title: Intensity modulated radiotherapy and 3D conformal radiotherapy for whole breast irradiation: a comparative dosimetric study and introduction of a novel qualitative index for plan evaluation, the normal tissue index.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We report on a retrospective dosimetric study, comparing 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and hybrid intensity modulated radiotherapy (hIMRT). We evaluated plans based on their planning target volume coverage, dose homogeneity, dose to organs at risk (OARs) and exposure of normal tissue to radiation. The Homogeneity Index (HI) was used to assess the dose homogeneity in the target region, and we describe a new index, the normal tissue index (NTI), to assess the dose in the normal tissue inside the tangent treatment portal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plans were generated for 25 early-stage breast cancer patients, using a hIMRT technique. These were compared with the 3DCRT plans of the treatment previously received by the patients. Plan quality was evaluated using the HI, NTI and dose to OARs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hIMRT technique was significantly more homogenous than the 3DCRT technique, while maintaining target coverage. The hIMRT technique was also superior at minimising the amount of tissue receiving D 105% and above (P < 0.0001). The ipsilateral lung and contralateral breast maximum were significantly lower in the hIMRT plans (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005), but the 3DCRT technique achieved a lower mean heart dose in left-sided breast cancer patients (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hybrid intensity modulated radiotherapy plans achieved improved dose homogeneity compared to the 3DCRT plans and superior outcome with regard to dose to normal tissues. We propose that the addition of both HI and NTI in evaluating the quality of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) breast plans provides clinically relevant comparators which more accurately reflect the new paradigm of treatment goals and outcomes in the era of breast IMRT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Suttie
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bromley
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Marita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morgia
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lamoury
keywords: Breast cancer; intensity modulated radiotherapy