title: A normative inference approach for optimal sample sizes in decisions from experience.
abstract: "Decisions from experience" (DFE) refers to a body of work that emerged in research on behavioral decision making over the last decade. One of the major experimental paradigms employed to study experience-based choice is the "sampling paradigm," which serves as a model of decision making under limited knowledge about the statistical structure of the world. In this paradigm respondents are presented with two payoff distributions, which, in contrast to standard approaches in behavioral economics, are specified not in terms of explicit outcome-probability information, but by the opportunity to sample outcomes from each distribution without economic consequences. Participants are encouraged to explore the distributions until they feel confident enough to decide from which they would prefer to draw from in a final trial involving real monetary payoffs. One commonly employed measure to characterize the behavior of participants in the sampling paradigm is the sample size, that is, the number of outcome draws which participants choose to obtain from each distribution prior to terminating sampling. A natural question that arises in this context concerns the "optimal" sample size, which could be used as a normative benchmark to evaluate human sampling behavior in DFE. In this theoretical study, we relate the DFE sampling paradigm to the classical statistical decision theoretic literature and, under a probabilistic inference assumption, evaluate optimal sample sizes for DFE. In our treatment we go beyond analytically established results by showing how the classical statistical decision theoretic framework can be used to derive optimal sample sizes under arbitrary, but numerically evaluable, constraints. Finally, we critically evaluate the value of deriving optimal sample sizes under this framework as testable predictions for the experimental study of sampling behavior in DFE.
authors.affiliation: Arbeitsbereich Computational Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Education and Psychology, Free University Berlin Berlin, Germany ; Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ostwald
authors.affiliation: Arbeitsbereich Computational Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Education and Psychology, Free University Berlin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ludger
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Starke
authors.affiliation: Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hertwig
keywords: decisions from experience; economic decision making (EDM); optimality; probabilistic inference; uncertain decision making