title: Training Effects on Immune Function in Judoists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been reported that high intensity long term training in elite athletes may increase risk of immune function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study is to examine training effects on immunoglobulin and changes of physiological stress and physical fitness level induced by increased cold stress during 12-week winter off-season training in elite Judoists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine male participants (20 ± 1 years) were assigned to only Judo training (CG, n = 9), resistance training combined with Judo training (RJ, n = 10), and interval training combined with Judo training (IJ, n = 10). Blood samples collected at rest, immediately after all-out exercise, and 30-minute recovery period were analyzed for testing IgA, IgG, and IgM, albumin and catecholamine levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VO2max and anaerobic mean power in IJ (P < 0.05) and anaerobic power in RJ (P < 0.05) were significantly increased after 12-week training compared to CG. There was no significant interaction effect (group × period) in albumin after 12-week training; however, there was a significant interaction effect (group × period) in epinephrine after 12-week training (F (4, 52) = 3.216, P = 0.002) and immediately after all-out exercise and at 30-minute recovery (F (2, 26) = 14.564, P = 0.008). There was significantly higher changes in epinephrine of RJ compared to IJ at 30-minute recovery (P = 0.045). There was a significant interaction effect (group × period) in norepinephrine after 12-week training (F (4, 52) = 8.141, P < 0.0001), at rest and immediately after all-out exercise (F (2, 26) = 9.570, P = 0.001), and immediately after all-out exercise and at 30-minute recovery (F (2, 26) = 8.862, P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Winter off-season training of IJ increased physical fitness level as well as physical stress induced by overtraining. Along with increased physical stress, all groups showed reduced trend of IgA; however, there was no group difference based on different training methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Health Medicine, College of Health Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Namju
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Yongin University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jongkyu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Living Sports, Jangan University, Hwaseong-si, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gu Am
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hyung
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports Science, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Law, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Sports Science Institute, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Han Byeol
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Sports Science, Kangnam University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Han Sang
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Jung
keywords: Immunoglobulins; Physical Fitness; Training