title: New bone formation induced by surface strontium-modified ceramic bone graft substitute.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the effect of surface strontium ion (Sr) modification on the osteogenic activity of an osteoconductive ceramic bone graft substitute with the hope of using the bone healing effect of Sr for potential application in periodontal and maxillofacial regenerative surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A simple wet chemical treatment was employed to deliver Sr to the surface of particulate porcine bone graft. The osteogenic activity of surface Sr-modified bone substitute was compared in vitro and in vivo with that of unmodified ceramic bone, other clinically available synthetic bone or osteoinductive allograft bone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resultant bone substitute showed the formation of Sr-containing microstructured surface layer along with the formation of additional nanostructures and displayed sustained Sr release. Sr modification promoted the osteogenic differentiation of bipotential ST2 stem cells. Sr-modified bone substitute increased the amount of newly formed bone at early healing period in calvarial defect of rabbits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the surface Sr modification by wet chemical treatment is a promising approach to enhance the early bone healing capacity of osteoconductive ceramic bone substitutes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: J-W
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6632-023X
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: D-G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Metals, Institute of Biomaterials & Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hanawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development / Q000187:drug effects; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery / Q000637:transplantation; D023421:Models, Animal; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011817:Rabbits; D017154:Stromal Cells; D013324:Strontium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013552:Swine; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D013324:Strontium
keywords: bone graft substitute; bone regeneration; histomorphometry; osteoblast differentiation