title: Predicting better performance on a college preparedness test from narrative comprehension at the age of 6 years: An fMRI study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether high performance on college preparedness tests at 18 years of age can be predicted from brain activation patterns during narrative comprehension at 5-7 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this longitudinal study, functional MRI data during an auditory narrative-comprehension task were acquired from 15 children (5-7 years of age) who also provided their American College Testing (ACT) scores at the age of 18 years. Active voxels during the narrative-comprehension task were correlated with both composite ACT scores and the reading-comprehension component of the exam.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher composite ACT scores and behavioral scores for reading comprehension were positively correlated with greater activation in frontal and anterior brain regions during the narrative-comprehension task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that neural circuits supporting higher ACT performance are predictable from a narrative-comprehension task at the age of 5-7 years. This supports a critical role for the anterior cingulate cortex, which is a part of the cingulo-opercular cognitive-control network early in development, as a facilitator for better ACT scores. This study highlights that shared neural circuits that support overall ACT performance and neural circuits that support reading comprehension both rely on neural circuits related to narrative comprehension in childhood, suggesting that interventions involving narrative comprehension should be considered for individuals with reading and other academic difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; The Neurocognitive Center for Literacy, Language and Reading Development, Faulty of Education in Sciences and Technology, The Technion, Haifa, Israel. Electronic address: Tzipi.Horowitz-Kraus@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: Tzipi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horowitz-Kraus
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Rola
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Farah
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Ardag
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hajinazarian
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vannest
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Scott K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003099:College Admission Test; D032882:Comprehension / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D033262:Narration; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011932:Reading; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: American College Test; Children; Development; Functional MRI; Narrative comprehension