title: The power of putting a label on it: green labels weigh heavier than contradicting product information for consumers' purchase decisions and post-purchase behavior.
abstract: Green products are appealing. Thus, labeling products as environmentally friendly is an effective strategy to increase sales. However, the labels often promise more than the products can actually deliver. In the present research, we examined the expectation that consumers with high ecological motivation have strong preferences for green-labeled products - even when presented product information contradicts the label's image. This unsettling hypothesis is grounded in the labels' potential to create a cognitive match between the labeled product and consumers' motives. For labels indicating environmental friendliness (green product labels), this link should be strongest when consumers' ecological motivation is high. Findings in a series of three experiments support our assumption, showing that consumers with high ecological motivation had strong preferences (i.e., product evaluations, purchase intentions, and simulated purchase decisions) for green-labeled products as compared to consumers with low ecological motivation (Studies 1-3). Crucially, these preferences were robust, despite contradicting environmental product information (Studies 1 and 2). We extended our findings by additionally examining the impact of product labels and motivation on moral self-regulation processes. This was established by assessing participants' pro-social behavior after the purchase task: participants with high ecological motivation acted, consistent with their motives, more pro-socially in post-decision occasions. In accordance with moral cleansing effects, pro-social behavior was intensified after purchasing conventional products (Studies 2 and 3). Green labels protected participants with high ecological motivation from moral threats due to the purchase, thus making pro-social behavior less likely. Findings suggest that highly ecologically motivated consumers are most susceptible to green labels, which may override detailed product information.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany ; Consumer Decision and Sustainable Behavior Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ulf J J
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Hahnel
authors.affiliation: Department of Personality and Social Psychology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waschto
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Liridon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Korcaj
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hillmann
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Damaris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roser
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Spada
keywords: behavioral consistency; conservation (ecological behavior); ecological motives; moral self-regulation; perceived matching; product labeling; self-congruity