title: Quality-of-Life and Economic Outcomes of Assessing Fractional Flow Reserve With Computed Tomography Angiography: PLATFORM.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fractional flow reserve estimated using computed tomography (FFRCT) might improve evaluation of patients with chest pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors sought to determine the effect on cost and quality of life (QOL) of using FFRCT instead of usual care to evaluate stable patients with symptoms suspicious for coronary disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptomatic patients without known coronary disease were enrolled into 2 strata based on whether invasive or noninvasive diagnostic testing was planned. In each stratum, consecutive observational cohorts were evaluated with either usual care or FFRCT. The number of diagnostic tests, invasive procedures, hospitalizations, and medications during 90-day follow-up were multiplied by U.S. cost weights and summed to derive total medical costs. Changes in QOL from baseline to 90 days were assessed using the Seattle Angina Questionnaire, the EuroQOL, and a visual analog scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 584 patients, 74% had atypical angina, and the pre-test probability of coronary disease was 49%. In the planned invasive stratum, mean costs were 32% lower among the FFRCT patients than among the usual care patients ($7,343 vs. $10,734 p < 0.0001). In the noninvasive stratum, mean costs were not significantly different between the FFRCT patients and the usual care patients ($2,679 vs. $2,137; p = 0.26). In a sensitivity analysis, when the cost weight of FFRCT was set to 7 times that of computed tomography angiography, the FFRCT group still had lower costs than the usual care group in the invasive testing stratum ($8,619 vs. $ 10,734; p < 0.0001), whereas in the noninvasive testing stratum, when the cost weight of FFRCT was set to one-half that of computed tomography angiography, the FFRCT group had higher costs than the usual care group ($2,766 vs. $2,137; p = 0.02). Each QOL score improved in the overall study population (p < 0.0001). In the noninvasive stratum, QOL scores improved more in FFRCT patients than in usual care patients: Seattle Angina Questionnaire 19.5 versus 11.4, p = 0.003; EuroQOL 0.08 versus 0.03, p = 0.002; and visual analog scale 4.1 versus 2.3, p = 0.82. In the invasive cohort, the improvements in QOL were similar in the FFRCT and usual care patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An evaluation strategy based on FFRCT was associated with less resource use and lower costs within 90 days than evaluation with invasive coronary angiography. Evaluation with FFRCT was associated with greater improvement in quality of life than evaluation with usual noninvasive testing. (Prospective Longitudinal Trial of FFRCT: Outcomes and Resource Impacts [PLATFORM]; NCT01943903).
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Research and Policy and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Electronic address: hlatky@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hlatky
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center Aalst, Aalst, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Bruyne
authors.affiliation: Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pontone
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Manesh R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Skejby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bjarne L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Norgaard
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Curzen
authors.affiliation: Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Purcell
authors.affiliation: University of Leipzig Heart Centre, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gutberlet
authors.affiliation: Hospices Civils de Lyon and Laboratoire de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rioufol
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Johannes Gutenberg University Hospital, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hink
authors.affiliation: LKH Graz West, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Herwig Walter
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Schuchlenz
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feuchtner
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Cavale Blanche Hospital, Brest, France.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gilard
authors.affiliation: Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andreini
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Skejby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jesper M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hadamitzky
authors.affiliation: HeartFlow, Inc., Redwood City, California.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilk
authors.affiliation: HeartFlow, Inc., Redwood City, California.
authors.forename: Furong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: HeartFlow, Inc., Redwood City, California.
authors.forename: Campbell
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Pamela S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Douglas
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000191:economics*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D053805:Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000191:economics*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: coronary angiography; coronary artery disease; cost comparison; myocardial fractional flow reserve; quality of life; stress test