title: Sulfasalazine-induced renal injury in rats and the protective role of thiol-reductants.
abstract: Sulfasalazine is widely used for inflammatory-mediated disorders in human. Renal damage is a serious adverse effect accompanied sulfasalazine administration. No specific therapeutic option is available against this complication so far. Oxidative stress seems to play a role in sulfasalazine-induced renal injury. Current investigation was designed to evaluate the effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and dithiothreitol (DTT) as thiol reductants against sulfasalazine-induced renal injury in rats. Oral administration of sulfasalazine (600 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days) caused renal injury as judged by increase in serum level of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Furthermore, the level of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation were raised in kidney tissue after sulfasalazine administration. Additionally, it was also found that renal glutathione reservoirs were significantly depleted in sulfasalazine-treated animals. Histopathological examination of kidney endorsed organ injury in drug-treated rats. Daily intraperitoneal administration of NAC (250 and 500 mg/kg/day) and/or DTT (15 and 30 mg/kg/day) effectively alleviated renal damage induced by sulfasalazine. Data suggested that thiol reductants could serve as potential protective agents with therapeutic capabilities against sulfasalazine adverse effect toward kidney.
authors.affiliation: a Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran .
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heidari
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran .
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Taheri
authors.affiliation: c Food Control Laboratory, Department of Food and Drug, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran .|d Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran , and.
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.affiliation: e Department of Pathology , School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shirazi Yeganeh
authors.affiliation: a Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran .|b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran .
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niknahad
authors.affiliation: a Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran .|b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran .
authors.forename: Asma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Najibi
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004229:Dithiothreitol / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012460:Sulfasalazine / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D012460:Sulfasalazine; D004229:Dithiothreitol; D000111:Acetylcysteine
keywords: Anti-rheumatoid drugs; glutathione; oxidative stress; renal injury; sulfasalazine