title: Toxic environmental exposures and kidney health in children.
abstract: High-level exposures to a number of agents are known to have direct nephrotoxic effects in children. A growing body of literature supports the hypothesis that chronic, relatively low-level exposure to various nephrotoxicants may also increase the risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) or accelerate its progression. In this review we highlight several environmental nephrotoxicants and their association with CKD in children and adolescents. We also discuss unique epidemiological challenges in the use of kidney biomarkers in environmental nephrotoxicology.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA. dkweidemann@cmh.edu.
authors.forename: Darcy K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Weidemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Virginia M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.affiliation: Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fadrowski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D034341:Aristolochic Acids / Q000633:toxicity; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D053159:Dysuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D034341:Aristolochic Acids; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009183:Mycotoxins; D014227:Triazines; C000228:aristolochic acid I; C011907:melamine
keywords: Aristolochic acid; Arsenic; Cadmium; Chronic kidney disease; Environmental nephrotoxicants; Lead; Melamine