title: Burden of serious fungal infections in Nepal.
abstract: There are few reports of serious fungal infections in Nepal though the pathogenic and allergenic fungi including Aspergillus species are common in the atmosphere. Herein, we estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Nepal. All published papers reporting fungal infection rates from Nepal were identified. When few data existed, we used specific populations at risk and fungal infection frequencies in those populations to estimate national incidence or prevalence. Of the 27.3 M population, about 1.87% was estimated to suffer from serious fungal infections annually. We estimated the incidence of fungal keratitis at 73 per 100,000 annually. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is common with 215,765 cases, contributing to 1119 cases of invasive aspergillosis annually. Of 381,822 adult asthma cases, we estimated 9546 patients (range 2673-13,364) develop allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and 12,600 have severe asthma with fungal sensitisation. Based on 26,219 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, the annual incidence of new chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) cases was estimated at 1678 with a 5 year period prevalence of 5289, 80% of CPA cases. Of 22,994 HIV patients with CD4 counts <350 not on antiretrovirals, Pneumocystis pneumonia was estimated at 990 cases annually. Cases of oral and oesophageal candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients were estimated at 10,347 and 2950, respectively. There is a significant burden of serious fungal infections in Nepal. Epidemiological studies are necessary to validate these estimates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Ushana Shrestha
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Khwakhali
authors.affiliation: National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Denning
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D001229:Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D001230:Aspergillus; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003881:Dermatomycoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D055744:Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens
keywords: ABPA; Aspergillus; CPA; Fungal infections; IA; SAFS