title: Exploring the association between a cholecystokinin promoter polymorphism (rs1799923) and posttraumatic stress disorder in combat veterans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide that has been implicated in understanding the acquisition and extinction of fear. Research on CCK in anxiety has primarily focused on understanding panic attacks and panic disorder. Emerging data suggests that CCK may also hold promise in understanding the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study examined whether a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the CCK gene (C>T; rs1799923) was associated with an increased prevalence of PTSD as well as with severity of PTSD symptoms among a sample of 457 combat veterans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results demonstrated that participants with either the heterozygous or homozygous T allele had an increased prevalence of PTSD relative to participants with the CC genotype (OR=2.17; 95% CI [1.37-3.43]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relatively small sample size precluded examination of racial/ethnic differences. Findings were also limited by the absence of a systematic assessment of comorbid anxiety psychopathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data offer preliminary evidence supporting an association between the rs1799923 polymorphism in the CCK gene and PTSD. Additional research is needed to better understand the nature of this relationship.
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
authors.forename: Christal L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Badour
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.
authors.forename: R Louis
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
authors.forename: Jingmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamner
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States. Electronic address: wanzh@musc.edu.
authors.forename: Zhewu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000235:genetics; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000235:genetics*; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000235:genetics*; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D002766:Cholecystokinin
keywords: Anxiety; CCK; Cholecystokinin; PTSD; Posttraumatic Stress