title: Capsid Gene Divergence of Black Queen Cell Virus Isolates in Thailand and Japan Honey Bee Species.
abstract: Black queen cell virus (BQCV) has been found in honey bees worldwide. By using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique, BQCV was detected in a non-native species, Apis mellifera L., collected in both Thailand and Japan, and three other honey bee species (Apis cerana indica F., Apis dorsata F., and Apis florae F.) native to Thailand and Apis cerana japonica F. native to Japan. Based on the capsid coding region, the phylogenetic analysis showed that the BQCV strains found in A. cerana indica and A. cerana japonica were similar within the group and closer to BQCV in Asia. It is interesting to note that the genetic variation of the BQCV isolates was more associated with geographic origin than the host bee species from which the isolates were obtained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. panuwan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Wannapha
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mookhploy
authors.affiliation: Honeybee Research Unit, Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research Division, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2 Ikeno-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan. Doctoral Program in Biosphere Resource Science and Technology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-nou-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Terd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Disayathanoowat
authors.affiliation: Honeybee Research Unit, Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research Division, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2 Ikeno-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan.
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshiyama
authors.affiliation: Doctoral Program in Biosphere Resource Science and Technology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-nou-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. panuwan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Panuwan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chantawannakul
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000821:virology*; D002213:Capsid / Q000378:metabolism; D056629:Dicistroviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014644:Genetic Variation; D007564:Japan; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D013785:Thailand
keywords: BQCV; RT-PCR technique; honey bee; phylogenetic analysis