title: Perceptions and Attitudes of Egyptian Health Professionals and Policy-Makers towards Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives and Other Promotional Activities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pharmaceutical promotion activities in low and middle-income countries are often neither regulated nor monitored. While Egypt has the highest population and per capita use of medicines in the Arab world, we know very little about pharmaceutical companies promotional activities in the country.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore and analyze the perceptions of physicians towards promotional and marketing activities of pharmaceutical companies among physicians and pharmacists in Egypt.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perspectives of different healthcare system stakeholders were explored through semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted in 2014 in Cairo, Egypt. Interviewees were chosen via purposive sampling and snowball technique. Each interview was recorded and transcribed. Then qualitative, thematic analysis was conducted with the help of NVIVO software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of physicians and pharmacists acknowledged exposure to pharmaceutical promotion. It was commonly believed that interaction with the pharmaceutical industry is necessary and both associated risks and benefits were acknowledged. The interviewed physicians considered themselves competent enough to minimize risks and maximize benefits to their prescribing habits. Views diverged on the extent and magnitude of the risks and benefits of pharmaceutical promotion, especially in regard to the influence on patients' health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmaceutical promotion in Egypt is intensely directed at prescribers and dispensers. Physicians, pharmacists and policymakers expressed little skepticism to the influence of promotion towards their individual prescribing. Raising awareness of the pitfalls of pharmaceutical promotion is necessary, especially among the less experienced physicians.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamal
authors.affiliation: Berlin School of Public Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Management, Institute of Public Health, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bochenek
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tobiasz-Adamczyk
authors.affiliation: MEZIS, mein essen zahl Ich selbst, Hamm, Germany.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health EconomicsCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tinnemann
mesh_terms: D000288:Administrative Personnel; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D040541:Marketing / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000523:psychology*; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D036301:Qualitative Research