title: Head circumference and brain size in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: Macrocephaly and brain overgrowth have been associated with autism spectrum disorder. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide an overall estimate of effect size and statistical significance for both head circumference and total brain volume in autism. Our literature search strategy identified 261 and 391 records, respectively; 27 studies defining percentages of macrocephalic patients and 44 structural brain imaging studies providing total brain volumes for patients and controls were included in our meta-analyses. Head circumference was significantly larger in autistic compared to control individuals, with 822/5225 (15.7%) autistic individuals displaying macrocephaly. Structural brain imaging studies measuring brain volume estimated effect size. The effect size is higher in low functioning autistics compared to high functioning and ASD individuals. Brain overgrowth was recorded in 142/1558 (9.1%) autistic patients. Finally, we found a significant interaction between age and total brain volume, resulting in larger head circumference and brain size during early childhood. Our results provide conclusive effect sizes and prevalence rates for macrocephaly and brain overgrowth in autism, confirm the variation of abnormal brain growth with age, and support the inclusion of this endophenotype in multi-biomarker diagnostic panels for clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Child and Adolescent NeuroPsychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Rome, Italy. Electronic address: a.persico@unicampus.it.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.affiliation: Unit of Child and Adolescent NeuroPsychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gabriele
authors.affiliation: Unit of Child and Adolescent NeuroPsychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Rome, Italy; Mafalda Luce Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Persico
mesh_terms: D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002508:Cephalometry; D002675:Child, Preschool; D058068:Endophenotypes; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence
keywords: Autistic disorder; Brain volume; Head circumference; Macrocephaly; Meta-analysis; Structural brain imaging