title: Survival and Infectivity of the Insect-Parasitic Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar in Solutions Containing Four Different Turfgrass Soil Surfactants.
abstract: This laboratory study examined viability and infectivity of the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar in solutions containing four different turfgrass soil surfactants: Revolution (Aquatrols Corp., Paulsboro, NJ), Aqueduct (Aquatrols Corp., Paulsboro, NJ), Cascade Plus (Precision Laboratories Inc., Waukegan, IL) and OARS (Aqua-Aid Inc., Rocky Mount, NC). Infective juvenile H. bacteriophora were added to solutions containing each of the four surfactants, and nematode viability and infectivity were monitored over time. In one of two trials, nematode survival in solutions containing the surfactants Aqueduct and Cascade Plus was consistently higher compared to the water control and solutions containing Revolution or OARS. Surfactants had no significant influence on nematode infectivity in either trial. Findings indicate that most of the common turfgrass soil surfactants examined should be compatible with EPNs and that some may potentially enhance nematode survival. Results also imply that tank-mixing of EPNs with most turfgrass soil surfactants should not pose a significant risk to the nematodes. The influence of soil surfactants on EPN performance remains to be examined in the field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. tlhoctor@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Terri L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hoctor
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. gibb@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gibb
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. cbigelo1@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Cale A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bigelow
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. drichmond@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Richmond
keywords: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; infectivity; integrated pest management; surfactant; survival; tank-mixing