title: [Diagnostically Approach to Pediatric Carpal Fractures: a Retrospective Analysis].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carpal fractures in children are rare, but can be missed, as their clinical symptoms are unspecific and discrete. Even X-ray diagnosis is difficult. Timely diagnosis and consistent therapy are especially important for scaphoid fractures, as they can help to avoid complications such as non-union or avascular necrosis. A diagnostic approach to paediatric carpal fractures will be discussed on the basis of the following group of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of children under 14 years treated in our institution between 09/2010 and 02/2012 for clinically suspected carpal fracture. In the primary evaluation, all children underwent standard X-rays of the hand and/or wrist. All patients were treated by cast immobilisation until complete clinical recovery. All patients with clinical signs of carpal fracture were treated by cast immobilization, even with normal X-rays. The clinical follow-up examination was after 10 to 14 days. In patients with persistent complaints, MRI was performed. We retrospectively evaluated the records of all patients: the fractured carpal bone, and X-ray and MRI-diagnosis were stated. We calculated the mean difference between first presentation and MRI and the mean period for total recovery, in patients with fracture or non-fracture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  61 children (27 boys and 34 girls, mean age 11.5 y) were included in our study. The mean delay between accident and time of first presentation to our paediatric ED was 0.6 days. In primary X-rays, a carpal fracture was demonstrated in only in 2 (3.3 %) patients, but was suspected in only 6 (9.8 %) of patients. In 53 (87.9 %) patients, there was no radiographic evidence of carpal fracture. 14 patients underwent additional scaphoid views, but scaphoid fracture was confirmed in only 1 (7 %) of these patients. In 3 (21.4 %) patients, a scaphoid fracture was suspected and in 10 patients a carpal fracture could be excluded. After a mean time of 11.8 days, all patients underwent a clinical follow-up examination. 32 (54 %) patients had persistent symptoms and MRI was done after a mean time of 17 days. Carpal fracture was then excluded in 12/32 (37 %) patients and was diagnosed in another 20/32 (63 %) children. There were 14 scaphoid fractures, including 3× bone bruise lesions, 4 capitate fractures, 3 triquetral fractures, including 1× bone bruise lesion and 1 bone bruise lesion of the trapezoid. In patients with proven carpal fracture, it took a mean time of 56 days for complete recovery, in comparison with 15 days in patients with excluded carpal fracture. Surgical therapy was unnecessary in any of the patients, and there were no complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children with clinical and radiographic carpal fracture, diagnosis is difficult and often unsuccessful at first. Even in discrete clinical complaints, generous cast immobilization is essential and clinical follow up is recommended not later then 14 days. In patients with persistent clinical symptoms, MRI is the imaging method of choice, as it is capable of detecting carpal fractures and even bone bruise lesions with high sensitivity, thereby avoiding unnecessary diagnostic or therapeutic stress for the patients.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Kinderchirurgie, Elisabeth-Krankenhaus, Essen.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eckert
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Kinderchirurgie, Marien Hospital Herne Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Herne.
authors.forename: R-B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Tröbs
authors.affiliation: Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie und Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schweiger
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Kinderchirurgie, Elisabeth-Krankenhaus, Essen.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liedgens
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Kinderchirurgie, Elisabeth-Krankenhaus, Essen.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Radeloff
authors.affiliation: Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ackermann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D002348:Carpal Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*