title: Children (10-12 years age) of women with epilepsy have lower intelligence, attention and memory: Observations from a prospective cohort case control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the cognitive outcome of children of women with epilepsy (CWE) with matched controls (CWO).
  
  
  METHODS
  CWE (10-12 years) under follow up in Kerala Registry of Epilepsy and Pregnancy (n=190) were evaluated with WISC-IV, Trail Making Test (TMT), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and compared with age and sex matched children of women without epilepsy - CWO (n=149) drawn from schools in the same region. The dosage was expressed as prescribed daily dose/daily-defined dose (PDD/DDD) ratio in order to make comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Full Scale IQ of CWE (77.9 ± 14.6) was 8.5 points lower than that of CWO (86.4 ± 13.4), which was statistically significant (p=0.001). They performed lower on TMT Part A & B and RAVLT. The FSIQ mean ± SD; PDD/DDD ratio and number of monotherapy exposure for different anti-epileptic drugs were phenobarbital: (74.5 ± 14; 1.1 ± 0.8; 22), valproate: (82.8 ± 12.4; 0.3 ± 0.1; 36), carbamazepine: (82.2 ± 13.9; 0.6 ± 0.3; 41), phenytoin: (82.6 ± 13.5; 0.8±0.3; 11). The FSIQ for those exposed to phenobarbital was significantly (p=0.01) lower than others. The significant predictors of FSIQ differed at lower and higher ends of its spectrum. These predictors were low body mass index and low maternal education for FSIQ<80 and low maternal education, low maternal IQ and high anti-epileptic drug dosage for FSIQ<86. High anti-epileptic drug dosage, low maternal IQ, and low paternal education were the predictors for FSIQ<92.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IQ, attention and memory were significantly lower for 10-12 year old CWE when compared to CWO. The important predictors of low FSIQ were antiepileptic drug dosage, maternal IQ, and parental education.
authors.affiliation: Kerala Registry of Epilepsy and Pregnancy, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, India. Electronic address: neelima.anil@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Neelima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gopinath
authors.affiliation: Kerala Registry of Epilepsy and Pregnancy, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, India. Electronic address: km_anila@yahoo.in.
authors.forename: Anila K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Muneer
authors.affiliation: Kerala Registry of Epilepsy and Pregnancy, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, India. Electronic address: uksyam@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Syam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Unnikrishnan
authors.affiliation: Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, India. Electronic address: rpvarma@sctimst.ac.in.
authors.forename: Ravi Prasad
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.affiliation: Kerala Registry of Epilepsy and Pregnancy, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, India. Electronic address: sanjeev.v.thomas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sanjeev V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D009035:Mothers; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants
keywords: Antenatal exposure; Antiepileptic drug; Cognitive outcome; Epilepsy; Pregnancy