title: Alveolar process fractures in the permanent dentition. Part 2. The risk of healing complications in teeth involved in an alveolar process fracture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the risk of pulp canal obliteration (PCO), pulp necrosis (PN), repair-related resorption (RRR), infection-related resorption (IRR), ankylosis-related resorption (ARR), marginal bone loss (MBL), and tooth loss (TL) for teeth involved in an alveolar process fracture and to identify possible risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 91 patients with 223 traumatized teeth.
  
  
  METHODS
  The risks of PCO, PN, RRR, IRR, ARR, MBL, and TL were analyzed separately for teeth with immature and mature root development using Kaplan-Meier and Aalen-Johansen methods. Possible risk factors for PN (age, fracture in relation to apex, displacement, gingival injury, degree of repositioning, type of splint, duration of splinting, treatment delay, and antibiotics) were analyzed for mature teeth using Cox regression. The level of significance was 5%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immature: No severe complications (PN, IRR, ARR, MBL, or TL) were diagnosed during follow up. Mature: Estimated risk after a 10-year follow up: PN: 56% (95% confidence interval (CI): 48.1-63.9), IRR: 2.5% (95% CI: 0-5.1), ARR: 2.1% (95% CI: 0.1-4.1), MBL: 2.4% (95% CI: 0.3-4.4), and TL: 7.8% (95% CI: 0-15.7). The following factors significantly increased the risk of PN in teeth with mature root development: fracture in relation to apex (hazard ratio (HR): 2.6 (95% CI: 0.2 - 5.7), P = 0.01), displacement in the horizontal part of the fracture >2 mm (HR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1-3.2, P = 0.03), incomplete repositioning (HR: 2.1 (95% CI: 1.3-3.5), P = 0.003), and age >30 years (HR: 2.3 (95% CI: 1.1-4.6), P = 0.02). The type of splint (rigid or flexible), the duration of splinting (more or less than 4 weeks), and the administration of antibiotics did not affect the risk of PN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Teeth involved in alveolar process fractures appear, apart from PN, to have a good prognosis. A conservative treatment approach is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Odontology, Pediatric Dentistry and Clinical Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lauridsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gerds
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Resource Centre for Rare Oral Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens Ove
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Andreasen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000209:etiology; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000293:injuries*; D003790:Dental Pulp Necrosis / Q000209:etiology; D019229:Dentition, Permanent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017090:Occlusal Splints; D012307:Risk Factors; D012391:Root Resorption / Q000209:etiology; D020254:Tooth Ankylosis / Q000209:etiology; D014082:Tooth Fractures / Q000209:etiology; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000209:etiology; D014086:Tooth Mobility / Q000209:etiology; D014945:Wound Healing
keywords: alveolar process fracture; clinical study; dental trauma; pulp necrosis; root resorption; tooth loss