title: Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and depressive symptoms in an older Korean population: A cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aims to examine associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and depressive symptoms in an older Korean population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used data from the Korean Urban Rural Elderly study, which enrolled 2942 participants aged 65 years or older from urban and rural communities. After excluding those treated with antidepressants, we conducted cross-sectional analysis of 2853 participants (962 men and 1891 women). Serum 25(OH)D was analyzed as both a continuous and categorized variable. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale - Short Form. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships between serum 25(OH)D and depressive symptoms for men and women separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men, ORs (95% CIs) for depressive symptoms were 1.74 (0.85, 3.58), 2.50 (1.20, 5.18), and 2.81 (1.15, 6.83) for those with a 25(OH)D concentration of 20.0-29.9, 10.0-19.9, and <10.0ng/mL, respectively (P-trend=0.013), compared with those with a 25(OH)D concentration of ≥30.0ng/mL, after adjustment for study year, month of assay, age, parathyroid hormone, body mass index, number of comorbidities, smoking status, alcohol intake, exercise, sleep duration, income, education, cohabitation status, and residential area. In women, the associations between 25(OH)D and depressive symptoms were significant neither before nor after adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the cross-sectional study design, causal association is uncertain. Intake of vitamin D supplements and outdoor activity were not examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that lower concentrations of vitamin D are independently associated with depressive symptoms in older Korean adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bo Mi
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: hckim@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Hyeon Chang
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yumie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, Yonsei University College of Social Sciences, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoosik
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Youm
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: cokim@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Chang Oh
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012424:Rural Population; D014505:Urban Population; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Depression; Korean; Older adults; Vitamin D