title: Microscopic Haematuria and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Stage 3-5 Nondiabetic Chronic Kidney Disease.
abstract: Microscopic haematuria is proposed as a prognostic factor for renal outcomes in patients with glomerulonephritis. However, the role of haematuria in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) or heavy proteinuria has not been investigated. We divided 1799 patients with stage 3-5 nondiabetic CKD into 3 groups according to the results from 3 urinalyses: no haematuria (0-2 red blood cells [RBCs]/hpf ≥2 times), mild haematuria (2-5 RBCs/hpf ≥2 times) and moderate haematuria (≥5-10 RBCs/hpf ≥2 times). The estimated glomerular filtration rate was 25.4 mL/min/1.73 m(2), with a urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR) of 881 mg/g. The hazard ratios (HRs) of mild and moderate haematuria for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were 1.28 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.56, P = 0.024) and 1.34 (95% CI: 1.03-1.74, P = 0.030), respectively. The HR of moderate haematuria for mortality was 1.56 (95% CI: 1.11-2.20, P = 0.011). According to subgroup analysis, the HR of moderate haematuria for ESRD in patients with a UPCR of <500 mg/g was more prominent than that in patients with a UPCR of ≥500 mg/g. Microscopic haematuria in patients with stage 3-5 nondiabetic CKD is associated with increased risks of ESRD and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University.|Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University.|Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: You-Hsien Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University.|Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Chun-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University.
authors.forename: Lee-Moay
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University.
authors.forename: Daw-Yang
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University.|Faculty of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jer-Chia
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University.|Faculty of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Institute of Population Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shang-Jyh
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University.
authors.forename: Chi-Chih
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University.|Faculty of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hung-Chun
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D018450:Disease Progression; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006417:Hematuria / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D003404:Creatinine