title: Evaluation of the Synergistic Effect Between Ethyl  Formate and Phospine for Control of Aphis gossypii  (Homoptera: Aphididae).
abstract: Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, is known as a quarantine pest that is hard to control with short periods of fumigation with phosphine (PH(3)) or low concentrations of ethyl formate. Moreover, low-temperature fumigation with ethyl formate can lead to phototoxic damage of some perishable commodities. Therefore, a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the synergistic effect of mixing ethyl formate and PH(3) for the treatment of adults and nymphs of A. gossypii. Combined toxicity was observed and compared with a single dose of eitherrethyl formate or PH(3). When insects were exposed to 0.5 g/m(3) of PH(3) combined with different levels of ethyl formate from 1.6 to 16.3 g/m(3) at 5 and 20C for 2 h, L(Ct)(50) and L(Ct)(99) values were greatly reduced in comparison with a single dose of either ethyl formate or PH(3). The synergistic ratio (SR) is described as L(Ct) of ethyl formate alone/L(Ct) of ethyl formate + PH(3). The SR values of L(Ct)(50) and L(Ct)(99) for adult A. gossypii at 5C were 4.55 and 2.33, respectively. However, at 20C the SR levels of L(Ct)(50) and L(Ct)(99) were 2.22 and 1.45, respectively, but still showed significant synergism (significant difference, P<0.5). This new technology could meet quarantine and preshipment requirements for shorter exposure times and less damage of perishable commodities, and could also be extended for controlling other quarantine pests and thereby be a useful alternative to methyl bromide for fruit and vegetable applications.
authors.forename: Byung Ho
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hye Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Bong Soo
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jeong Oh
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Young Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Yonglin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000254:growth & development; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005563:Formic Acid Esters; D005651:Fumigation; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides; D009758:Nymph / Q000254:growth & development; D010720:Phosphines; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D005563:Formic Acid Esters; D007306:Insecticides; D010720:Phosphines; C510888:ethyl formate; C044646:phosphine