title: The stress response and exploratory behaviour in Yucatan minipigs (Sus scrofa): Relations to sex and social rank.
abstract: According to the coping styles hypothesis, an individual demonstrates an integrated behavioural and physiological response to environmental challenge that is consistent over time and across situations. Individual consistency in behavioural responses to challenge has been documented across the animal kingdom. Comparatively few studies, however, have examined inter-individual variation in the physiological response, namely glucocorticoid and catecholamine levels, the stress hormones secreted by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system, respectively. Variation in coping styles between individuals may be explained in part by differences in social rank and sex. Using 20 Yucatan minipigs (Sus scrofa) we: (1) investigated the existence of consistent inter-individual variation in exploratory behaviour and the hormonal stress response, and tested for correlations as predicted by the coping styles hypothesis; and (2) evaluated whether inter-individual behavioural and hormonal variation is related to social rank and sex. Salivary stress biomarkers (cortisol, alpha-amylase, chromogranin A) were assessed in the presence and absence of a stressor consisting of social isolation in a crate for 10 min. Principal components analysis on a set of behavioural variables revealed two traits, which we labelled exploratory tendency and neophobia. Neither exploratory tendency nor neophobia predicted the physiological stress response. Subordinate pigs exhibited higher catecholamine levels compared to dominant conspecifics. We observed sex differences in the repeatability of salivary stress markers and reactivity of the stress systems. The results do not provide support for the existence of behavioural-physiological coping styles in pigs. Sex is an important determinant of the physiological stress response and warrants consideration in research addressing behavioural and hormonal variation.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Programme, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada. Electronic address: sadcock@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah J J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Adcock
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
authors.forename: Gerard M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
authors.forename: Carolyn J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D053379:Chromogranin A / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006608:Hierarchy, Social; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality / Q000502:physiology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012930:Social Dominance; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053379:Chromogranin A; D000516:alpha-Amylases; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Alpha-amylase; Coping styles; Cortisol; Personality; Repeatability; Sex differences