title: Study of biomechanical, anatomical, and physiological properties of scorpion stingers for developing biomimetic materials.
abstract: Through natural selection, many animal organs have evolved superior mechanical properties and elegant hierarchical structures adaptive to their multiple biological functions. We combine experiments and theory to investigate the composition-structure-property-function relations of scorpion stingers. Their hierarchical structures and functionally gradient mechanical properties were revealed. Slow motion analysis of the penetration process of a scorpion stinger was performed to examine the refined survival skills of scorpions. An experiment-based mechanics model of the stinger was proposed, the results of which revealed an optimized range of penetration angle in an insertion event. Both theoretical and numerical results are in good agreement with our experimental measurements. The analysis method and physical insights of this work are potentially important for investigating a general class of sharp-edge biological materials, e.g., cattle horns, spider fangs, cat claws, and plant thorns.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Zi-Long
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Electronic address: fengxq@tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xi-Qiao
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Feng
mesh_terms: D000825:Animal Structures / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D032701:Biomimetics / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D065008:Scorpion Stings; D012605:Scorpions / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Biomimetics; Functional gradient; Hierarchical structure; Mechanical property; Scorpion; Stinger