title: The Roles of Parasitoid Foraging for Hosts, Food and Mates in the Augmentative Control of Tephritidae.
abstract: Ultimately, the success of augmentative fruit fly biological control depends upon the survival, dispersal, attack rate and multi-generational persistence of mass-reared parasitoids in the field. Foraging for hosts, food and mates is fundamental to the above and, at an operational level, the choice of the parasitoid best suited to control a particular tephritid in a certain environment, release rate estimates and subsequent monitoring of effectiveness. In the following we review landscape-level and microhabitat foraging preferences, host/fruit ranges, orientation through environmental cues, host vulnerabilities/ovipositor structures, and inter and intraspecific competition. We also consider tephritid parasitoid mating systems and sexual signals, and suggest the directions of future research.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 SW23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32604, USA. John.sivinski@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sivinski
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico. martin.aluja@inecol.edu.mx.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aluja
keywords: Anastrepha; Bactrocera; Braconidae; Ceratitis; Figitidae; Opiinae; Tephritidae; cues; signals