title: Porcine SOX9 Gene Expression Is Influenced by an 18 bp Indel in the 5'-Untranslated Region.
abstract: Sex determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) is an important regulator of sex and skeletal development and is expressed in a variety of embryonal and adult tissues. Loss or gain of function resulting from mutations within the coding region or chromosomal aberrations of the SOX9 locus lead to a plethora of detrimental phenotypes in humans and animals. One of these phenotypes is the so-called male-to-female or female-to-male sex-reversal which has been observed in several mammals including pig, dog, cat, goat, horse, and deer. In 38,XX sex-reversal French Large White pigs, a genome-wide association study suggested SOX9 as the causal gene, although no functional mutations were identified in affected animals. However, besides others an 18 bp indel had been detected in the 5'-untranslated region of the SOX9 gene by comparing affected animals and controls. We have identified the same indel (Δ18) between position +247 bp and +266 bp downstream the transcription start site of the porcine SOX9 gene in four other pig breeds; i.e., German Large White, Laiwu Black, Bamei, and Erhualian. These animals have been genotyped in an attempt to identify candidate genes for porcine inguinal and/or scrotal hernia. Because the 18 bp segment in the wild type 5'-UTR harbours a highly conserved cAMP-response element (CRE) half-site, we analysed its role in SOX9 expression in vitro. Competition and immunodepletion electromobility shift assays demonstrate that the CRE half-site is specifically recognized by CREB. Both binding of CREB to the wild type as well as the absence of the CRE half-site in Δ18 reduced expression efficiency in HEK293T, PK-15, and ATDC5 cells significantly. Transfection experiments of wild type and Δ18 SOX9 promoter luciferase constructs show a significant reduction of RNA and protein levels depending on the presence or absence of the 18 bp segment. Hence, the data presented here demonstrate that the 18 bp indel in the porcine SOX9 5'-UTR is of functional importance and may therefore indeed be a causative variation in SOX9 associated traits.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg-August-University, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bertram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brenig
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, China.
authors.forename: Yanyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, China.
authors.forename: Yuyun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, China.
authors.forename: Nengshui
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, China.
authors.forename: Lusheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg-August-University, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ekkehard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schütz
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D054643:INDEL Mutation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D013552:Swine; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor