title: Multilayered Magnetic Gelatin Membrane Scaffolds.
abstract: A versatile approach for the design and fabrication of multilayer magnetic scaffolds with tunable magnetic gradients is described. Multilayer magnetic gelatin membrane scaffolds with intrinsic magnetic gradients were designed to encapsulate magnetized bioagents under an externally applied magnetic field for use in magnetic-field-assisted tissue engineering. The temperature of the individual membranes increased up to 43.7 °C under an applied oscillating magnetic field for 70 s by magnetic hyperthermia, enabling the possibility of inducing a thermal gradient inside the final 3D multilayer magnetic scaffolds. On the basis of finite element method simulations, magnetic gelatin membranes with different concentrations of magnetic nanoparticles were assembled into 3D multilayered scaffolds. A magnetic-gradient-controlled distribution of magnetically labeled stem cells was demonstrated in vitro. This magnetic biomaterial-magnetic cell strategy can be expanded to a number of different magnetic biomaterials for various tissue engineering applications.
authors.affiliation: Spintronic Devices Division, Institute for Nanostructured Materials ISMN-CNR , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University , 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.|Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sangram K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Samal
authors.affiliation: Spintronic Devices Division, Institute for Nanostructured Materials ISMN-CNR , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Vitaly
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Goranov
authors.affiliation: Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mamoni
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technology Innovation, NABI, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute , Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technology Innovation, NABI, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute , Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shelyakova
authors.affiliation: Spintronic Devices Division, Institute for Nanostructured Materials ISMN-CNR , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Graziosi
authors.affiliation: Spintronic Devices Division, Institute for Nanostructured Materials ISMN-CNR , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.|Osteoarticular Research Group, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, The University of Edinburgh , Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lungaro
authors.affiliation: Spintronic Devices Division, Institute for Nanostructured Materials ISMN-CNR , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riminucci
authors.affiliation: Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD-EMFL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uhlarz
authors.affiliation: International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL) , Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bañobre-López
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.affiliation: Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD-EMFL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herrmannsdörfer
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University , 1050 Arastradero, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States.
authors.forename: Jayakumar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rajadas
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Smedt
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Braeckmans
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University , 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.affiliation: Spintronic Devices Division, Institute for Nanostructured Materials ISMN-CNR , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: V Alek
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Dediu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002417:Cattle; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D060328:Magnetic Phenomena; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D012996:Solutions; D055672:Static Electricity; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D013997:Time Factors; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D012996:Solutions; D005780:Gelatin
keywords: biomaterials; gelatin; gradient; magnetic; nanoparticles; scaffold; tissue engineering