title: Parental smoking and development of allergic sensitization from birth to adolescence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relation between secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure and the development of allergic sensitization in children is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatal SHS exposure contributes to the development of allergic sensitization in children and adolescents up to 16 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 3316 children from a birth cohort followed up for 16 years. SHS exposure and symptoms of allergic disease were assessed using repeated parental questionnaires. Serum immunoglobulin E against eight common inhalant and six food allergens was assessed at ages 4, 8, and 16 years with ImmunoCAP. The association between SHS exposure and sensitization was explored using logistic regression and generalized estimating equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to SHS in infancy without prior exposure in utero was associated with an excess risk of food sensitization at age 4 years (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.08-2.00), with comparable ORs at ages 8 and 16 years. In longitudinal analyses, an overall association was indicated between SHS in infancy and food sensitization up to age 16 years (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.98-1.56). Maternal smoking during pregnancy was unrelated to sensitization up to 16 years of age. When sensitization was combined with concurrent symptoms of allergic disease, SHS in infancy was associated with an overall elevated risk of eczema with sensitization (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.20-2.18).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SHS exposure in infancy appears to increase the risk of sensitization to food allergens up to age 16 years, as well as eczema in combination with sensitization.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Thacher
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gruzieva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pershagen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Å
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Neuman
authors.affiliation: Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Hage
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Sachs' Children's Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wickman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Sachs' Children's Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet at Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kull
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Sachs' Children's Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Melén
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergström
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D007114:Immunization; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D007073:Immunoglobulin E
keywords: IgE; allergic sensitization; allergy; children; secondhand smoke