title: Association Between Harmful Oral Habits and Sign and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Temporomandibular disorder (TDM) is defined as a heterogenous group of psychophysiological disorders commonly characterised by orofacial pain, chewing dysfunction or both. Various Epidemiological studies had shown occurrence of TMD in all age groups including children. Also research had shown that non nutritional oral habits to be associated with TMD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Present study aimed to find whether harmful oral habits are associated with sign and symptoms of TMD among adolescents in Greater Noida.
  
  
  METHODS
  Schools in Gautam Buddha district and descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional study was carried out among 240 adolescents (10 - 19 years) studying in schools of Greater Noida. Study population were selected by random sampling to whom screening questionnaires recommended by American Academy of Orofacial Pain (AAOP) were distributed. Patient history and clinical examination was used to determine harmful oral habits. Data analysis was done in SPSS version 21 and Chi-square test was applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty one participants (25.4%) displayed no sign and symptoms of TMD, 34 (14.2%) responded affirmatively to atleast one item on the questionnaire and 108(46%) gave at least three affirmative responses. Headache, Neckpain and Toothache were most frequent reported sign and symptoms of TMD (46.2%). There was statistically significant association between gender and sign and symptoms of TMD on three items of the questionnaire (p < 0.05). Nail Biting (45.8%), Biting Lips/objects (37%) were most common habits among the study group. There was statistically significant association between Nail Biting (p = 0.001), Lip Biting/ object biting (p=0.001), Grinding of teeth (p = 0.01) and sign and symptoms of TMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A statistically significant association was found between nail biting, lip/ object biting and grinding of teeth with signs and/or symptoms of TMD. Thus there is need for preventive dental treatment and community dental education so that young adults realize importance of early diagnosis and treatment of TMJ disorders.
authors.affiliation: Private Practitioner, Department of Public Health Dentistry, I.T.S Dental College, Hospital & Research Centre , Greater Noida, India .
authors.forename: Vaibhav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Motghare
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, I.T.S Dental College, Hospital & Research Centre , Greater Noida, India .
authors.forename: Jayaprakash
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Reader, Department of Public Health Dentistry, I.T.S Dental College, Hospital & Research Centre , Greater Noida, India .
authors.forename: Shivalingesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamate
authors.affiliation: P.G. Student, Department of Public Health Dentistry, I.T.S Dental College, Hospital & Research Centre , Greater Noida, India .
authors.forename: Sumedha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kushwaha
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, I.T.S Dental College, Hospital & Research Centre , Greater Noida, India .
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, I.T.S Dental College, Hospital & Research Centre , Greater Noida, India .
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, I.T.S Dental College, Hospital & Research Centre , Greater Noida, India .
authors.forename: Bhuvandeep
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: P.G Student, Department of Public Health Dentistry, I.T.S Dental College, Hospital & Research Centre , Greater Noida, India .
authors.forename: Ishan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Singh
keywords: Adolescent health; Cross-sectional study; Orofacial pain; Questionnaire