title: Bumetanide Derivatives AqB007 and AqB011 Selectively Block the Aquaporin-1 Ion Channel Conductance and Slow Cancer Cell Migration.
abstract: Aquaporins (AQPs) in the major intrinsic family of proteins mediate fluxes of water and other small solutes across cell membranes. AQP1 is a water channel, and under permissive conditions, a nonselective cation channel gated by cGMP. In addition to mediating fluid transport, AQP1 expression facilitates rapid cell migration in cell types including colon cancers and glioblastoma. Work here defines new pharmacological derivatives of bumetanide that selectively inhibit the ion channel, but not the water channel, activity of AQP1. Human AQP1 was analyzed in the Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system by two-electrode voltage clamp and optical osmotic swelling assays. The aquaporin ligand bumetanide derivative AqB011 was the most potent blocker of the AQP1 ion conductance (IC50 of 14 μM), with no effect on water channel activity (at up to 200 μM). The order of potency for inhibition of the ionic conductance was AqB011 > AqB007 >> AqB006 ≥ AqB001. Migration of human colon cancer (HT29) cells was assessed with a wound-closure assay in the presence of a mitotic inhibitor. AqB011 and AqB007 significantly reduced migration rates of AQP1-positive HT29 cells without affecting viability. The order of potency for AQP1 ion channel block matched the order for inhibition of cell migration, as well as in silico modeling of the predicted order of energetically favored binding. Docking models suggest that AqB011 and AqB007 interact with the intracellular loop D domain, a region involved in AQP channel gating. Inhibition of AQP1 ionic conductance could be a useful adjunct therapeutic approach for reducing metastasis in cancers that upregulate AQP1 expression.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.P., M.L.D.I., A.J.Y.) and Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (J.V.P., A.J.Y.), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and Spacefill Enterprises LLC, Oro Valley, Arizona (G.F.).
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kourghi
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.P., M.L.D.I., A.J.Y.) and Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (J.V.P., A.J.Y.), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and Spacefill Enterprises LLC, Oro Valley, Arizona (G.F.).
authors.forename: Jinxin V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.P., M.L.D.I., A.J.Y.) and Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (J.V.P., A.J.Y.), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and Spacefill Enterprises LLC, Oro Valley, Arizona (G.F.).
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: De Ieso
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.P., M.L.D.I., A.J.Y.) and Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (J.V.P., A.J.Y.), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and Spacefill Enterprises LLC, Oro Valley, Arizona (G.F.).
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.P., M.L.D.I., A.J.Y.) and Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (J.V.P., A.J.Y.), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and Spacefill Enterprises LLC, Oro Valley, Arizona (G.F.) andrea.yool@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Yool
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051398:Aquaporin 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry; D002034:Bumetanide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D002034:Bumetanide; D051398:Aquaporin 1