title: Antisaccade-related brain activation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder--A pilot study.
abstract: While antisaccade paradigms invoke circuitry associated with cognitive control and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), there is a dearth of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) investigations using antisaccade tasks among children with ADHD. Neural correlates associated with antisaccade performance were examined with fMRI in 11 children with ADHD (10 medicated) matched to 11 typically developing children. Significantly greater brain activation in regions in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus was observed in children with ADHD relative to the control group. This pattern separated the children into their respective groups in a taxonomic manner. Sensitivity analyses probing comorbidity and medication-specific effects showed that results were consistent; however, the caudate nucleus difference was only detectable in the full sample, or in subsets with a more relaxed cluster threshold. Antisaccade performance did not significantly differ between the groups, perhaps as a result of greater brain activation or medication effects in the ADHD group. Thus, antisaccade paradigms may have sensitivity and specificity for the investigation of cognitive control deficits and associated neural correlates in ADHD, and may contribute towards the development of new treatment approaches for children with the disorder.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Nicolette F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Krafft
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Lingxi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Abby L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Jordan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rodrigue
authors.affiliation: Georgia Prevention Institute and Pediatrics Department, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Celestine F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Georgia Prevention Institute and Pediatrics Department, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: DiBattisto
authors.affiliation: Georgia Prevention Institute and Pediatrics Department, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Bernard L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Maria
authors.affiliation: Georgia Prevention Institute and Pediatrics Department, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. Electronic address: katiedavisphd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Catherine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Neuroscience Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. Electronic address: jemcd@uga.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McDowell
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: ADHD; Children; Cognitive control; FMRI; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Stimulant medication