title: Combined Persistent Fetal Vasculature: A Classification Based on High-Resolution B-Mode Ultrasound and Color Doppler Imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to classify combined persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) on the basis of the ultrasonographic and Doppler characteristics. The potential clinical significance for both surgery design and prognosis determination was discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  The eyes of 54 children diagnosed with unilateral combined PFV were evaluated using B-mode ultrasound and color Doppler imaging (CDI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Each participant's age at first presentation, diagnosis for referral, gender, family history, and systemic or other ocular anomalies were recorded. Retinal detachment, optic nerve abnormalities, and macular dislocation were also recorded in detail according to the RetCam (Clarity Medical Systems, Pleasanton, CA), ultrasound, and Doppler findings. The PFV eyes were divided into 4 groups on the basis of the ultrasound and CDI findings. Intergroup analysis was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall and intergroup analyses of the demographic features of the children with PFV were performed. The axial length, depth of the anterior chamber, and lens thickness were compared between the affected eyes and the fellow healthy eyes among the 4 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Some 22.2%, 18.5%, 33.3%, and 25.9% of the eyes were grouped into type I ("I" shape), II ("Y" shape), III (inverted "Y" shape), and IV ("X" shape) combined PFV, respectively. The age at first presentation for type I was older than that for the other groups (P = 0.014). The axial length was reduced (P = 0.012) and the anterior chamber more shallow (P = 0.011) than in fellow healthy eyes for type IV eyes, but not for the other 3 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound and CDI are informative screening and diagnostic tools that show characteristic flow patterns in the 4 types of combined PFV. This novel classification system provides new and important information for the diagnosis of PFV and, if validated, may play a role in guiding treatment recommendations in the future.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Retina Division, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Andina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Retina Division, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Retina Division, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Jiaqing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Retina Division, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Yonghao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Retina Division, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Retina Division, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Zijing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Retina Division, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Zongyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Retina Division, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Electronic address: drlulin@126.com.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010547:Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging