title: Considering Eligibility for Studies of Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Insights From a Clinical Trial in Unipolar and Bipolar Depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective treatment for major depression (major depressive disorder [MDD]), deep brain stimulation (DBS) has shown efficacy in patients who have not received benefit from ECT. Studies of DBS are small, and a better understanding of which eligibility criteria lead to exclusion may help achieve a more appropriate balance between scientific rigor and generalizability in future trials. We assessed the rate and reasons for exclusion from a study of DBS for treatment-resistant MDD and bipolar type II (BPII) depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand ninety-eight adults were screened for a study of DBS for MDD or BPII. Reasons for exclusion were documented. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each reason for exclusion for the entire sample as well as the self-reported MDD and BPII subgroups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-eight percent (98%) of patients screened were excluded. Exclusion due to lack of interest or inability to relocate to the study site was high (41%). Following this, primary reasons for exclusion were lack of prior ECT and presence of psychiatric/general medical comorbidity. Patients with MDD were more likely to be excluded because of inadequate ECT, whereas patients with BPII depression were more likely to be excluded for comorbid psychiatric diagnoses and not meeting minimum severity criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A surprisingly high number of potential participants were excluded because of lack of adequate ECT. This suggests that many patients self-identifying as "treatment resistant" have not truly exhausted available, evidence-based treatments. Overall exclusion rate was high, with key differences in exclusion reasons between the MDD and BPII subgroups. These findings can inform design of future clinical trials for treatment-resistant unipolar and bipolar depression.Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00367003.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens; and Departments of †Psychiatry and ‡Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and §Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH.
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Filkowski
authors.forename: Helen S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Mayberg
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Holtzheimer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D015897:Comorbidity; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000592:standards*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D061218:Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D004608:Eligibility Determination / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents