title: Time to revisit the problem of CIN? The low incidence of acute kidney injury with and without contrast in hospitalized patients: an observational cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute kidney injury (AKI) following imaging procedures with contrast medium in hospitalized patients is commonly attributed to contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). This study sought to establish a benchmark of the incidence of AKI in hospitalized patients who underwent computed tomography (CT) scans, with and without intravenous contrast administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a multi-center observational cohort study. Hospitalized patients in four hospitals with CT scans during two time periods in 2012 and 2013 were included. AKI post-scan was defined as a change in serum creatinine (sCr) in absolute terms of ≥26.5 μmol/L (≥0.3 mg/dl), occurring within 7 days of the CT scan. AKI incidence was examined by study phases and CT-scan types using logistic regression models. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the proportions of sCr availability between two study phases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and twenty-five patients in Period 1 and 518 patients in Period 2 were included in the study. The incidence of AKI in Period 1 was similar in those who received contrast and in those who did not (11.6 % [95 % C.I.: 6.5, 18.7] vs. 10.1 % [95 % C.I.: 5.1, 17.3]; p = 0.38). The incidence of AKI remained not significantly different between the two periods in those who received contrast (11.6 % [95 % C.I.: 6.5, 18.7] vs. 10.7 % [95 % C.I.: 6.8, 15.8]; p = 0.89) and those who did not (10.1 % [95 % C.I.: 5.1, 17.3] vs. 9.1 % [95 % C.I.: 5.2, 14.6]; p = 0.54). Among those who received contrast, there was a significant increase in the availability of both pre- and post- CT scan sCr in Period 2 compared to Period 1 (73.6 % [95 % C.I.: 67.7, 80.6] vs. 79.8 % [95 % C.I.: 75.2, 84.7]; p = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study was not targeted to specifically assess the impact of a prevention protocol on the incidence of AKI and was limited to settings within one health authority in the province.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In hospitalized patients, the incidence of AKI is low, not different between those who did and did not receive contrast, and was not impacted by improvement in the monitoring of sCr in at risk patients. A better understanding of the determinants of AKI post-contrast scan is required to improve strategies to reduce the incidence of AKI.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Juliya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hemmett
authors.affiliation: BC Provincial Renal Agency, Vancouver, BC Canada.
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Er
authors.affiliation: BC Provincial Renal Agency, Vancouver, BC Canada.
authors.forename: Helen H L
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 6010A, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6 Canada.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: BC Provincial Renal Agency, Vancouver, BC Canada.
authors.forename: Ognjenka
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Djurdjev
authors.affiliation: BC Provincial Renal Agency, Vancouver, BC Canada ; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 6010A, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6 Canada.
authors.forename: Adeera
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levin