title: Parthenogenetic embryos from unfertilized Chinese painted quail eggs alter albumen pH, gases, and ion concentrations during incubation.
abstract: Parthenogenesis is a form of embryonic development that occurs without fertilization. Recently, parthenogenesis has been reported in Chinese painted quail eggs. In Japanese quail, it has been shown that albumen pH of incubated fertile eggs is lower than that of incubated infertile eggs. However, it is unknown if alterations, similar to those in incubated fertile eggs, occur in albumen pH, gases, or ion concentrations from unfertilized eggs exhibiting parthenogenetic development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if any differences in pH, gases, or ion concentrations exist between incubated unfertilized eggs exhibiting parthenogenetic development versus unfertilized eggs with no development over incubation. In this study, eggs were collected daily from Chinese painted quail hens that were separated from males at 4 weeks of age, before sexual maturity. Eggs were stored for 0 to 3 days at 20 °C and incubated at 37.5 °C for 12 days. Eggs were weighed before and after incubation to obtain percentage egg weight loss. After incubation, embryo size and albumen O2, CO2, Ca(2+), Na(+), and Cl(-) concentrations as well as pH were obtained from each incubated egg. Over incubation, albumen from unfertilized eggs exhibiting parthenogenetic development had a lower pH as well as less O2 and Cl(-), yet a higher Ca(2+) and Na(+) concentration as compared with the albumen of unfertilized eggs with no development. Also, eggs exhibiting parthenogenetic development had a higher albumen CO2 concentration as compared with eggs without development. The rate of egg weight loss was much lower in eggs exhibiting parthenogenetic development as compared with eggs without development. Also, as parthenogen size increased, there was a decrease in albumen pH, O2, and Cl(-), yet an increase in CO2 and Ca(2+). In conclusion, it appears that, over incubation, parthenogenetic development from unfertilized eggs alters the composition of albumen as compared with the albumen from unfertilized eggs with no parthenogenetic development.
authors.affiliation: Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santa Rosa
authors.affiliation: Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kiess
authors.affiliation: Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, Mississippi, USA. Electronic address: cmcdaniel@poultry.msstate.edu.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: McDaniel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis; D003370:Coturnix / Q000196:embryology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D010063:Ovum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D010312:Parthenogenesis; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010047:Ovalbumin; D012964:Sodium; D010100:Oxygen; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Albumen gas exchange; Albumen pH; Egg albumen ion; Incubation; Parthenogenesis