title: Ultrasonography Versus Landmark for Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: Randomized controlled trials report inconsistent findings when comparing the initial success rate of peripheral intravenous cannulation using landmark versus ultrasonography for patients with difficult venous access. We sought to determine which method is superior for patients with varying levels of intravenous access difficulty.
  
  
  
  We conducted a 2-group, parallel, randomized, controlled trial and randomly allocated 1,189 adult emergency department (ED) patients to landmark or ultrasonography, stratified by difficulty of access and operator. ED technicians performed the peripheral intravenous cannulations. Before randomization, technicians classified subjects as difficult, moderately difficult, or easy access according to visible or palpable veins and perception of difficulty with a landmark approach. If the first attempt failed, we randomized subjects a second time. We compared the initial and second-attempt success rates by procedural approach and difficulty of intravenous access, using a generalized linear mixed regression model, adjusted for operator.
  
  
  
  The 33 participating technicians enrolled a median of 26 subjects (interquartile range 9 to 55). The initial success rate was 81% but varied significantly by technique and difficulty of access. The initial success rate by ultrasonography was higher than landmark for patients with difficult access (48.0 more successes per 100 tries; 95% confidence interval [CI] 35.6 to 60.3) or moderately difficult access (10. 2 more successes per 100 tries; 95% CI 1.7 to 18.7). Among patients with easy access, landmark yielded a higher success rate (10.6 more successes per 100 tries; 95% CI 5.8 to 15.4). The pattern of second-attempt success rates was similar.
  
  
  
  Ultrasonographic peripheral intravenous cannulation is advantageous among patients with difficult or moderately difficult intravenous access but is disadvantageous among patients anticipated to have easy access.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC; Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC. Electronic address: melmccar@gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Melissa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shokoohi
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Keith S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Boniface
authors.affiliation: George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eggelton
authors.affiliation: George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lowey
authors.affiliation: George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Kelvin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shesser
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Ximin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Zeger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000379:methods*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult