title: Feasibility of Using an Enzymatically Activatable Fluorescence Probe for the Rapid Evaluation of Pancreatic Tissue Obtained Using Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration: a Pilot Study.
abstract: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is the most reliable method for the histological diagnosis of pancreatic tumors. Rapid on-site fluorescence-guided histological diagnosis was evaluated by topically applying an enzymatically activatable probe onto the EUS-FNA samples; the probe fluoresces in the presence of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT).
  
  
  
  We evaluated GGT expression in pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro. EUS-FNA was performed in 10 pancreatic tumors. After topical application of the probe, signal intensity was measured using a fluorescence imaging system for 13 min.
  
  
  
  GGT was expressed in Panc-1, AsPC-1, and AR42J, but not in KP4 cells. In samples from six cases, several regions of the specimens fluoresced and contained adequate tissue for pathological diagnosis. The remaining four non-fluorescent samples contained very small amounts of carcinoma, normal epithelial cells, or no epithelial cells. The signal intensity at 5 min was 25.5 ± 7.7 and 7.7 ± 0.5 in fluorescent and non-fluorescent regions, respectively (p < 0.05).
  
  
  
  Application of enzymatically activatable probe onto EUS-FNA samples would be feasible for the rapid evaluation of tissues suitable for histological diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita15 Nishi7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita15 Nishi7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan. sonishi@pop.med.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hatanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kanako C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Hatanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita15 Nishi7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidetaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hosono
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita15 Nishi7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshimasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Mako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita15 Nishi7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuwatani
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita15 Nishi7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. uranokun@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yasuteru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Urano
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita15 Nishi7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D061765:Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008875:Middle Aged; D010179:Pancreas / Q000473:pathology*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D051381:Rats; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase
keywords: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration; Enzymatically activatable fluorescence probe; Fluorescent imaging; Pancreatic tumor; Rapid on-site evaluation