title: Inhibition of pancreatic cancer cell migration by plasma anthocyanins isolated from healthy volunteers receiving an anthocyanin-rich berry juice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive cancer type, of which the most important characteristics are migration and metastasis. Anthocyanins (ACN) are discussed to be protective phytochemicals; however, up to now only scarce data are available regarding their effects on cancer prevention. In this study, we aimed to determine whether ACN and their metabolites from plasma (PAM), isolated from blood of healthy volunteers after ingestion of an ACN-rich juice, are effective in modulating cancer cell migration in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  PAM were isolated from blood of healthy volunteers (n = 10) after consumption of an ACN-rich berry juice. Before ingestion (PAM0min) and after 60 min (PAM60min), blood was taken and PAM were isolated from plasma by solid-phase extraction. Migration of pancreatic cancer cells PANC-1 and AsPC-1 was assayed in a Boyden chamber. The influence of PAM on cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) or mitochondria-specific ROS was measured fluorimetrically. mRNA expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and NF-κB mRNA were determined by real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After application of PAM60minto PANC-1, we observed a reduced cell migration, which was associated with reduced levels of endogenously generated ROS concomitant with reduced NF-κB as well as MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expression levels. In AsPC-1 cells, however, migration was not affected by PAM60min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It can be assumed that physiologically relevant ACN and their metabolites were able to inhibit pancreatic cancer cell migration in dependency of the phenotype of cells and may thus deserve further attention as potential bioactive phytochemicals in cancer prevention.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 20, 35392, Giessen, Germany. Sabine.Kuntz@uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuntz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 20, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kunz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Feulgenstrasse 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rudloff
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices / Q000032:analysis*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: Anthocyanins; Grapes and bilberries; Metalloproteinases; Migration; Pancreatic cancer cells