title: Cholesterol-lowering effects and potential mechanisms of different polar extracts from Cyclocarya paliurus leave in hyperlipidemic mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclocarya paliurus Batal., native only to China, is widely consumed as a Chinese traditional folk medicine for the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia, obesity, and diabetes. The aim of the study is to investigate the cholesterol-lowering effect and potential mechanisms of different polar extracts from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves in mice fed with high-fat-diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cyclocarya paliurus leaves extracts were orally administered to diet-induced hyperlipidemic mice for 4 weeks. Simvastatin was used as a positive control. Body weight, food intake, histopathology of liver and adipose tissues, hepatic and renal function indices, lipid profiles in the serum and liver were evaluated. Total bile acid concentrations of the liver and feces were also measured. Furthermore, the activities and mRNA expression of cholesterol metabolism-related enzymes including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) in the livers of the mice were analyzed. LC-MS detection was performed to identify the components in the active fraction of Cyclocarya paliurus extracts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different Cyclocarya paliurus polar extracts, especially ChE reduced the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and hepatic TC and TG, enhanced the level of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), restored hepatic and renal function indices and histomorphology. HMG-CoA reductase activity and mRNA expression were decreased, while CYP7A1 activity and mRNA expression as well as the level of fecal and hepatic bile acid were increased by ChE. LC-MS analysis of ChE revealed the presence of six main triterpenoids, which might be responsible for its antihyperlipidemic bioactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidently ChE possesses the best antihyperlipidemic activity, and the cholesterol-lowering effect is at least partly attributed to its role in promoting the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids by upgrading the activity and mRNA expression of CYP7A1 and inhibiting those of HMG-CoA reductase to lower the cholesterol biosynthesis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Cuihua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Qingqing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The First Clinical Medical Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China.
authors.forename: YuJian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhengfeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Yonglan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Zi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, and WHO Collaboratiing Center for Tradition medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, and WHO Collaboratiing Center for Tradition medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Chuntao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Che
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China. Electronic address: zjwonderful@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China. Electronic address: chyzq2005@126.com.
authors.forename: Zhiqi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002790:Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D029525:Juglandaceae; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D002785:Sterol O-Acyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000097587:Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D002784:Cholesterol; D002790:Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002785:Sterol O-Acyltransferase; D014280:Triglycerides; D000097587:Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2; C502772:Cyp7a1 protein, mouse
keywords: 3β, 23-dihydroxy-12-ene-28-ursolic acid (CAS no. 125137-37-3); Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2); Arjunolic acid (PubChem CID: 73641); Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1); Cyclocaric acid B (CAS no.182315-46-4); Cyclocarya paliurus; HMG-CoA reductase; Hederagenin (PubChem CID: 258538); Hyperlipidemia; Oleanolic acid (PubChem CID: 10494).; Pterocaryoside B (CAS no. 168146-27-8)