title: Exploratory Clinical Investigation of (4S)-4-(3-18F-Fluoropropyl)-L-Glutamate PET of Inflammatory and Infectious Lesions.
abstract: We explored system [Formula: see text] transporter activity and the detection of inflammatory or infectious lesions using (4S)-4-(3-(18)F-fluoropropyl)-l-glutamate ((18)F-FSPG) PET.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 10 patients with various inflammatory or infectious diseases, as many as 5 of the largest lesions were selected as reference lesions. (18)F-FSPG images were assessed visually and quantitatively. Expression levels of xCT, CD44, and surface markers of inflammatory cells were evaluated by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (18)F-FSPG PET detected all reference lesions. (18)F-FSPG uptake in sarcoidosis was significantly higher than that in nonsarcoidosis. The lesion-to-blood-pool SUV ratio for (18)F-FSPG was comparable to that for (18)F-FDG in sarcoidosis. In nonsarcoidosis, however, it was significantly lower. In 5 patients with available tissue samples, the SUVmax for (18)F-FSPG and CD163 were negatively correlated (ρ = -0.872, P = 0.054).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (18)F-FSPG PET may detect inflammatory lesions when activated macrophages or monocytes are present, such as in sarcoidosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Sun
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yangsoon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chan-Sik
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo Sang
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Ju
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seog-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and.
authors.forename: Sora
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Piramal Imaging, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koglin
authors.affiliation: Piramal Imaging, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.affiliation: Piramal Imaging, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ludger M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dinkelborg
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea dhmoon@amc.seoul.kr.
authors.forename: Dae Hyuk
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Moon
mesh_terms: D005971:Glutamates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: C569271:(4S)-4-(3-(18F)fluoropropyl)-L-glutamate; D005971:Glutamates
keywords: glutamate; infection; inflammation; positron emission tomography; xC− transporter