title: "You've got to settle down!": Mothers' perceptions of physical activity in their young children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mothers are important mediators of children's physical activity (PA) level and risk of obesity, however previous studies of maternal perceptions of child PA have been limited. Furthermore, it is unknown if maternal perceptions of child PA are predicted by family, mother and child characteristics. Therefore objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate maternal perceptions of PA in their children and 2) test associations of family, mother and child characteristics with these perceptions.
  
  
  METHODS
  278 low-income mothers of children (mean age 70.9 months) participated in an audio-taped semi-structured interview. Transcripts were systematically analyzed using the constant comparative method and themes were generated. A coding scheme to classify the themes appearing in each transcript was developed and reliably applied. Anthropometrics were measured. Demographics and questionnaires (the Confusion, Hubbub and Order Scale, The Parenting Scale, and the Child Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ)) were collected. Logistic regression models were used to test the associations of family, mother and child characteristics with each theme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this sample of low-income United States mothers, two themes emerged: 1) Mothers perceive their children as already very active (87.8%, n = 244), predicted by the child being younger, the child not being overweight, and higher child CBQ Activity Level; and 2) Mothers view their children's high activity level as problematic (27.0%, n = 75), predicted by lower Parenting Laxness, the child being male and lower child CBQ Inhibitory Control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-income United States mothers have unique perceptions of PA in their children; these beliefs are associated with characteristics of the child and mother but not characteristics of the family. Further understanding of contributors to maternal perceptions of child PA may inform future childhood obesity interventions. The influence of these perceptions on physical activity outcomes in low-income children should be pursued in future research.
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable diseases, University of Michigan, 1500 Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. pesch@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Megan H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pesch
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Center for Physical Activity and Health in Pediatric Disabilities, University of Michigan, 1402 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. erinengw@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Wentz
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street 1031 NW, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0406, USA. katier@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rosenblum
authors.affiliation: Appugliese Professional Advisors, LLC, 5 Piece Way, North Easton, MA, 02356, USA. dpappugliese@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Danielle P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Appugliese
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, 3718 School of Public Health 1, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA. alimill@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Alison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street 1034 NW, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0406, USA. jlumeng@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lumeng
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000523:psychology; D010465:Perception; D011203:Poverty; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States