title: Selenium and rutin alone or in combination do not have stronger protective effects than their separate effects against cadmium-induced renal damage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Selenium (Se) and rutin (RUT) are antioxidants that protect against tissue damage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the separate and combine protective effects of RUT and Se against cadmium (Cd)-induced renal damage were evaluated in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were treated by gavage to RUT (30 mg/kg) or Se (0.15 ppm) or Cd (200 ppm) in drinking water alone or in combination (30 mg/kg RUT +0.15 ppm Se + 200 ppm Cd). Corn oil was used as vehicle (2 mL/kg). After a 5-week treatment period, rat kidneys were removed for biochemical assays and histopathological examination. Se and Cd levels were evaluated by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The malondialdehyde and glutathione levels as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the Cd-treated animals were increased compared with control values (0.056 ± 0.0003 versus 0.011 ± 0.0005 μmol/mg; 0.005 ± 0.0006 versus 0.00085 ± 0.0002 μg/mg; 1.62 ± 0.09 versus 0.48 ± 0.12 units/mg; 650 ± 25 versus 361.89 ± 31 μmol H2O2/mg, respectively). Cd treatment was also associated with decreased renal Se concentration (4.19 ± 0.92 versus 7.73 ± 0.7 μg/g dry weight), increased alkaline phosphatase (0.07 ± 0.0015 versus 0.033 ± 0.0019 unit/mg), acid phosphatase (0.029 ± 0.0021 versus 0.015 ± 0.0016 unit/mg), and lactate dehydrogenase (0.032 ± 0.004 versus 0.014 ± 0.0027 unit/mg) activities, respectively, and with evidence of severe renal damage. The combination of RUT and Se or their separate effects prevented the Cd-induced oxidative renal damage. However, their combine effects do not have stronger effects than their separate effect against Cd-induced renal damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RUT and Se function as potent antioxidant in the protection of renal damage induced by Cd.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biochemistry , University of Port Harcourt , Choba , Nigeria and.
authors.forename: Sunny O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Abarikwu
authors.affiliation: b Department of Chemical Sciences , Redeemer's University , Ede , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olusegun L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Adebayo
authors.affiliation: b Department of Chemical Sciences , Redeemer's University , Ede , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Chiagoziem A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Otuechere
authors.affiliation: b Department of Chemical Sciences , Redeemer's University , Ede , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Blessing O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Iserhienrhien
authors.affiliation: b Department of Chemical Sciences , Redeemer's University , Ede , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Temitope A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Badejo
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012431:Rutin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012643:Selenium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D012431:Rutin; D012643:Selenium
keywords: Antioxidants; kidney; lipid peroxidation; oxidative stress; spectrophotometry