title: Widespread Microbial Adaptation to l-Glutamate-N,N-diacetate (L-GLDA) Following Its Market Introduction in a Consumer Cleaning Product.
abstract: l-Glutamate-N,N-diacetate (L-GLDA) was recently introduced in the United States (U.S.) market as a phosphate replacement in automatic dishwashing detergents (ADW). Prior to introduction, L-GLDA exhibited poor biodegradation in OECD 301B Ready Biodegradation Tests inoculated with sludge from U.S. wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, OECD 303A Activated Sludge WWTP Simulation studies showed that with a lag period to allow for growth (40-50 days) and a solids retention time (SRT) that allows establishment of L-GLDA degraders (>15 days), significant biodegradation (>80% dissolved organic carbon removal) would occur. Corresponding to the ADW market launch, a study was undertaken to monitor changes in the ready biodegradability of L-GLDA using activated sludge samples from various U.S. WWTPs. Initially all sludge inocula showed limited biodegradation ability, but as market introduction progressed, both the rate and extent of degradation increased significantly. Within 22 months, L-GLDA was ready biodegradable using inocula from 12 WWTPs. In an OECD 303A study repeated 18 months post launch, significant and sustained carbon removal (>94%) was observed after a 29-day acclimation period. This study systematically documented field adaptation of a new consumer product chemical across a large geographic region and confirmed the ability of laboratory simulation studies to predict field adaptation.
authors.affiliation: Procter and Gamble, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States.
authors.forename: Nina R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Itrich
authors.affiliation: Procter and Gamble, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McDonough
authors.affiliation: Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals, 525 West van Buren Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States.
authors.forename: Cornelis G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: van Ginkel
authors.affiliation: Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals, 525 West van Buren Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States.
authors.forename: Ed C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Bisinger
authors.affiliation: Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals, 525 West van Buren Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States.
authors.forename: Jim N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: LePage
authors.affiliation: Wildlife International, 8598 Commerce Drive, Easton, Maryland 21601, United States.
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.affiliation: Procter and Gamble, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Menzies
authors.affiliation: Procter and Gamble, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States.
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Casteel
authors.affiliation: Procter and Gamble, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Federle
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D003902:Detergents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D003902:Detergents; C000608445:L-glutamate-N,N-diacetate; D012722:Sewage; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D002244:Carbon