title: A simple procedure for the extraction of DNA from long-term formalin-preserved brain tissues for the detection of EBV by PCR.
abstract: Long-term formalin fixed brain tissues are potentially an important source of material for molecular studies. Ironically, very few protocols have been published describing DNA extraction from such material for use in PCR analysis. In our attempt to investigate the role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), extracting PCR quality DNA from brain samples fixed in formalin for 2-22 years, proved to be very difficult and challenging. As expected, DNA extracted from these samples was not only of poor quality and quantity, but more importantly, it was frequently found to be non-amplifiable due to the presence of PCR inhibitors. Here, we describe a simple and reproducible procedure for extracting DNA using a modified proteinase K and phenol-chloroform methodology. Central to this protocol is the thorough pre-digestion washing of the tissues in PBS, extensive digestion with proteinase K in low SDS containing buffer, and using low NaCl concentration during DNA precipitation. The optimized protocol was used in extracting DNA from meninges of 26 MS and 6 non-MS cases. Although the quality of DNA from these samples was generally poor, small size amplicons (100-200 nucleotides) of the house-keeping gene, β-globin could be reliably amplified from all the cases. PCR for EBV revealed positivity in 35% (9/26) MS cases, but 0/6 non-MS cases. These findings indicate that the method described here is suitable for PCR detection of viral sequences in long-term formalin persevered brain tissues. Our findings also support a possible role for EBV in the pathogenesis of MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Asma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hassani
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Gulfaraz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005557:Formaldehyde; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000821:virology*; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D016707:Tissue Fixation
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D005557:Formaldehyde
keywords: DNA extraction; Epstein–Barr virus; Formalin preserved tissue; Multiple sclerosis