title: Standardised Resting Time Prior to Blood Sampling and Diurnal Variation Associated with Risk of Patient Misclassification: Results from Selected Biochemical Components.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to current recommendations, blood samples should be taken in the morning after 15 minutes' resting time. Some components exhibit diurnal variation and in response to pressures to expand opening hours and reduce waiting time, the aims of this study were to investigate the impact of resting time prior to blood sampling and diurnal variation on biochemical components, including albumin, thyrotropin (TSH), total calcium and sodium in plasma.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients referred to an outpatient clinic for blood sampling were included in the period Nov 2011 until June 2014 (opening hours: 7am-3pm). Each patient's arrival time and time of blood sampling were registered. The impact of resting time and the time of day for all components was analysed using simple linear regression. The "maximum allowable bias" was used as quality indicator for the change in reference interval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant diurnal variation was found for albumin (n = 15,544; p<2×10-16), TSH (n = 20,019; p<2×10-16), calcium (n = 13,588; p = 2.8×10-12) and sodium (n = 51,917; p<2×10-16). Further significant influence for resting time was found for albumin (p = 2.6×10-4), TSH (p = 0.004), calcium (p = 8.9×10-7) and sodium (p = 8.7×10-16). Only TSH and albumin were clinically significantly influenced by diurnal variation. Resting time had no clinically significant effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no need for resting 15 minutes prior to blood sampling. However, diurnal variation was found to have a significant and considerable impact on TSH and, to a minor degree, albumin. This has to be taken into account to ensure that reference intervals provided by the laboratory are valid on a 24-hour basis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ida B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark; Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark.
authors.forename: Claus L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Brasen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Noehr-Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark.
authors.forename: Dorthe E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark; Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brandslund
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark; Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark; Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jonna S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Madsen
mesh_terms: D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D012015:Reference Standards; D012016:Reference Values; D012146:Rest; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors