title: 30 Years of Neurosurgical Robots: Review and Trends for Manipulators and Associated Navigational Systems.
abstract: This review provides an examination of contemporary neurosurgical robots and the developments that led to them. Improvements in localization, microsurgery and minimally invasive surgery have made robotic neurosurgery viable, as seen by the success of platforms such as the CyberKnife and neuromate. Neurosurgical robots can now perform specific surgical tasks such as skull-base drilling and craniotomies, as well as pedicle screw and cochlear electrode insertions. Growth trends in neurosurgical robotics are likely to continue but may be tempered by concerns over recent surgical robot recalls, commercially-driven surgeon training, and studies that show operational costs for surgical robotic procedures are often higher than traditional surgical methods. We point out that addressing performance issues related to navigation-related registration is an active area of research and will aid in improving overall robot neurosurgery performance and associated costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, York University, Toronto, Canada. drsmith@yorku.ca.
authors.forename: James Andrew
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.|Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Brain Sciences Program/Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Jamil
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jivraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.|Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Brain Sciences Program/Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Ronnie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.|Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Brain Sciences Program/Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000639:trends*; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000639:trends*
keywords: Neurosurgery; Neurosurgical robot; Surgery; Surgical navigation; Surgical robot