title: Effects of pain severity and CT imaging on analgesia prescription in acute appendicitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previously, analgesics were avoided in suspected appendicitis to avoid masking the diagnosis. We determined use of analgesia in patients with appendicitis to determine recent trends over time and explore predictors of use of analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey 2006-2010 was conducted including emergency department (ED) patients with acute appendicitis (ICD-9-CM 540.xx). The association between demographic and clinical information with ED visit prescription of analgesics/opioids was determined using univariate (χ(2)) and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were an estimated 763000 ED patient visits for acute appendicitis from 2006 to 2010. Mean age was 32, 74% were under age 19, 69% were male. Sixty-four percent of patients received any analgesia in the ED and 58% received an opioid; use of analgesics did not change over time. Of all patients, 68% had computed tomographic (CT) imaging. There was a positive trend in analgesic use with increasing pain (27% for no pain to 71% for severe pain, P = .08); a similar trend was seen for opioids but was not significant (P = .12). Analgesic use was lower for elderly (age >65) patients (odds ratio [OR] 0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01-0.56) and private insurance (OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.05-0.43), and higher for patients with CT scans (OR 3.73, 95% CI 1.61-8.66). Pain severity was not associated with administration of analgesics after controlling for other factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of analgesia and opioids analgesia has remained stable over time. Factors associated with prescription of any analgesia and opioids were older age and payment source. Use of CT was associated with prescription of analgesics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY.
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY.
authors.forename: Henry C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Thode
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY. Electronic address: adam.singer@stonybrook.edu.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Singer
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001064:Appendicitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid