title: Persistent Albuminuria in Children with Type 2 Diabetes: A Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and the clinical features associated with persistent albuminuria in Canadian children aged <18 years with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This national prospective surveillance study involved a network of pediatricians and pediatric endocrinologists. Cases of persistent albuminuria in children with type 2 diabetes were reported during a 24-month period from 2010 to 2012. Persistent albuminuria was defined as an elevated albumin-to-creatinine ratio in a minimum of 2 out of 3 urine samples obtained at least 1 month apart over 3-6 months and confirmed with a first morning sample. Descriptive statistics were used to illustrate demographic and clinical features of the population. The prevalence of persistent albumuria was estimated using data from a previous national surveillence study of type 2 diabetes in children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty cases were reported over the 24-month study period. The estimated prevalence of persistent albuminuria in children with type 2 diabetes in Canada was 5.1%. The median duration of diabetes at the time of diagnosis of albuminuria was 21 days (IQR, 0-241 days). Almost two-thirds (64%) were female, 80% were of Canadian First Nations heritage, and 76% were from Manitoba. Exposure to gestational or pregestational diabetes in utero occurred in 65%, and 48% had a family history of diabetes-related renal disease. Structural anomalies of the kidney were found in 37%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persistent albuminuria occurs in youths with type 2 diabetes in the first year after diagnosis, demonstrates regional variation, and is associated with First Nations heritage and exposure to maternal diabetes during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Electronic address: esellers@exchange.hsc.mb.ca.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A C
authors.initials: EAC
authors.lastname: Sellers
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Stasia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hadjiyannakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Shazhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Allison B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Dart
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Roland F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Dyck
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Langlois
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Constadina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Panagiotopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Heather J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Dean
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies