title: A sensitive, selective and rapid determination of lead(II) ions in real-life samples using an electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-graphite reinforced carbon electrode.
abstract: In this study, a sensitive and cost-effective electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ErGO) on graphite reinforced carbon (GRC) was developed for the detection of lead (Pb(II)) ions present in the real-life samples. A film of graphene oxide (GO) was drop-casted on GRC and their electrochemical properties were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), amperometry and square wave voltammetry (SWV). Factors influencing the detection of Pb(II) ions, such as grades of GRC, constant applied cathodic potential (CACP), concentration of hydrochloric acid and drop-casting drying time were optimised. GO is irreversibly reduced in the range of -0.7 V to -1.6 V vs Ag/AgCl (3 M) in acidic condition. The results showed that the reduction behaviour of GO contributed to the high sensitivity of Pb(II) ions detection even at nanomolar level. The ErGO-GRC showed the detection limit of 0.5 nM and linear range of 3-15 nM in HCl (1 M). The developed electrode has potential to be a good candidate for the determination of Pb(II) ions in different aqueous system. The proposed method gives a good recovery rate of Pb(II) ions in real-life water samples such as tap water and river water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kunashegaran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamsawahini
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment (RISE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. Electronic address: salemsathishkumar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Palanivel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sathishkumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; UTM Palm Oil Research Center, Research Institute for Sustainable Environment (RISE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. Electronic address: rahmalan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rahmalan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahamad
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment (RISE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Abdull Rahim Mohd
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Yusoff
mesh_terms: D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D010087:Oxides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007854:Lead; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Cyclic voltammetry; Electrochemical analysis; Graphene oxide; Graphite reinforced carbon; Lead(II) ions; Square wave voltammetry