title: Prevalence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion polymorphism in South Indian population with hypertension and chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is associated with a high risk of developing further severe complications such as, cardiovascular disease and eventually End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) leading to death. Hypertension plays a key role in the progression of renal failure and is also a chief risk factor for the occurrence of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the possible association of insertion (I) and deletion (D) polymorphism of ACE gene in patients of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) with and without hypertension (HT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Total 120 participants with 30 members in each group (Control, HT, CKD and CKD-HT) were chosen followed by informed consent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected and subjected to biochemical analyses and nested PCR amplification was performed to genotype the DNA, for ACE I/D using specific primers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 13. Allele and genotypic frequency was calculated by direct gene counting method. Comparison of the different genotypes was done by using Chi square test. Odd's ratios were calculated with a 95% confidence interval limit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ACE genotype were distributed as II, 27 (90%); DD, 2 (6.67%) and ID, 1 (3.33%) in control, II, 1 (3.33%); DD, 5 (16.67%) and ID, 24 (80%) in HT, II, 4 (13.33%); DD, 24 (80%) and ID, 2 (6.67%) in CKD and II, 0 (0%); DD, 2 (6.67%) and ID, 28 (93.33%) in CKD-HT group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  D allele of ACE gene confers a greater role in genetic variations underlying CKD and hypertension. This result suggest that CKD patients should be offered analysis for defects in ACE I/D polymorphisms, especially if they are hypertensive.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shanmuganathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Periyar Maniammai University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumaresan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giri
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D054643:INDEL Mutation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D003404:Creatinine; C488034:ACE protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A