title: Cervical spinal cord injury exacerbates ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction.
abstract: Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can dramatically impair diaphragm muscle function and often necessitates mechanical ventilation (MV) to maintain adequate pulmonary gas exchange. MV is a life-saving intervention. However, prolonged MV results in atrophy and impaired function of the diaphragm. Since cervical SCI can also trigger diaphragm atrophy, it may create preconditions that exacerbate ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD). Currently, no drug therapy or clinical standard of care exists to prevent or minimize diaphragm dysfunction following SCI. Therefore, we first tested the hypothesis that initiating MV acutely after cervical SCI will exacerbate VIDD and enhance proteolytic activation in the diaphragm to a greater extent than either condition alone. Rats underwent controlled MV for 12 h following acute (∼24 h) cervical spinal hemisection injury at C2 (SCI). Diaphragm tissue was then harvested for comprehensive functional and molecular analyses. Second, we determined if antioxidant therapy could mitigate MV-induced diaphragm dysfunction after cervical SCI. In these experiments, SCI rats received antioxidant (Trolox, a vitamin E analog) or saline treatment prior to initiating MV. Our results demonstrate that compared with either condition alone, the combination of SCI and MV resulted in increased diaphragm atrophy, contractile dysfunction, and expression of atrophy-related genes, including MuRF1. Importantly, administration of the antioxidant Trolox attenuated proteolytic activation, fiber atrophy, and contractile dysfunction in the diaphragms of SCI + MV animals. These findings provide evidence that cervical SCI greatly exacerbates VIDD, but antioxidant therapy with Trolox can preserve diaphragm contractile function following acute SCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and asmuder@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Ashley J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smuder
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Elisa J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Rothi
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and.
authors.forename: Oh Sung
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and.
authors.forename: Aaron B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and.
authors.forename: Kurt J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Sollanek
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and.
authors.forename: Scott K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Fuller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001284:Atrophy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D066193:Cervical Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D055397:Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants
keywords: antioxidant; diaphragm; mechanical ventilation; respiratory muscles; spinal cord injury