title: Essential and toxic heavy metals in cereals and agricultural products marketed in Kermanshah, Iran, and human health risk assessment.
abstract: Levels of some essential and toxic heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, zinc and copper in cereals and agricultural products obtained from the markets in Kermanshah city, west Iran, were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The average concentrations for lead and cadmium in some cereals were higher than the maximum levels set by the Codex Alimentarius. A potential human health risk assessment was conducted by calculating estimated weekly intake (EWI) of the metals from eating cereals and comparison of these values with provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) values. In combination with recent cereal consumption data, the EWIs of heavy metals were calculated for the Kermanshah population. EWI data for the studied metals through cereal consumption were lower than the PTWI values. Cr, Ni, Zn and Cu levels in all samples analysed were within the ranges reported for similar cereals from various parts of the world.
authors.affiliation: a Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH) , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.
authors.forename: Meghdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pirsaheb
authors.affiliation: a Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH) , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.
authors.forename: Nazir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fattahi
authors.affiliation: a Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH) , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.|b Environmental Health Engineering Department , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Kiomars
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sharafi
authors.affiliation: a Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH) , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.|c Environmental Health Engineering Department , Hamedan University of Medical Sciences , Hamedan , Iran.
authors.forename: Razieh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khamotian
authors.affiliation: a Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH) , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.|b Environmental Health Engineering Department , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Atafar
mesh_terms: D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy
keywords: Heavy metals; ICP-OES; Iran; Kermanshah; cereals; essential metals; estimated weekly intake; inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry; risk assessment