title: Direct determination of chromium in infant formulas employing high-resolution continuum source electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and solid sample analysis.
abstract: The present work proposed an analytical method for the direct determination of chromium in infant formulas employing the high-resolution continuum source electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry combined with the solid sample analysis (SS-HR-CS ET AAS). Sample masses up to 2.0mg were directly weighted on a solid sampling platform and introduced into the graphite tube. In order to minimize the formation of carbonaceous residues and to improve the contact of the modifier solution with the solid sample, a volume of 10 µL of a solution containing 6% (v/v) H2O2, 20% (v/v) ethanol and 1% (v/v) HNO3 was added. The pyrolysis and atomization temperatures established were 1600 and 2400 °C, respectively, using magnesium as chemical modifier. The calibration technique was evaluated by comparing the slopes of calibration curves established using aqueous and solid standards. This test revealed that chromium can be determined employing the external calibration technique using aqueous standards. Under these conditions, the method developed allows the direct determination of chromium with limit of quantification of 11.5 ng g(-1), precision expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) in the range of 4.0-17.9% (n=3) and a characteristic mass of 1.2 pg of chromium. The accuracy was confirmed by analysis of a certified reference material of tomato leaves furnished by National Institute of Standards and Technology. The method proposed was applied for the determination of chromium in five different infant formula samples. The chromium content found varied in the range of 33.9-58.1 ng g(-1) (n=3). These samples were also analyzed employing ICP-MS. A statistical test demonstrated that there is no significant difference between the results found by two methods. The chromium concentrations achieved are lower than the maximum limit permissible for chromium in foods by Brazilian Legislation.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Grupo de Pesquisa em Química e Quimiometria, Campus Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, INCT, de Energia e Ambiente, UFBA, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil.
authors.forename: Arlene S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Grupo de Pesquisa em Química e Quimiometria, Campus Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, INCT, de Energia e Ambiente, UFBA, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil.
authors.forename: Geovani C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Brandao
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, INCT, de Energia e Ambiente, UFBA, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul, Química, Rodovia Dourados, Itaum Km 12, Bairro Aeroporto, 79804-970 Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Geraldo D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Matos
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Grupo de Pesquisa em Química e Quimiometria, Campus Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, INCT, de Energia e Ambiente, UFBA, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil. Electronic address: slcf@ufba.br.
authors.forename: Sergio L C
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002857:Chromium
keywords: Chromium determination; Direct solid sampling; High-resolution continuum source electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry; Infant formulas