title: Radiotherapy-induced salivary dysfunction: Structural changes, pathogenetic mechanisms and therapies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review addressed the structural changes observed in salivary glands and pathogenic mechanisms resulting from oxidative stress caused by radiotherapy. The preventive and regenerative therapies for altered acinar morphology and glandular function were also reviewed. Among acute and late microscopic alterations in glandular tissue, there are particularly changes indicative of cell death, hypovascularization, formation of fibrous tissue and edema. A critical role was identified for the Akt-MDM2-p53 pathway in the suppression of DNA damage-induced apoptosis in acinar cells. Prophylactic treatment with pilocarpine, cevilemine, bethanechol and isoproterenol has shown a positive effect on salivary flow, but lasting results have not been observed. Growth factors, histamine and lidocaine, have also demonstrated radioprotective effects on the salivary glands. Stem cell preservation and transplantation may be an alternative to maintain tissue homeostasis and thus allow glandular regeneration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of the structural changes observed in the salivary glands contributes to proving the short- and long-term efficacy of the therapies investigated. It is important to know the mechanisms involved in radiation-induced damage, since the control of the pathogenic mechanisms can inhibit the initial process of tissue degeneration. The challenge for investigators is to protect normal cells selectively, without promoting tumor growth.
authors.affiliation: Oral Medicine Division, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Monique Dossena
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Acauan
authors.affiliation: Oral Medicine Division, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Antonia Zancanaro
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Oral Medicine Division, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cherubini
authors.affiliation: Oral Pathology Division, Federal University of Pelotas-UFPEL, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula Neutziling
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Oral Medicine Division, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Brazil. Electronic address: fernanda.salum@pucrs.br.
authors.forename: Fernanda Gonçalves
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Salum
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012466:Salivary Gland Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation
chemical_list: D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents
keywords: Radiotherapy; Salivary gland; Structural changes; Therapies