title: Calcium requirements from dairy foods in France can be met at low energy and monetary cost.
abstract: Inadequate Ca intakes are a concern for global public health. In France, most dietary Ca is provided by dairy products: milks, fermented milks (mostly yogurts), dairy desserts and cheeses. The present dairy database (n 837) included milks (n 101), fermented milks, yogurts and other fresh dairy products (n 326), desserts (n 162) and a wide variety of cheeses (n 248). Energy and nutrient values were obtained from industry sources and the French national nutrient composition database. Retail prices were from Paris supermarkets. Products in each group were aggregated into twenty-one categories using clustering analyses. The costs in energy (kJ (kcal)), euros (€), and in SFA, added sugar and Na (defined here as nutrients to LIMit) associated with providing 120 mg of Ca (equivalent to 15 % daily value (15 % DV)) were calculated for each product group and category. The milk group supplied Ca at the lowest energy, monetary and LIM cost. Fresh plain and 'light' yogurts and fermented milks were next, followed by sweetened yogurts and flavoured milks. Light dairy desserts provided Ca with relatively few energy but were more expensive. Cheeses were a heterogeneous group. Hard cheeses (Comté) provided the most Ca per serving. Semi-hard cheeses (Camembert) and cream and blue cheeses (Roquefort) provided Ca at a cost comparable with sweetened yogurts and flavoured milks. Double cream, soft and goat cheeses were not optimal Ca sources. New value metrics can help identify affordable dairy foods that provide Ca without excessive energy or nutrients to limit. These conditions were satisfied by a wide variety of dairy products in France.
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Public Health Nutrition,University of Washington,Box 353410 Seattle,WA 98195-3410,USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drewnowski
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Public Health Nutrition,University of Washington,Box 353410 Seattle,WA 98195-3410,USA.
authors.forename: Wesley
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: 2IT&M STATS,192 Avenue Charles de Gaulle,92200 Neuilly-sur-Seine,France.
authors.forename: Rémi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brazeilles
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000191:economics; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000191:economics; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis* / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet / Q000191:economics; D002149:Energy Intake; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010297:Paris; D064788:Serving Size
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Added sugar; Calcium requirement; DV daily value; Dairy products; Economics; Energy; NRF nutrient-rich foods; SFA; Sodium