title: Evidence for anthropophily in five species of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from northern Colombia, revealed by molecular identification of bloodmeals.
abstract: Identification of the bloodmeal sources of phlebotomine sand flies is fundamental to determining which species are anthropophilic and understanding the transmission of Leishmania parasites in natural epidemiological settings. The objective of this study was to identify sand fly bloodmeals in the mixed leishmaniasis focus of the department of Sucre, northern Colombia. In all 141 engorged female sand flies were analyzed, after being captured in intradomiciliary, peridomiciliary and extradomiciliary habitats with Shannon and CDC traps and by active searching in diurnal resting sites. Bloodmeals were identified by sequencing and analysis of a 358bp fragment of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome b (CYB) and a 330bp fragment of the nuclear gene prepronociceptin (PNOC). Using both genes 105 vertebrate bloodmeals were identified, with an efficiency of 72% for CYB but only 7% for PNOC. Ten species of vertebrates were identified as providing bloodmeal sources for 8 sand fly species: Homo sapiens (Lutzomyia evansi, Lutzomyia panamensis, Lutzomyia micropyga, Lutzomyia shannoni and Lutzomyia atroclavata), Equus caballus (L. evansi, L. panamensis and Lutzomyia cayennensis cayennensis), Equus asinus (L. evansi and L. panamensis), Bos taurus (L. evansi, L. panamensis and L. c. cayennensis), Tamandua mexicana (L. shannoni and Lutzomyia trinidadensis), Proechimys guyanensis (L. evansi, L. panamensis and L. c. cayennensis), Mabuya sp. (Lutzomyia micropyga), Anolissp. (L. micropyga), Sus scrofa (L. evansi and Lutzomyia gomezi) and Gallus gallus (L. evansi). Cattle, donkeys, humans and pigs were significantly more important than other animals (P=0.0001) as hosts of L. evansi, this being the most abundant sand fly species. The five Lutzomyia species in which blood samples of human origin were detected included L. micropyga and L. atroclavata, constituting the first evidence of anthropophily in both species.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia.
authors.forename: Luís E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Paternina
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verbel-Vergara
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia.
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Romero-Ricardo
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia.
authors.forename: Alveiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pérez-Doria
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paternina-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia.
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia; Universidad de Cartagena, Bolívar, Cartagena, Colombia. Electronic address: eduarelias@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Eduar E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Bejarano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood / Q000469:parasitology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000469:parasitology; D003105:Colombia; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans / Q000469:parasitology; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000145:classification*; D007891:Leishmania; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000635:transmission*; D010691:Phlebotomus / Q000145:classification*; D013552:Swine / Q000469:parasitology; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000469:parasitology*
keywords: Bloodmeals; Colombia; Leishmaniasis; Lutzomyia; Molecular analysis; Sandflies