title: Quality of evidence revealing subtle gender biases in science is in the eye of the beholder.
abstract: Scientists are trained to evaluate and interpret evidence without bias or subjectivity. Thus, growing evidence revealing a gender bias against women-or favoring men-within science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) settings is provocative and raises questions about the extent to which gender bias may contribute to women's underrepresentation within STEM fields. To the extent that research illustrating gender bias in STEM is viewed as convincing, the culture of science can begin to address the bias. However, are men and women equally receptive to this type of experimental evidence? This question was tested with three randomized, double-blind experiments-two involving samples from the general public (n = 205 and 303, respectively) and one involving a sample of university STEM and non-STEM faculty (n = 205). In all experiments, participants read an actual journal abstract reporting gender bias in a STEM context (or an altered abstract reporting no gender bias in experiment 3) and evaluated the overall quality of the research. Results across experiments showed that men evaluate the gender-bias research less favorably than women, and, of concern, this gender difference was especially prominent among STEM faculty (experiment 2). These results suggest a relative reluctance among men, especially faculty men within STEM, to accept evidence of gender biases in STEM. This finding is problematic because broadening the participation of underrepresented people in STEM, including women, necessarily requires a widespread willingness (particularly by those in the majority) to acknowledge that bias exists before transformation is possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3440; ihandley@montana.edu.
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8603-2641
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Handley
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3440; Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 33224;
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866.
authors.forename: Corinne A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Moss-Racusin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3440;
authors.forename: Jessi L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004738:Engineering; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012586:Science; D063507:Sexism
keywords: diversity; gender bias; science education; science workforce; sexism