title: Comparative proteome analysis of rubber latex serum from pathogenic fungi tolerant and susceptible rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis).
abstract: Many cultivated rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are invaded by various Phytophthora species fungi, especially in tropical regions which result in crop yield losses. Comparative proteome analysis coupled with liquid chromatography electrospray/ionization (LC-ESI) mass spectrometry identification was employed to investigate the relative abundance of defense related proteins in Phytophthora sp. susceptible (RRIM600) and tolerant (BPM24) clones of rubber tree. Proteome maps of non-rubber constituent of these two model clones show similar protein counts, although some proteins show significant alterations in their abundance. Most of the differentially abundant proteins found in the serum of BPM24 illustrate the accumulation of defense related proteins that participate in plant defense mechanisms such as beta-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and lectin. SDS-PAGE and 2-D Western blot analysis showed greater level of accumulation of beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase in latex serum of BPM24 when compared to RRIM600. A functional study of these two enzymes showed that BPM24 serum had greater beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase activities than that of RRIM600. These up-regulated proteins are constitutively expressed and would serve to protect the rubber tree BPM24 from any fungal invader. The information obtained from this work is valuable for understanding of defense mechanisms and plantation improvement of H. brasiliensis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-rubber constituents (latex serum) have almost no value and are treated as waste in the rubber agricultural industry. However, the serum of natural rubber latex contains biochemical substances. The comparative proteomics analysis of latex serum between tolerant and susceptible clones reveals that the tolerant BPM24 clone contained a high abundance of several classes of fungal pathogen-responsive proteins, such as glucanase and chitinase. Moreover, other proteins identified highlighted the accumulation of defensive-associated proteins participating in plant fungal immunity. The isolation of beta-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and lectin from latex serum should be further investigated and may provide a therapeutic application. This investigation will lead to possible use of latex serum as a great biotechnological resource due to the large quantity of serum produced and the biochemicals contained therein.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom, Thailand. Electronic address: phattaraorn.hav@mahidol.ac.th.
authors.forename: Phattara-Orn
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Havanapan
authors.affiliation: Department of Technology and Industries, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani, Thailand.
authors.forename: Apichai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bourchookarn
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ketterman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chartchai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krittanai
mesh_terms: D028482:Hevea / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D007840:Latex / Q000378:metabolism*; D010838:Phytophthora / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007840:Latex; D010940:Plant Proteins; D020543:Proteome
keywords: Comparative proteomics; Hevea brasiliensis; Latex serum; Phytophthora sp.; Rubber tree