title: Musculoskeletal pain is associated with restless legs syndrome in young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years, there is considerable evidence of a relationship between the sensorimotor disorder restless legs syndrome (RLS) and pain disorders, including migraine and fibromyalgia. An association between multi-site pain and RLS has been reported in adult women. In the current study, we explored the association between musculoskeletal (MSK) pain and RLS in a large cohort of young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty two year olds (n = 1072), followed since birth of part of the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study, provided data on MSK pain (duration, severity, frequency, number of pain sites). RLS was considered present when 4 diagnostic criteria recommended by the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group were met (urge to move, dysaesthesia, relief by movement, worsening symptoms during the evening/night) and participants had these symptoms at least 5 times per month. Associations between MSK pain and RLS were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression with bias-corrected bootstrapped confidence intervals, with final models adjusted for sex, psychological distress and sleep quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of RLS was 3.0 % and MSK pain was reported by 37.4 % of the participants. In multivariable logistic regression models, strong associations were found between RLS-diagnosis and long duration (three months or more) of MSK pain (odds ratio 3.6, 95 % confidence interval 1.4-9.2) and reporting three or more pain sites (4.9, 1.6-14.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different dimensions of MSK pain were associated with RLS in young adults, suggestive of shared pathophysiological mechanisms. Overlap between these conditions requires more clinical and research attention.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 72, 9700 AB, Groningen, The Netherlands. stijnhoogwout@gmail.com.|, Offenbachlaan 14, 2253 CR, Voorschoten, The Netherlands. stijnhoogwout@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Stijn J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hoogwout
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland. markus.paananen@oulu.fi.
authors.forename: Markus V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Paananen
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia. Anne.Smith@exchange.curtin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Anne J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia. D.Beales@curtin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Darren J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Beales
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia. p.osullivan@curtin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia. L.Straker@curtin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Leon M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Straker
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sleep Science, School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia. peter.eastwood@health.wa.gov.au.
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Eastwood
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sleep Science, School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia. nigel.mcardle@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McArdle
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia. dchamp@bigpond.net.au.|University of New South Wales, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. dchamp@bigpond.net.au.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Champion
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult