title: Evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic and hepatoprotective activities of roots of Premna esculenta (Roxb).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to investigate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic and hepatoprotective activities of root extracts of Premna esculenta (family: Verbenaceae).
  
  
  METHODS
  The analgesic activity was evaluated using the acetic-acid-induced writhing test in mice and radiant heat tail-flick method in rats. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by carrageenan-induced rat's paw edema, while the thrombolytic activity was evaluated by in vitro clot lysis model. The hepatoprotective activity was investigated against carbon-tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In acetic-acid-induced writhing test, chloroform and ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg showed a significant (p<0.001) reduction in the number of writhes with 85.96% and 61.98% of inhibition, respectively. In radiant heat tail-flick method, the ethanolic extract produced 88.49% (p<0.001) elongation of tail-flicking time at 90 min after oral administration at same dose level. In the carrageenan-induced edema test, the ethanolic extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg showed a significant inhibition of paw edema with 22.68% and 17.24% inhibition after the first and third hours of the study period, respectively. In clot lysis model, the ethanolic extract at 5 mg/mL induced a significant clot lysis activity (37.69%, p<0.001). Oral administration of ethanolic extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg/day for 7 days significantly (p<0.001) reduced the elevated levels of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamyl oxaloacetate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase compared to the CCl4-treated control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study demonstrated the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic and hepatoprotective activities of roots of P. esculenta.
authors.forename: Zobaer
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Al Mahmud
authors.forename: Talha Bin
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Emran
authors.forename: Nazmul
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Qais
authors.forename: Sitesh C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bachar
authors.forename: Mithun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarker
authors.forename: Mir Muhammad Nasir
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Uddin
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002351:Carrageenan; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D029648:Verbenaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002351:Carrageenan