title: Inhibition of bacterial growth in sweet cheese whey by carbon dioxide as determined by culture-independent community profiling.
abstract: Whey is a valuable co-product from cheese making that serves as a raw material for a wide range of products. Its rich nutritional content lends itself to rapid spoilage, thus it typically needs to be pasteurised and refrigerated promptly. Despite the extensive literature on milk spoilage bacteria, little is known about the spoilage bacteria of whey. The utility of carbon dioxide (CO2) to extend the shelf-life of raw milk and cottage cheese has been well established, but its application in whey preservation has not yet been explored. This study aims to characterise the microbial populations of fresh and spoiled sweet whey by culture-independent community profiling using 454 pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and to determine whether carbonation is effective in inhibiting bacterial growth in sweet whey. The microbiota of raw Cheddar and Mozzarella whey was dominated by cheese starter bacteria. After pasteurisation, two out of the three samples studied became dominated by diverse environmental bacteria from various phyla, with Proteobacteria being the most dominant. Diverse microbial profiles were maintained until spoilage occurred, when the entire population was dominated by just one or two genera. Whey spoilage bacteria were found to be similar to those of milk. Pasteurised Cheddar and Mozzarella whey was spoiled by Bacillus sp. or Pseudomonas sp., and raw Mozzarella whey was spoiled by Pseudomonas sp., Serratia sp., and other members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. CO2 was effective in inhibiting bacterial growth of pasteurised Cheddar and Mozzarella whey stored at 15°C and raw Mozzarella whey stored at 4°C. The spoilage bacteria of the carbonated samples were similar to those of the non-carbonated controls.
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Dairy Innovation Australia Limited, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weeks
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. Electronic address: n.bansal@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Nidhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bansal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001407:Bacillus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002611:Cheese / Q000382:microbiology*; D061352:Pasteurization; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012705:Serratia / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000067796:Whey / Q000382:microbiology*; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: CO(2) treatment; Pyrosequencing; Whey microbiota; Whey spoilage