title: MicroRNA expression profiles of bovine milk exosomes in response to Staphylococcus aureus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Milk exosomes are a rich source of microRNAs (miRNAs) that are protected from degradation. Ingestion of milk and subsequent absorption of miRNAs into recipient cells by endocytosis may play a role in the regulation of neonatal innate and adaptive immunity. In contrast, the miRNA content of milk exosomes may also be indicative of a lactating animal's health; whereby, the presence or absence of specific miRNAs could serve as biomarkers for early detection of bacterial infection that can lead to mastitis. In the present study, we therefore analyzed and compared miRNA expression profiles of milk exosomes from four Holstein cows obtained during mid-lactation prior to and after infection (48 h) of the mammary gland with Staphylococcus aureus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Milk exosomes, purified from control and S. aureus infected cows, were extracted for RNA. Following preparation indexed libraries from both groups the samples were subjected to next generation sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Next generation sequencing of eight, unpooled small RNA libraries derived from milk exosomes produced about 60.5 million high-quality, bovine-specific sequence reads for comparison of miRNA expression between treatments. Sequence identity analysis showed the miRNAs make up about 13 % of the average RNA content of these exosomes. Although 417 known bovine miRNAs were identified, miRNAs represented the least diverse class of RNA accounting for only 1 % of all unique sequences. The 20 most prevalent unique sequences within this class accounted for about 90 % of the total miRNA-associated reads across samples. Non-annotated, unique reads provided evidence for another 303 previously unknown bovine miRNAs. Expression analyses found 14 known bovine microRNAs significantly differed in frequency between exosomes from infected and control animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our survey of miRNA expression from uninfected milk exosomes and those produced in response to infection provides new and comprehensive information supporting a role for delivery into milk of specific miRNAs involved in immune response. In particular, bta-miR-142-5p, and -223 are potential biomarkers for early detection of bacterial infection of the mammary gland. Additionally, 22 mammary-expressed genes involved in regulation of host immune processes and response to inflammation were identified as potential binding targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs.
authors.affiliation: Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA. jiajieking@126.com.
authors.forename: Jiajie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, 10900 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA. kaswath@gmu.edu.
authors.forename: Kshama
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aswath
authors.affiliation: Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA. steven.schroeder@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.affiliation: Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS, Ames, IA, 50010, USA. john.lippolis@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lippolis
authors.affiliation: Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS, Ames, IA, 50010, USA. tim.reinhardt@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.affiliation: Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA. tad@acceligen.com.|Acceligen Inc., 1246 University Avenue W, St. Paul, MN, 55104, USA. tad@acceligen.com.
authors.forename: Tad S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Sonstegard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D055354:Exosomes / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000472:pathogenicity
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs