title: Metacognition in animals: Trends and challenges.
abstract: There is widespread agreement that metacognition is not demonstrated if alternative explanations account for putative meta-cognition data. However, there is less agreement on which studies are protected from alternative explanations. We have argued that existing experiments on uncertainty monitoring can be explained by low-level explanations without assuming metacognition (Crystal & Foote, 2009). The field would benefit from the development of accepted standards for what is required to produce a convincing example of metacognition in animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602-3013.
authors.forename: Jonathon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Crystal
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602-3013.
authors.forename: Allison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Foote
keywords: Metacognition; comparative metacognition; metamemory; quantitative modeling; uncertainty monitoring