title: A Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra virgin olive oil or nuts improves endothelial markers involved in blood pressure control in hypertensive women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Serum nitric oxide (NO) reduction and increased endothelin-1 (ET-1) play a pivotal role in endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Considering that traditional Mediterranean diet (TMD) reduces blood pressure (BP), the aim of this study was to analyze whether TMD induced changes on endothelial physiology elements such as NO, ET-1 and ET-1 receptors which are involved in BP control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-smoking women with moderate hypertension were submitted for 1 year to interventions promoting adherence to the TMD, one supplemented with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and the other with nuts versus a control low-fat diet (30 participants/group). BP, NO, ET-1 and related gene expression as well as oxidative stress biomarkers were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum NO and systolic BP (SBP) or diastolic BP (DBP) were negatively associated at baseline, as well as between NO and ET-1. Our findings also showed a DBP reduction with both interventions. A negative correlation was observed between changes in NO metabolites concentration and SBP or DBP after the intervention with TMD + EVOO (p = 0.033 and p = 0.044, respectively). SBP reduction was related to an impairment of serum ET-1 concentrations after the intervention with TMD + nuts (p = 0.008). We also observed changes in eNOS, caveolin 2 and ET-1 receptors gene expression which are related to NO metabolites levels and BP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The changes in NO and ET-1 as well as ET-1 receptors gene expression explain, at least partially, the effect of EVOO or nuts on lowering BP among hypertensive women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Storniolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casillas
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, HSPV, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bulló
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, IMIM-Institut de Recerca Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Castañer
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ros
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clinical Analysis Service-CDB HGUV, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Sáez
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Toledo
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Estruch
authors.affiliation: Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, IMIM-Institut de Recerca Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fitó
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, HSPV, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salas-Salvadó
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Mitjavila
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. jjmoreno@ub.edu.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D009754:Nuts; D000069463:Olive Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D019332:Endothelin-1; D000069463:Olive Oil; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A; D014280:Triglycerides; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Endothelin-1; Hypertension; Nitric oxide; Oxidative stress; PREDIMED study