title: Perceptions of research risk and undue influence: Implications for ethics of research conducted with cocaine users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the prominence of human laboratory and clinical trial research in the development of interventions for substance use disorders, this research presents numerous ethical challenges. Ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report, including respect for persons, beneficence, and justice, have traditionally guided research conduct. Few empirical studies exist examining substance abuse research ethics. The present study examined perceptions of beneficence and respect for persons in substance use research, including relative risk and desired monetary compensation, using an online sample of cocaine users.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted on Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk (mTurk), a crowdsourcing website used for survey-based research. Of 1764 individuals screened, 138 reported past year cocaine use. These respondents completed a battery of standardized and experimenter-designed questionnaires used to characterize each respondent's self-reported attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors about drug use and the relative risks and desired monetary compensation associated with research participation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ratings of relative risk revealed that most respondents found common research practices as less than or equal to the relative risk of everyday life. Receiving experimental medication outside the hospital was rated as the most risky research activity, but on average was not rated as presenting more risk than everyday life. Desired compensation for research participation was associated with the perceived risk of research activities. Increases in desired compensation for participation were only observed for research perceived as much more risky than everyday activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that cocaine users assess risk in a way that is consistent with standard research practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky Arts and Sciences, Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA.
authors.forename: Justin C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Strickland
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky Arts and Sciences, Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA; Department of Behavioral Science and Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Parkway, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA. Electronic address: william.stoops@uky.edu.
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Stoops
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003068:Coercion; D015897:Comorbidity; D003469:Culture; D032984:Ethics, Research; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008128:Logic; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms; D035842:Research Subjects / Q000523:psychology*; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Clinical; Drugs; Ethics; Mechanical Turk; Substance use