title: Nutritional Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Growth of Infants Following Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathophysiology of failure to thrive in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has not been fully elucidated, and the nutritional care of these infants is hindered by paucity of data on the optimal calorie requirements for growth. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the energy intake required for infants with CDH to grow optimally at the time of first hospital discharge. The secondary objectives were to assess their measured resting energy expenditure in infancy, and their long-term growth outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nutritional intake, anthropometrics, indirect calorimetry results, and respiratory status of infants with CDH from 2011 to 2014 were collected retrospectively. Data on confounders (gastroesophageal reflux disease and feeding intolerance, respiratory rate and pulmonary hypertension) were also collected. Analyses were performed using Stata (College Station, TX).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 72 infants diagnosed with CDH during that period of time, 43 met the inclusion criteria. A caloric intake of 125.0 ± 20 kcal · kg · day was required to meet discharge weight gain criteria (25-35 g · kg · day). In a subset of 17 patients, measured resting energy expenditure was higher than predicted resting energy expenditure (58.0 ± 18 vs 46.6 ± 3 kcal · kg · day, P < 0.05), and 59% of infants were hypermetabolic (measured resting energy expenditure >110% of predicted resting energy expenditure) in early infancy. Failure to thrive prevalence at discharge was 16.2% compared to 3.6% and 4.2% at 12- and 24-months of age, respectively (P = 0.03; P = 0.005, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimal weight gain can be achieved with higher than predicted calorie provision. Most infants with CDH are hypermetabolic. Despite this, failure to thrive prevalence can improve during the first year of life.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Surgery, Department of Clinical Dietetics, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery †Department of Surgery, Division of General and Thoracic Surgery ‡Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition §Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine ||Department of Surgery. Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haliburton
authors.forename: Monping
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marcon
authors.forename: Theo J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.forename: Priscilla P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Marialena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mouzaki
mesh_terms: D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D002657:Child Development; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005183:Failure to Thrive / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010351:Patient Discharge; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*