title: Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from retail frozen foods in China.
abstract: In this study, our aim was to estimate the extent of Yersinia enterocolitica contamination in frozen foods in China and determine the bioserotype, virulotype, antimicrobial resistance, and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) genotyping profiles of recovered Y. enterocolitica isolates. Out of 455 samples collected between July 2011 and May 2014, 56 (12.3%) tested positive for Y. enterocolitica. The 70 isolated strains were grouped into five clusters and one singleton based on their ERIC-PCR fingerprint, at a similarity coefficient of 70%. All strains were of biotype 1A, and 35.7% were of bioserotype 1A/O:8. Most strains lacked the virulence genes ail, virF, ystA, and ystC, but harbored ystB, fepD, ymoA, fes and sat. All strains were sensitive to ticarcillin but resistant to two or more antibiotics, and 48.6% of the strains were resistant to four to nine antibiotics. High resistance rates were observed for ampicillin, cephalothin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol (98.6%, 95.7%, 74.3%, 28.6%, 18.6% and 12.9%, respectively). This study provides a systematic surveillance of Y. enterocolitica prevalence in frozen foods in China and indicates its high antibiotic resistance, which could serve as useful information for the government to control Y. enterocolitica contamination in frozen foods and the use of antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China Guangdong Institute of Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou 510070, P. R. China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application; Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Institute of Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou 510070, P. R. China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application; Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, P. R. China wuqp203@163.com.
authors.forename: Qingping
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Institute of Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou 510070, P. R. China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application; Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Huijuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Institute of Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou 510070, P. R. China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application; Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jumei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Institute of Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou 510070, P. R. China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application; Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Huixian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000667:Ampicillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002681:China; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005628:Frozen Foods / Q000382:microbiology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D012703:Serotyping; D013982:Ticarcillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics; D015008:Yersinia enterocolitica / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000667:Ampicillin; D013982:Ticarcillin
keywords: ERIC-PCR; Yersinia enterocolitica; antimicrobial susceptibility; frozen food; prevalence; virulence genes