title: An Investigation of the Variety and Complexity of Statistical Methods Used in Current Internal Medicine Literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education guidelines require internal medicine residents to develop skills in the interpretation of medical literature and to understand the principles of research. A necessary component is the ability to understand the statistical methods used and their results, material that is not an in-depth focus of most medical school curricula and residency programs. Given the breadth and depth of the current medical literature and an increasing emphasis on complex, sophisticated statistical analyses, the statistical foundation and education necessary for residents are uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the statistical methods and terms used in 49 articles discussed at the journal club in the Department of Internal Medicine residency program at Texas Tech University between January 1, 2013 and June 30, 2013. We collected information on the study type and on the statistical methods used for summarizing and comparing samples, determining the relations between independent variables and dependent variables, and estimating models. We then identified the typical statistics education level at which each term or method is learned.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 14 articles came from the Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine, 11 from the New England Journal of Medicine, 6 from the Annals of Internal Medicine, 5 from the Journal of the American Medical Association, and 13 from other journals. Twenty reported randomized controlled trials. Summary statistics included mean values (39 articles), category counts (38), and medians (28). Group comparisons were based on t tests (14 articles), χ2 tests (21), and nonparametric ranking tests (10). The relations between dependent and independent variables were analyzed with simple regression (6 articles), multivariate regression (11), and logistic regression (8). Nine studies reported odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, and seven analyzed test performance using sensitivity and specificity calculations. These papers used 128 statistical terms and context-defined concepts, including some from data analysis (56), epidemiology-biostatistics (31), modeling (24), data collection (12), and meta-analysis (5). Ten different software programs were used in these articles. Based on usual undergraduate and graduate statistics curricula, 64.3% of the concepts and methods used in these papers required at least a master's degree-level statistics education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The interpretation of the current medical literature can require an extensive background in statistical methods at an education level exceeding the material and resources provided to most medical students and residents. Given the complexity and time pressure of medical education, these deficiencies will be hard to correct, but this project can serve as a basis for developing a curriculum in study design and statistical methods needed by physicians-in-training.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, and the Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Roshni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Narayanan
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, and the Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, and the Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nugent
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D003479:Curriculum; D004501:Education, Medical; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000193:education; D058028:Research Report; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000193:education