title: Microsurgical anatomy of safe entry zones to the brainstem.
abstract: OBJECT The aim of this study was to enhance the planning and use of microsurgical resection techniques for intrinsic brainstem lesions by better defining anatomical safe entry zones. METHODS Five cadaveric heads were dissected using 10 surgical approaches per head. Stepwise dissections focused on the actual areas of brainstem surface that were exposed through each approach and an analysis of the structures found, as well as which safe entry zones were accessible via each of the 10 surgical windows. RESULTS Thirteen safe entry zones have been reported and validated for approaching lesions in the brainstem, including the anterior mesencephalic zone, lateral mesencephalic sulcus, intercollicular region, peritrigeminal zone, supratrigeminal zone, lateral pontine zone, supracollicularzone, infracollicularzone, median sulcus of the fourth ventricle, anterolateral and posterior median sulci of the medulla, olivary zone, and lateral medullary zone. A discussion of the approaches, anatomy, and limitations of these entry zones is included. CONCLUSIONS A detailed understanding of the anatomy, area of exposure, and safe entry zones for each major approach allows for improved surgical planning and dissemination of the techniques required to successfully resect intrinsic brainstem lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and.
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Cavalcanti
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Preul
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: M Yashar S
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kalani
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Spetzler
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D061214:Patient Safety
keywords: CN = cranial nerve; P2P = posterior P2; PCA = posterior cerebral artery; SCA = superior cerebellar artery; TAPS = transanterior perforating substance; brainstem; cavernous malformation; microsurgery; mini-OZ = mini-modified orbitozygomatic approach; safe entry zones; surgical anatomy; surgical approaches