title: Vascular hand-arm vibration syndrome--magnetic resonance angiography.
abstract: The diagnosis of vascular hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) requires consistent symptoms, photographic evidence of digital blanching and sufficient exposure to hand-transmitted vibration (HTV; A(8) > 2.5 m/s2). There is no reliable quantitative investigation for distinguishing HAVS from other causes of Raynaud's phenomenon and from normal individuals. Hypothenar and thenar hammer syndromes produce similar symptoms to HAVS but are difficult to diagnose clinically and may be confused with HAVS. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a safe and minimally invasive method of visualizing blood vessels. Three cases of vascular HAVS are described in which MRA revealed occlusions of the ulnar, radial and superficial palmar arteries. It is proposed that HTV was the cause of these occlusions, rather than blows to the hand unrelated to vibration, the assumed mechanism for the hammer syndromes. All three cases were advised not to expose their hands to HTV despite one of them being at Stockholm vascular stage 2 (early). MRA should be the investigation of choice for stage 2 vascular HAVS or vascular HAVS with unusual features or for a suspected hammer syndrome. The technique is however technically challenging and best done in specialist centres in collaboration with an occupational physician familiar with the examination of HAVS cases. Staging for HAVS should be developed to include anatomical arterial abnormalities as well as symptoms and signs of blanching. Workers with only one artery supplying a hand, or with only one palmar arch, may be at increased risk of progression and therefore should not be exposed to HTV irrespective of their Stockholm stage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS FT, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK, Centre for Workplace Health, Health & Safety Laboratory, Buxton SK17 9JN, UK, jon.poole@hsl.gsi.gov.uk.
authors.forename: C J M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS FT, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cleveland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000473:pathology*; D001158:Arteries / Q000473:pathology*; D006225:Hand / Q000473:pathology*; D053421:Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013577:Syndrome; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: Hand–arm vibration syndrome; MR angiography.; hypothenar hammer syndrome