title: Optimizing low impact development (LID) for stormwater runoff treatment in urban area, Korea: Experimental and modeling approach.
abstract: Currently, continued urbanization and development result in an increase of impervious areas and surface runoff including pollutants. Also one of the greatest issues in pollutant emissions is the first flush effect (FFE), which implies a greater discharge rate of pollutant mass in the early part in the storm. Low impact development (LID) practices have been mentioned as a promising strategy to control urban stormwater runoff and pollution in the urban ecosystem. However, this requires many experimental and modeling efforts to test LID characteristics and propose an adequate guideline for optimizing LID management. In this study, we propose a novel methodology to optimize the sizes of different types of LID by conducting intensive stormwater monitoring and numerical modeling in a commercial site in Korea. The methodology proposed optimizes LID size in an attempt to moderate FFE on a receiving waterbody. Thereby, the main objective of the optimization is to minimize mass first flush (MFF), which is an indicator for quantifying FFE. The optimal sizes of 6 different LIDs ranged from 1.2 mm to 3.0 mm in terms of runoff depths, which significantly moderate the FFE. We hope that the new proposed methodology can be instructive for establishing LID strategies to mitigate FFE.
authors.affiliation: School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Rural & Bio-Systems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Ho
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Jeolla Namdo Environmental Industries Promotion Institute, Gangjin-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Woon
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Yeongsan River Environment Research Center, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Water Quality Assessment Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyuk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Rural & Bio-Systems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ksyoon@jnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kwang-Sik
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: khcho@unist.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kyung Hwa
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011891:Rain; D056910:Republic of Korea; D014507:Urbanization; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014872:Water Movements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: First flush effect (FFE); LID optimization; Low impact development (LID); Mass first flush (MFF); Stormwater treatment