title: Adenosine-associated delivery systems.
abstract: Adenosine is a naturally occurring purine nucleoside in every cell. Many critical treatments such as modulating irregular heartbeat (arrhythmias), regulation of central nervous system (CNS) activity and inhibiting seizural episodes can be carried out using adenosine. Despite the significant potential therapeutic impact of adenosine and its derivatives, the severe side effects caused by their systemic administration have significantly limited their clinical use. In addition, due to adenosine's extremely short half-life in human blood (<10 s), there is an unmet need for sustained delivery systems to enhance efficacy and reduce side effects. In this article, various adenosine delivery techniques, including encapsulation into biodegradable polymers, cell-based delivery, implantable biomaterials and mechanical-based delivery systems, are critically reviewed and the existing challenges are highlighted.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine , Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA .|b Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA .|c Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Canada .
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kazemzadeh-Narbat
authors.affiliation: a Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine , Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA .|b Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA .|d Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University , Boston , MA , USA .|e Department of Chemical Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , MA , USA .
authors.forename: Nasim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Annabi
authors.affiliation: a Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine , Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA .|b Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA .
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamayol
authors.affiliation: f Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Division of Interventional Radiology , Boston , MA , USA , and.
authors.forename: Rahmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oklu
authors.affiliation: c Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Canada .
authors.forename: Amyl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghanem
authors.affiliation: a Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine , Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA .|b Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA .|d Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University , Boston , MA , USA .|g Department of Physics , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khademhosseini
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015195:Drug Design; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D000241:Adenosine
keywords: Adenosine; controlled drug delivery; controlled release; drug delivery; drug targeting; nanoparticles; targeted drug delivery