title: Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Young Student Athletes.
abstract: A recent meta-analysis documented a significant statistical association between mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Adeyemo et al., 2014), but the direction of this effect was unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that ADHD would be an antecedent risk factor for mTBI. Participants were student athletes ages 12 to 25 who had sustained a mTBI and Controls of similar age and sex selected from studies of youth with and without ADHD. Subjects were assessed for symptoms of ADHD, concussion severity, and cognitive function. mTBI subjects had a significantly higher rate of ADHD than Controls, and in all cases the age of onset of ADHD was before mTBI onset. mTBI+ADHD subjects also had more severe concussion symptoms (fatigue and poor concentration) than mTBI-ADHD subjects. These results support ADHD as an antecedent risk factor for mTBI in student athletes and that its presence complicates the course of mTBI.
authors.affiliation: *Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital; †Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; ‡Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; §Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital/Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; ∥Sports Concussion New England, Brookline, MA; ¶Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; and #K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feinberg
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Bamidele O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Adeyemo
authors.forename: K Yvonne
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Woodworth
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Panis
authors.forename: Neal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: Saurabha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kenworthy
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zafonte
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013334:Students; D055815:Young Adult