title: Barrier function and natural moisturizing factor levels after cumulative exposure to a fruit-derived organic acid and a detergent: different outcomes in atopic and healthy skin and relevance for occupational contact dermatitis in the food industry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fruit-derived organic compounds and detergents are relevant exposure factors for occupational contact dermatitis in the food industry. Although individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD) are at risk for development of occupational contact dermatitis, there have been no controlled studies on the effects of repeated exposure to multiple irritants, relevant for the food industry, in atopic skin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate the outcomes of repeated exposure to a fruit-derived organic acid and a detergent in AD compared to healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The volunteers were exposed to 2.0% acetic acid (AcA) and/or 0.5% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in controlled tandem repeated irritation test. The outcomes were assessed by measurements of erythema, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and natural moisturizing factor (NMF) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the AD volunteers, repeated AcA exposure led to barrier disruption and significant TEWL increase; no significant differences after the same exposure in the healthy controls were found. Repeated exposure to SLS and the irritant tandems enhanced the reactions and resulted in a significantly higher increase in TEWL in the AD compared to the control group. Cumulative irritant exposure reduced the NMF levels in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in the severity of irritant-induced barrier impairment in atopic individuals contribute to the risk for occupational contact dermatitis in result of multiple exposures to food-derived irritants and detergents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.|Comprehensive Center for Inflammation Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Angelova-Fischer
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne-Karin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hoek
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dapic
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Ivone
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jakasa
authors.affiliation: Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Centre, 1100 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kezic
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Detlef
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zillikens
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003902:Detergents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D019649:Food Industry; D005638:Fruit; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000009:adverse effects; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003902:Detergents; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D019342:Acetic Acid
keywords: atopic dermatitis; fruit-derived organic acids; irritant hand eczema; natural moisturizing factor; occupational contact dermatitis; skin barrier function; sodium lauryl sulfate