title: Social Reward in Youth at Risk for Depression: A Preliminary Investigation of Subjective and Neural Differences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Offspring of depressed parents are at risk for developing depression at rates higher than the general population. One potential mechanism linking parent and offspring depression involves attenuated reward function. Despite the importance of social incentives for adolescents, no previous studies have relied on active social incentive reward paradigms in youth at risk for depression. The present study examined differences in youth self- and parent-report measures of and neural response to social reward between youth of mothers with and those of mothers without a history of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Imaging data were collected on 10 youth with a depressed parent and 23 youth without depressed parent, which included a task examining neural response to social rewards. Youth and parents also completed self-report measures of social reward.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Offspring of depressed parents had lower levels of parent-reported affiliation and reduced neural response to social reward in the ventral striatum and anterior cingulate cortex than offspring of parents without a history of depression. Higher parent-reported affiliation was associated with greater ventral striatal response to social reward. Data suggest that risk status differences in ventral striatal response to social acceptance may be accounted for by affiliation. No differences were found in youth self-reports of behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that attenuated response to social reward, assessed through neurobiology and behavior, may be mechanistically linked to the etiology and pathophysiology of depression. Targeting social interest and engagement may be a new direction in preventing the onset of depressive disorders in youth.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.|2 Department of Psychology, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Olino
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Silk
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osterritter
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Erika E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Forbes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012201:Reward; D012919:Social Behavior; D066328:Ventral Striatum / Q000503:physiopathology*