title: Health reform and mortality in China: Multilevel time-series analysis of regional and socioeconomic inequities in a sample of 73 million.
abstract: China's 2009 expansion of universal health insurance has received global interest, but little empirical investigation. This epidemiological study was a first attempt to assess potential impacts on population health and health equity. Multilevel negative binomial regression was used to analyse all-cause and non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality between 2006 and 2012 from a representative sample including all 31 provinces. The age-standardised ratios (per 100,000) in 2006 were 860.4 and 732.9 for mortality from all-causes and NCDs respectively. These ratios decreased over time to 737.5 (all-causes) and 642.9 (NCD) by 2012. Modelling indicated these trajectories were curvilinear, dipping more rapidly from 2009 onwards. Compared to the east, all-cause mortality was higher in other regions (e.g. northwest RR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.20, 1.48). Compared to more affluent urban areas, rate ratios for all-cause mortality were 1.23 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.54) in the least affluent urban areas, 1.22 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.46) in affluent rural areas and 1.64 (95% CI: 1.51, 1.79) in the least affluent rural areas. These health inequities were largely repeated for NCD mortality and did not vary spatiotemporally. Overall, universal health insurance in China may have accelerated reductions in all-cause and NCD mortality, but potential impacts on health inequity may take longer to manifest.
authors.affiliation: School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.|School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Astell-Burt
authors.affiliation: China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yunning
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.|School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
authors.forename: Xiaoqi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Page
authors.affiliation: China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shiwei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jiangmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Maigeng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D018166:Health Care Reform; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population