title: Beneficial effect of Citrus limon peel aqueous methanol extract on experimentally induced urolithic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. (Rutaceace) is a commonly available fruit variety with high medicinal and industrial values.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Lemon peel (LP) extract was studied as a potent preventive and curative agent for experimentally induced hyperoxaluric rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and toxicity study were performed for aqueous methanol LP extract. Twenty-four Wistar rats were segregated into four groups. Group 1: Control; Group 2: Urolithic (ethylene glycol (EG) - 0.75%); Group 3: Preventive study (EG + LP extract administration from 0th to 7th week); Group 4: Curative study (EG + LP extract administration from 4th to 7th week). Animals received LP extract daily by oral administration (100 mg/kg body weight) for 7 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GC-MS analyses revealed that compound 6 was abundant in the LP extract (32%) followed by compound 1 (∼21%). The LD50 value of LP extract was found to be >5000 mg/kg of body weight. Urolithic rats showed significantly higher urinary calcium and oxalate (4.47 ± 0.44 and 18.86 ± 0.55 mg/24 h, respectively) excretion compared with control and experimental rats. Renal function parameters like urea (84 ± 8.5 and 96.1 ± 3.6 mg/dL), creatinine (1.92 ± 0.27 and 1.52 ± 0.22 mg/dL), and urinary protein (2.03 ± 0.02 and 2.13 ± 0.16 mg/24 h) were also reduced by LP extract (p < 0.001) and corroborated with tissue analyses (SOD, catalase, and MDA levels) and histological studies in normal and experimental animals. Immunohistochemical staining of THP and NF-κB in urolithic animals showed elevated expression than the control, while LP extract suppressed the expression of these proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, lemon peel is effective in curing kidney stone disease and also can be used to prevent the disease and its recurrence.
authors.affiliation: a Renal Research Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Bio Sciences and Technology , VIT University , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India .
authors.forename: Badrinathan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sridharan
authors.affiliation: a Renal Research Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Bio Sciences and Technology , VIT University , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India .
authors.forename: Shiju T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.affiliation: a Renal Research Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Bio Sciences and Technology , VIT University , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India .
authors.forename: Ramachandran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arya
authors.affiliation: b Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences , VIT University , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India , and.
authors.forename: Selvaraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohana Roopan
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pathology , Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) , Dhanvantri Nagar , Puducherry , India.
authors.forename: Rajesh N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Ganesh
authors.affiliation: a Renal Research Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Bio Sciences and Technology , VIT University , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India .
authors.forename: Pragasam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002957:Citrus; D019855:Ethylene Glycol / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D000432:Methanol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D014867:Water; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; D000432:Methanol
keywords: Calcium oxalate stone; THP; hyperoxaluria; inflammatory marker; lemon peel extract