title: Coffee Consumption and Incidence of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: The Jichi Medical School Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies on the association between coffee consumption and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have provided inconsistent results. We examine the risk of SAH from coffee consumption in a Japanese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our analyses were based on the Jichi Medical School Cohort Study, a large-scale population-based prospective cohort study. A total of 9941 participants (3868 men and 6073 women; mean age 55 years) with no history of cardiovascular disease or carcinoma were examined. Participants were asked to choose one of five options to indicate their daily coffee consumption: none, less than 1 cup a day, 1-2 cups a day, 3-4 cups a day, or 5 or more cups a day. The incidence of SAH was assessed independently by a diagnostic committee. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) after adjustment for age and sex (HR1) and for additional potential confounders (HR2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 10.7 years of follow-up, SAH occurred in 47 participants. When compared with the participants who consumed less than 1 cup of coffee a day, the HR of SAH was significantly higher in the group who consumed 5 or more cups a day in both models (HR1 4.49; 95% CI, 1.44-14.00; HR2 3.79; 95% CI, 1.19-12.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present community-based cohort study showed that heavy coffee consumption was associated with an increased incidence of SAH after adjusting for age, sex, and multiple potential cardiovascular confounders.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University.
authors.forename: Tsuyako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakamaki
authors.forename: Motohiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kayaba
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kotani
authors.forename: Shizukiyo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012306:Risk; D012577:Schools, Medical; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee