title: In vitroandin vivotoxicity of urban and rural particulate matter from California.
abstract: Particulate matter (PM) varies in chemical composition and mass concentration based on location, source, and particle size. This study sought to evaluate thein vitroandin vivotoxicity of coarse (PM10-2.5) and fine (PM25) PM samples collected at 5 diverse sites within California. Coarse and fine PM samples were collected simultaneously at 2 rural and 3 urban sites within California during the summer. A human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell line (HPMEC-ST1.6R) was exposed to PM suspensions (50 μg/mL) and analyzed for reactive oxygen species (ROS) after 5 hours of treatment. In addition, FVB/N mice were exposed by oropharyngeal aspiration to 50 μg PM, and lavage fluid was collected 24 hrs post-exposure and analyzed for total protein and %PMNs. Correlations between trace metal concentrations, endotoxin, and biological endpoints were calculated, and the effect of particle size range, locale (urban vs. rural), and location was determined. Absolute principal factor analysis was used to identify pollution sources of PM from elemental tracers of those sources. Ambient PM elicited an ROS and pro-inflammatory-related response in the cell and mouse models, respectively. These responses were dependent on particle size, locale, and location. Trace elements associated with soil and traffic markers were most strongly linked to the adverse effectsin vitroandin vivo. Particle size, location, source, and composition of PM collected at 5 locations in California affected the ROS response in human pulmonary endothelial cells and the inflammatory response in mice.
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jaime E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mirowsky
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thurston
authors.affiliation: San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District, Fresno, CA, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lighthall
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, Department of Medicine, Fresno, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tyner
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Galdanes
authors.affiliation: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chillrud
authors.affiliation: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Center for Health and the Environment, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kent E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Pinkerton
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lung Chi
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Morton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lippmann
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gordon
keywords: Aspiration exposure; in vitro exposure; inflammation; particulate matter; reactive oxygen species