title: Outcomes mapping study for childhood vaccination communication: too few concepts were measured in too many ways.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this article are to (1) comprehensively catalog outcomes measured in trials of childhood vaccination communication interventions and (2) analyze patterns and trends in outcome selection. To achieve these objectives, we developed a Trial Outcomes Map for vaccination communication.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for trials of childhood vaccination communication interventions, extracting verbatim all outcome information from included trials. Through thematic grouping, we categorized outcomes based on conceptual similarities, forming a Trial Outcomes Map.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 112 relevant trials containing 209 outcomes. Thematic analysis revealed three overarching Outcome Categories: consumer-, vaccination-, and health system-related outcomes. These categories contain 21 Outcome Types (eg, "knowledge," "cost"), measured using 66 different Outcome Variables. Vaccination outcomes were measured most frequently and health system-related outcomes least frequently. Consumer outcomes are increasingly measured in more recent trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of measures used for the same outcomes complicates data synthesis and interpretation. Despite recent trends toward including consumer outcomes, intermediate outcome measurement is lacking, hampering understanding of how and why vaccination communication interventions do or do not work. This Map may improve outcome consistency in future trials and will contribute to a forthcoming core outcome set.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Communication and Participation, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Health Sciences 2, Victoria 3086, Australia. Electronic address: j.kaufman@latrobe.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Communication and Participation, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Health Sciences 2, Victoria 3086, Australia.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Swiss Centre for International Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 ​Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bosch-Capblanch
authors.affiliation: International Union for Health Promotion and Education, 42 Boulevard de la Libération, 93203 Saint-Denis, France.
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cartier
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257, Maputo, Mozambique.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cliff
authors.affiliation: Global Health Unit, Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Boks 7004, St Olavs plass, 0130 ​Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Glenton
authors.affiliation: Global Health Unit, Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Boks 7004, St Olavs plass, 0130 ​Oslo, Norway; Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.affiliation: Evidence Based Health Care Program, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rada
authors.affiliation: Global Health Unit, Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Boks 7004, St Olavs plass, 0130 ​Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ames
authors.affiliation: Provincial Directorate of Health, Departamento de Saúde, Av. Samora Machel no 1016 R/C, C.P. No 14, Nampula, ​Mozambique.
authors.forename: Artur Manuel
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Muloliwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Afiong
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oku
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oyo-Ita
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Communication and Participation, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Health Sciences 2, Victoria 3086, Australia.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D008297:Male; D020380:Needs Assessment; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Communication; Core outcome set; Methodology; Outcome; Outcome categorisation; Outcomes map; Vaccination