title: Antioxidant Effects of Herbal Tea Leaves from Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) on Multiple Free Radical and Reducing Power Assays, Especially on Different Superoxide Anion Radical Generation Systems.
abstract: Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), a native Andean plant, has been cultivated as a crop and locally used as a traditional folk medicine for the people suffering from diabetes and digestive/renal disorders. However, the medicinal properties of this plant and its processed foods have not been completely established. This study investigates the potent antioxidative effects of herbal tea leaves from yacon in different free radical models and a ferric reducing model. A hot-water extract exhibited the highest yield of total polyphenol and scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical among four extracts prepared with hot water, methanol, ethanol, and ethylacetate. In addition, a higher reducing power of the hot-water extract was similarly demonstrated among these extracts. Varying concentrations of the hot-water extract resulted in different scavenging activities in four synthetic free radical models: DPPH radical (EC50 28.1 μg/mL), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical (EC50 23.7 μg/mL), galvinoxyl radical (EC50 3.06 μg/mL), and chlorpromazine cation radical (EC50 475 μg/mL). The yacon tea-leaf extract further demonstrated superoxide anion (O2(-)) radical scavenging effects in the phenazine methosulfate-NADH-nitroblue tetrazolium (EC50 64.5 μg/mL) and xanthine oxidase assay systems (EC50 20.7 μg/mL). Subsequently, incubating human neutrophilic cells in the presence of the tea-leaf extract could suppress the cellular O2(-) radical generation (IC50 65.7 μg/mL) in a phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-activated cell model. These results support yacon tea leaves may be a good source of natural antioxidants for preventing O2(-) radical-mediated disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Yacon has been considered to be a potent alternative food source for patients who require a dietary cure in regional area, while the leaf part has been provided and consumed as an herbal tea in local markets. We demonstrated here potent antioxidative effects of the tea leaves from yacon in different free radical assays, reducing power assay, and cellular superoxide anion radical generation assay. Results support yacon tea leaves may be a good source of natural antioxidants for preventing O2(-) radical-mediated disorders.
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Tokai Univ, Kawayo, Minamiaso, Aso, Kumamoto, 869-1404, Japan.
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugahara
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Tokai Univ, Kawayo, Minamiaso, Aso, Kumamoto, 869-1404, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuto
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Tokai Univ, Kawayo, Minamiaso, Aso, Kumamoto, 869-1404, Japan.
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuhara
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Tokai Univ, Kawayo, Minamiaso, Aso, Kumamoto, 869-1404, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamamuta
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Tokai Univ, Kawayo, Minamiaso, Aso, Kumamoto, 869-1404, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Tokai Univ, Kawayo, Minamiaso, Aso, Kumamoto, 869-1404, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Tokai Univ, 4-1-1 Kita-Kaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Tokai Univ, Kawayo, Minamiaso, Aso, Kumamoto, 869-1404, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyotaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kabata
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Tokai Univ, Kawayo, Minamiaso, Aso, Kumamoto, 869-1404, Japan.
authors.forename: Masateru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Tokai Univ, Kawayo, Minamiaso, Aso, Kumamoto, 869-1404, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Igoshi
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Tokai Univ, Kawayo, Minamiaso, Aso, Kumamoto, 869-1404, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yasuda
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000378:metabolism; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000378:metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000069459:Teas, Herbal / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D005609:Free Radicals; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D000069459:Teas, Herbal; D013481:Superoxides; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D002746:Chlorpromazine; C020338:galvinoxyl
keywords: Smallanthus sonchifolius; antioxidant; herbal tea; superoxide anion radical; yacon