title: The extracranial arterial system in the heads of beaked whales, with implications on diving physiology and pathogenesis.
abstract: Beaked whales are medium-sized toothed whales that inhabit depths beyond the continental shelf; thus beaked whale strandings are relatively infrequent compared to those of other cetaceans. Beaked whales have been catapulted into the spotlight by their tendency to strand in association with naval sonar deployment. Studies have shown the presence of gas and fat emboli within the tissues and analysis of gas emboli is suggestive of nitrogen as the primary component. These findings are consistent with human decompression sickness (DCS) previously not thought possible in cetaceans. Because, tissue loading with nitrogen gas is paramount for the manifestation of DCS and nitrogen loading depends largely on the vascular perfusion of the tissues, we examined the anatomy of the extracranial arterial system using stranded carcasses of 16 beaked whales from five different species. Anatomic regions containing lipid and/or air spaces were prioritized as potential locations of nitrogen gas absorption due to the known solubility of nitrogen in adipose tissue and the nitrogen content of air, respectively. Attention was focused on the acoustic fat bodies and accessory sinus system on the ventral head. We found much of the arterial system of the head to contain arteries homologous to those found in domestic mammals. Robust arterial associations with lipid depots and air spaces occurred within the acoustic fat bodies of the lower jaw and pterygoid air sacs of the ventral head, respectively. Both regions contained extensive trabecular geometry with small arteries investing the trabeculae. Our findings suggest the presence of considerable surface area between the arterial system, and the intramandibular fat bodies and pterygoid air sacs. Our observations may provide support for the hypothesis that these structures play an important role in the exchange of nitrogen gas during diving.
authors.affiliation: Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, 28403.
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Costidis
authors.affiliation: Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, 28403.
authors.forename: Sentiel A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rommel
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000503:physiopathology; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology; D006257:Head / Q000098:blood supply*; D006801:Humans; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D014907:Whales / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: arteries; beaked whales; cetacean; counter-current; decompression; embolus; nitrogen