title: The relationship between facial emotion recognition and executive functions in first-episode patients with schizophrenia and their siblings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although many studies have examined executive functions and facial emotion recognition in people with schizophrenia, few of them focused on the correlation between them. Furthermore, their relationship in the siblings of patients also remains unclear. The aim of the present study is to examine the correlation between executive functions and facial emotion recognition in patients with first-episode schizophrenia and their siblings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with first-episode schizophrenia, their twenty-six siblings, and thirty healthy controls were enrolled. They completed facial emotion recognition tasks using the Ekman Standard Faces Database, and executive functioning was measured by Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Hierarchical regression analysis was applied to assess the correlation between executive functions and facial emotion recognition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study found that in siblings, the accuracy in recognizing low degree 'disgust' emotion was negatively correlated with the total correct rate in WCST (r = -0.614, p = 0.023), but was positively correlated with the total error in WCST (r = 0.623, p = 0.020); the accuracy in recognizing 'neutral' emotion was positively correlated with the total error rate in WCST (r = 0.683, p = 0.014) while negatively correlated with the total correct rate in WCST (r = -0.677, p = 0.017). People with schizophrenia showed an impairment in facial emotion recognition when identifying moderate 'happy' facial emotion, the accuracy of which was significantly correlated with the number of completed categories of WCST (R(2) = 0.432, P < .05). There were no correlations between executive functions and facial emotion recognition in the healthy control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrated that facial emotion recognition impairment correlated with executive function impairment in people with schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings but not in healthy controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. yangchengqing1979@163.com.
authors.forename: Chengqing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. zhang_tianhong@126.com.
authors.forename: Tianhong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China. lizezhi1981@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Zezhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China. anibeb@live.co.uk.
authors.forename: Anisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heeramun-Aubeeluck
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. doctorliuna@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. diptime@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. zhangjie_sc@yeah.net.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. leiyinghe@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Leiying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. lihuindyxs@163.com.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. yytang0522@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China. develop909@163.com.
authors.forename: Fazhan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China. liufei6110@126.com.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. jijunwang27@163.com.
authors.forename: Jijun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. luzheng@tongji.edu.cn.|Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China. luzheng@tongji.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004644:Emotions; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D000066499:Facial Recognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D035781:Siblings / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult