title: Intragastric pH and pressure profiles after intake of the high-caloric, high-fat meal as used for food effect studies.
abstract: The intraluminal conditions of the fed stomach are critical for drug release from solid oral dosage forms and thus, often associated with the occurrence of food effects on oral bioavailability. In this study, intragastric pH and pressure profiles present after the ingestion of the high-caloric, high-fat (964 kcal) FDA standard breakfast were investigated in 19 healthy human subjects by using the telemetric SmartPill® capsule system (26 × 13 mm). Since the gastric emptying of such large non-digestible objects is typically accomplished by the migrating motor complex phase III activity, the time required for recurrence of fasted state motility determined the gastric emptying time (GET). Following the diet recommendations of the FDA guidance on food effect studies, the mean GET of the telemetric motility capsule was 15.3 ± 4.7 h. Thus, the high caloric value of the standard breakfast impeded gastric emptying before lunch in 18 out of 19 subjects. During its gastric transit, the capsule was exposed to highly dynamic conditions in terms of pH and pressure, which were mainly dependent on further meal and liquid intake, as well as the intragastric capsule deposition behavior. Maximum pH values in the stomach were measured immediately after capsule intake. The median pH value of the 5 min period after capsule ingestion ranged between pH 3.3 and 5.3. Subsequently, the pH decreased relatively constantly and reached minimum values of pH 0-1 after approximately 4 h. The maximum pressure within the stomach amounted to 293 ± 109 mbar and was clearly higher than the maximum pressure measured at the ileocaecal junction (60 ± 35 mbar). The physiological data on the intraluminal conditions within the fed stomach generated in this study will hopefully contribute to a better understanding of food effects on oral drug product performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koziolek
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Chr
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Modeβ
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seekamp
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roustom
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Siegmund
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Electronic address: werner.weitschies@uni-greifswald.de.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weitschies
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005745:Gastric Acidity Determination; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016065:Myoelectric Complex, Migrating / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure
keywords: FDA standard breakfast; Fed state; Food effect; Gastrointestinal pH; Oral drug delivery; Pressure; Solid oral dosage form; Transit time