title: An Internet-Based Intervention (Mamma Mia) for Postpartum Depression: Mapping the Development from Theory to Practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As much as 10-15% of new mothers experience depression postpartum. An Internet-based intervention (Mamma Mia) was developed with the primary aims of preventing depressive symptoms and enhancing subjective well-being among pregnant and postpartum women. A secondary aim of Mamma Mia was to ease the transition of becoming a mother by providing knowledge, techniques, and support during pregnancy and after birth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the paper is to provide a systematic and comprehensive description of the intervention rationale and the development of Mamma Mia.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this purpose, we used the intervention mapping (IM) protocol as descriptive tool, which consists of the following 6 steps: (1) a needs assessment, (2) definition of change objectives, (3) selection of theoretical methods and practical strategies, (4) development of program components, (5) planning adoption and implementation, and (6) planning evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mamma Mia is a fully automated Internet intervention available for computers, tablets, and smartphones, intended for individual use by the mother. It starts in gestational week 18-24 and lasts up to when the baby becomes 6 months old. This intervention applies a tunneled design to guide the woman through the program in a step-by-step fashion in accordance with the psychological preparations of becoming a mother. The intervention is delivered by email and interactive websites, combining text, pictures, prerecorded audio files, and user input. It targets risk and protective factors for postpartum depression such as prepartum and postpartum attachment, couple satisfaction, social support, and subjective well-being, as identified in the needs assessment. The plan is to implement Mamma Mia directly to users and as part of ordinary services at well-baby clinics, and to evaluate the effectiveness of Mamma Mia in a randomized controlled trial and assess users' experiences with the program.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IM of Mamma Mia has made clear the rationale for the intervention, and linked theories and empirical evidence to the contents and materials of the program. This meets the recent calls for intervention descriptions and may inform future studies, development of interventions, and systematic reviews.
authors.affiliation: National Network for Infant Mental Health, Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway, Oslo, Norway. filip.drozd@r-bup.no.
authors.forename: Filip
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1220-9007
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Drozd
authors.forename: Silje Marie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-6821
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Haga
authors.forename: Håvar
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3860-9754
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brendryen
authors.forename: Kari
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6571-8919
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Slinning
keywords: Internet; Mamma Mia; early intervention; intervention mapping; postpartum depression; pregnancy; well-being