title: The orthotic and therapeutic effects following daily community applied functional electrical stimulation in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to determine the orthotic and therapeutic effects of daily community applied FES to the ankle dorsiflexors in a randomized controlled trial. We hypothesized that children receiving the eight-week FES treatment would demonstrate orthotic and therapeutic effects in gait and spasticity as well as better community mobility and balance skills compared to controls not receiving FES.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized controlled trial involved 32 children (mean age 10 yrs 3 mo, SD 3 yrs 3 mo; 15 females, 17 males) with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy and a Gross Motor Function Classification System of I or II randomly assigned to a FES treatment group (n = 16) or control group (n = 16). The treatment group received eight weeks of daily FES (four hours per day, six days per week) and the control group received usual orthotic and therapy treatment. Children were assessed at baseline, post FES treatment (eight weeks) and follow-up (six weeks after post FES treatment). Outcome measures included lower limb gait mechanics, clinical measures of gastrocnemius spasticity and community mobility balance skills.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants used the FES for a mean daily use of 6.2 (SD 3.2) hours over the eight-week intervention period. With FES, the treatment group demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) increase in initial contact ankle angle (mean difference 11.9° 95% CI 6.8° to 17.1°), maximum dorsiflexion ankle angle in swing (mean difference 8.1° 95% CI 1.8° to 14.4°) normalized time in stance (mean difference 0.27 95% CI 0.05 to 0.49) and normalized step length (mean difference 0.06 95% CI 0.003 to 0.126) post treatment compared to the control group. Without FES, the treatment group significantly increased community mobility balance scores at post treatment (mean difference 8.3 units 95% CI 3.2 to 13.4 units) and at follow-up (mean difference 8.9 units 95% CI 3.8 to 13.9 units) compared to the control group. The treatment group also had significantly reduced gastrocnemius spasticity at post treatment (p = 0.038) and at follow-up (dynamic range of motion mean difference 6.9°, 95% CI 0.4° to 13.6°; p = 0.035) compared to the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study documents an orthotic effect with improvement in lower limb mechanics during gait. Therapeutic effects i.e. without FES were observed in clinical measures of gastrocnemius spasticity, community mobility and balance skills in the treatment group at post treatment and follow-up. This study supports the use of FES applied during daily walking activities to improve gait mechanics as well as to address community mobility issues among children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Register ACTRN12614000949684 . Registered 4 September 2014.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy and Paediatric Rehabilitation, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Subiaco, 6008, Australia. Dayna.Pool@health.wa.gov.au.|School of Sport Science Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Australia. Dayna.Pool@health.wa.gov.au.
authors.forename: Dayna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pool
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Rehabilitation, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Subiaco, 6008, Australia. Jane.Valentine@health.wa.gov.au.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy and Paediatric Rehabilitation, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Subiaco, 6008, Australia. Natasha.Bear@health.wa.gov.au.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bear
authors.affiliation: School of Sport Science Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Australia. Cyril.Donnelly@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Cyril J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Rehabilitation, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Subiaco, 6008, Australia. Catherine.Elliott@health.wa.gov.au.|Curtin University of Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Kent Street, Bentley, 6012, Australia. Catherine.Elliott@health.wa.gov.au.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Subiaco, 6008, Australia. Katherine.Stannage@health.wa.gov.au.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stannage
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002648:Child; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome