title: Recreational motor vehicle use and facial trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of recreational motorized vehicles (RMVs), including all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), snowmobiles, and go-carts, has increased in recent decades. Because RMVs are lightly regulated, there are numerous safety concerns. This analysis examines a nationally representative resource to estimate the incidence of craniofacial trauma secondary to RMV accidents, evaluating injury and demographic patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was examined for facial trauma resulting in emergency department (ED) visits stemming from the use of ATVs, motorbikes/scooters, snowmobiles, and utility vehicles. Characteristics including demographics, anatomic sites, mechanism, and location of injury were evaluated, as well as details regarding helmet and alcohol use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 1,464 entries extrapolating to an estimated 61,312 ED visits over a 5-year period for facial trauma from RMV use. From 2009 to 2013, there was a 28% reduction in ED visits. The majority of patients were male, and the median age was 17 years. Lacerations (45.1%), contusions/abrasions (26.7%), and fractures (24%) were the most frequent injuries. Among fractures, the most common types were nasal (29%), followed by mandible (20%) and orbital (8%) fractures. All-terrain vehicles (62%) were the most common vehicles. Alcohol consumption resulted in a higher rate of facial fractures (48.5% vs. 22.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As there is a significant potential for injury, familiarity with injury patterns associated with RMVs is useful in the management of facial trauma. Recreational motorized vehicles facial trauma results in tens of thousands of ED visits annually. This data reinforces the importance of pursuing further efforts to raise public awareness and improve safety measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shaigany
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Anish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abrol
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Svider
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.|Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.|Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Jean Anderson
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eloy
authors.affiliation: Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carron
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Ho-Sheng
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Folbe
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015541:Off-Road Motor Vehicles; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: National electronic injury surveillance system; all-terrain vehicles; consumer product safety; craniofacial trauma; facial trauma; off-road vehicles; recreational motor vehicles