title: Total Direct Medical Expenses and Characteristics of Privately Insured Adolescents Who Incur High Costs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accountable care payment models aim to reduce total direct medical expenses for high-cost patients through improved quality of care and preventive health services. Little is known about health care expenditures of privately insured adolescents, especially those who incur high costs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess health care expenditures for high-cost adolescents and to describe the patient characteristics associated with high medical costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted of data from January 1 to December 31, 2012, of 13,103 privately insured adolescents aged 13 to 21 years (mean [SD] age, 16.3 [2.4] years; 6764 [51.6%] males) at 82 independent pediatric primary care practices in Massachusetts. Analysis was conducted from April 1, 2014, to April 1, 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared demographic (age, sex, median income by zip code) and clinical (obesity, behavioral health problem, complex chronic condition) characteristics between high-cost (top 1%) and non-high-cost adolescents. We assigned high-cost adolescents to clinical categories using software from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to describe clinically relevant patterns of spending.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total direct medical expenses were $41.2 million for the entire cohort and a median $1167 per patient. A total of 132 (1.0%) patients with the highest costs accounted for 23.6% of expenses of the cohort, with a median $52,577 per patient. Mental health disorders were the most common diagnosis in high-cost patients; 78 (59.1%) of these patients had at least 1 behavioral health diagnosis. Pharmacy costs accounted for 28.4% of total direct medical expenses of high-cost patients; primary care accounted for 1.0%. Characteristics associated with being a high-cost patient included having 1 complex chronic condition (relative risk [RR], 6.5; 95% CI, 4.7-9.0), having 2 or more complex chronic conditions (RR, 23.5; 95% CI, 14.2-39.1), having any behavioral health diagnosis (RR, 3.6; 95% CI, 2.6-5.1), and obesity (RR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-3.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total direct medical expenses for privately insured high-cost adolescents are associated with medical complexity, mental health conditions, and obesity. Cost reduction strategies in similar populations should be tailored to these cost drivers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts2Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Susan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: The Pediatric Physicians' Organization at Children's, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Emily K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Trudell
authors.affiliation: Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts2Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: S Jean
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Emans
authors.affiliation: Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts2Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts4Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jay G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts3The Pediatric Physicians' Organization at Children's, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts4Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachuset.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vernacchio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000067697:Adolescent Health / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D017149:Private Sector / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult