title: Inhibitory effects of pomegranate concentrated solution on the activities of hyaluronidase, tyrosinase, and metalloproteinase.
abstract: Synopsis Botanical antioxidants have attracted much attention as useful preventatives of skin damage. Pomegranate is consumed throughout the world for its beneficial health effects, including its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. We investigated whether pomegranate concentrated solution (PCS) could serve as a potential functional cosmetic ingredient that exerts a skin-whitening effect and antiwrinkle activity. To investigate the moisturizing effect of PCS, hyaluronidase activity was examined in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Elastase and procollagenase activities were assessed in normal human primary dermal fibroblast-neonatal (HDF-N) cells to determine their antiwrinkle effects. Metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) activity was also assessed following ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation. Whitening effects were measured by a tyrosinase inhibition assay and melanin formation test in mouse melanocytes (Melan-a). In addition, histopathological analysis was performed to determine the number of microfolds formed on the epithelial surface, mean epithelial thickness, mean number of inflammatory cells infiltrating the dermis, and collagen fiber-occupied regions within the dermis. Hyaluronan synthesis was significantly increased by PCS in HaCaT cells, while procollagenase and elastase activities were decreased in HDF-N cells. A significant decrease in UVA-induced MMP-1 activity was also observed in PCS-treated HDF-N cells, compared with UVA-exposed cells. PCS effectively reduced melanin production and mushroom tyrosinase activity in Melan-a cells. Moreover, UVB-induced histopathological dermal sclerosis and inflammatory signs were significantly attenuated in PCS-administered mice compared with UVB-exposed mice. Conclusions: Our results suggest that PCS prevents signs of aging, including those related to photoaging. These effects are associated with enhanced hyaluronan synthesis, as well as suppressed elastase, collagenase, MMP-1, and tyrosinase activities and melanin production. UVB-induced photoaging, such as histopathological dermal sclerosis and inflammatory signs, were effectively reduced on the addition of PCS. These results also suggest that skin aging can be prevented and reduced by the antioxidant effects of PCS.
authors.forename: Su Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Beom Rak
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Seung Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hae Yeon
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Hye Rim
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Soo Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Chang Hyun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Ji Ha
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Young Joon
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kwang
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D029561:Lythraceae; D045726:Metalloproteases / Q000378:metabolism*; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D015595:Skin Aging; D062327:Skin Lightening Preparations; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D062327:Skin Lightening Preparations; D012996:Solutions; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; D045726:Metalloproteases