title: Evaluation of the delivered activity of yttrium-90 resin microspheres using sterile water and 5 % glucose during administration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of switching from sterile water to 5 % glucose (G5W) for the administration of yttrium-90 ((90)Y)-resin microspheres on the total activity of (90)Y administered (expressed as a proportion of the prescribed/calculated activity), as well as the number of cases of stasis and the reported incidence of discomfort during the selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In December 2013, we switched from sterile water to G5W for the administration of SIRT using (90)Y resin microspheres in all patients. This retrospective observational single-center case series describes our experience in the months preceding and after the switch. Apart from the change in administration medium, the protocol for SIRT was otherwise identical.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and four SIRT procedures were performed on 78 patients (45 male, mean age: 63 years, range: 31-87 years) with either unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, or chemorefractory liver-dominant metastatic cancer. Compared with sterile water, the whole prescribed activity was administered in significantly more procedures with G5W: 85 vs. 22 %; p < 0.0001. A significantly higher proportion of the calculated activity was administered with G5W: 96.1 ± 11.0 % vs. 77.4 ± 24.3 % (p < 0.0001). G5W procedures were also associated with a significantly lower incidence of stasis (28 vs. 11 % procedures; p = 0.02) and mild-to-moderate upper abdominal pain during the procedure (1.8 vs. 44 % procedures; p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Replacing sterile water with isotonic G5W during administration favorably impacts on the safety of SIRT, eliminates and/or minimizes flow reductions and stasis/reflux during administration of (90)Y resin microspheres, improves percentage activity delivered, and reduces peri-procedural pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany. Hojjat.ahmadzadehfar@ukb.uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Hojjat
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmadzadehfar
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Claus Christian
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bundschuh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muckle
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gärtner
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans Heinz
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Schild
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Essler
keywords: Backflow; Glucose 5 %; Radioembolization; Resin microspheres; SIR-Spheres; Stasis; Yttrium-90