title: Assessment of anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities of Cajanus cajan L. seeds cultivated in Egypt and its phytochemical composition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cajanus cajan L. (Fabaceae), a food crop, is widely used in traditional medicine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The phytochemical composition of C. cajan seeds and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant activities were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unsaponifiable matter and fatty acids were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The n-butanol fraction was chromatographed on polyamide column. The anti-inflammatory activity of hexane extract (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema at 1, 2, and 3 h. The serum tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and immunoglobulin G levels were detected by ELISA. The hexane extract antinociceptive activity was determined by adopting the writhing test in mice. DPPH radical scavenging, total reduction capability, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation of butanol fraction were evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twenty-one unsaponifiable compounds (mainly phytol, 2,6-di-(t-butyl)-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-one, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol), as well as 12 fatty acids (primarily 9,12-octadecadienoic and palmitic acids) were identified in hexane extract of C. cajan seeds. n-BuOH fraction contains quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, orientin, vitexin, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, and isorhamnetin. For the first time, quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside is isolated from C. cajan plant. The hexane extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) inhibited carrageenan-induced inflammation by 85 and 95%, respectively, 3 h post-carrageenan challenge. This was accompanied by an 11 and 20%, 8 and 13%, respectively, decrease of TNF-α and IL-6, as well as significant decrease in IgG serum levels. Moreover, hexane extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) decreased the number of writhings by 61 and 83%, respectively. The butanol fraction showed DPPH radical scavenging (inhibitory concentration (IC50) value: 9.07 μg/ml).
authors.affiliation: a Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department .
authors.forename: Emad M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: b Pharmacognosy Department , and.
authors.forename: Azza A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Matloub
authors.affiliation: c Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department (Pharmacology Group) , Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre , Dokki, Cairo , Egypt.
authors.forename: Mona E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Aboutabl
authors.affiliation: b Pharmacognosy Department , and.
authors.forename: Nabaweya A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: a Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department .
authors.forename: Samy M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mohamed
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D000440:Butanols / Q000737:chemistry; D036561:Cajanus / Q000737:chemistry; D002351:Carrageenan; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006586:Hexanes / Q000737:chemistry; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D059226:Nociceptive Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D051381:Rats; D012639:Seeds; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D000440:Butanols; D016207:Cytokines; D006586:Hexanes; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D002351:Carrageenan; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
keywords: Flavonoids; IL-6; TNF-α; lipoidal matter