title: Fatal attack on black-tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) by a Boa constrictor: a simultaneous assault on two juvenile monkeys.
abstract: Here we report the first witnessed attack on a marmoset by a constrictor snake. The incident occurred mid-morning in a gallery forest within an altered landscape of the Cerrado region of central Brazil and refers to a fatal attack by a Boa constrictor on two juvenile black-tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) simultaneously. The snake captured both individuals at a height of ~ 4 m while a group of eight marmosets traveled through the subcanopy. The actual strike was not seen. After 2 min, the boa fell to the ground with both marmosets in its coils and proceeded to kill one animal at a time through constriction. Two adult marmosets immediately descended to where the snake held its victims on the ground and attacked it. The snake showed no apparent reaction, and after ~ 1-2 min, the adults rejoined the remaining group members that were mobbing and vocalizing from 5 to 6 m above. The group left the scene ~ 7 min after the onset of the attack and was not seen again. The snake loosened its coils 10 min after its initial strike, left the two carcasses on the ground and stayed behind a nearby tree. Thus, we are not sure if the victims were in fact ingested. This report confirms that marmosets are vulnerable to boid snakes and capable of highly organized and cooperative antipredation behavior. It also suggests that snakes pose a greater threat to callitrichids than previously thought.
authors.forename: Danilo Simonini
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Edmilson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.forename: Silvana Gomes
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.forename: Andrea Karla
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: de Jesus
authors.forename: Waldemir Paixão
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Irapuan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dutra
authors.forename: Marilia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barros
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017821:Boidae / Q000502:physiology*; D001938:Brazil; D002144:Callithrix / Q000502:physiology*; D020387:Food Chain; D011235:Predatory Behavior