title: Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Porcine Rotavirus G9P[13] and Human Rotavirus Wa G1P[8].
abstract: The changing epidemiology of group A rotavirus (RV) strains in humans and swine, including emerging G9 strains, poses new challenges to current vaccines. In this study, we comparatively assessed the pathogenesis of porcine RV (PRV) G9P[13] and evaluated the short-term cross-protection between this strain and human RV (HRV) Wa G1P[8] in gnotobiotic pigs. Complete genome sequencing demonstrated that PRV G9P[13] possessed a human-like G9 VP7 genotype but shared higher overall nucleotide identity with historic PRV strains. PRV G9P[13] induced longer rectal virus shedding and RV RNAemia in pigs than HRV Wa G1P[8] and generated complete short-term cross-protection in pigs challenged with HRV or PRV, whereas HRV Wa G1P[8] induced only partial protection against PRV challenge. Moreover, PRV G9P[13] replicated more extensively in porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) than did HRV Wa G1P[8]. Cross-protection was likely not dependent on serum virus-neutralizing (VN) antibodies, as the heterologous VN antibody titers in the sera of G9P[13]-inoculated pigs were low. Thus, our results suggest that heterologous protection by the current monovalent G1P[8] HRV vaccine against emerging G9 strains should be evaluated in clinical and experimental studies to prevent further dissemination of G9 strains. Differences in the pathogenesis of these two strains may be partially attributable to their variable abilities to replicate and persist in porcine immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs). Additional studies are needed to evaluate the emerging G9 strains as potential vaccine candidates and to test the susceptibility of various immune cells to infection by G9 and other common HRV/PRV genotypes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The changing epidemiology of porcine and human group A rotaviruses (RVs), including emerging G9 strains, may compromise the efficacy of current vaccines. An understanding of the pathogenesis and genetic, immunological, and biological features of the new emerging RV strains will contribute to the development of new surveillance and prevention tools. Additionally, studies of cross-protection between the newly identified emerging G9 porcine RV strains and a human G1 RV vaccine strain in a susceptible host (swine) will allow evaluation of G9 strains as potential novel vaccine candidates to be included in porcine or human vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Lulu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Sukumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kandasamy
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rauf
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Langel
authors.affiliation: J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wentworth
authors.affiliation: J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Karla M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Stucker
authors.affiliation: J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Halpin
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Ham Ching
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marthaler
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA saif.2@osu.edu vlasova.1@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Saif
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA saif.2@osu.edu vlasova.1@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Anastasia N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Vlasova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000097:blood; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D056738:Cross Protection; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000821:virology; D016679:Genome, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D005856:Germ-Free Life; D006801:Humans; D012367:RNA, Viral; D012007:Rectum / Q000821:virology; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D013552:Swine; D014766:Viremia; D014779:Virus Replication; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D012367:RNA, Viral; C050779:VP7 protein, Rotavirus