title: Genomic insight into Aquimarina longa SW024 T: its ultra-oligotrophic adapting mechanisms and biogeochemical functions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  South Pacific Gyre (SPG) is the largest and clearest gyre in the world, where the concentration of surface chlorophyll a and primary production are extremely low. Aquimarina longa SW024(T) was isolated from surface water of the SPG center. To understand how this bacterium could survive in this ultra-oligotrophic oceanic environment and its function in biogeochemical cycle, we sequenced the genome of A. longa SW024(T) and performed extensive genomic analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA was extracted and sequenced using Illumina Hiseq 2000 and Miseq platform. Genome annotation, genomic comparison and phylogenetic analyses were performed with the use of multiple bioinformatics tools like: BLAST+ 2.2.24, Glimmer3.0, RAST server, Geneious 4.8.5, ClustalW2 and MEGA5. Physiological and morphological features were tested by bacterial culture, electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and exopolysaccharides extraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of seven Aquimarina genomes and 30 other genomes of Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater showed that most of the strains had low DNA G + C contents, and Aquimarina had larger genomes than other strains. Genome comparison showed varying genomic properties among seven Aquimarina genomes, including genome sizes and gene contents, which may warrant their specific adaptive strategies. Genome of A. longa SW024(T) was further compared with the genomes of two other Aquimarina species which were also isolated from the SPG and A. longa SW024(T) appeared to have much more genes related to replication, recombination and repair. As a copiotroph, A. longa SW024(T) is long in length, and possesses large genome size and diverse transporters. However, it has also evolved many properties to survive in the oligotrophic marine environment. This bacterium grew better on solid medium than in liquid medium, suggesting it may be liable to attach to particle surfaces in order to survive in the nutrient-limiting environment. Gliding motility and the capacity to degrade various polymers possibly allow the bacterium to grow on detritus particles and use polymeric substances as carbon and energy sources. Moreover, genes related to carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolisms were identified, which showed that A. longa SW024(T) might be involved in various elemental cycles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genomic comparison of Aquimarina genus exhibits comprehensive capabilities of the strains to adapt to diverse marine environments. The genomic characteristics of A. longa SW024(T) reveal that it evolves various strategies to cope with both copiotrophic and ultra-oligotrophic marine environment, which provides a better understanding of the survival abilities of bacteria in prevalent and even extreme oceanic environments. Furthermore, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur utilization of A. longa SW024(T) may represent its potential functions in the global biogeochemical cycle.
authors.affiliation: College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China. xutingtingno1@163.com.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China. yumin@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China. linheyu1991@qq.com.
authors.forename: Heyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China. zhangzenghu632@163.com.
authors.forename: Zenghu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China. liujiwen333@163.com.
authors.forename: Jiwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China. xhzhang@ouc.edu.cn.|Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China. xhzhang@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiao-Hua
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000235:genetics; D001482:Base Composition; D041965:Flavobacteriaceae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D023281:Genomics; D005810:Multigene Family; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology