title: Emotional traits predict individual differences in amphetamine-induced positive mood in healthy volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research on emotional correlates of individual differences in subjective responses to D-amphetamine has focused on relatively broad personality traits. Yet, emotional functioning is best characterized by several narrow subcomponents, each of which may contribute uniquely to amphetamine response. Here, we examine several specific subdomains of emotional functioning in relation to acute amphetamine response.
  
  
  METHODS
  At a baseline session, healthy stimulant-naive volunteers (N = 97) completed measures of several subdomains of baseline trait emotional functioning and then completed two counterbalanced experimental sessions during which they received a single oral dose of 20 mg D-amphetamine or placebo. Acute subjective drug response measures were completed at repeated intervals before and after drug administration. Data from subjective measures that were significantly modulated by amphetamine were reduced using principal component analysis (amphetamine or placebo) into three higher-order factors of "positive mood," "arousal," and "drug high." Amphetamine did not significantly alter any "negative" subjective states. Separate multiple regression analyses were conducted regressing these three drug factors on baseline trait emotional functioning scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combined set of trait emotional functioning indicators accounted for approximately 22 % of the variance in acute amphetamine-induced positive mood changes. Greater anticipatory pleasure and greater anxious distress each uniquely predicted greater amphetamine-induced positive mood. Trait emotional functioning did not significantly predict amphetamine-induced changes in arousal or drug high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emotional traits appear to moderate drug-induced positive mood but not other dimensions of amphetamine effects. Different facets of emotional functioning may differentially modulate amphetamine's subjective effect profile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto St., Room 302B, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA. mgkirkpa@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto St., Room 302B, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Goldenson
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto St., Room 302B, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
authors.forename: Nahel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kapadia
authors.affiliation: Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kahler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Harriet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.affiliation: Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.|Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.affiliation: Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.|Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McGeary
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto St., Room 302B, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sussman
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto St., Room 302B, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Leventhal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000661:Amphetamine; D003913:Dextroamphetamine
keywords: Amphetamine; Emotion; Human; Subjective effects