title: Association of Resting Heart Rate with Infrarenal Aortic Diameter: A Cross Sectional Study in Chinese Hypertensive Adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elevated resting heart rate (RHR) has been shown to be a risk marker for cardiovascular disease. Results from studies on the effects of RHR in large arteries are limited to the functional changes of those arteries, while the association between RHR and aortic diameter remains largely understudied.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross sectional study of hypertensive Chinese adults from rural areas. The maximum infrarenal aortic diameter (maxIAD) from renal arteries to the iliac bifurcation was obtained by ultrasound. MaxIADs in different RHR groups were compared in males and females separately because of the significant differences between sexes. Multiple regression analysis was used to determinate the correlation between RHR and maxIAD. Further interactions between three factors (BMI, smoking, and anti-hypertensive regimens) and RHR for maxIAD were examined using subgroup analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  19,200 subjects were enrolled in the study, with an average age of 64.8±7.4 years and 61.6% females. Only 22 cases (0.11%) were detected with AAA, with males (n = 17) presenting a higher AAA incidence than females (n = 5). In subjects ≥65 years, there were 18 (0.19%) AAA, and 15 (83.3%) had a history of smoking. In the total subjects, the mean maxIAD ranged from 15.7±2.1 mm to 15.2±2.2 mm as RHR changed from the lowest quartile to the highest (≥84 bpm) in males, with a similar tendency observed in females. The correlation coefficient of RHR on maxIAD was -0.17 in males and -0.12 in females. Further subgroup analysis revealed that smoking exaggerated the correlation between RHR and maxIAD, but only in females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A low AAA incidence was observed in this hypertensive Chinese population. There was a negative association between RHR and maxIAD, potentially exaggerated by smoking, especially in females.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Y B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Y X
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Z Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: X P
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: pla301dml@vip.sina.com.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: huoyong@263.net.cn.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D044466:Asian People; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015994:Incidence; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents
keywords: Aortic diameter; Aortic dilatation; Atherosclerotic stenosis; Resting heart rate