title: Ethyl acetate fraction of Aframomum melegueta fruit ameliorates pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and major diabetes-related parameters in a type 2 diabetes model of rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In West Africa, various preparations of the fruit, seed and leaf of Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. are reputably used for the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) and other metabolic disorders. The present study evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of A. melegueta ethyl acetate fraction (AMEF) from fruit ethanolic extract in a type 2 diabetes (T2D) model of rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  T2D was induced in rats by feeding a 10% fructose solution ad libitum for two weeks followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg body weight) and the animals were orally treated with 150 or 300 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the AMEF once daily for four weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the end of the intervention, diabetic untreated animals showed significantly higher serum glucose, serum fructosamine, LDH, CK-MB, serum lipids, liver glycogen, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), AI, CRI and lower serum insulin, pancreatic β-cell function (HOMA- β) and glucose tolerance ability compared to the normal animals. Histopathological examination of their pancreas revealed corresponding pathological changes in the islets and β-cells. These alterations were reverted to near-normal after the treatment of AMEF at 150 and 300 mg/kg bw when, the effects were more pronounced at 300 mg/kg bw compared to the 150 mg/kg bw.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study suggest that AMEF treatment at 300 mg/kg bw showed potent anti-diabetic effect in a T2D model of rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Aminu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban 4000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Neil Anthony
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Koorbanally
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban 4000, South Africa. Electronic address: islamd@ukzn.ac.za.
authors.forename: Md Shahidul
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Islam
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form / Q000097:blood; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D019270:Fructosamine / Q000097:blood; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D030521:Zingiberaceae; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000520:alpha-Glucosidases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D001786:Blood Glucose; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D000431:Ethanol; D019270:Fructosamine; C007650:ethyl acetate; D006003:Glycogen; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form; D000516:alpha-Amylases; D000520:alpha-Glucosidases
keywords: Absolute ethanol (CID 702); Aframomum melegueta; Citric acid (CID 311); Dichoromethane (CID 6344); Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) (CID 11873); Ethyl acetate (CID 8857); Ethyl acetate fraction; Fruit ethnolic extract; Hexane (CID 8058); Metformin (CID 4091); Rats; Sodium citrate (CID 6224); Streptozotocin (CID 29327); Type 2 diabetes; p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (pNPG) (CID 1197369)