title: Functional chondroitin sulfate from Enteroctopus dofleini containing a 3-O-sulfo glucuronic acid residue.
abstract: There are several reports that chondroitin sulfate containing K-type units [GlcA (3S)-GalNAc (4S)] exhibiting similar levels of neurite outgrowth promoting activities as CS having high amounts of B-, D- and E-type disulfated disaccharides. Although CS containing K-type units possess important biological activities, there are only few sources, such as king crab cartilage, squid cartilage or sea cucumber. In this study, CS containing 13.9% of K-type units was found in octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) cartilage using different substrate specificities of chondroitinases. The 2D NMR spectra showed cross-peaks assigned to protons on sugar ring of GlcA (3S), demonstrating the presence of K-type units in octopus CS. Furthermore, proportion of fucosylated disaccharide units in octopus CS was very low. Octopus CS showed high affinity for growth factors and stimulated neurite outgrowth of hippocampal neurons, similar to the activity of squid CS-E. These results strongly suggest that octopus cartilage is a rich source of CS-K and has important biological activities.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higashi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mukuno
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wakai
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Saori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hosoyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Linhardt
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. Electronic address: toida@faculty.chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage / Q000737:chemistry; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D016501:Neurites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D049831:Octopodiformes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates
keywords: Chondroitin sulfate; Growth factors; K-unit; Octopus cartilage