title: A Smartphone App to Assist Scalp Localization of Superficial Supratentorial Lesions--Technical Note.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuronavigation is an established technology in neurosurgery. In parts of the world and certain circumstances in which neuronavigation is not easily available or affordable, alternative techniques may be considered.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  An app to assist scalp localization of superficial supratentorial lesions has been introduced, and its accuracy has been compared with established neuronavigation systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sina is a simple smartphone app that overlaps the transparent patients' computed tomography/magnetic resonance images on the background camera. How to use Sina intraoperatively is described. The app was used for scalp localization of the center of the lesions in 11 patients with supratentorial pathologies <3 cm in longest diameter and <2 cm from the cortex. After localization of the lesion using Sina, the center of the lesion was marked on the scalp using standard neuronavigation systems and the deviations were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Implementation of Sina for intraoperative scalp localization is simple and practical. The center of the lesions localized by Sina was 10.2 ± 2 mm different from localization done by standard neuronavigation systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When neuronavigation is not easily available or affordable, Sina can be helpful for scalp localization and preoperative planning of the incision for selected supratentorial pathologies.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosurgery, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, and Nepean Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Electronic address: eftekharb@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eftekhar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063731:Mobile Applications / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012535:Scalp; D000068997:Smartphone; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Augmented reality; Image-guided surgery; Mobile applications; Neuronavigation