title: A review of simulation platforms in surgery of the temporal bone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgery of the temporal bone is a high-risk activity in an anatomically complex area. Simulation enables rehearsal of such surgery. The traditional simulation platform is the cadaveric temporal bone, but in recent years other simulation platforms have been created, including plastic and virtual reality platforms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To undertake a review of simulation platforms for temporal bone surgery, specifically assessing their educational value in terms of validity and in enabling transition to surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic qualitative review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Search of the Pubmed, CINAHL, BEI and ERIC databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessment of reported outcomes in terms of educational value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 49 articles were included, covering cadaveric, animal, plastic and virtual simulation platforms. Cadaveric simulation is highly rated as an educational tool, but there may be a ceiling effect on educational outcomes after drilling 8-10 temporal bones. Animal models show significant anatomical variation from man. Plastic temporal bone models offer much potential, but at present lack sufficient anatomical or haptic validity. Similarly, virtual reality platforms lack sufficient anatomical or haptic validity, but with technological improvements they are advancing rapidly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present, cadaveric simulation remains the best platform for training in temporal bone surgery. Technological advances enabling improved materials or modelling mean that in the future plastic or virtual platforms may become comparable to cadaveric platforms, and also offer additional functionality including patient-specific simulation from CT data.
authors.affiliation: Specialist Registrar, Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, London, UK. m.bhutta@doctors.org.uk.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bhutta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002102:Cadaver; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D023421:Models, Animal; D013506:Otologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education; D000066908:Simulation Training / Q000379:methods*; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D014584:User-Computer Interface