title: Multiple Antipsychotic Medication Use in Autism Spectrum Disorder.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the use of multiple antipsychotic medications in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by reviewing the longitudinal medication management of 1100 patients consecutively treated for behavioral symptoms associated with ASD at a tertiary care specialty clinic.
  
  
  
  We identified all patients with ASD treated with daily doses of two or more antipsychotics for at least two visits at our clinic. For each patient meeting inclusion criteria, diagnostic and demographic data were collected. To evaluate clinical need and effectiveness of antipsychotic medications in this sample, we reviewed symptoms targeted with each antipsychotic medication and concomitant medications prescribed. Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) and Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) scale ratings had been completed at the time of each visit, and the duration of treatment with antipsychotic medications was determined. To evaluate the safety and tolerability of antipsychotic medication use in ASD, we reviewed reported adverse effects and calculated body mass index (BMI) change with treatment.
  
  
  
  Seventy patients met the inclusion criteria (6.4% of our sample). The majority of patients were moderately to severely ill Caucasian males, as determined by baseline mean CGI-S of 4.7 (SD = 0.8), and were diagnosed with autistic disorder and comorbid intellectual disability. The mean age was 15.1 years (SD = 10.9), the primary targeted symptoms were agitation/irritability, physical aggression, and self-injury. The majority of patients remained on two or more antipsychotics for >1 year. In this population, patients demonstrated greater symptomatic improvement and generally tolerated treatment without significant adverse effects.
  
  
  
  The use of two or more antipsychotic medications may be increasingly common in patients with ASD. This retrospective study demonstrates that this treatment approach may be of some clinical benefit, and is generally well tolerated. Prospective studies focusing on the efficacy and safety of concomitant antipsychotic medication usage in ASD should be considered.
authors.affiliation: 1 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Logan K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Wink
authors.affiliation: 1 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Ernest V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Pedapati
authors.affiliation: 1 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.affiliation: 2 Lurie Center for Autism , Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McDougle
authors.affiliation: 1 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Erickson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
keywords: antipsychotics; autism; autism spectrum disorder; irritability; physcopharmacology