title: The impacts of pharmaceutical drugs under ocean acidification: New data on single and combined long-term effects of carbamazepine on Scrobicularia plana.
abstract: Ocean acidification and increasing discharges of pharmaceutical contaminants into aquatic systems are among key and/or emerging drivers of environmental change affecting marine ecosystems. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that ocean acidification can have direct and indirect impacts on marine organisms although combined effects with other stressors, namely with pharmaceuticals, have received very little attention to date. The present study aimed to evaluate the impacts of the pharmaceutical drug Carbamazepine and pH 7.1, acting alone and in combination, on the clam Scrobicularia plana. For this, a long-term exposure (28 days)was conducted and a set of oxidative stress markers was investigated. The results obtained showed that S. plana was able to develop mechanisms to prevent oxidative damage when under low pH for a long period, presenting higher survival when exposed to this stressor compared to CBZ or the combination of CBZ with pH 7.1. Furthermore, the toxicity of CBZ on S. plana was synergistically increased under ocean acidification conditions (CBZ + pH 7.1): specimens survival was reduced and oxidative stress was enhanced when compared to single exposures. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that ocean acidification will act to increase the toxicity of CBZ to marine organisms,which has clear implications for coastal benthic ecosystems suffering chronic pollution from pharmaceutical drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: rosafreitas@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ângela
authors.initials: Â
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Vânia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Calisto
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Cátia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Velez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter Str. 11, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Rudolf J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Valdemar I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Esteves
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, University of Victoria, National Water Research Institute, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Frederick J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Wrona
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Etelvina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Figueira
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Amadeu M V M
authors.initials: AMVM
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000502:physiology; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000633:toxicity*; D017753:Ecosystem; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002220:Carbamazepine
keywords: Biomarkers; Clams; Long-term exposures; Ocean acidification; Oxidative stress; Pharmaceuticals