title: Developmental and Reproductive Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: Increasing use of iron oxide nanoparticles in medicine and environmental remediation has led to concerns regarding exposure of these nanoparticles to the public. However, limited studies are available to evaluate their effects on the environment, in particular on plants and food crops. Here, we investigated the effects of positive (PC) and negative (NC) charged iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles (IONPs) on the physiology and reproductive capacity of Arabidopsis thaliana at concentrations of 3 and 25 mg/L. The 3 mg/L treated plants did not show evident effects on seeding and root length. However, the 25 mg/L treatment resulted in reduced seedling (positive-20% and negative-3.6%) and root (positive-48% and negative-negligible) length. Interestingly, treatment with polyethylenimine (PEI; IONP-PC coating) also resulted in reduced root length (39%) but no change was observed with polyacrylic acid (PAA; IONP-NC coating) treatment alone. However, treatment with IONPs at 3 mg/L did lead to an almost 5% increase in aborted pollen, a 2%-6% reduction in pollen viability and up to an 11% reduction in seed yield depending on the number of treatments. Interestingly, the treated plants did not show any observable phenotypic changes in overall size or general plant structure, indicating that environmental nanoparticle contamination could go dangerously unnoticed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA. sbombin@crimson.ua.edu.
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bombin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA. mnlefebvre@crimson.ua.edu.
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: LeFebvre
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Box 870203, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA. jasherwood@crimson.us.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sherwood
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Box 870203, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA. yxu22@crimson.us.edu.
authors.forename: Yaolin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Box 870203, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA. ybao@eng.ua.edu.
authors.forename: Yuping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA. kramonel@ua.edu.
authors.forename: Katrina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ramonell
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000494:pharmacology; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects*; D011058:Pollen / Q000187:drug effects; D011094:Polyethyleneimine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D005290:Ferric Compounds; C000499:ferric oxide; C006903:carbopol 940; D011094:Polyethyleneimine
keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana; iron oxide; nanoparticle; phytotoxicity; plant development; pollen viability; seed yield