title: Unenhanced Cone Beam Computed Tomography and Fusion  Imaging in Direct Percutaneous Sac Injection for Treatment  of Type II Endoleak: Technical Note.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate safety, feasibility, technical success, and clinical success of direct percutaneous sac injection (DPSI) for the treatment of type II endoleaks (T2EL) using anatomical landmarks on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and fusion imaging (FI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients with T2EL were treated with DPSI using CBCT as imaging guidance. Anatomical landmarks on unenhanced CBCT were used for referencing T2EL location in the first five patients, while FI between unenhanced CBCT and pre-procedural computed tomography angiography (CTA) was used in the remaining three patients. Embolization was performed with thrombin, glue, and ethylene–vinyl alcohol copolymer. Technical and clinical success, iodinated contrast utilization, procedural time, fluoroscopy time, and mean radiation dose were registered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DPSI was technically successful in all patients: the needle was correctly positioned at the first attempt in six patients, while in two of the first five patients the needle was repositioned once. Neither minor nor major complications were registered. Average procedural time was 45 min and the average administered iodinated contrast was 13 ml. Mean radiation dose of the procedure was 60.43 Gy cm2 and mean fluoroscopy time was 18 min. Clinical success was achieved in all patients (mean followup of 36 months): no sign of T2EL was reported in seven patients until last CT follow-up, while it persisted in one patient with stability of sac diameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DPSI using unenhanced CBCT and FI is feasible and provides the interventional radiologist with an accurate and safe alternative to endovascular treatment with limited iodinated contrast utilization.
authors.forename: Gianpaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carrafiello
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ierardi
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Radaelli
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Marchi
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Floridi
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piffaretti
authors.forename: Fontana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Federico
mesh_terms: D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D000072226:Computed Tomography Angiography; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D057867:Endoleak / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D057510:Endovascular Procedures; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography