title: Coracobrachialis muscle: morphology, morphometry and gender differences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coracobrachialis (CBM) is a complex muscle with a wide range of variations in its morphology and innervation. The goal of this study was to elucidate the morphology, morphometry, gender differences of CBM and precise anatomical position of the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) with reference to surrounding anatomical landmarks in an adult Sri Lankan population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cadaveric upper limbs (n = 312) were examined for the proximal and distal attachments, length, width, thickness of CBM and its relationship with the MCN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CBM originated from the tip of the coracoid process of the scapula and lateral, posterior and medial aspects of the tendon of short head of biceps brachii. Gender differences were observed in all morphometrical parameters of CBM. In 83.33 %, MCN perforated the CBM. In 50 % the MCN pierced the middle one-third of CBM while none pierced the lower one-third. The distance from the coracoid process to the point of entry of MCN into CBM (distance P) was 50.62 mm. A positive correlation was observed between the arm length and distance P indicating that arm length provides an accurate and reliable means of gauging the distance P of an individual.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides new evidence pertaining to the origin of CBM. Further, it was revealed that the predicted distance P of any upper extremity can be calculated by dividing the arm length by 5. Precise anatomical location of MCN in relation to CBM using unequivocal and well-defined anatomical landmarks will be imperative in modern surgical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, P.O. Box 70, Galle, Sri Lanka. iisurani@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Isurani
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ilayperuma
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, P.O. Box 70, Galle, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Nanayakkara
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, P.O. Box 70, Galle, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Uluwitiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, P.O. Box 70, Galle, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Palahepitiya
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation; D009138:Musculocutaneous Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012727:Sex Characteristics
keywords: Coracobrachialis; Gender differences; Morphometry; Musculocutaneous nerve