title: Methylation and gene expression of histone deacetylases 6 in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of methylation in the histone deacetylases 6 (HDAC6) promoter and HDAC6 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct bisulfite-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing was performed to detect the HDAC6 promoter methylation in 33 patients with SLE and 35 healthy controls. The HDAC6 mRNA expression was measured in 93 SLE patients and 84 healthy controls by using the method of quantitative real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study demonstrated that the methylation rates at HDAC6-680, -660 and -658 were significantly increased in the SLE patients compared with healthy controls (P = 0.041, 0.034 and 0.029, respectively). The SLE patients also had lower HDAC6 mRNA expression than the controls (P = 0.031). However, there was no significant difference in HDAC6 mRNA expression between patients with active and inactive SLE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SLE patients had higher methylation in the HDAC6 promoter and lower HDAC6 mRNA expression than the controls. These changes may be related to the susceptibility of SLE. However, they are not associated with the disease activity of SLE.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzu-Jung
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuan-Zhao
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Ching
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ruei-Nian
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Chin
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tsan-Teng
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Chan
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. jehsye@kmu.edu.tw.|Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. jehsye@kmu.edu.tw.|Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. jehsye@kmu.edu.tw.|Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. jehsye@kmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Jeng-Hsien
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yen
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D000073864:Histone Deacetylase 6; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; C433811:HDAC6 protein, human; D000073864:Histone Deacetylase 6; D006655:Histone Deacetylases
keywords: HDAC6; methylation; systemic lupus erythematosus