title: Testing of a simplified LED based vis/NIR system for rapid ripeness evaluation of white grape (Vitis vinifera L.) for Franciacorta wine.
abstract: The aim of this work was to test a simplified optical prototype for a rapid estimation of the ripening parameters of white grape for Franciacorta wine directly in field. Spectral acquisition based on reflectance at four wavelengths (630, 690, 750 and 850 nm) was proposed. The integration of a simple processing algorithm in the microcontroller software would allow to visualize real time values of spectral reflectance. Non-destructive analyses were carried out on 95 grape bunches for a total of 475 berries. Samplings were performed weekly during the last ripening stages. Optical measurements were carried out both using the simplified system and a portable commercial vis/NIR spectrophotometer, as reference instrument for performance comparison. Chemometric analyses were performed in order to extract the maximum useful information from optical data. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed for a preliminary evaluation of the data. Correlations between the optical data matrix and ripening parameters (total soluble solids content, SSC; titratable acidity, TA) were carried out using partial least square (PLS) regression for spectra and using multiple linear regression (MLR) for data from the simplified device. Classification analysis were also performed with the aim of discriminate ripe and unripe samples. PCA, MLR and classification analyses show the effectiveness of the simplified system in separating samples among different sampling dates and in discriminating ripe from unripe samples. Finally, simple equations for SSC and TA prediction were calculated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giovenzana
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Civelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy. Electronic address: roberto.beghi@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oberti
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guidetti
mesh_terms: D008027:Light; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D027843:Vitis / Q000145:classification*; D014920:Wine
keywords: Chemometrics; Non-destructive analysis; Ripening; Simplified optical device; Vis/NIR spectroscopy; White grape