title: The relationship between fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing outcome and symptoms of anxiety and depression in dysphagic patients.
abstract: Affective complaints are involved in bothersome oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD). The aim was to determine the relationship between the severity of OD and affective symptoms.
  
  
  
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  
  One hundred seven patients underwent a standardized examination protocol including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). Two observers independently assessed patient performance on four ordinal FEES-variables (for thin and thick liquid consistency, blindly assessed). The relationship between FEES outcome and the presence of clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and depression was analyzed using binary logistic regression.
  
  
  
  Significant associations were found between clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and two variables: piecemeal deglutition (thin liquid consistency only) (P = .026) and postswallow vallecular pooling (thick liquid consistency only) (P = .015). The probability of presenting with anxiety symptoms decreased as the severity of piecemeal deglutition and postswallow vallecular pooling increased. No significant association was found between clinically relevant symptoms of depression and any specific FEES variable.
  
  
  
  These data revealed few associations between anxiety symptoms and the measured FEES variables. However, the more severe the score on FEES variables, the less important the affective complaints were. Anxiety seems to play a role in OD, but no causal relationship was found, commensurate with a cross-sectional study design. The contribution of affective symptoms to the development and treatment of OD warrants longitudinal research.
  
  
  
  2b Laryngoscope, 126:E199-E207, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.|Emergency Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rob J C G
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Verdonschot
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baijens
authors.affiliation: Department of Methodology and Statistics, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vanbelle
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Florie
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leue
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; deglutition disorder; depression; dysphagia; video endoscopy