title: The effect of opioid dependence on conventional and novel biochemical parameters of bone metabolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Opioids influence bone metabolism in several ways and osteoporosis associated with the long-term use of opioids is believed to be multifactorial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of opioid dependence on conventional and novel biochemical parameters of bone metabolism. To evaluate whether the concomitant HCV infection affects these parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine opioid-dependent subjects and 23 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Parameters of bone metabolism were determined in serum. The determined parameters were procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP), serum Beta-Crosslaps Ι (β-CTX), total calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), parathormone (PTH) and alkaline phosphatase bone isoenzyme (ALP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of our study show that opioid-dependent subjects exhibit higher values in those biochemical markers that are indicative of increased osteoclast activity, such as β-CTX and ALP, compared to healthy subjects. Furthermore, in opioid-dependent subjects the values of PTH were lower, while those of PINP were higher, in comparison to healthy individuals. No significant difference in the studied parameters was found when opioid-dependent subjects positive for anti-HCV antibodies were compared with opioid-dependent subjects negative for anti-HCV antibodies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that there is increased bone turnover (bone metabolism) in opioid-dependent subjects, compared to healthy individuals. Future research on bone mineral density in these patients will help us evaluate whether the bone remodeling process is balanced or not.
authors.affiliation: a Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki and.
authors.forename: Stergios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balodimos
authors.affiliation: b Psychiatric Hospital of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece.
authors.forename: Kakia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nikolaou
authors.affiliation: a Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki and.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Njau
authors.affiliation: a Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki and.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karamouzis
authors.affiliation: a Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki and.
authors.forename: Leda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kovatsi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood*; D011347:Procollagen / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011347:Procollagen; C047202:procollagen Type I N-terminal peptide; D010758:Phosphorus; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Biomarkers; HCV; Heroin; bone metabolism; osteoporosis