title: Bats, Trypanosomes, and Triatomines in Ecuador: New Insights into the Diversity, Transmission, and Origins of Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas Disease.
abstract: The generalist parasite Trypanosoma cruzi has two phylogenetic lineages associated almost exclusively with bats-Trypanosoma cruzi Tcbat and the subspecies T. c. marinkellei. We present new information on the genetic variation, geographic distribution, host associations, and potential vectors of these lineages. We conducted field surveys of bats and triatomines in southern Ecuador, a country endemic for Chagas disease, and screened for trypanosomes by microscopy and PCR. We identified parasites at species and genotype levels through phylogenetic approaches based on 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes and conducted a comparison of nucleotide diversity of the cytb gene. We document for the first time T. cruzi Tcbat and T. c. marinkellei in Ecuador, expanding their distribution in South America to the western side of the Andes. In addition, we found the triatomines Cavernicola pilosa and Triatoma dispar sharing shelters with bats. The comparisons of nucleotide diversity revealed a higher diversity for T. c. marinkellei than any of the T. c. cruzi genotypes associated with Chagas disease. Findings from this study increased both the number of host species and known geographical ranges of both parasites and suggest potential vectors for these two trypanosomes associated with bats in rural areas of southern Ecuador. The higher nucleotide diversity of T. c. marinkellei supports a long evolutionary relationship between T. cruzi and bats, implying that bats are the original hosts of this important parasite.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America; Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America; The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America; Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.
authors.forename: C Miguel
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sofía
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ocaña-Mayorga
authors.affiliation: Fundación Otonga, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Elicio E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Tapia
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Simón E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lobos
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Alejandra P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Zurita
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aguirre-Villacís
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Anita G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Villacís
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marta M G
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mario J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Grijalva
authors.affiliation: Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Perkins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000235:genetics* / Q000469:parasitology; D004484:Ecuador; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity
chemical_list: D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S