title: Protected area types, strategies and impacts in Brazil's Amazon: public protected area strategies do not yield a consistent ranking of protected area types by impact.
abstract: The leading policy to conserve forest is protected areas (PAs). Yet, PAs are not a single tool: land users and uses vary by PA type; and public PA strategies vary in the extent of each type and in the determinants of impact for each type, i.e. siting and internal deforestation. Further, across regions and time, strategies respond to pressures (deforestation and political). We estimate deforestation impacts of PA types for a critical frontier, the Brazilian Amazon. We separate regions and time periods that differ in their deforestation and political pressures and document considerable variation in PA strategies across regions, time periods and types. The siting of PAs varies across regions. For example, all else being equal, PAs in the arc of deforestation are relatively far from non-forest, while in other states they are relatively near. Internal deforestation varies across time periods, e.g. it is more similar across the PA types for PAs after 2000. By contrast, after 2000, PA extent is less similar across PA types with little non-indigenous area created inside the arc. PA strategies generate a range of impacts for PA types--always far higher within the arc--but not a consistent ranking of PA types by impact.
authors.affiliation: Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA alex.pfaff@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pfaff
authors.affiliation: Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica University of Costa Rica, San Pedro Montes de Oca, San Jose, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robalino
authors.affiliation: Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.affiliation: Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herrera
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D017753:Ecosystem; D016468:Forestry; D065928:Forests; D011057:Politics; D011640:Public Policy
keywords: deforestation; evaluation; matching; parks; reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD)