title: [Risk awareness and training for prevention of complications in minimally invasive surgery].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Minimally invasive surgery (MIC) requires surgeons to have a different set of skills and capabilities from that of open surgery. The indirect camera view, lack of a three-dimensional view, restricted haptic feedback with lack of tissue feeling and difficult instrument coordination with fulcrum and pivoting effects result in an additional learning curve compared to open surgery. The prolonged learning curve leads to a higher risk of complications and special awareness of these risks is therefore mandatory. Training of special laparoscopic skills outside the operating room is needed to optimize patient outcome and to minimize the ocurrence of complications related to the learning curve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Training modalities for laparoscopic surgery include simple box trainers, computer simulation with virtual reality, the use of artificial and cadaver organs, as well as live animal models and cadaver training. These training modalities have been proven in studies to have a beneficial effect on the learning curve for acquisition of laparoscopic skills and for improving operative performance as well as avoidance of complications. Laparoscopic training is currently gaining a more and more important role for official education and accreditation purposes. In some countries the participation in laparoscopic training courses has become mandatory prior to participation in laparoscopic operations. Future research will include the optimization of multimodal training curricula, the development of individualized training approaches that allow both trainee and patient-specific preparation, as well as the use of novel devices to facilitate the collection and transfer of expertise between the generations and schools of surgeons.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nickel
authors.forename: K-F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Kowalewski
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Müller-Stich
mesh_terms: D000068:Accreditation; D001364:Awareness; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003479:Curriculum; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000193:education*; D059032:Learning Curve; D008348:Manikins; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000193:education*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011361:Professional Competence