title: Pro-inflammatory dietary intake as a risk factor for CVD in men: a 5-year longitudinal study.
abstract: Convincing evidence has identified inflammation as an initiator of atherosclerosis, underpinning CVD. We investigated (i) whether dietary inflammation, as measured by the 'dietary inflammatory index (DII)', was predictive of 5-year CVD in men and (ii) its predictive ability compared with that of SFA intake alone. The sample consisted of 1363 men enrolled in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study who completed an FFQ at baseline (2001-2006) (excluding participants who were identified as having previous CVD). DII scores were computed from participants' reported intakes of carbohydrate, micronutrients and glycaemic load. DII scores were dichotomised into a pro-inflammatory diet (positive values) or an anti-inflammatory diet (negative values). The primary outcome was a formal diagnosis of CVD resulting in hospitalisation over the 5-year study period. In total, seventy-six events were observed during the 5-year follow-up period. Men with a pro-inflammatory diet at baseline were twice as likely to experience a CVD event over the study period (OR 2·07; 95 % CI 1·20, 3·55). This association held following adjustment for traditional CVD risk factors and total energy intake (adjusted OR 2·00; 95 % CI 1·03, 3·96). This effect appeared to be stronger with the inclusion of an age-by-DII score interaction. In contrast, SFA intake alone did not predict 5-year CVD events after adjustment for covariates (adjusted OR 1·40; 95 % CI 0·73, 2·70). We conclude that an association exists between a pro-inflammatory diet and CVD in Australian men. CVD clinical guidelines and public health recommendations may have to expand to include dietary patterns in the context of vascular inflammation.
authors.affiliation: 1School of Medicine,Deakin University,Geelong,VIC 3216,Australia.
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Neil
authors.affiliation: 4Cancer Prevention and Control Program,University of South Carolina,Columbia,SC 29208,USA.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shivappa
authors.affiliation: 1School of Medicine,Deakin University,Geelong,VIC 3216,Australia.
authors.forename: Felice N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Jacka
authors.affiliation: 1School of Medicine,Deakin University,Geelong,VIC 3216,Australia.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kotowicz
authors.affiliation: 9Monash Health,Melbourne,VIC 3168,Australia.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kibbey
authors.affiliation: 4Cancer Prevention and Control Program,University of South Carolina,Columbia,SC 29208,USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.affiliation: 1School of Medicine,Deakin University,Geelong,VIC 3216,Australia.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pasco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: CVD; DII dietary inflammatory index; Dietary inflammatory index; GOS Geelong Osteoporosis Study; Longitudinal studies; Nutrition; Risk factors