title: The Impact of Three Commonly Used Fungicides on Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in European Vineyards.
abstract: The impact of the fungicides mancozeb, myclobutanil, and meptyldinocap on populations of Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten was evaluated under field conditions, when applied following the good agricultural practices recommended for their use. Two complementary statistical models were used to analyze the population reduction compared to the control: a linear mixed model to estimate the mean effect of the fungicide, and a generalized linear mixed model (proportional odds mixed model) to estimate the cumulative probability for those effects being equal or less than a specific IOBC class (International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animal and Plants). Findings from 27 field experiments in a range of different vine-growing regions in Europe indicated that the use of mancozeb, myclobutanil, and meptyldinocap caused minimal impact on naturally occurring populations of T. pyri. Both statistical models confirmed that although adverse effects on T. pyri can occur under certain conditions after several applications of any of the three fungicides studied, the probability of the effects occurring is low and they will not persist. These methods demonstrated how data from a series of trials could be used to evaluate the variability of the effects caused by the chemical rather than relying on the worst-case findings from a single trial.
authors.affiliation: Dow AgroSciences Ltd, 3 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RN, United Kingdom. Corresponding author, e-mail: gkemmitt@dow.com.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kemmitt
authors.affiliation: Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd., Indianapolis, IN 46268.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Valverde-Garcia
authors.affiliation: Dow AgroSciences S.A.S. 371 Rue Ludwig van Beethoven, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, Mougins 06904, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hufnagl
authors.affiliation: Dow AgroSciences Italia S.R.L. Viale Masini 36, Bologna 40126, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bacci
authors.affiliation: Dow AgroSciences GmbH. Truderingerstr. 15, Munich 81677, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zotz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes; D005060:Europe; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D008344:Maneb; D008925:Mites; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009570:Nitriles; D014230:Triazoles; D027843:Vitis; D015038:Zineb
chemical_list: D004136:Dinitrobenzenes; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009570:Nitriles; D014230:Triazoles; D008344:Maneb; C446685:systhane; C556327:meptyldinocap; C013099:mancozeb; D015038:Zineb
keywords: Typhlodromus pyri; generalized linear mixed model; mancozeb; meptyldinocap; myclobutanil