title: Sweet Christmas: Do overweight and obese children associate special events more frequently with food than normal weight children?
abstract: This study examined children's spontaneous associations of special events with food. Children in primary education (N = 111, age between 10 and 13 years) at a school in Germany wrote down their first five associations with five special or festive events (Christmas, holidays, weekend, carnival and birthday). After completing the free-word association test, they were offered a choice between a candy and a toy. Finally, their body mass index (BMI) was measured. The first prediction was that overweight and obese children would associate special events more often with food than normal weight and leaner children. The second prediction was that choice for a candy would be predicted by a higher number of food-related associations. The first hypothesis was not supported: BMI was negatively related to number of food-related associations (the lower the BMI, the more food-related associations). The second hypothesis was also not supported: There was no relation between number of food-related associations and choice for a candy or toy. A possible explanation for the finding that leaner children reported more food-related associations is that for them specific sweets and snack food are more exclusively connected to special occasions than for overweight children. Speculatively, this may be the result of differences in food parenting styles between parents of heavier and leaner children. Parents of leaner children often have a more restrictive style, i.e., reserving specific foods for specific, relatively rare occasions whereas parents of overweight children adopt more liberal food rules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. Electronic address: c.martijn@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Carolien
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martijn
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Klinik für Schmerztherapie und Palliativmedizin Medizinisches Zentrum StädteRegion Aachen GmbH, Germany. Electronic address: sophie.pasch@mz-ac.de.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pasch
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. Electronic address: a.roefs@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roefs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002755:Choice Behavior; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006693:Holidays; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000523:psychology*; D013851:Thinness / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Food; Free-word association test; Overweight children; Special events; Spontaneous associations