title: Callose Synthase Family Genes Involved in the Grapevine Defense Response to Downy Mildew Disease.
abstract: The deposition of callose is a common plant defense response to intruding pathogens and part of the plant's innate immunity. In this study, eight grapevine callose synthase (CalS) genes were identified and characterized. To investigate biological function of CalS in grapevine against the infection of Plasmopara viticola, expression patterns of grapevine CalS family genes were analyzed among resistant/susceptible cultivars. After P. viticola infection, expression of CalS1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 were significantly modified among the grapevine cultivars. For example, the expression of CalS1 and CalS10 were greatly increased in downy mildew (DM)-immune Muscadinia rotundifolia 'Carlos' and 'Noble'. Transient expression assay with promoters of the CalS1 and CalS10 genes confirmed that they were regulated by the oomycete pathogen P. viticola. CalS1 promoter activity was also significantly up-regulated by ABA in DM-immune M. rotundifolia 'Noble', but down-regulated in DM-susceptible Vitis vinifera 'Chardonnay'. The CalS1 promoter, however, was also down-regulated by GA in 'Chardonnay', but not affected in 'Noble'. The promoter activity of CalS10 was significantly up-regulated by GA in 'Chardonnay', but not regulated by ABA at all. It is proposed that CalS1 and CalS10 were involved in grapevine defense against DM disease.
authors.affiliation: First, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; first author: Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, China Academy of Science; and fourth author: Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: First, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; first author: Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, China Academy of Science; and fourth author: Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: First, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; first author: Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, China Academy of Science; and fourth author: Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
authors.forename: Shufang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: First, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; first author: Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, China Academy of Science; and fourth author: Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: First, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; first author: Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, China Academy of Science; and fourth author: Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
authors.forename: Yali
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: First, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors: The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; first author: Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, China Academy of Science; and fourth author: Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000276:immunology*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000276:immunology*; D005936:Glucans / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009868:Oomycetes / Q000502:physiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D027843:Vitis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D005936:Glucans; C048306:callose; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C020570:1,3-beta-glucan synthase