title: Biodistribution of a High Dose of Diamond, Graphite, and Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles After Multiple Intraperitoneal Injections in Rats.
abstract: Carbon nanoparticles have recently drawn intense attention in biomedical applications. Hence, there is a need for further in vivo investigations of their biocompatibility and biodistribution via various exposure routes. We hypothesized that intraperitoneally injected diamond, graphite, and graphene oxide nanoparticles may have different biodistribution and exert different effects on the intact organism. Forty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: the control and treated with nanoparticles by intraperitoneal injection (4 mg of nanoparticles/kg body weight) eight times during the 4-week period. Blood was collected for evaluation of blood morphology and biochemistry parameters. Photographs of the general appearance of each rat's interior were taken immediately after sacrifice. The organs were excised and their macroscopic structure was visualized using a stereomicroscope. The nanoparticles were retained in the body, mostly as agglomerates. The largest agglomerates (up to 10 mm in diameter) were seen in the proximity of the injection place in the stomach serous membrane, between the connective tissues of the abdominal skin, muscles, and peritoneum. Numerous smaller, spherical-shaped aggregates (diameter around 2 mm) were lodged among the mesentery. Moreover, in the connective and lipid tissue in the proximity of the liver and spleen serosa, small aggregates of graphite and graphene oxide nanoparticles were observed. However, all tested nanoparticles did not affect health and growth of rats. The nanoparticles had no toxic effects on blood parameters and growth of rats, suggesting their potential applicability as remedies or in drug delivery systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland. natalia.kurantowicz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kurantowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland. barbara_strojny@sggw.pl.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Strojny
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland. ewa_sawosz@sggw.pl.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sawosz
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland. jaworski.slawek@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sławomir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaworski
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland. marta_prasek@sggw.pl.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kutwin
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland. margrodka@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grodzik
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland. mateusz_wierzbicki@sggw.pl.
authors.forename: Mateusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wierzbicki
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Technologies, Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Wolczynska 133, 01-919, Warsaw, Poland. ludwika.lipinska@itme.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Ludwika
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lipińska
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin, Poland. mitura.katarzyna@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mitura
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 3, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark. ach@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chwalibog
keywords: Biodistribution; Diamond; Graphene oxide; Graphite; Nanoparticles; Rat; Vascular system