title: A Molecular Evolutionary Reference for the Human Variome.
abstract: Widespread sequencing efforts are revealing unprecedented amount of genomic variation in populations. Such information is routinely used to derive consensus reference sequences and to infer positions subject to natural selection. Here, we present a new molecular evolutionary method for estimating neutral evolutionary probabilities (EPs) of each amino acid, or nucleotide state at a genomic position without using intraspecific polymorphism data. Because EPs are derived independently of population-level information, they serve as null expectations that can be used to evaluate selective forces on alleles at both polymorphic and monomorphic positions in populations. We applied this method to coding sequences in the human genome and produced a comprehensive evolutionary variome reference for all human proteins. We found that EPs accurately predict neutral and disease-associated alleles. Through an analysis of discordance between allelic EPs and their observed population frequencies, we discovered thousands of novel candidate sites for nonneutral evolution in human proteins. Many of these were validated in a joint analysis of disease-associated variants and population data. The EP method is also directly applicable to the analysis of noncoding sequences and genomic analyses of nonmodel species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Scottsdale Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphila.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphila.
authors.forename: Maxwell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanderford
authors.affiliation: Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle.
authors.forename: Vanessa E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphila Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphila Center for Excellence in Genome Medicine and Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia s.kumar@temple.edu.
authors.forename: Sudhir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000235:genetics; D004194:Disease / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics*; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny
keywords: adaptation; disease; evolution; neutrality; phylomedicine