title: Effects of in ovo injection of organic trace minerals and post-hatch holding time on broiler performance and bone characteristics.
abstract: Effects of the in ovo injection of organic Mn, Zn, and Cu in association with post-hatch (POH) feed and water restriction on the performance and physical-chemical bone parameters of male Ross × Ross 708 broilers were examined. On 17 d of incubation, a total of 1,872 eggs were subjected to in ovo injection using a commercial multi-egg injector. Treatments (TRT) includingd non-injected and diluent-injected controls. The respective Zn, Mn, and Cu levels (mg/mL) added to the diluent of the low (LMD) and high mineral (HMD) TRT groups were 0.181, 0.087, and 0.010, and 0.544, 0.260, and 0.030, respectively. The 4 TRT groups were then sub-divided into 2 POH holding time (HT) groups, with 15 birds randomly allocated to each of 6 replicate pens in each of the 8 groups. The first HT group (0HT) had immediate access to water and feed, and the second HT group (24HT) contained birds that were kept in transport baskets for 24 h before being released. Performance was determined and selected birds were subsequently necropsied and their tibiae extracted for analysis. In comparison to birds from 24HT group, those in the 0HT group had a higher BW gain and feed intake, and a lower FCR through 21 d POH. The percentage of bone ash of the birds belonging to the HMD group was higher than all other TRT on d 1 POH and was higher than the non-injection control group on d 21 POH. On d 1, the LMD and HMD groups had higher tibial Mn concentrations than those of the control groups. On d 7, bones from the HMD group had a higher concentration of Mn than did the non-injected control group, and likewise, on d 21 POH, had a higher concentration of Zn than did the control groups. In conclusion, a 24HT negatively affected the performance of the birds during the first 2 wk POH; however, the LMD and HMD TRT had a positive influence on bone mineralization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Brazil 37200000.
authors.forename: T F B
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Brazil 37200000.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bertechini
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bricka
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Hester
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Service (ARS)-USDA, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gerard
authors.affiliation: Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762 d.peebles@msstate.edu.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Peebles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism*; D004326:Drinking; D004435:Eating; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc
keywords: bone quality; in ovo supplementation; mineralization, posthatch