title: Early South Americans Cranial Morphological Variation and the Origin of American Biological Diversity.
abstract: Recent South Americans have been described as presenting high regional cranial morphological diversity when compared to other regions of the world. This high diversity is in accordance with linguistic and some of the molecular data currently available for the continent, but the origin of this diversity has not been satisfactorily explained yet. Here we explore if this high morphological variation was already present among early groups in South America, in order to refine our knowledge about the timing and origins of the modern morphological diversity. Between-group (Fst estimates) and within-group variances (trace of within-group covariance matrix) of the only two early American population samples available to date (Lagoa Santa and Sabana de Bogotá) were estimated based on linear craniometric measurements and compared to modern human cranial series representing six regions of the world, including the Americas. The results show that early Americans present moderate within-group diversity, falling well within the range of modern human groups, despite representing almost three thousand years of human occupation. The between-group variance apportionment is very low between early Americans, but is high among recent South American groups, who show values similar to the ones observed on a global scale. Although limited to only two early South American series, these results suggest that the high morphological diversity of native South Americans was not present among the first human groups arriving in the continent and must have originated during the Middle Holocene, possibly due to the arrival of new morphological diversity coming from Asia during the Holocene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America; Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Región de Antofagasta, Chile.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hubbe
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Oceanografia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hubbe
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Walter A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Neves
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002508:Cephalometry; D003625:Data Collection; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005006:Ethnicity; D005580:Fossils; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D007199:Indians, South American; D012016:Reference Values; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013020:South America