title: Association of the insertion allele of the common ACE gene polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus among Kuwaiti cardiovascular disease patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The D allele of the common angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D gene polymorphism (rs4646994) predisposes to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, results on which allele predisposes to disease susceptibility remain controversial in Asian populations. This study was performed to evaluate the association of the common ACE I/D gene polymorphism with both T2DM and CVD susceptibility in an Arab population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We genotyped the ACE I/D polymorphisms by direct allele-specific PCR in 183 healthy controls and 400 CVD patients with diabetes (n=204) and without (n=196). Statistical analysis comparing between the different groups were conducted using R statistic package "SNPassoc".
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two genetic models were used: the additive and co-dominant models. The I allele was found to be associated with T2DM (OR=1.84, p=0.00009) after adjusting for age, sex and body mass index. However, there was no association with CVD susceptibility (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ACE I allele is found to be associated with T2DM; however, no association was observed with CVD. The inconsistency between studies is suggested to be attributed to genetic diversity due to the existence of sub-populations found in Asian populations.
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait ahmad.alserri@hsc.edu.kw.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Serri
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Fatma G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Ismael
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Suzanne A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Al-Bustan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Al-Rashdan
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003710:Demography; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007730:Kuwait; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: C488034:ACE protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
keywords: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene; CVD; Kuwait; T2DM; cardiovascular disease; diabetes; genetic polymorphism