title: Hidden Farmworker Labor Camps in North Carolina: An Indicator of Structural Vulnerability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We used geographic information systems (GIS) to delineate whether farmworker labor camps were hidden and to determine whether hidden camps differed from visible camps in terms of physical and resident characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected data using observation, interview, and public domain GIS data for 180 farmworker labor camps in east central North Carolina. A hidden camp was defined as one that was at least 0.15 miles from an all-weather road or located behind natural or manufactured objects. Hidden camps were compared with visible camps in terms of physical and resident characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than one third (37.8%) of the farmworker labor camps were hidden. Hidden camps were significantly larger (42.7% vs 17.0% with 21 or more residents; P ≤ .001; and 29.4% vs 13.5% with 3 or more dwellings; P = .002) and were more likely to include barracks (50% vs 19.6%; P ≤ .001) than were visible camps.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor housing conditions in farmworker labor camps often go unnoticed because they are hidden in the rural landscape, increasing farmworker vulnerability. Policies that promote greater community engagement with farmworker labor camp residents to reduce structural vulnerability should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Phillip Summers and Thomas A. Arcury are with the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC. Sara A. Quandt is with the Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine. Jennifer W. Talton is with the Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine. Leonardo Galván is with the North Carolina Farmworkers Project, Benson, NC.
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.affiliation: Phillip Summers and Thomas A. Arcury are with the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC. Sara A. Quandt is with the Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine. Jennifer W. Talton is with the Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine. Leonardo Galván is with the North Carolina Farmworkers Project, Benson, NC.
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Quandt
authors.affiliation: Phillip Summers and Thomas A. Arcury are with the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC. Sara A. Quandt is with the Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine. Jennifer W. Talton is with the Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine. Leonardo Galván is with the North Carolina Farmworkers Project, Benson, NC.
authors.forename: Jennifer W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Talton
authors.affiliation: Phillip Summers and Thomas A. Arcury are with the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC. Sara A. Quandt is with the Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine. Jennifer W. Talton is with the Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine. Leonardo Galván is with the North Carolina Farmworkers Project, Benson, NC.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galván
authors.affiliation: Phillip Summers and Thomas A. Arcury are with the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC. Sara A. Quandt is with the Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine. Jennifer W. Talton is with the Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine. Leonardo Galván is with the North Carolina Farmworkers Project, Benson, NC.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Arcury
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006798:Housing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000078329:Workforce