title: Effects of Psychological and Social Factors in Shiftwork on Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Nurses: A 1-Year Follow-Up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the current study was to elucidate prospective effects of both shift schedules and work environment on mental distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2059 nurses participated at baseline (38.1%), and 1582 nurses completed wave 2 of the survey (76.8%). Psychosocial work factors were measured by the General Nordic Questionnaire for Psychological and Social factors at work and the Swedish Demand-Control-Support Questionnaire. Mental distress was measured by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Shiftwork was not associated with "caseness" anxiety or depression. Effects of shiftwork on mental distress were not moderated by psychosocial work factors. Mental distress predicted role clarity, role conflict, fair leadership, and social support. Job demands predicted symptoms of depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whether psychosocial working conditions buffer mental health effects of shiftwork remains undecided. Prospective studies with multiple measurement points are needed to elucidate potential mutual relationships between work factors and mental distress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Work Psychology and Physiology (Ms Berthelsen, Dr Knardahl), National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo; Department of Psychosocial Science (Ms Berthelsen, Dr Pallesen), Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen; Department of Occupational Medicine (Dr Magerøy), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (Dr Tyssen), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (Dr Bjorvatn), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (Dr Moen), University of Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berthelsen
authors.forename: Ståle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pallesen
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Magerøy
authors.forename: Reidar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tyssen
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bjorvatn
authors.forename: Bente Elisabeth
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Moen
authors.forename: Stein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knardahl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance / Q000523:psychology*