title: Bacterial vaginosis in pregnant adolescents: proinflammatory cytokine and bacterial sialidase profile. Cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacterial vaginosis occurs frequently in pregnancy and increases susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections (STI). Considering that adolescents are disproportionally affected by STI, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cervicovaginal levels of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and bacterial sialidase in pregnant adolescents with bacterial vaginosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study at mother and child referral units in Belém, Pará, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vaginal samples from 168 pregnant adolescents enrolled were tested for trichomoniasis and candidiasis. Their vaginal microbiota was classified according to the Nugent criteria (1991) as normal, intermediate or bacterial vaginosis. Cervical infection due to Chlamydia trachomatisand Neisseria gonorrhoeae was also assessed. Cytokine and sialidase levels were measured, respectively, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and MUAN conversion in cervicovaginal lavages. Forty-eight adolescents (28.6%) were excluded because they tested positive for some of the infections investigated. The remaining 120 adolescents were grouped according to vaginal flora type: normal (n = 68) or bacterial vaginosis (n = 52). Their cytokine and sialidase levels were compared between the groups using the Mann-Whitney test (P < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pregnant adolescents with bacterial vaginosis had higher levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and IL-8 (P < 0.05). Sialidase was solely detected in 35 adolescents (67.2%) with bacterial vaginosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Not only IL-1 beta and sialidase levels, but also IL-6 and IL-8 levels are higher in pregnant adolescents with bacterial vaginosis, thus indicating that this condition elicits a more pronounced inflammatory response in this population, which potentially increases vulnerability to STI acquisition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina Sanitá Tafner
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marconi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristina Maria de Lima Garcia
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Parada
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marli Teresinha Cassamassimo
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula Oliveira
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marilza Vieira Cunha
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Rudge
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Márcia Guimarães da
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000382:microbiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D007378:Interleukins / Q000032:analysis*; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000032:analysis*; D011247:Pregnancy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015231:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial / Q000382:microbiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D007378:Interleukins; D009439:Neuraminidase