title: Hypercalciuria following ceftriaxone a fact or myth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nephrolithiasis is a common worldwide problem both in children and adults. Ceftriaxone as a widely used antibiotic can contribute to the formation of renal stones and hypercalciuria.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To find the effect of ceftriaxone, a widely used antibiotic, on urinary calcium excretion rate in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  84 infants and children over 3 months admitted to hospital for non-renal problems. They were all previously healthy children affected with a condition mandating hospitalisation. They were randomly divided into 2 groups; those who received ceftriaxone according to their physician decision as the case group and those who did not receive antibiotics as the control group. The patients urinary calcium excretion was determined as calcium to creatinine ratio in a random urine sample in the first and third day of their admission. All data was expressed by mean ± SD and analysed by t independent and chi-square tests by SPSS 16. P P value less than 0.05 was significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-four cases were analysed. Calcium excretion in received and non-received ceftriaxone groups was 0.13 ± 0.06 and 0.14 ± 0.02 respectively at first day of admission ( P = 0.1). After 3 days, the urine calcium to creatinine ratio increased to 0.27 ± 0.2 and 0.26 ± 0.08 in received and non- received ceftriaxone groups ( P = 0.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children, urinary calcium excretion increases 2 times in average in a short time after admission because of gastroenteritis, and ceftriaxone is not different to other antibiotics for increase urinary calcium excretion in 3 days after admission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Anoush
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azarfar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esmaeeli
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Development Center, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Yalda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ravanshad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Sepideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bagheri
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Ezzat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Khodashenas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghane-Sharbaf
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Amir-Hossein
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Mohamadian
keywords: Ceftriaxone; Children; Hypercalciuria