title: The molecular effect of metastasis suppressors on Src signaling and tumorigenesis: new therapeutic targets.
abstract: A major problem for cancer patients is the metastasis of cancer cells from the primary tumor. This involves: (1) migration through the basement membrane; (2) dissemination via the circulatory system; and (3) invasion into a secondary site. Metastasis suppressors, by definition, inhibit metastasis at any step of the metastatic cascade. Notably, Src is a non-receptor, cytoplasmic, tyrosine kinase, which becomes aberrantly activated in many cancer-types following stimulation of plasma membrane receptors (e.g., receptor tyrosine kinases and integrins). There is evidence of a prominent role of Src in tumor progression-related events such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the development of metastasis. However, the precise molecular interactions of Src with metastasis suppressors remain unclear. Herein, we review known metastasis suppressors and summarize recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of how these proteins inhibit metastasis through modulation of Src. Particular emphasis is bestowed on the potent metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) and its interactions with the Src signaling cascade. Recent studies demonstrated a novel mechanism through which NDRG1 plays a significant role in regulating cancer cell migration by inhibiting Src activity. Moreover, we discuss the rationale for targeting metastasis suppressor genes as a sound therapeutic modality, and we review several examples from the literature where such strategies show promise. Collectively, this review summarizes the essential interactions of metastasis suppressors with Src and their effects on progression of cancer metastasis. Moreover, interesting unresolved issues regarding these proteins as well as their potential as therapeutic targets are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wensheng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Zaklina
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kovacevic
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhihai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China.
authors.forename: Runsen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China.
authors.forename: Puxiongzhi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China.
authors.forename: Minhua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael L-H
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Patric J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Danuta S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kalinowski
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Darius J R
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Angelica M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Merlot
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sahni
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Des R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D063646:Carcinogenesis; D016391:Genes, src; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015398:Signal Transduction; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019061:src-Family Kinases
keywords: NDRG1; Src; metastasis; metastasis suppressor