title: Effect of liming on sulfate transformation and sulfur gas emissions in degraded vegetable soil treated by reductive soil disinfestation.
abstract: Reductive soil disinfestation (RSD), namely amending organic materials and mulching or flooding to create strong reductive status, has been widely applied to improve degraded soils. However, there is little information available about sulfate (SO4(2-)) transformation and sulfur (S) gas emissions during RSD treatment to degraded vegetable soils, in which S is generally accumulated. To investigate the effects of liming on SO4(2-) transformation and S gas emissions, two SO4(2-)-accumulated vegetable soils (denoted as S1 and S2) were treated by RSD, and RSD plus lime, denoted as RSD0 and RSD1, respectively. The results showed that RSD0 treatment reduced soil SO4(2-) by 51% and 61% in S1 and S2, respectively. The disappeared SO4(2-) was mainly transformed into the undissolved form. During RSD treatment, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbonyl sulfide (COS), and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) were detected, but the total S gas emission accounted for <0.006% of total S in both soils. Compared to RSD0, lime addition stimulated the conversion of SO4(2-) into undissolved form, reduced soil SO4(2-) by 81% in S1 and 84% in S2 and reduced total S gas emissions by 32% in S1 and 57% in S2, respectively. In addition to H2S, COS and DMS, the emissions of carbon disulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl disulfide were also detected in RSD1 treatment. The results indicated that RSD was an effective method to remove SO4(2-), liming stimulates the conversion of dissolved SO4(2-) into undissolved form, probably due to the precipitation with calcium.
authors.affiliation: School of Geography Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210023, China. Electronic address: mtianzhu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tianzhu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: School of Geography Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors.forename: Tongbin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: School of Geography Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (VGE), Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors.forename: Jinbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Geography Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (VGE), Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, Nanjing 210023, China. Electronic address: zccai@njnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zucong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection; D055868:Floods; D005740:Gases / Q000378:metabolism; D000455:Medicago sativa / Q000254:growth & development; D010087:Oxides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism*; D013457:Sulfur Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D005740:Gases; D010087:Oxides; D012987:Soil; D013431:Sulfates; D013457:Sulfur Compounds; C016538:lime
keywords: Lime; Reductive soil disinfestations; Sulfate; Sulfur gases; Vegetable soil