title: Predictors and outcomes following naloxone administration during Phase I anesthesia recovery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify characteristics associated with postoperative respiratory depression that required naloxone intervention during Phase I recovery following general anesthesia. A secondary aim is to compare postoperative outcomes between patients who received naloxone and those who did not.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who received naloxone to reverse opioid-induced respiratory depression or sedation during Phase I postanesthesia recovery from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2013 were identified and matched to 2 controls based on age, sex, and surgical procedure during the same year. A chart review was performed to identify factors associated with risk for intervention requiring naloxone as well as to note the occurrence of adverse postoperative outcomes. Analyses to assess characteristics potentially associated with naloxone use were performed using conditional logistic regression taking into account the 1:2 matched set case-control study design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Naloxone was administered to 413 patients, with an incidence of 2.5 per 1000 anesthetics [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.7-6.5]. Presence of obstructive sleep apnea [odds ratio (OR) = 1.74, 95 % CI 1.22-2.48, P = 0.002], ASA Physical Status (PS) ≥III (OR 1.44, 95 % CI 1.08-1.92, P = 0.013), and greater opioid administration (OR 1.22, 95 % CI 1.12-1.33, per 10 intravenous morphine equivalents mg, P < 0.001) were associated with naloxone administration. Naloxone administration was associated with increased adverse events (OR 3.39, 95 % CI 2.22-5.23, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obstructive sleep apnea, higher ASA-PS scores and greater doses of intraoperative opioids were associated with naloxone administration during Phase I recovery. Patients administered naloxone had increased adverse events after discharge from the recovery room and may benefit from a higher level of postoperative care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. weingarten.toby@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Toby N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Weingarten
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Medical Student, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Elisa Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Darrell R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Juraj
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sprung
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009270:Naloxone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009270:Naloxone
keywords: Naloxone; Postoperative complications