title: Positive Drinking Consequences Are Associated With Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Problems Among Veterans Seeking Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Military service is associated with increased rates of heavy drinking. Widely used clinical practices (e.g., motivational interviewing) indicate that addressing both negative and positive drinking consequences is essential to effective treatment. However, research on effectively assessing positive drinking consequences in a clinical population is absent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study (1) evaluated the utility of the Positive Drinking Consequences Questionnaire (PDCQ), a measure previously validated in an undergraduate sample, for use with treatment-seeking veterans, and (2) evaluated relationships between positive drinking consequences and alcohol expectancies, pre-treatment alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-seven veterans seeking treatment for alcohol problems completed an anonymous survey (97.9% male; mean age = 49.76[11.40], 67.0% Caucasian).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PDCQ evidenced a single factor latent structure and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .90). Positive drinking consequences and expectancies were related yet distinct constructs. After controlling for demographic factors, experiencing more positive drinking consequences at program intake was associated with heavier pretreatment drinking (ηp(2) = .10, p = .003) and alcohol-related problems (ηp(2) = .18, p < .001). Further, PDCQ scores evidenced incremental validity in accounting for pretreatment alcohol use (ηp(2) = .12, p = .002) and alcohol-related problems (ηp(2) = .11, p = .003) when expectancies also were included in the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positive drinking consequences are assessed reliably by the PDCQ in a clinical sample and appear to play an important role in the drinking behavior of veterans seeking alcohol treatment.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology, Oberlin College , Oberlin , Ohio , USA.|b Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut , USA.
authors.forename: Meghan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Morean
authors.affiliation: c Newington VA Medical Center , Newington , Connecticut , USA.
authors.forename: Judith L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cooney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012309:Risk-Taking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: alcohol expectancies; alcohol-related problems; positive drinking consequences; veterans