title: Continuous-flow C. elegans fluorescence expression analysis with real-time image processing through microfluidics.
abstract: The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has become an essential model organism in neuroscience research because of its stereotyped anatomy, relevance to human biology, and capacity for genetic manipulation. To solve the intrinsic challenges associated with performing manual operations on C. elegans, many automated chip designs based on immobilization-imaging-release approaches have been proposed. These designs are prone to limitations such as the exertion of physical stress on the worms and limited throughput. In this work, a continuous-flow, high-throughput, automated C. elegans analyzer based on droplet encapsulation and real-time image processing was developed to analyze fluorescence expression in worms. To demonstrate its capabilities, two strains of C. elegans nematodes with different levels of expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) were first mixed in a buffer solution. The worms were encapsulated in water-in-oil droplets to restrict random locomotion. The droplets were closely packed in a two-layer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) platform and were flowed through a narrow straight channel, in which a region of interest (ROI) was defined and continuously recorded by a frame acquisition device. Based on the number of pixels counted in the selected color range, our custom software analyzed GFP expression to differentiate between two strains with nearly 100% accuracy and a throughput of 0.5 seconds/worm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, Singapore 117575; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, 28 Medical Dr. #05-COR, Singapore 117456.
authors.forename: Yuanjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, Singapore 117575.
authors.forename: Daryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boey
authors.affiliation: Yale-NUS College, College Ave West, Singapore 138527.
authors.forename: Li Theng
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Yale-NUS College, College Ave West, Singapore 138527.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bettiol
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, 28 Medical Dr. #05-COR, Singapore 117456.
authors.forename: Nitish V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Thakor
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, Singapore 117575; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, 28 Medical Dr. #05-COR, Singapore 117456. Electronic address: biecch@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Chia-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000378:metabolism*; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003199:Computer Systems; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000295:instrumentation; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation*; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins
keywords: C. elegans; Continuous flow microfluidics; Fluorescence expression assay; In vivo screening; Real time image analysis