title: Breast cancer screening in England and the United States: a comparison of provision and utilisation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Comparing breast cancer screening across countries within the context of some of the benefits and harms offers the opportunity to improve effectiveness through mutual learning.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper describes the provision of breast cancer screening in England and the United States. The various recommendations for accessing breast cancer screening in the two countries are set out and the organisation of services including quality assurance, incentives and performance mechanisms considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the United States, younger women are routinely screened; they are less likely to benefit and more likely to be harmed. The utilisation of breast cancer screening amongst eligible women is broadly comparable in the two countries. However, there are differences in technical performance; the reasons for these including radiological reading procedures and cultural factors are explored.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a well-functioning screening programme, breast cancer mortality and survival in England are poor relative to other countries. Emphasis for American improvement should be on reducing false-positive recall rates, while the English NHS could supplement existing efforts to understand and improve comparatively poor survival and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Care Quality Commission, London, England. Joe.Williams@cqc.org.uk.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: South East Coast Cancer Screening QA Reference Centre, Public Health England, Battle, England.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garvican
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice at the Dartmouth School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.|Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Anna N A
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Tosteson
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice at the Dartmouth School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice at the Dartmouth School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.|Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Onega
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015397:Program Evaluation; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Breast cancer; England; Mammography; Screening; United States