title: Social context, diversity and risk among women who inject drugs in Vietnam: descriptive findings from a cross-sectional survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women who inject drugs (WWID) are neglected globally in research and programming yet may be likelier than males to practise sexual and injecting risks and be infected with HIV and more stigmatised but seek fewer services. Little is known about characteristics, practices and nexus between drugs and sex work of WWID in Vietnam, where unsafe injecting has driven HIV transmission, and commercial sex and inconsistent condom use are prevalent. This was the first quantitative investigation of Vietnamese WWID recruited as injecting drug users. This article summarises descriptive findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted among WWID in Hanoi (n = 203) and Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) (n = 200) recruited using respondent-driven sampling. Characteristics varied within and between sites. Twenty-two percent in Hanoi and 47.5 % in HCMC had never sold sex. Almost all commenced with smoking heroin, some as children. Most injected frequently, usually alone, although 8 % (Hanoi) and 18 % (HCMC) shared equipment in the previous month. Some had sex--and sold it--as children; most had multiple partners. Condom use was high with clients but very low with intimate partners, often injecting drug users. HIV knowledge was uneven, and large minorities were not tested recently (or ever) for HIV. Nearly all perceived intense gender-related stigma, especially for drug use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This ground-breaking study challenges assumptions about characteristics and risks based on anecdotal evidence and studies among men. Most WWID were vulnerable to sexual HIV transmission from intimate partners. Interventions should incorporate broader sociocultural context to protect this highly stigmatised population.
authors.affiliation: Center for Supporting Community Development Initiatives (SCDI), Hanoi, Vietnam. oanhkhuat@scdi.org.vn.
authors.forename: Oanh T H
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Khuat
authors.affiliation: Centre for Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia. martham@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.affiliation: Center for Promotion of Quality of Life (Life Center), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. trang@life-vietnam.org.
authors.forename: Trang N N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia. g.armstrong@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D011477:Sex Work / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012931:Social Environment; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult