title: Recent developments in ocular drug delivery.
abstract: Ocular drug delivery has many challenges due to the inherent physiology and natural barriers. Traditionally used eye drops are fairly inefficient with low ocular bioavailability, and drug delivery to the back of the eye currently requires invasive measures, such as implants or frequent intravitreal injections. These challenges, however, present unique opportunities for innovative drug delivery approaches. This review highlights several of these approaches, with special emphasis on those progressing in clinical development.
authors.affiliation: a Kala Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Waltham , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Hongming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D060433:Administration, Ophthalmic; D001682:Biological Availability; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015195:Drug Design; D005123:Eye / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: Cell and gene therapy; contact lens; implants; iontophoresis; particulates; posterior; punctal plug; topical inserts