title: Immune and non-immune responses to hepatitis C virus infection.
abstract: The host innate and adaptive immune systems are involved in nearly every step of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In patients, the outcome is determined by a series of complex host-virus interactions, whether it is a natural infection or results from clinical intervention. Strong and persistent CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell responses are critical in HCV clearance, as well as cytokine-induced factors that can directly inhibit virus replication. Newly available direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are very effective in viral clearance in patients. DAA treatment may further result in the down-regulation of programmed death-1, leading to rapid restoration of HCV-specific CD8(+) T cell functions. In this review, we focus on recent studies that address the host responses critical for viral clearance and disease resolution. Additional discussion is devoted to the prophylactic vaccine development as well as to current efforts aimed at understanding the host innate responses against HCV infection. Current theories on how the ubiquitin system and interferon-stimulated genes may affect HCV replication are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Jiaren Sun, Ricardo Rajsbaum, MinKyung Yi, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, United States.
authors.forename: Jiaren
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Jiaren Sun, Ricardo Rajsbaum, MinKyung Yi, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, United States.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajsbaum
authors.affiliation: Jiaren Sun, Ricardo Rajsbaum, MinKyung Yi, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, United States.
authors.forename: MinKyung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yi
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D015398:Signal Transduction; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000276:immunology; D014761:Viral Hepatitis Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D025801:Ubiquitin; D014761:Viral Hepatitis Vaccines
keywords: Direct-acting antiviral; Hepatitis; Hepatitis C virus; Innate immune response; T cell