title: Remote calorimetric detection of urea via flow injection analysis.
abstract: The design and development of a calorimetric biosensing system enabling relatively high throughput sample analysis are reported. The calorimetric biosensor system consists of a thin (∼20 μm) micromachined Y-cut quartz crystal resonator (QCR) as a temperature sensor placed in close proximity to a fluidic chamber packed with an immobilized enzyme. Layer by layer enzyme immobilization of urease is demonstrated and its activity as a function of the number of layers, pH, and time has been evaluated. This configuration enables a sensing system where a transducer element is physically separated from the analyte solution of interest and is thereby free from fouling effects typically associated with biochemical reactions occuring on the sensor surface. The performance of this biosensing system is demonstrated by detection of 1-200 mM urea in phosphate buffer via a flow injection analysis (FIA) technique. Miniaturized fluidic systems were used to provide continuous flow through a reaction column. Under this configuration the biosensor has an ultimate resolution of less than 1 mM urea and showed a linear response between 0-50 mM. This work demonstrates a sensing modality in which the sensor itself is not fouled or contaminated by the solution of interest and the enzyme immobilized Kapton® fluidic reaction column can be used as a disposable cartridge. Such a system enables reuse and reliability for long term sampling measurements. Based on this concept a biosensing system is envisioned which can perform rapid measurements to detect biomarkers such as glucose, creatinine, cholesterol, urea and lactate in urine and blood continuously over extended periods of time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Gaddes
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA and Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Melik C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Demirel
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: W Brian
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA and Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. sat10@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tadigadapa
mesh_terms: D002151:Calorimetry / Q000379:methods*; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D017022:Flow Injection Analysis; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008863:Microspheres; D014508:Urea / Q000032:analysis*; D014510:Urease / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D014508:Urea; D014510:Urease