title: Low-grade Albuminuria and Risk Factors of Atherosclerosis in Children with in Type 1 Diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Microalbuminuria reflects generalized vascular dysfunction and the risk of cardiovascular disease. The study aim was to examine the relationship between low-grade albuminuria and the selected risk factors for atherosclerosis, markers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in diabetic children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 154 children with diabetes duration of at least 5 years we assessed: HbA1c, lipid profile, apolipoproteins, lipoprotein (a), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, uric acid, cystatin C, creatinine, 24-h blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and albuminuria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median albuminuria in the whole group was 2.02 μg/min. No correlations were found between albuminuria and lipids, apolipoproteins, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, cystatin C and GFR, HbA1c, and uric acid. A significant negative correlation was found between AER and ADMA (R=-0.24, p=0.0023) and positive correlation with all ABPM variables: mean SBP (R=0.23, p=0.0049), mean DBP (R=0.24, p=0.0023), daytime MAP (R=0.31, p=0.0001), nocturnal MAP (r=0.31, p<0.0001) and with percentage of blood pressure dipping (R=-0.17, p=0.0323). A trend was noted for a positive correlation between albuminuria and Lp(a) (R=0.15, p=0.059) and BMI Z-score (R=0.14, p=0.089).Children with albuminuria below 5 μg/min. had significantly lower level of fibrinogen (2.96±0.57 g/l vs. 3.29±0.66 g/l, p=0.0167) and mean 24-h systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean day and nocturnal blood pressure in comparison to the subjects with higher albuminuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  diabetic children with acceptable diabetes control but high-normal albuminuria together with higher level of Lp(a), fibrinogen and blood pressure may require more attention in terms of prevention of early macroangiopathy development.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Department, University Children's Hospital, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nazim
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Oncology, Haematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Małachowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Oncology, Haematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fendler
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Starzyk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors