title: Isolation of Balamuthia mandrillaris from soil  samples in North-Western Iran.
abstract: Balamuthia mandrillaris is an opportunistic free-living amoebae (FLA) which has been reported as the causative agent of the fatal Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis (BAE). Currently, the transmission dynamics of this pathogen remain poorly understood although the organism has been associated with soils, and thus, soil exposure has been identified as a risk factor for this pathogenic amoeba. Nevertheless, environmental isolation of B. mandrillaris is a rare event and strains of this amoebic species have been isolated from soil and dust sources only in seven previous reports (Iran, Mexico, USA, Peru, Costa Rica, Guinea Bissau, and Jamaica). In Iran, a previous study reported the isolation of B. mandrillaris from dust collected in the city of Tehran and free of known infectious involvement. Therefore, in this work, 55 soil samples collected from public and recreational areas of East Azerbaijan, North-Western Iran, were investigated for the presence of this pathogen. Samples were cultured in 2% non-nutrient agar plates and were monitored for the presence of B. mandrillaris-like trophozoites and/or cysts. Those samples that were positive for these amoebae by microscopic criteria were then confirmed by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of B. mandrillaris. The obtained results revealed the presence of this emerging pathogen in 5 of 55 samples included in the study. Homology analysis of the obtained DNA sequences revealed high similarity with previously isolated strains from clinical and environmental sources. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of B. mandrillaris from soil sources in Iran related to human activity and the second time that this pathogen is isolated from the environment in this country.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niyyati
authors.forename: Seyed Ahmad
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Karamati
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lorenzo Morales
authors.forename: Zohreh
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lasjerdi
mesh_terms: D000562:Amebiasis; D000818:Animals; D059611:Balamuthia mandrillaris / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D004660:Encephalitis; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012987:Soil / Q000469:parasitology*; D053058:Trophozoites
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012987:Soil