title: Fusarium graminearum produces different xylanases causing host cell death that is prevented by the xylanase inhibitors XIP-I and TAXI-III in wheat.
abstract: To shed light on the role of Xylanase Inhibitors (XIs) during Fusarium graminearum infection, we first demonstrated that three out of four F. graminearum xylanases, in addition to their xylan degrading activity, have also the capacity to cause host cell death both in cell suspensions and wheat spike tissue. Subsequently, we demonstrated that TAXI-III and XIP-I prevented both the enzyme and host cell death activities of F. graminearum xylanases. In particular, we showed that the enzymatic inhibition by TAXI-III and XIP-I was competitive and only FGSG_11487 escaped inhibition. The finding that TAXI-III and XIP-I prevented cell death activity of heat inactivated xylanases and that XIP-I precluded the cell death activity of FGSG_11487 - even if XIP-I does not inhibit its enzyme activity - suggests that the catalytic and the cell death activities are separated features of these xylanases. Finally, the efficacy of TAXI-III or XIP-I to prevent host cell death caused by xylanases was confirmed in transgenic plants expressing separately these inhibitors, suggesting that the XIs could limit F. graminearum infection via direct inhibition of xylanase activity and/or by preventing host cell death.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tundo
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Moscetti
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Faoro
authors.affiliation: ISM2/BiosCiences UMR CNRS7313, case 342, Aix-Marseille Université, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France.
authors.forename: Mickaël
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lafond
authors.affiliation: ISM2/BiosCiences UMR CNRS7313, case 342, Aix-Marseille Université, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Giardina
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento del Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Favaron
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento del Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Padova, Italy. Electronic address: luca.sella@unipd.it.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sella
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy. Electronic address: dovidio@unitus.it.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Ovidio
mesh_terms: D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death; D060467:Disease Resistance; D043364:Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005670:Fusarium / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; C485063:XIP-I protein, Triticum aestivum; D043364:Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases
keywords: Cell death; Fusarium graminearum; TAXI-III; Triticum durum; XIP-I; Xylanase