title: Spontaneous fertility and in vitro fertilization outcome: new evidence of human papillomavirus sperm infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the reproductive outcome of infertile couples undergoing assisted reproduction techniques (ART) with or without human papillomavirus (HPV) semen infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Units of andrology, reproductive medicine, and gynecology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 226 infertile couples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male partners were evaluated by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for HPV on semen. After a diagnostic period, female partners underwent intrauterine insemination (IUI) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seminal parameters and FISH analysis for HPV in sperm head. Spontaneous or assisted pregnancies, live births, and miscarriages were recorded. Statistical analysis included unpaired Student t test and chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four male partners (23.9%) had HPV semen infection confined to sperm, confined to exfoliated cells, or in both cells. During the diagnostic period, noninfected couples showed spontaneous pregnancies. IUI and ICSI treatments were performed in, respectively, 60 and 98 noninfected and in 21 and 33 infected couples, with 38.4% and 14.2% cumulative pregnancy rates, respectively. The follow-up of pregnancies showed a higher miscarriage rate in infected couples (62.5% vs. 16.7%). Ongoing pregnancies of the latter group were characterized by HPV infection confined to exfoliated cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A reduction in natural and assisted cumulative pregnancy rate and an increase in miscarriage rate are related to the presence of HPV at sperm level. Although the exact mechanism by which sperm infection is able to impair fertility remains unclear, this aspect is worthy of further investigations. If confirmed, these results could change the clinical and diagnostic approach to infertile couples.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. Electronic address: andrea.garolla@unipd.it.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garolla
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Brunico, Italy.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Engl
authors.affiliation: Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Damiano
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pizzol
authors.affiliation: Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghezzi
authors.affiliation: Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bertoldo
authors.affiliation: Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bottacin
authors.affiliation: Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noventa
authors.affiliation: Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foresta
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000821:virology; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D061809:Human Papillomavirus DNA Tests; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology; D007317:Insemination, Artificial, Homologous; D008297:Male; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000821:virology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral
keywords: HPV semen infection; IVF failure; male infertility; miscarriage; spontaneous fertility