title: Novel approaches to whole sporozoite vaccination against malaria.
abstract: The parasitic disease malaria threatens more than 3 billion people worldwide, resulting in more than 200 million clinical cases and almost 600,000 deaths annually. Vaccines remain crucial for prevention and ultimately eradication of infectious diseases and, for malaria, whole sporozoite based immunization has been shown to be the most effective in experimental settings. In addition to immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites, chemoprophylaxis and sporozoites (CPS) is a highly efficient strategy to induce sterile protection in humans. Genetically attenuated parasites (GAP) have demonstrated significant protection in rodent studies, and are now being advanced into clinical testing. This review describes the existing pre-clinical and clinical data on CPS and GAP, discusses recent developments and examines how to transform these immunization approaches into vaccine candidates for clinical development.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: else.bijker@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Else M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bijker
authors.affiliation: Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borrmann
authors.affiliation: Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Stefan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kappe
authors.affiliation: Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Alberts Schweitzer Hospital, BP 118 Lambaréné, Gabon.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mordmüller
authors.affiliation: Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Sack
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Parasitology, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Shahid M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017780:Malaria Vaccines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000276:immunology*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D065129:Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis; D034101:Sporozoites / Q000276:immunology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D017780:Malaria Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D002738:Chloroquine
keywords: Chemoprophylaxis; Chloroquine; Genetic attenuation; Immunization; Liver stage; Malaria; Plasmodium; Pre-erythrocytic stages; Sporozoite; Vaccine