title: The MERMAID study: indoor and outdoor average pollutant concentrations in 10 low-energy school buildings in France.
abstract: Indoor air quality was characterized in 10 recently built energy-efficient French schools during two periods of 4.5 days. Carbon dioxide time-resolved measurements during occupancy clearly highlight the key role of the ventilation rate (scheduled or occupancy indexed), especially in this type of building, which was tightly sealed and equipped with a dual-flow ventilation system to provide air refreshment. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and inorganic gases (ozone and NO2 ) were measured indoors and outdoors by passive techniques during the occupied and the unoccupied periods. Over 150 VOC species were identified. Among them, 27 species were selected for quantification, based on their occurrence. High concentrations were found for acetone, 2-butanone, formaldehyde, toluene, and hexaldehyde. However, these concentrations are lower than those previously observed in conventional school buildings. The indoor/outdoor and unoccupied/occupied ratios are informative regarding emission sources. Except for benzene, ozone, and NO2 , all the pollutants in these buildings have an indoor source. Occupancy is associated with increased levels of acetone, 2-butanone, pentanal, butyl acetate, and alkanes.
authors.affiliation: Mines Douai, SAGE, Douai, France. marie.verriele@mines-douai.fr.|Université de Lille, PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère (PC2A) UMR 8522 CNRS/Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France. marie.verriele@mines-douai.fr.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verriele
authors.affiliation: Université de Lille, PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère (PC2A) UMR 8522 CNRS/Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schoemaecker
authors.affiliation: Université de Lille, PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère (PC2A) UMR 8522 CNRS/Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hanoune
authors.affiliation: Association pour la Surveillance et l'Etude de la Pollution Atmosphérique en Alsace (ASPA), Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Leclerc
authors.affiliation: Université de Lille, PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère (PC2A) UMR 8522 CNRS/Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Germain
authors.affiliation: Mines Douai, SAGE, Douai, France.|Université de Lille, PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère (PC2A) UMR 8522 CNRS/Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gaudion
authors.affiliation: Mines Douai, SAGE, Douai, France.|Université de Lille, PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère (PC2A) UMR 8522 CNRS/Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Locoge
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D003246:Conservation of Energy Resources / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D010126:Ozone / Q000032:analysis*; D012574:Schools; D014691:Ventilation / Q000379:methods; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D010126:Ozone; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide
keywords: Comfort parameters; Field measurements; Indoor-outdoor ratio; Low-energy public buildings; Occupancy impact; Volatile organic compounds