title: Acute Hyperglycemia Is Associated with Immediate Brain Swelling and Hemorrhagic Transformation After Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats.
abstract: Hemorrhagic transformation occurs in as many as 48 % of stroke patients and is a major contributor to post-insult morbidity and mortality. Experimental models of hemorrhagic transformation are utilized for understanding the mechanisms behind its development, as well as for investigating potential therapeutics for prevention and reduction of bleeding. Thoroughly studying animal models of hemorrhagic transformation is critically important for testing novel treatments. Thus far, no study has examined the progression of brain swelling and hemorrhagic transformation after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Herein, we investigate the development of infarction, brain swelling, and hemorrhagic transformation following MCAO in hyperglycemic rats. Twenty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to either 1.5 h of MCAO or sham surgery 15 min after induction of hyperglycemia. Animals were sacrificed at 0.25, 1, 3, or 24 h after reperfusion for measurement of infarct volume, brain swelling, and hemoglobin volume. Within 15 min of reperfusion, the infarct volume was significantly larger than in sham animals and did not increase in size over the 24 h. However, both brain swelling and hemorrhagic transformation, which began immediately after reperfusion, increase over 24 h after reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
authors.forename: Devin W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Legrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Krafft
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
authors.forename: Damon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klebe
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
authors.forename: Jiping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA. jhzhang@llu.edu.|Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA. jhzhang@llu.edu.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012307:Risk Factors; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Brain edema; Brain swelling; Hemorrhagic transformation; Hyperglycemia; Infarct; MCAO; Middle cerebral artery occlusion; Stroke