title: Lead Exposure and Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review.
abstract: Lead is an environmental toxicant that can induce oxidative stress (OS) via reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which has been reported as an important mechanism underlying lead toxicity (Gurer and Ercal 2000; Pande and Flora 2002; Kasperczyk et al. 2004a; Farmand et al. 2005; Verstraeten et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2009; Martinez-Haro et al. 2011). OS occurs when the generation of ROS exceeds the antioxidant system's ability to defend cells against oxidized molecules. ROS is a term generally used to refer to free radicals derived from O2 (e.g., superoxide anions [O2-] and hydroxyl radicals [OH-]) or to non-radical species (e.g. hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]) (Halliwell and Cross 1994).
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Public Health, State University of Londrina, 60 Robert Koch Avenue, Parana, Brazil. acalmeida0104@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina B Almeida
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, 60 Robert Koch Avenue, Parana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tiago S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Peixe
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Public Health, Department of Public Health, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, 60 Robert Koch Avenue, Parana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Arthur E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Mesas
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Public Health, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, 60 Robert Koch Avenue, Parana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Monica M B
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Paoliello
mesh_terms: D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D007854:Lead