title: DNA-free genome editing in plants with preassembled CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins.
abstract: Editing plant genomes without introducing foreign DNA into cells may alleviate regulatory concerns related to genetically modified plants. We transfected preassembled complexes of purified Cas9 protein and guide RNA into plant protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana, tobacco, lettuce and rice and achieved targeted mutagenesis in regenerated plants at frequencies of up to 46%. The targeted sites contained germline-transmissible small insertions or deletions that are indistinguishable from naturally occurring genetic variation.
authors.affiliation: Convergence Research Center for Functional Plant Products, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Je Wook
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, South Korea.|Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jungeun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Convergence Research Center for Functional Plant Products, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Soon Il
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Corvalán
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeran
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Gyu
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Tae
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Convergence Research Center for Functional Plant Products, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.|School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.|Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sunghwa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.affiliation: Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, South Korea.|Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D001483:Base Sequence; D064113:CRISPR-Cas Systems / Q000235:genetics*; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D011523:Protoplasts; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins