title: Factors Influencing Expression of Antixenosis in Soybean to Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
abstract: This study aimed to evaluate some factors that influence the expression of antixenosis in soybean genotypes against Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Free-choice and no-choice feeding assays were performed with the resistant soybean genotype IAC 100 and the susceptible genotype BRSGO 8360 using A. gemmatalis and S. frugiperda larvae. The following factors that may affect expression of resistance were evaluated: one larva versus two larvae per leaf disc; use of larvae without prior feeding suspension versus larvae starved for 3 h prior to the assay; leaf discs versus entire leaflets; upper part versus lower part of the plant; and, vegetative versus reproductive growth stages. The level of resistance exhibited by the genotype IAC 100 was high enough to not be obscured by the effects of all factors assayed in the present study upon the feeding preference of A. gemmatalis and S. frugiperda larvae. However, our results demonstrate the importance of knowing the optimal conditions for conducting an assay for evaluating resistance of genotypes for specialist and generalist insect species. Utilization of two larvae of A. gemmatalis per leaf disc, not starved before the assays, with leaf discs from the upper part of plants at the reproductive growth stage provided better discrimination of differences in antixenosis expression in soybean genotypes. For S. frugiperda, use of one larva per leaf disc, not starved before the assays, with leaf discs from the lower part of plants at the reproductive growth stage gave more satisfactory results for feeding preference tests.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV/UNESP, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Arlindo Leal
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Boiça Júnior
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV/UNESP, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. souzabhs@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bruno Henrique Sardinha
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: De Souza
authors.forename: Eduardo Neves
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV/UNESP, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Zulene Antonio
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV/UNESP, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Michael Joseph
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stout
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060434:Herbivory; D013025:Glycine max / Q000502:physiology*; D018411:Spodoptera
keywords: fall armyworm; feeding non-preference; host plant resistance; research methodologies; velvetbean caterpillar