title: Targeting mast cells in gastric cancer with special reference to bone metastases.
abstract: Bone metastases from gastric cancer (GC) are considered a relatively uncommon finding; however, they are related to poorer prognosis. Both primary GC and its metastatic progression rely on angiogenesis. Several lines of evidence from GC patients strongly support the involvement of mast cells (MCs) positive to tryptase (MCPT) in primary gastric tumor angiogenesis. Recently, we analyzed infiltrating MCs and neovascularization in bone tissue metastases from primary GC patients, and observed a significant correlation between infiltrating MCPT and angiogenesis. Such a finding suggested the involvement of peritumoral MCPT by infiltrating surrounding tumor cells, and in bone metastasis angiogenesis from primary GC. Thus, an MCPT-stimulated angiogenic process could support the development of metastases in bone tissue. From this perspective, we aim to review the hypothetical involvement of tumor-infiltrating, peritumoral MCPT in angiogenesis-mediated GC cell growth in the bone microenvironment and in tumor-induced osteoclastic bone resorption. We also focus on the potential use of MCPT targeting agents, such as MCs tryptase inhibitors (gabexate mesylate, nafamostat mesylate) or c-KitR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (imatinib, masitinib), as possible new anti-angiogenic and anti-resorptive strategies for the treatment of GC patients affected by bone metastases.
authors.affiliation: Christian Leporini, Emilio Russo, Giovambattista De Sarro, Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa - Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leporini
authors.affiliation: Christian Leporini, Emilio Russo, Giovambattista De Sarro, Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa - Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ammendola
authors.affiliation: Christian Leporini, Emilio Russo, Giovambattista De Sarro, Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa - Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marech
authors.affiliation: Christian Leporini, Emilio Russo, Giovambattista De Sarro, Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa - Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sammarco
authors.affiliation: Christian Leporini, Emilio Russo, Giovambattista De Sarro, Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa - Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.affiliation: Christian Leporini, Emilio Russo, Giovambattista De Sarro, Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa - Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Cosmo Damiano
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Gadaleta
authors.affiliation: Christian Leporini, Emilio Russo, Giovambattista De Sarro, Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa - Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oakley
authors.affiliation: Christian Leporini, Emilio Russo, Giovambattista De Sarro, Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa - Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Christian Leporini, Emilio Russo, Giovambattista De Sarro, Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa - Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovambattista
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Sarro
authors.affiliation: Christian Leporini, Emilio Russo, Giovambattista De Sarro, Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa - Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Girolamo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ranieri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000378:metabolism; D001549:Benzamides; D001550:Benzamidines; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D001862:Bone Resorption; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D016670:Gabexate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006146:Guanidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007107:Immune System; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D010880:Piperidines; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053802:Tryptases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D001549:Benzamides; D001550:Benzamidines; D006146:Guanidines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010880:Piperidines; D011725:Pyridines; D013844:Thiazoles; D016670:Gabexate; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; D053802:Tryptases; C526575:masitinib; C032855:nafamostat
keywords: Angiogenesis; Anti-angiogenic therapy; Bone metastases; Gastric cancer; Osteoclastic bone resorption; Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB; Tryptase inhibitors; c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors