title: TNF-α enhancement of CD62E mediates adhesion of non-small cell lung cancer cells to brain endothelium via CD15 in lung-brain metastasis.
abstract: CD15, which is overexpressed on various cancers, has been reported as a cell adhesion molecule that plays a key role in non-CNS metastasis. However, the role of CD15 in brain metastasis is largely unexplored. This study provides a better understanding of CD15/CD62E interaction, enhanced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and its correlation with brain metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  
  CD15 and E-selectin (CD62E) expression was demonstrated in both human primary and metastatic NSCLC cells using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. The role of CD15 was investigated using an adhesion assay under static and physiological flow live-cell conditions. Human tissue sections were examined using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  
  CD15, which was weakly expressed on hCMEC/D3 human brain endothelial cells, was expressed at high levels on metastatic NSCLC cells (NCI-H1299, SEBTA-001, and SEBTA-005) and at lower levels on primary NSCLC (COR-L105 and A549) cells (P < .001). The highest expression of CD62E was observed on hCMEC/D3 cells activated with TNF-α, with lower levels on metastatic NSCLC cells followed by primary NSCLC cells. Metastatic NSCLC cells adhered most strongly to hCMEC/D3 compared with primary NSCLC cells. CD15 immunoblocking decreased cancer cell adhesion to brain endothelium under static and shear stress conditions (P < .0001), confirming a correlation between CD15 and cerebral metastasis. Both CD15 and CD62E expression were detected in lung metastatic brain biopsies.
  
  
  
  This study enhances the understanding of cancer cell-brain endothelial adhesion and confirms that CD15 plays a crucial role in adhesion in concert with TNF-α activation of its binding partner, CD62E.
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK (S.A.J., Z.M., J.R.S., H.L.F., G.J.P.); Neuro-surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (K.A.); Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (F.R.).
authors.forename: Samah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jassam
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK (S.A.J., Z.M., J.R.S., H.L.F., G.J.P.); Neuro-surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (K.A.); Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (F.R.).
authors.forename: Zaynah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Maherally
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK (S.A.J., Z.M., J.R.S., H.L.F., G.J.P.); Neuro-surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (K.A.); Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (F.R.).
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK (S.A.J., Z.M., J.R.S., H.L.F., G.J.P.); Neuro-surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (K.A.); Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (F.R.).
authors.forename: Keyoumars
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ashkan
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK (S.A.J., Z.M., J.R.S., H.L.F., G.J.P.); Neuro-surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (K.A.); Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (F.R.).
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roncaroli
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK (S.A.J., Z.M., J.R.S., H.L.F., G.J.P.); Neuro-surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (K.A.); Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (F.R.).
authors.forename: Helen L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Fillmore
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK (S.A.J., Z.M., J.R.S., H.L.F., G.J.P.); Neuro-surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (K.A.); Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (F.R.).
authors.forename: Geoffrey J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Pilkington
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D016256:Lewis X Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019040:E-Selectin; D016256:Lewis X Antigen; C546936:SELE protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: CD15; CD62E; adhesion; brain metastasis