title: Needlestick Injuries in Agriculture Workers and Prevention Programs.
abstract: There are a variety of biologics, vaccines, antibiotics, and hormones used in animal agriculture. Depending upon the procedure or pharmaceutical used, accidental injections or product exposures can result in mild to severe injuries. Needlestick injury (NSI) prevention, research, and education for veterinarians and agriculture workers is limited. The objective of this study was to collect and review published case reports and case series/surveys on human needlestick exposure to veterinary biologics and to summarize needlestick prevention strategies for agricultural workers/veterinarians. A search was conducted of PubMed and Centre for Agriculture Bioscience International (CABI) databases. References were reviewed to identify additional articles. NSI among agricultural workers were primarily included in this review. Thirty articles were applicable to exposures in agricultural settings. Relevant literature consisted of case reports, survey/case series articles, prevention documents, and background articles. Fifty-nine case patients were identified. Most of these cases were associated with exposures to specific vaccines or veterinary products. Injury location was identified from 36 individuals: 24 (67%) NSI to the hands, 10 (28%) injuries to the legs, and 2 to other body locations. Of the 59 cases, 20 (34%) involved oil-adjuvant vaccines. Evidence of hospitalization was recorded for 30 case patients. The length of hospitalization was available from 11 case patients. Median length of hospitalization was 3 days (range: 1-4). Surgical intervention was reported in 25 case patients. Outcome information was available on 30 case patients. Fifteen made a complete recovery within 2 weeks of treatment, 14 had residual sequelae attributed to the injury, and there was 1 reported death. Of the 13 survey/case series articles: 2 focused on oil-adjuvant products, 1 on Brucellosis RB-51 vaccine, 3 on tilmicosin, 1 on Salmonella enteritidis vaccine, 1 on high-pressure injection, and 5 were nonspecific. NSI in agriculture workers and veterinarians can result in significant bodily injury and loss of work. There is a need for varied and comprehensive educational programs for agricultural workers and veterinarians to prevent NSI on livestock operations.
authors.affiliation: a Center for Animal Health and Food Safety , University of Minnesota , St. Paul , Minnesota , USA.
authors.forename: Minden L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Buswell
authors.affiliation: a Center for Animal Health and Food Safety , University of Minnesota , St. Paul , Minnesota , USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hourigan
authors.affiliation: b Veterinary Medical Library, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Minnesota , St. Paul , Minnesota , USA.
authors.forename: André J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Nault
authors.affiliation: a Center for Animal Health and Food Safety , University of Minnesota , St. Paul , Minnesota , USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bender
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006230:Hand Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D016602:Needlestick Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D018634:Veterinarians
keywords: Accident prevention; agricultural workers; national institute for occupational safety and health (NIOSH); needlestick injuries; occupational exposures; occupational hazards; occupational injuries; veterinarians