title: Unconventional techniques of fundus imaging: A review.
abstract: The methods of fundus examination include direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy and imaging with a fundus camera are an essential part of ophthalmic practice. The usage of unconventional equipment such as a hand-held video camera, smartphone, and a nasal endoscope allows one to image the fundus with advantages and some disadvantages. The advantages of these instruments are the cost-effectiveness, ultra portability and ability to obtain images in a remote setting and share the same electronically. These instruments, however, are unlikely to replace the fundus camera but then would always be an additional arsenal in an ophthalmologist's armamentarium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vitreoretinal Services and Ocular Oncology, Sankara Eye Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Mahesh P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Shanmugam
authors.forename: Divyansh Kailash Chandra
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajesh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Madhukumar
mesh_terms: D005451:Fluorescein Angiography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000068997:Smartphone