title: Biological Effects of Low-Frequency Shear Strain: Physical Descriptors.
abstract: Biological effects of megahertz-frequency diagnostic ultrasound are thoroughly monitored by professional societies throughout the world. A corresponding, thorough, quantitative evaluation of the archival literature on the biological effects of low-frequency vibration is needed. Biological effects, of course, are related directly to what those exposures do physically to the tissue-specifically, to the shear strains that those sources produce in the tissues. Instead of the simple compressional strains produced by diagnostic ultrasound, realistic sources of low-frequency vibration produce both fast (∼1,500 m/s) and slow (1-10 m/s) waves, each of which may have longitudinal and transverse shear components. Part 1 of this series illustrates the resulting strains, starting with those produced by longitudinally and transversely oscillating planes, through monopole and dipole sources of fast waves and, finally, to the case of a sphere moving in translation-the simplest model of the fields produced by realistic sources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA. Electronic address: ecarsten@rochester.rr.com.
authors.forename: Edwin L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Carstensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dalecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Denise C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hocking
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D004548:Elasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014732:Vibration
keywords: Acoustic dipole; Acoustic monopole; Biological effects; Low-frequency shear strain; Low-frequency vibration; Tactile perception; Transverse and longitudinal shear waves