title: Hydrogel Based 3-Dimensional (3D) System for Toxicity and High-Throughput (HTP) Analysis for Cultured Murine Ovarian Follicles.
abstract: Various toxicants, drugs and their metabolites carry potential ovarian toxicity. Ovarian follicles, the functional unit of the ovary, are susceptible to this type of damage at all stages of their development. However, despite of the large scale of potential negative impacts, assays that study ovarian toxicity are limited. Exposure of cultured ovarian follicles to toxicants of interest served as an important tool for evaluation of toxic effects for decades. Mouse follicles cultured on the bottom of a culture dish continue to serve an important approach for mechanistic studies. In this paper, we demonstrated the usefulness of a hydrogel based 3-dimensional (3D) mouse ovarian follicle culture as a tool to study ovarian toxicity in a different setup. The 3D in vitro culture, based on fibrin alginate interpenetrating network (FA-IPN), preserves the architecture of the ovarian follicle and physiological structure-function relationship. We applied the novel 3D high-throughput (HTP) in vitro ovarian follicle culture system to study the ovotoxic effects of an anti-cancer drug, Doxorobucin (DXR). The fibrin component in the system is degraded by plasmin and appears as a clear circle around the encapsulated follicle. The degradation area of the follicle is strongly correlated with follicle survival and growth. To analyze fibrin degradation in a high throughput manner, we created a custom MATLAB® code that converts brightfield micrographs of follicles encapsulated in FA-IPN to binary images, followed by image analysis. We did not observe any significant difference between manually processed images to the automated MATLAB® method, thereby confirming that the automated program is suitable to measure fibrin degradation to evaluate follicle health. The cultured follicles were treated with DXR at concentrations ranging from 0.005 nM to 200 nM, corresponding to the therapeutic plasma levels of DXR in patients. Follicles treated with DXR demonstrated decreased survival rate in greater DXR concentrations. We observed partial follicle survival of 35% ± 3% (n = 80) in 0.01nM treatment and 48% ± 2% (n = 92) in 0.005nM, which we identified as the IC50 for secondary follicles. In summary, we established a 3D in vitro ovarian follicle culture system that could be used in an HTP approach to measure toxic effects on ovarian follicles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States of America.
authors.forename: Malika Amattullah
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States of America.
authors.forename: Aarthi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arab
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matthew Thomas
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States of America; Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ariella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shikanov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007611:Aprotinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D005337:Fibrin / Q000378:metabolism; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D051379:Mice; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D059748:Proteolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D004317:Doxorubicin; D005337:Fibrin; D007611:Aprotinin