title: A literature review on the levels of automation during the years. What are the different taxonomies that have been proposed?
abstract: In this paper we present a literature review of the evolution of the levels of autonomy from the end of the 1950s up until now. The motivation of this study was primarily to gather and to compare the literature that exists, on taxonomies on levels of automation. Technical developments within both computer hardware and software have made it possible to introduce autonomy into virtually all aspects of human-machine systems. The current study, is focusing on how different authors treat the problem of different levels of automation. The outcome of this study is to present the differences between the proposed levels of automation and the various taxonomies, giving the potential users a number of choices in order to decide which taxonomy satisfies their needs better. In addition, this paper surveys deals with the term adaptive automation, which seems to be a new trend in the literature on autonomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Cybernetics Norwegian University of Science and Technology, O.S. Bragstads Plass 2D, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway; SINTEF ICT, Applied Cybernetics, NO-7465, Trondheim, Norway. Electronic address: marialena.vagia@sintef.no.
authors.forename: Marialena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vagia
authors.affiliation: SINTEF ICT, Applied Cybernetics, NO-7465, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Aksel A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Transeth
authors.affiliation: SINTEF ICT, Applied Cybernetics, NO-7465, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Sigurd A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Fjerdingen
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation / Q000145:classification*; D006801:Humans; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Adaptive automation; Autonomy/automation; Levels of autonomy; Taxonomies