title: The Effect of Gender on Acute Hydrocephalus after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
abstract: Acute hydrocephalus is a common complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We investigated the effect of gender on acute hydrocephalus development in a rat SAH model. SAH was induced in adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats using endovascular perforation. Sham rats underwent the same procedure without perforation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed 24 h after SAH to determine ventricular volume. Hydrocephalus was defined as a ventricular volume that was more than 3 standard deviations from the mean value in sham-operated animals. After MRI, animals were euthanized and the extent of SAH was assessed using a modified grading system. No sham animals died. Mortality rates after SAH induction in male and female animals were 27 and 22 %, respectively. SAH induced significant ventricular enlargement compared with sham-operated rats (p < 0.01). The T2* hypointensity volume in the ventricle (used to assess intraventricular blood) was correlated with ventricular volume after SAH (r = 0.33, p < 0.05). The incidence of acute hydrocephalus 24 h after SAH was greater in female (75 %) than in male animals (47 %, p < 0.05) and the relative changes in ventricular volume were significantly larger in female than in male rats (292 ± 150 % vs 216 ± 127 % of sham-operated animals, respectively, p < 0.05). The increased hydrocephalus occurred even though SAH severity grade and ventricular T2* hypointensity volumes were not significantly different between male and female animals. Our data demonstrate that gender influences acute hydrocephalus development in a rat SAH model. Future studies should determine the role of estrogen in SAH-induced hydrocephalus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|Department of Neurosurgery, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shishido
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|Department of Neurology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Haining
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|Department of Neurosurgery, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Keep
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. guohuaxi@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D057510:Endovascular Procedures; D005260:Female; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011677:Punctures; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012737:Sex Factors; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Cerebral ventricles; Gender; Hydrocephalus; Subarachnoid hemorrhage