title: Study of model systems to test the potential function of Artemia   group 1 late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins.
abstract: Embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana, are genetically programmed to develop either ovoviparously or oviparously depending on environmental conditions. Shortly upon their release from the female, oviparous embryos enter diapause during which time they undergo major metabolic rate depression while simultaneously synthesize proteins that permit them to tolerate a wide range of stressful environmental events including prolonged periods of desiccation, freezing, and anoxia. Among the known stress-related proteins that accumulate in embryos entering diapause are the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins. This large group of intrinsically disordered proteins has been proposed to act as molecular shields or chaperones of macromolecules which are otherwise intolerant to harsh conditions associated with diapause. In this research, we used two model systems to study the potential function of the group 1 LEA proteins from Artemia. Expression of the Artemia group 1 gene (AfrLEA-1) in Escherichia coli inhibited growth in proportion to the number of 20-mer amino acid motifs expressed. As well, clones of E. coli, transformed with the AfrLEA-1 gene, expressed multiple bands of LEA proteins, either intrinsically or upon induction with isopropyl-β-thiogalactoside (IPTG), in a vector-specific manner. Expression of AfrLEA-1 in E. coli did not overcome the inhibitory effects of high concentrations of NaCl and KCl but modulated growth inhibition resulting from high concentrations of sorbitol in the growth medium. In contrast, expression of the AfrLEA-1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae did not alter the growth kinetics or permit yeast to tolerate high concentrations of NaCl, KCl, or sorbitol. However, expression of AfrLEA-1 in yeast improved its tolerance to drying (desiccation) and freezing. Under our experimental conditions, both E. coli and S. cerevisiae appear to be potentially suitable hosts to study the function of Artemia group 1 LEA proteins under environmentally stressful conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada. warner1@uwindsor.ca.
authors.forename: Alden H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada.
authors.forename: Zhi-Hao
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kozarova
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D003890:Desiccation; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D047108:Embryonic Development; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005615:Freezing; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008954:Models, Biological; D009997:Osmotic Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome