title: [PROCESSING STRATEGY OF DIFFICULT REMOVAL OF SCREWS IN PLATE].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the countermeasures for difficult removal of screws in the plate.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed from 47 patients having difficult removal of screws in the plate between January 2004 and May 2014. There were 30 males and 17 females, aged 16-58 years (mean, 34 years). The time from internal fixation to removal of internal fixation was 10 months to 20 years (mean, 22 months). The locations of internal fixation were upper extremity in 25 cases and lower extremity in 22 cases. The number of difficult removal screws in the plate was 1 in 18 cases, 2 in 15 cases, 3 in 9 cases, and 4 in 5 cases. The plate types included general plate in 15 cases and locking plate in 32 cases; stainless steel plate in 10 cases and titanium plate in 37 cases. The reason for difficult removal, plate, screw, incision, and bone quality of patient were comprehensively analyzed, and different methods for difficult removal were chosen according to the principle that first simply then complicated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All plates and screws were removed, and no iatrogenic fracture or nerve and vascular injuries occurred. The operation time was 65-270 minutes (mean, 125 minutes). The blood loss was 80-775 mL (mean, 157 mL). The postoperative drainage was 20-250 mL (mean, 92 mL). The incision healing by first intention was obtained in 39 cases, and delayed healing in 8 cases. The patients were followed up 3-24 months (mean, 10 months). No infection or re-fracture was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are many countermeasures for difficult removal of screws in the plate, but each has indication. As long as a well arranged preoperative condition, mastering a variety of methods, and being familiar with its indication, as well as reasonably choosing method based on the specific situations, the plate and screw maybe smoothly removed.
authors.forename: Qudong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Sanjun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Zhenzhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Yongjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rui
authors.forename: Youyi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws; D001842:Bone and Bones; D020878:Device Removal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014025:Titanium; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium