title: Impact of preloading either dairy or soy milk on postprandial glycemia, insulinemia and gastric emptying in healthy adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Milk protein ingestion reduces post-meal glycemia when consumed either before or together with carbohydrate foods. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of dairy and soy milk consumed either before (preload) or together with (co-ingestion) a carbohydrate (bread), on postprandial blood glucose, insulin and gastric emptying in healthy participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy Chinese male participants were studied on five separate occasions using a randomized crossover design. White wheat bread consumed with water was used as a reference meal. Capillary and venous bloods were sampled pretest and 3.5 h post-test meal for glucose and insulin measurement. Gastric emptying was measured using real-time ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Co-ingestion of dairy milk or soy milk with bread lowered postprandial blood glucose response and glycemic index. Co-ingesting soy milk with bread increased insulin response and insulinemic index significantly compared to co-ingestion of dairy milk and preload treatments. Preloads (30 min prior to bread) significantly lowered postprandial glycemia and insulinemia compared to co-ingestion. Gastric emptying was slower after co-ingesting dairy milk with bread than after reference meal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preloading either soy milk or dairy milk results in greater reduction in glycemic response compared to co-ingestion alone. This dietary practice may have therapeutic advantage in communities consuming high GI diets. Optimal glucose control may have the potential for increasing the time of transition from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes in Asian communities.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT 02151188.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, 14 Medical Drive #07-02, MD 6 Building, Singapore, 117599, Singapore. lijuan_sun@sics.a-star.edu.sg.|Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore. lijuan_sun@sics.a-star.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, 14 Medical Drive #07-02, MD 6 Building, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.|Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore.
authors.forename: Kevin Wei Jie
authors.initials: KWJ
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, 14 Medical Drive #07-02, MD 6 Building, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.|Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore.
authors.forename: Cathy Mok Sook
authors.initials: CMS
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, 14 Medical Drive #07-02, MD 6 Building, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.|Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore.
authors.forename: Melvin Khee-Shing
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Leow
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, 14 Medical Drive #07-02, MD 6 Building, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.|Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore.|Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117596, Singapore.
authors.forename: Christiani Jeyakumar
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Henry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D044466:Asian People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001939:Bread; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy; D041942:Soy Milk / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Gastric emptying; Glycemic index; Insulinemic index; Milk; Preload