title: Cigarette smoking and risk of pancreatic cancer: a clinic-based case-control study in the San Francisco Bay Area.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for pancreatic cancer (PC). We examined the association between cigarette smoking and PC in a San Francisco Bay Area clinic-based, case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 536 cases and sex and age frequency-matched controls (n = 869) were recruited predominately from the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) medical clinics between 2006 and 2011. Participants were interviewed in-person using structured questionnaires. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight percent of cases and controls reported never having smoked cigarettes; 39% of cases and 40% of controls were former smokers; 13% of cases and 12% of controls were current smokers. No association was found for either former (OR = 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.66-1.1) or current cigarette smoking (men: OR = 1.0, 95% CI = 0.60-1.7; women: OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.73-2.1). No dose-response relationships were detected with number of cigarettes/day, smoking intensity, duration, or years since last smoked. Comparisons with a 1995-1999 population-based UCSF study demonstrated a significantly increased proportion of never smokers in this study (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed no significant associations between cigarette smoking and PC in the San Francisco Bay Area during 2006-2011. Data suggest a reduction in the duration of smoking within the referral population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA. Electronic address: leac@ecu.edu.
authors.forename: C Suzanne
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lea
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Holly
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
authors.forename: Paige M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bracci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D044382:Population Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012306:Risk; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: California; Case-control studies; Cigarette smoking; Outpatient clinics; Pancreatic neoplasms