title: Optofluidic wavelength division multiplexing for single-virus detection.
abstract: Optical waveguides simultaneously transport light at different colors, forming the basis of fiber-optic telecommunication networks that shuttle data in dozens of spectrally separated channels. Here, we reimagine this wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) paradigm in a novel context--the differentiated detection and identification of single influenza viruses on a chip. We use a single multimode interference (MMI) waveguide to create wavelength-dependent spot patterns across the entire visible spectrum and enable multiplexed single biomolecule detection on an optofluidic chip. Each target is identified by its time-dependent fluorescence signal without the need for spectral demultiplexing upon detection. We demonstrate detection of individual fluorescently labeled virus particles of three influenza A subtypes in two implementations: labeling of each virus using three different colors and two-color combinatorial labeling. By extending combinatorial multiplexing to three or more colors, MMI-based WDM provides the multiplexing power required for differentiated clinical tests and the growing field of personalized medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;
authors.forename: Damla
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ozcelik
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;
authors.forename: Joshua W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602;
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602;
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stott
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602;
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; hschmidt@soe.ucsc.edu.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; D055096:Optical Devices
keywords: biosensing; integrated optics; multimode interferometer; optofluidics; single-virus detection