title: Current and future prospects for CRISPR-based tools in bacteria.
abstract: CRISPR-Cas systems have rapidly transitioned from intriguing prokaryotic defense systems to powerful and versatile biomolecular tools. This article reviews how these systems have been translated into technologies to manipulate bacterial genetics, physiology, and communities. Recent applications in bacteria have centered on multiplexed genome editing, programmable gene regulation, and sequence-specific antimicrobials, while future applications can build on advances in eukaryotes, the rich natural diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems, and the untapped potential of CRISPR-based DNA acquisition. Overall, these systems have formed the basis of an ever-expanding genetic toolbox and hold tremendous potential for our future understanding and engineering of the bacterial world.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-7905.
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-7905.
authors.forename: Ryan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Leenay
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-7905. cbeisel@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Chase L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Beisel
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D064113:CRISPR-Cas Systems; D064112:Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; D055808:Drug Discovery; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D000072669:Gene Editing / Q000379:methods; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Cas9; antimicrobials; genetic circuits; genetic control; genome engineering; undomesticated microbes