title: Prolonged cultures of unstimulated human neutrophils lead to the apparition and persistence of rest-in-plate structures (RIPs) recognized by professional phagocytes in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: Polymorphonuclear neutrophil cells (PMNs) are known to spontaneously undergo apoptosis and then eliminated by professional phagocytes to prevent inflammation, a process called efferocytosis. However, when efferocytosis is impaired, PMNs will fall into secondary necrosis. Whether this state can persist for a certain period of time is unclear, since most of the studies investigating secondary necrosis are performed within 24h following induction by a proapoptotic agent. In this study, freshly isolated human PMNs were incubated without addition of exogenous agents in order to force them to undergo apoptosis and then secondary necrosis, an ideal experimental condition to study the behavior of secondary necrotic PMNs in absence of efferocytosis. By monitoring PMN cell morphology over time, we observed that an increasing proportion of cells harbored a ghost-like phenotype. Because these cellular remnants persist in plates for several days, we introduce here the terminology RIPs for 'rest-in-plate' structure. Heating of freshly isolated PMNs for 5min did not lead to the apparition of RIPs over time. In vivo administration of 7-days old RIPs in the murine air pouch model induced a slight inflammation resorbed within 24h. PKH26-stained RIPs were found to be ingested by professional phagocytes in vitro and in vivo in the murine air pouch and peritonitis models. Therefore, aged-PMNs have the potential to become RIPs in absence of efficient efferocytosis. Fortunately RIPs are recognized by professional phagocytes and, therefore, the concept of resolution of inflammation based on elimination of apoptotic and secondary necrotic PMNs could also be applied to RIPs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Recherche en Inflammation et Physiologie des Granulocytes, Université du Québec, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vallières
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Recherche en Inflammation et Physiologie des Granulocytes, Université du Québec, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Simard
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Recherche en Inflammation et Physiologie des Granulocytes, Université du Québec, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Théo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stafford-Richard
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Recherche en Inflammation et Physiologie des Granulocytes, Université du Québec, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: denis.girard@iaf.inrs.ca.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Girard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D048430:Cell Shape; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010587:Phagocytosis
keywords: Apoptosis; Efferocytosis; Inflammation; Neutrophils; Phagocytes; Secondary necrosis