title: Effects of dietary exposure of polycyclic musk HHCB on the metamorphosis of Xenopus laevis.
abstract: The compound 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-[γ]-2-benzopyrane (HHCB; galaxolide, Chemical Abstracts Service number 1222-05-5) is a synthetic musk used extensively as a fragrance in many consumer products and classified as an emerging pollutant. The ecotoxicological information available for HHCB addresses exposure via water, but this compound is frequently adsorbed into particulate matter. The goal of the present study was to assess the effects of dietary exposure to several environmentally relevant HHCB concentrations adsorbed in food during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. The authors sought to determine if such exposure to this synthetic musk resulted in histological changes in the thyroid gland in conjunction with changes in development (staging, timing to metamorphosis), body weight, and length. Developmental acceleration on day 14, together with hypertrophy of the thyroid follicular epithelium in tadpoles, suggested a possible agonistic effect of HHCB, which would have been compensated after metamorphosis by regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. Further research into the potential thyroid-related mechanisms of action of HHCB should be conducted. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1428-1435. © 2015 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: María Victoria
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Pablos
authors.affiliation: Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: María Ángeles
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: San Segundo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Eulalia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beltrán
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernández
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000633:toxicity*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects*; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000187:drug effects*; D010476:Perfume / Q000633:toxicity*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D001578:Benzopyrans; D010476:Perfume; C033119:galaxolide
keywords: Amphibian; Emerging pollutant; Fragrance; Metamorphosis; Thyroid axis