title: Sexual problems and post-traumatic stress disorder following sexual trauma: A meta-analytic review.
abstract: Difficulties with sex often develop following sexual trauma, yet are rarely targeted within treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Where outcomes of sexual function are included, they are secondary to other measures. This review aimed to assess whether psychological treatment for PTSD (from sexual trauma) has an effect on sexual functioning.
  
  
  
  Systematic searches of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and trial registers were performed. Five studies met inclusion criteria. Pre-post treatment effect sizes were also calculated.
  
  
  
  Data from four good-quality RCTs were included in the meta-analyses. These examined females (n = 799) who had experienced adult sexual trauma or child sexual abuse. Studies compared psychological treatment to control conditions, but no effect on outcomes of sexual concerns, standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.03 and dysfunctional sexual behaviour, SMD = 0.02, was found. Pre-post treatment effect sizes were small to medium (SMD = 0.36 and 0.47, respectively).
  
  
  
  While firm conclusions cannot be drawn, the available evidence suggests that psychological treatment for PTSD has no effect on sexual problems. Pre-post effects indicate some improvement over the course of treatment, which may be strengthened if treatment actively targeted sexual problems. The paucity of evidence in this area suggests that there is substantial need for further research in order to establish a set of evidence-based guidelines for practitioners implementing treatment in this area.
  
  
  
  The measurement of sexual problems is overlooked in psychological treatment RCTs for sexual trauma. Current treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from sexual trauma do not appear to be addressing sexual problems. Integrated treatments for comorbid sexual problems and PTSD treatment may be warranted. It is imperative that in future, RCTs that examine people with PTSD from sexual trauma use outcomes of sexual problems.
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Ciarán
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7316-3041
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Driscoll
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flanagan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000379:methods; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000628:therapy*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: meta-analysis; post-traumatic stress disorder; sexual dysfunction; sexual trauma