title: Social and economic determinants of pediatric health inequalities: the model of chronic kidney disease.
abstract: Purpose of this review is to deal with priorities and strategies to significantly tackle inequalities in the management of pediatric diseases in low-middle-income countries. This issue has become a focal point of epidemiological and public health, with special reference to chronic nontransmissible diseases. We will provide our readership with an essential overview of the cultural, institutional, and political events, which have occurred over the last 20 y and which have produced the current general framework for epidemiology and public health. Then the most recent epidemiological data will be evaluated, in order to quantify the interaction between the medical components of the disease profiles and their socioeconomic determinants. Finally, a focus will be added on models of pediatric chronic kidney diseases, which are in our opinion amongst the most sensitive markers of the interplay between health and society. Collaborative, pediatrician-initiated, multicentre projects in these fields should be given priority in calls for grants supported by public agencies. The involvement of a critical mass of those working in the "fringes" of pediatric care is a final, essential mean by which significant results can be produced under the sole responsibility and research interest of centers of excellence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sereni
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Edefonti
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lepore
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.|Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agostoni
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera "La Mascota", Managua, Nicaragua.
authors.forename: Mabel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandoval Diaz
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera "La Mascota", Managua, Nicaragua.
authors.forename: Yajaira
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Silva Galan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.|Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Montini
authors.affiliation: Istituto Mario Negri, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tognoni
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic; D008954:Models, Biological; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors