affiliation: Radar Technology at TNO, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kossen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Mailstop Q 04.2.313, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kalkman
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Mailstop Q 04.2.313, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Zaane
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Mailstop Q 04.2.313, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Peelen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D009068:Movement; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011825:Radar; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012119:Respiration; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency; D056152:Respiratory Rate; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D059015:Wireless Technology
keywords: Monitoring; Radar; Remote; Respiratory rate