title: Cellulose Nanocrystals--Bioactive Glass Hybrid Coating as Bone Substitutes by Electrophoretic Co-deposition: In Situ Control of Mineralization of Bioactive Glass and Enhancement of Osteoblastic Performance.
abstract: Surface functionalization of orthopedic implants is being intensively investigated to strengthen bone-to-implant contact and accelerate bone healing process. A hybrid coating, consisting of 45S5 bioactive glass (BG) individually wrapped and interconnected with fibrous cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), is deposited on 316L stainless steel from aqueous suspension by a one-step electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process. Apart from the codeposition mechanism elucidated by means of zeta-potential and scanning electron microscopy measurements, in vitro characterization of the deposited CNCs-BG coating in simulated body fluid reveals an extremely rapid mineralization of BG particles on the coating (e.g., the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals layer after 0.5 day). A series of comparative trials and characterization methods were carried out to comprehensively understand the mineralization process of BG interacting with CNCs. Furthermore, key factors for satisfying the applicability of an implant coating such as coating composition, surface topography, and adhesion strength were quantitatively investigated as a function of mineralization time. Cell culture studies (using MC3T3-E1) indicate that the presence of CNCs-BG coating substantially accelerated cell attachment, spreading, proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of extracellular matrix. This study has confirmed the capability of CNCs to enhance and regulate the bioactivity of BG particles, leading to mineralized CNCs-BG hybrids for improved bone implant coatings.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Cauerstrasse 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: CIDETEC, Parque Tecnológico de Miramón , Paseo Miramón 196, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosalina Pérez
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: CIDETEC, Parque Tecnológico de Miramón , Paseo Miramón 196, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain.
authors.forename: Josemari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.affiliation: CEMITEC, Materials Department, Polígono Mocholí , Plaza Cein 4, 31110 Noain, Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Uxua
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pérez de Larraya
authors.affiliation: CEMITEC, Materials Department, Polígono Mocholí , Plaza Cein 4, 31110 Noain, Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Nere
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garmendia
authors.affiliation: Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, 270 Xueyuan Xi Road, Zhejiang 325027, China.
authors.forename: Qingqing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Cauerstrasse 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Aldo R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Boccaccini
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001826:Body Fluids; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D004586:Electrophoresis; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D017102:Fracture Healing; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D007477:Ions; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009985:Orthopedics; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D007477:Ions; D012997:Solvents; C425330:bioactive glass 45S5; D002482:Cellulose; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: bioactive glass; electrophoresis; guided mineralization; hybrid materials; nanocellulose