title: Cloning and Characterization of the Acetylcholinesterase1 Gene of Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae).
abstract: The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), is a major agriculture pest. It can be found worldwide, has an extensive host plant range, and has shown resistance to pesticides. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides account for more than one-third of all insecticide sales. Insecticide resistance and the toxicity of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides to mammals have become a growing concern. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the major targeted enzyme of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. In this study, we fully cloned, sequenced and characterized the ace1 gene of T. cinnabarinus, and identified the differences between T. cinnabarinus AChE1, Tetranychus urticae Koch AChE1, and human AChE1. Resistance-associated target-site mutations were displayed by comparing the AChE amino acid sequences and their AChE three-dimensional (3D) structures of the insecticide-susceptible strains of T. cinnabarinus and T. urticae to that of a T. urticae-resistant strain. We identified variation in the active-site gorge and the sites interacting with gorge residues by comparing AChE1 3D structures of T. cinnabarinus, T. urticae, and humans, though their 3D structures were similar. Furthermore, the expression profile of T. cinnabarinus AChE, at the different developmental stages, was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; the transcript levels of AChE were higher in the larvae stage than in other stages. The changes in AChE expression between different developmental stages may be related to their growth habits and metabolism characteristics. This study may offer new insights into the problems of insecticide resistance and insecticide toxicity of nontarget species.
authors.affiliation: College of Biology Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206 China. Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Beijing University of Agriculture Beijing, 102206 China.
authors.forename: Chun-Ya
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Bu
authors.affiliation: Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206 China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jiao
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: College of Biology Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206 China. Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Beijing University of Agriculture Beijing, 102206 China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qin
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: College of Biology Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206 China. Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Beijing University of Agriculture Beijing, 102206 China.
authors.forename: You-Nian
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Biology Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206 China. Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Beijing University of Agriculture Beijing, 102206 China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206 China.
authors.forename: Pin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206 China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206 China.
authors.forename: Jin-Ling
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206 China.
authors.forename: Jing-Yu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: College of Biology Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206 China. Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Beijing University of Agriculture Beijing, 102206 China. Corresponding author, e-mail: glshi@126.com.
authors.forename: Guang-Lu
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000235:genetics*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D040102:Tetranychidae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase
keywords: Tetranychus cinnabarinus; acetylcholinerase; human; molecular cloning; selective insecticide