title: Abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria on granular activated carbon and their fates during drinking water purification process.
abstract: Ammonia is a precursor to trichloramine, which causes an undesirable chlorinous odor. Granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration is used to biologically oxidize ammonia during drinking water purification; however, little information is available regarding the abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) associated with GAC. In addition, their sources and fates in water purification process remain unknown. In this study, six GAC samples were collected from five full-scale drinking water purification plants in Tokyo during summer and winter, and the abundance and community structure of AOA and AOB associated with GAC were studied in these two seasons. In summer, archaeal and bacterial amoA genes on GACs were present at 3.7 × 10(5)-3.9 × 10(8) gene copies/g-dry and 4.5 × 10(6)-4.2 × 10(8) gene copies/g-dry, respectively. In winter, archaeal amoA genes remained at the same level, while bacterial amoA genes decreased significantly for all GACs. No differences were observed in the community diversity of AOA and AOB from summer to winter. Phylogenetic analysis revealed high AOA diversity in group I.1a and group I.1b in raw water. Terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of processed water samples revealed that AOA diversity decreased dramatically to only two OTUs in group I.1a after ozonation, which were identical to those detected on GAC. It suggests that ozonation plays an important role in determining AOA diversity on GAC. Further study on the cell-specific activity of AOA and AOB is necessary to understand their contributions to in situ nitrification performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan. 14v00547@gst.ritsumei.ac.jp.|Research Center for Sustainability Science, Ritsumeikan University, 56-1 Toji-in Kitamachi, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8577, Japan. 14v00547@gst.ritsumei.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
authors.forename: Ikuro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kasuga
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
authors.forename: Futoshi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kurisu
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furumai
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, 2-8-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 163-8001, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shigeeda
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, 2-8-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 163-8001, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D001105:Archaea / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D002606:Charcoal; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D058465:Nitrification; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010802:Phylogeny; D012621:Seasons; D014041:Tokyo; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D002606:Charcoal; D000641:Ammonia
keywords: Ammonia-oxidizing archaea; Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria; Drinking water purification process; Granular activated carbon; Nitrification