title: Location of Usual Source of Care among Children and Adolescents in the United States, 1997-2013.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine national trends in the percentage of children whose usual source of care is at a clinic, health center, or hospital outpatient department (hereafter "clinics") and whether trends differ by sociodemographic subpopulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of serial, cross-sectional, nationally representative in-person household surveys, the 1997-2013 National Health Interview Surveys, was conducted to identify children with a usual source of care (n = 190,571), and the percentage receiving that care in a clinic. We used joinpoint regression to identify changes in linear trends, and logistic regression with predictive margins to obtain per-year changes in percentages, both unadjusted and adjusted for sociodemographic factors. Interaction terms in logistic regressions were used to assess whether trends varied by sociodemographic subgroups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all children with a usual source of care, the percentage receiving that care in a clinic declined 0.44 percentage points per year (P < .001) from 22.97% in 1997 to 19.31% in 2002. Thereafter, it increased approximately 0.57 percentage points per year (P < .001), reaching 26.1% in 2013. Trends for some sociodemographic subgroups varied from these overall trends. No changes were observed between 2003 and 2013 for non-Hispanic black and Medicaid/State Children's Health Insurance Program insured children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that, although the percentage of children with a usual source of care in a clinic declined between 1997 and 2002, it has steadily increased since that time.
authors.affiliation: Infant, Child, and Women's Health Statistics Branch, Office of Analysis and Epidemiology, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD.
authors.forename: Alan E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Infant, Child, and Women's Health Statistics Branch, Office of Analysis and Epidemiology, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD.
authors.forename: Lauren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rossen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Schoendorf
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL.
authors.forename: Kandyce
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL.
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000639:trends*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys / Q000379:methods*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000639:trends*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007348:Insurance, Health; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States