title: Increased Klk9 Urinary Excretion Is Associated to Hypertension-Induced Cardiovascular Damage and Renal Alterations.
abstract: Early detection of hypertensive end-organ damage and secondary diseases are key determinants of cardiovascular prognosis in patients suffering from arterial hypertension. Presently, there are no biomarkers for the detection of hypertensive target organ damage, most outstandingly including blood vessels, the heart, and the kidneys.We aimed to validate the usefulness of the urinary excretion of the serine protease kallikrein-related peptidase 9 (KLK9) as a biomarker of hypertension-induced target organ damage.Urinary, plasma, and renal tissue levels of KLK9 were measured by the Western blot in different rat models of hypertension, including angiotensin-II infusion, DOCA-salt, L-NAME administration, and spontaneous hypertension. Urinary levels were associated to cardiovascular and renal injury, assessed by histopathology. The origin of urinary KLK9 was investigated through in situ renal perfusion experiments.The urinary excretion of KLK9 is increased in different experimental models of hypertension in rats. The ACE inhibitor trandolapril significantly reduced arterial pressure and the urinary level of KLK9. Hypertension did not increase kidney, heart, liver, lung, or plasma KLK9 levels. Hypertension-induced increased urinary excretion of KLK9 results from specific alterations in its tubular reabsorption, even in the absence of overt nephropathy. KLK9 urinary excretion strongly correlates with cardiac hypertrophy and aortic wall thickening.KLK9 appears in the urine in the presence of hypertension as a result of subtle renal handling alterations. Urinary KLK9 might be potentially used as an indicator of hypertensive cardiac and vascular damage.
authors.affiliation: From the Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain (AMB-M, OG-S, LP-G, SMS-M, FJL-H, JML-N, CM-S); Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain (AMB-M, LP-G, SMS-M, FJL-H, JML-N, CM-S); Bio-inRen S.L., Salamanca, Spain (YQ, VB-G); Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Spain (MR, JMD); and Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (IECSCYL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Spain (FJL-H, CM-S).
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Blázquez-Medela
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: García-Sánchez
authors.forename: Yaremi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Quirós
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Blanco-Gozalo
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Prieto-García
authors.forename: Sandra M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sancho-Martínez
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: López-Hernández
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: López-Novoa
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez-Salgado
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D062186:Arterial Pressure; D015415:Biomarkers; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015870:Gene Expression; D006973:Hypertension / Q000378:metabolism*; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D015415:Biomarkers; D007211:Indoles; C052035:trandolapril; C410801:KLK9 protein, human; D007610:Kallikreins