title: Leadless pacemakers: A new era in cardiac pacing.
abstract: Cardiac pacemakers are a critical management option for patients with rhythm disorders. Current efforts to develop leadless pacemakers have two primary goals: to reduce lead-associated post-procedural morbidity and to avoid the surgical scar associated with placement. After extensive studies on animal models and technological advancements, these devices are currently under investigation for human use. Herein, we review the evidence from animal studies and the technological advancements that have ushered in the era of use in humans. We also discuss different leadless pacemakers currently under investigation, along with limitations and future developments of this innovative concept.
authors.affiliation: Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Haseeb Munaf
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Seriwala
authors.affiliation: Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Shahzeb
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Electronic address: munirb@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Muhammad Bilal
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Munir
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Irbaz Bin
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Riaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Haris
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Riaz
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saba
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Voigt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000628:therapy; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial
keywords: Cardiac pacing; Leadless; Pacemakers