title: Reducing Dose Uncertainty for Spot-Scanning Proton Beam Therapy of Moving Tumors by Optimizing the Spot Delivery Sequence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate a novel delivery strategy for reducing the respiratory motion-induced dose uncertainty of spot-scanning proton therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The spot delivery sequence was optimized to reduce dose uncertainty. The effectiveness of the delivery sequence optimization was evaluated using measurements and patient simulation. One hundred ninety-one 2-dimensional measurements using different delivery sequences of a single-layer uniform pattern were obtained with a detector array on a 1-dimensional moving platform. Intensity modulated proton therapy plans were generated for 10 lung cancer patients, and dose uncertainties for different delivery sequences were evaluated by simulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Without delivery sequence optimization, the maximum absolute dose error can be up to 97.2% in a single measurement, whereas the optimized delivery sequence results in a maximum absolute dose error of ≤11.8%. In patient simulation, the optimized delivery sequence reduces the mean of fractional maximum absolute dose error compared with the regular delivery sequence by 3.3% to 10.6% (32.5-68.0% relative reduction) for different patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimizing the delivery sequence can reduce dose uncertainty due to respiratory motion in spot-scanning proton therapy, assuming the 4-dimensional CT is a true representation of the patients' breathing patterns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Electronic address: hengli@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: Heng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: X Ronald
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D003196:Computer Graphics; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009068:Movement; D061766:Proton Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D012119:Respiration; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D035501:Uncertainty