title: Micronutrient Deficiencies in Patients With Heart Failure: Relationships With Body Mass Index and Age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is conceivable that lean patients (body mass index 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)) with heart failure (HF) have low body weight due to low food consumption and that this may contribute to micronutrient deficiencies and to their poorer prognosis compared with overweight/obese patients. We hypothesized that lean patients have a greater number of inadequate micronutrient intakes (<50% of recommendations) than overweight/obese patients and that this also depends on age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lean (n = 15) and overweight/obese (n = 49) patients underwent 24-hour diet and physical activity recall interviews. Inadequate essential micronutrient intakes were ubiquitous (intakes of 13 ± 1 of 27 micronutrients were inadequate) and did not depend on race, status, or access to supermarkets. Younger (40-64 y) lean patients had inadequate intakes of 20 ± 2 micronutrients, which was more than the other weight/age subgroups (all P < .01). Physical activity levels did not differ across weight and age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with HF may be at risk of malnutrition due to numerous inadequate micronutrient intakes; younger lean patients may have an especially high risk. Future studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings and to investigate the possibility that incorporating a micronutrient-dense meal plan will improve patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Doisy College of Health Sciences of Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Paulina M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.affiliation: Center for Comprehensive Cardiovascular Care, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hauptman
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Doisy College of Health Sciences of Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Lauren K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Landfried
authors.affiliation: Center for Comprehensive Cardiovascular Care, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Keval
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Doisy College of Health Sciences of Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri. Electronic address: eweiss4@slu.edu.
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000172:deficiency*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients
keywords: Heart failure; micronutrients; nutrition