title: Positive Affect and Health Behaviors Across 5 Years in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: The Heart and Soul Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Positive psychological states are linked to superior health and longevity, possibly due to behavioral factors. We evaluated cross-sectional and 5-year associations between positive affect and health behaviors in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatients with CHD reported positive affect, physical activity, sleep quality, medication adherence, cigarette smoking, and alcohol use at baseline (n = 1022) and 5 years later (n = 662). Covariates in regression analyses included demographics, cardiac disease severity, and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, higher positive affect (per 1 standard deviation) was associated with better health behaviors: physical activity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.52, 95% 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.30-1.77, p < .001), sleep quality (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.04-1.48, p = .015), medication adherence (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.12-1.90, p = .005), and nonsmoking (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.06-1.57, p = .012), but was unrelated to alcohol use. Baseline positive affect did not predict health behaviors at follow-up, accounting for baseline behaviors. However, increases in positive affect across 5 years co-occurred with improvements in physical activity (B = 0.023, standard error [SE] = 0.008, p = .002), sleep quality (B = 0.011, SE = 0.005, p = .039), and medication adherence (B = 0.014, SE = 0.004, p < .001), but not smoking status (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.73-1.55, p = .74).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positive affect was associated with health behaviors among patients with CHD. Efforts to sustain or enhance positive affect may be promising for promoting better health behaviors.
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Healthy Aging and Department of Biobehavioral Health (Sin), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Medical Social Sciences (Moskowitz), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology & Biostatistics (Whooley), University of California, San Francisco, California; and Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Whooley), San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Sin
authors.forename: Judith Tedlie
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Whooley
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012890:Sleep; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology