title: Intracranial neuronal ensemble recordings and analysis in epilepsy.
abstract: Pathological neuronal firing was demonstrated 50 years ago as the hallmark of epileptically transformed cortex with the use of implanted microelectrodes. Since then, microelectrodes remained only experimental tools in humans to detect unitary neuronal activity to reveal physiological and pathological brain functions. This recording technique has evolved substantially in the past few decades; however, based on recent human data implying their usefulness as diagnostic tools, we expect a substantial increase in the development of microelectrodes in the near future. Here, we review the technological background and history of microelectrode array development for human examinations in epilepsy, including discussions on of wire-based and microelectrode arrays fabricated using micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) techniques and novel future techniques to record neuronal ensemble. We give an overview of clinical and surgical considerations, and try to provide a list of probes on the market with their availability for human recording. Then finally, we briefly review the literature on modulation of single neuron for the treatment of epilepsy, and highlight the current topics under examination that can be background for the future development.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Centrum, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Emília
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tóth
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Centrum, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: fabo.daniel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dániel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fabó
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Neurosurgery, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Entz
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: István
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ulbert
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Neurosurgery, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Loránd
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Erőss
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Epilepsy; Human; Intracranial; Micro-electrode; Multi-electrode array; Single unit recording