title: Evaluation of the transfer and the accumulation of microcystins in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cultivar MicroTom) tissues using a cyanobacterial extract containing microcystins and the radiolabeled microcystin-LR ((14)C-MC-LR).
abstract: Microcystins are the most common cyanotoxins and may be expected wherever blooms of cyanobacteria occur in surface waters. Their persistence both in the irrigation water and in the soil can lead to their transfer and bioaccumulation into agricultural plants. The aim of this work was to investigate microcystin accumulation in Solanum lycopersicum cultivar MicroTom. The plant was exposed to either Microcystis aeruginosa crude extracts containing up to 100 μg eq.MC-LRL(-1) in a soil-plant system for 90 days or pure radiolabeled (14)C-MC-LR in a hydroponic condition for 48 h. Toxin bioaccumulation in the soil and different plant tissues was assessed both by the PP2A inhibition assay and by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). After 90 days of exposure, microcystins persisted in the soil and their free extractable concentrations accumulated were very low varying between 1.6 and 3.9 μg eq.MC-LR kg(-1) DW. Free MC-LR was detected only in roots and leaves with concentrations varying between 4.5 and 8.1 μg kg(-1) DW and between 0.29 and 0.55 μg kg(-1) DW, respectively. By using radioactivity ((14)C-MC-LR), the results have reported a growing accumulation of toxins within the organs roots>leaves>stems and allowed them to confirm the absence of MC-LR in fruits after 48 h of exposure. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) was 13.6 in roots, 4.5 in leaves, and 1.4 in stems. On the other hand, the results highlight the presence of two radioactive fractions in different plant tissues. The non-extractable fraction of radioactivity, corresponding to the covalently bound MC-LR, was higher than that of the extractable fraction only in roots and leaves reaching 56% and 71% of the total accumulated toxin, respectively. Therefore, results raise that monitoring programs must monitor the presence of MCs in the irrigation water to avoid the transfer and accumulation of these toxins in crops.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1402 ECOSYS, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1402 ECOSYS, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France; Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR8079, Univ. Paris-Sud/CNRS/AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Corbel
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1402 ECOSYS, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1402 ECOSYS, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mougin
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1402 ECOSYS, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1402 ECOSYS, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nélieu
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1402 ECOSYS, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1402 ECOSYS, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
authors.forename: Ghislaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Delarue
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR8079, Univ. Paris-Sud/CNRS/AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France. Electronic address: noureddine.bouaicha@u-psud.fr.
authors.forename: Noureddine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bouaïcha
mesh_terms: D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D018527:Hydroponics; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000378:metabolism*; D052998:Microcystins / Q000378:metabolism*; D046931:Microcystis / Q000737:chemistry; D011868:Radioisotopes; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D052998:Microcystins; D011868:Radioisotopes; D014873:Water Pollutants; C078588:microcystin
keywords: Bioaccumulation; Microcystins; Radiolabeled (14)C-MC-LR; Soil–plant transfer; Tomato