title: Effectiveness of Gel Repellents on Feral Pigeons.
abstract: Millions of feral pigeons (Columba livia) live in close association with the human population in our cities. They pose serious health risks to humans and lead to high economic loss due to damage caused to buildings. Consequently, house owners and city authorities are not willing to allow pigeons on their buildings. While various avian repellents are regularly introduced onto the market, scientific proof of efficacy is lacking. This study aimed at testing the effectiveness of two avian gel repellents and additionally examined their application from animal welfare standpoint. The gels used an alleged tactile or visual aversion of the birds, reinforced by additional sensory cues. We mounted experimental shelves with the installed repellents in a pigeon loft and observed the behavior of free-living feral pigeons towards the systems. Both gels showed a restricted, transient repellent effect, but failed to prove the claimed complete effectiveness. Additionally, the gels' adhesive effect remains doubtful in view of animal welfare because gluing of plumage presents a risk to feral pigeons and also to other non-target birds. This study infers that both gels lack the promised complete efficacy, conflict with animal welfare concerns and are therefore not suitable for feral pigeon management in urban areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. birte.stock@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Birte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. daniel.haag@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haag-Wackernagel
keywords: Columba livia; capsaicin; contact gel; feral pigeon; optical gel; repellent gel