title: Gender differences in outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome in the current era: A review.
abstract: Coronary heart disease is the most common cause of death worldwide. In the United Kingdom in 2010, over 80,000 deaths were attributed to coronary heart disease, and one in 10 female deaths were due to coronary heart disease. Acute coronary syndrome, a subset of coronary heart disease, was responsible for 175,000 inpatient admissions in the United Kingdom in 2012. While men have traditionally been considered to be at higher risk of acute coronary syndrome, various studies have demonstrated that women often suffer from poorer outcomes following an adverse cardiovascular event. This gap is gradually narrowing with the introduction of advanced interventional strategies and pharmacotherapy. However, a better understanding of these differences is of crucial importance for the improvement of the pharmacological and interventional management of acute coronary syndrome and for the development of possible new gender-specific diagnostic and therapeutic options. The goals of this review are to evaluate gender differences in outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome in the current era and identify potential mechanisms behind these differences in outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention.
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK.
authors.forename: Ying C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK.|2 Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.affiliation: 2 Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
authors.forename: Kuldeepa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghoorah
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK.
authors.forename: Xuyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Teoh
authors.affiliation: 3 Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Roxana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mehran
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK.|2 Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kunadian
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Women; acute coronary syndrome; coronary disease; gender differences; myocardial infarction; percutaneous coronary intervention; unstable angina