title: Comparison of outcomes between a less experienced surgeon using a fully endoscopic technique and a very experienced surgeon using a microscopic transsphenoidal technique for pituitary adenoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The comparative efficacy of microscopic and fully endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas has not been well studied despite the adoption of fully endoscopic surgery by many pituitary centers. The influence of surgeon experience has also not been examined in this setting. The authors therefore compared the extent of tumor resection (EOR) and the endocrine outcomes of 1 very experienced surgeon performing a microscopic transsphenoidal surgery technique with those of a less experienced surgeon using a fully endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery technique for resection of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas in a concurrent series of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Post hoc analysis was conducted of a cohort of adult patients prospectively enrolled in a pituitary adenoma quality-of-life study between October 2011 and June 2014. Patients were followed up for 6 months after surgery. Patients were treated either by a less experienced surgeon (100 independent cases) who practices fully endoscopic surgery exclusively or by a very experienced surgeon (1800 independent cases) who practices microscopic surgery exclusively. Patient demographic characteristics, tumor characteristics, hypopituitarism, complications, and length of hospital stay were analyzed. Tumor volumes and EOR were determined by formal volumetric analysis involving manual segmentation of MR images performed before surgery and within 6 months after surgery. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine predictors of EOR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-five patients underwent fully endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery, and 80 patients underwent fully microscopic transsphenoidal surgery. The baseline characteristics of the 2 treatment groups were well matched. EOR was similar between the endoscopic and microscopic groups, respectively, as estimated by gross-total resection rate (78.2% vs 81.3%, p = 0.67), percentage of tumor resected (99.2% vs 98.7%, p = 0.42), and volume of residual tumor (0.12 cm(3) vs 0.20 cm(3), p = 0.41). Multivariate modeling suggested that preoperative tumor volume was the most important predictor of EOR (p = 0.001). No difference was found in the development of anterior gland dysfunction (p > 0.14), but there was a higher incidence of permanent posterior gland dysfunction in the microscopic group (p = 0.04). Combined rates of major complications and unplanned readmissions were lower in the endoscopic group (p = 0.02), but individual complications were not significantly different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A less experienced surgeon using a fully endoscopic technique was able to achieve outcomes similar to those of a very experienced surgeon using a microscopic technique in a cohort of patients with nonfunctioning tumors smaller than 60 cm(3). The study raises the provocative notion that certain advantages afforded by the fully endoscopic technique may impact the learning curve in pituitary surgery for nonfunctioning adenomas.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; and.
authors.forename: Hasan A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Zaidi
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; and.
authors.forename: Al-Wala
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; and.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bohl
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; and.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chapple
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Knecht
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; and.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jahnke
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; and.
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; and.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Little
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002983:Clinical Competence; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013100:Sphenoid Bone; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; EOR = extent of tumor resection; GTR = gross-total resection; QOL = quality of life; STR = subtotal resection; TNTS = transnasal transsphenoidal; endoscopic surgery; pituitary adenoma; pituitary surgery; transsphenoidal surgery