title: A toy story: Association between young children's knowledge of fast food toy premiums and their fast food consumption.
abstract: Fast food restaurants spend millions of dollars annually on child-targeted marketing, a substantial portion of which is allocated to toy premiums for kids' meals. The objectives of this study were to describe fast food toy premiums, and examine whether young children's knowledge of fast food toy premiums was associated with their fast food consumption. Parents of 3- to 5-year old children were recruited from pediatric and WIC clinics in Southern New Hampshire, and completed a cross-sectional survey between April 2013-March 2014. Parents reported whether their children usually knew what toys were being offered at fast food restaurants, and whether children had eaten at any of four restaurants that offer toy premiums with kids' meals (McDonald's, Burger King, Subway, Wendy's) during the 7 days preceding the survey. Seventy-one percent of eligible parents participated (N = 583); 48.4% did not receive any education beyond high school, and 27.1% of children were non-white. Half (49.7%) the children had eaten at one or more of the four fast food restaurants in the past week; one-third (33.9%) had eaten at McDonald's. The four restaurants released 49 unique toy premiums during the survey period; McDonald's released half of these. Even after controlling for parent fast food consumption and sociodemographics, children were 1.38 (95% CI = 1.04, 1.82) times more likely to have consumed McDonald's if they usually knew what toys were offered by fast food restaurants. We did not detect a relationship between children's toy knowledge and their intake of fast food from the other restaurants. In this community-based sample, young children's knowledge of fast food toys was associated with a greater frequency of eating at McDonald's, providing evidence in support of regulating child-directed marketing of unhealthy foods using toys.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA. Electronic address: Meghan.Longacre@Dartmouth.edu.
authors.forename: Meghan R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Longacre
authors.affiliation: Greylock McKinnon Associates, Cambridge, MA, USA; The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA; The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Titus
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Cleveland
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Langeloh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Kristy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hendricks
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA; The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Madeline A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dalton
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D057140:Fast Foods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals / Q000523:psychology; D010988:Play and Playthings; D012147:Restaurants; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Children; Fast food; Fast food consumption; Toy premiums