title: Pharmacist review and its impact on Singapore nursing homes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a high prevalence of polypharmacy and inappropriate medication use in Singapore nursing homes. This study primarily explored the benefits of pharmacist reviews in local nursing homes. The secondary aims were to review the potential cost savings gained from following the pharmacists' recommendations and to identify the possible risks associated with polypharmacy and inappropriate medication use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective period prevalence study was performed. We analysed the pharmacotherapy problems highlighted by pharmacists in three nursing homes and the rate of acceptance of pharmacists' recommendations. Data was collected in two phases: (a) a one-month pre-setup period, during which 480 patients were reviewed (i.e. one-time review before weekly pharmacist visits); and (b) a six-month post-setup period, during which the 480 patients were reviewed again. Pharmacotherapy problems were classified according to a clinical pharmacist recommendation taxonomy and potential risks were identified. Monthly cost savings were calculated and compared with the monthly costs of pharmacist reviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 392 pharmacotherapy problems were identified, with pharmacist recommendations noted for each problem. Among the 392 recommendations, 236 (60.2%) were accepted. The pharmacotherapy problems were analysed for potential risks, including falls (16.0%) and constipation (13.1%). The acceptance rates were higher during the post-setup period compared to the pre-setup period (p < 0.0001). Total direct acquisition cost savings during the pre- and post-setup periods were SGD 388.30 and SGD 876.69, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The provision of pharmaceutical care to nursing home residents resulted in improved medication safety and quality of care.
authors.affiliation: Jurong Polyclinic, National Healthcare Group, Singapore.
authors.forename: Hui Shan
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.affiliation: Choa Chu Kang Polyclinic, National Healthcare Group, Singapore.
authors.forename: John Aik Hui
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Services Centre, National Healthcare Group, Singapore.
authors.forename: Bernadette Daolin
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016527:Drug Costs; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D057970:Inappropriate Prescribing / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000191:economics; D010595:Pharmacists; D019338:Polypharmacy; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012846:Singapore
keywords: Singapore; nursing homes; pharmacists