title: Toxicity and Residual Activity of Insecticides Against Tamarixia triozae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Parasitoid of Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae).
abstract: Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is one of the most economically important pests of potato, tomato, and peppers in Central America, Mexico, the United States, and New Zealand. Its control is based on the use of insecticides; however, recently, the potential of the eulophid parasitoid Tamarixia triozae (Burks) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for population regulation has been studied. Because T. triozae is likely to be exposed to insecticides on crops, the objective of this study was to explore the compatibility of eight insecticides with this parasitoid. The toxicity and residual activity (persistence) of spirotetramat, spiromesifen, beta-cyfluthrin, pymetrozine, azadirachtin, imidacloprid, abamectin, and spinosad against T. triozae adults were assessed using a method based on the residual contact activity of each insecticide on tomato leaf discs collected from treated plants growing under greenhouse conditions. All eight insecticides were toxic to T. triozae. Following the classification of the International Organization of Biological Control, the most toxic were abamectin and spinosad, which could be placed in toxicity categories 3 and 4, respectively. The least toxic were azadirachtin, pymetrozine, spirotetramat, spiromesifen, imidacloprid, and beta-cyfluthrin, which could be placed in toxicity category 2. In terms of persistence, by day 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 24, and 41 after application, spirotetramat, azadirachtin, spiromesifen, pymetrozine, imidacloprid, beta-cyfluthrin, abamectin, and spinosad could be considered harmless, that is, placed in toxicity category 1 (<25% mortality of adults). The toxicity and residual activity of some of these insecticides allow them to be considered within integrated pest management programs that include T. triozae.
authors.affiliation: Posgrado en Fitosanidad, Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco km 36.5, Montecillo, C.P. 56230 Texcoco, Estado de México, México.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luna-Cruz
authors.affiliation: Posgrado en Fitosanidad, Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco km 36.5, Montecillo, C.P. 56230 Texcoco, Estado de México, México. esteban@colpos.mx.
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Leyva
authors.affiliation: Posgrado en Fitosanidad, Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco km 36.5, Montecillo, C.P. 56230 Texcoco, Estado de México, México.
authors.forename: J Refugio
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lomeli-Flores
authors.affiliation: Posgrado en Fitosanidad, Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco km 36.5, Montecillo, C.P. 56230 Texcoco, Estado de México, México.
authors.forename: Laura D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Ortega-Arenas
authors.affiliation: Posgrado en Fitosanidad, Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco km 36.5, Montecillo, C.P. 56230 Texcoco, Estado de México, México.
authors.forename: Néstor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bautista-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecurias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco J. Mujica s/n, C.P. 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, México.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pineda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D009758:Nymph / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D014863:Wasps / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides
keywords: biological control; parasitoid; pesticide; potato psyllid; residual activity