title: Prepregnancy Nutrition and Early Pregnancy Outcomes.
abstract: Implantation failure and pregnancy loss are estimated to affect up to 75% of fertilized ova; however as of yet there is limited empirical evidence, particularly at the population level, for understanding the environmental determinants of these losses. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on prepregnancy nutrition and early pregnancy outcomes with particular focus on the outcome of spontaneous abortion among pregnancies conceived naturally and early pregnancy end points among pregnancies conceived throughin vitrofertilization. To date, there is limited evidence to support associations of prepregnancy vitamin D and caffeine intake with pregnancy loss. There is suggestive data supporting a link between a healthy diet and lower risk of pregnancy loss. High folate and minimal to no alcohol intake prior to conception have the most consistent evidence supporting an association with lower risk of pregnancy loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Building II 3 Floor, Boston, MA 02115.
authors.forename: Audrey J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gaskins
authors.affiliation: Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114.
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Toth
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Building II 3rd Floor, Boston, MA 02115.
authors.forename: Jorge E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Chavarro
keywords: diet; early pregnancy; in vitro fertilization; miscarriage; nutrition; pregnancy loss; reproductive health; spontaneous abortion