title: Toxicity assessment of diesel- and metal-contaminated soils through elutriate and solid phase assays with the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.
abstract: A suite of organisms from different taxonomical and ecological positions is needed to assess environmentally relevant soil toxicity. A new bioassay based on Dictyostelium is presented that is aimed at integrating slime molds into such a testing framework. Toxicity tests on elutriates and the solid phase developmental cycle assay were successfully applied to a soil spiked with a mixture of Zn, Cd, and diesel fuel freshly prepared (recently contaminated) and after 2 yr of aging. The elutriates of both soils provoked toxic effects, but toxicity was markedly lower in the aged soil. In the D. discoideum developmental cycle assay, both soils affected amoeba viability and aggregation, with fewer multicellular units, smaller fruiting bodies and, overall, inhibition of fruiting body formation. This assay is quick and requires small amounts of test soil, which might facilitate its incorporation into a multispecies multiple-endpoint toxicity bioassay battery suitable for environmental risk assessment in soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1413-1421. © 2015 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: Zoology & Animal Cell Biology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa-Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain.
authors.forename: Amaia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Technological Innovation (DISIT), University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dondero
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Technological Innovation (DISIT), University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viarengo
authors.affiliation: Zoology & Animal Cell Biology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa-Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain.|Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country (PiE-UPV/EHU), Plentzia-Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain.
authors.forename: Ionan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marigómez
mesh_terms: D001681:Biological Assay; D004023:Dictyostelium / Q000187:drug effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005742:Gasoline / Q000633:toxicity*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005742:Gasoline; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Diesel fuel; Environmental risk assessment; Metals; Pollutant mixture; Soil aging