title: Recent advances in developing vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii: an update.
abstract: Toxoplasma gondii, a significant public health risk, is able to infect almost all warm-blooded animals including humans, and it results in economic losses in production animals. In the last three years, a large number of vaccination experiments have been performed to control T. gondii infection, with the target of limiting the acute infection and reducing or eliminating tissue cysts in the intermediate hosts. In this paper, we summarize the latest results of the veterinary vaccines against T. gondii infection since 2013. Immunization with live-attenuated whole organisms of non-reverting mutants has been shown to induce remarkably potent immune responses associated with control of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. The non-cyst-forming mutants are promising new tools for the development of veterinary vaccines against T. gondii infection.
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , PR China.
authors.forename: Nian-Zhang
authors.initials: NZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , PR China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , PR China.|b Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing , PR China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: c Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.
authors.forename: Eskild
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , PR China.
authors.forename: Xing-Quan
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology; D015195:Drug Design; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000276:immunology*; D014124:Toxoplasmosis, Animal / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000276:immunology; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000276:immunology; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit
keywords: Toxoplasma gondii; adjuvant; delivery system; toxoplasmosis; vaccine candidates; vaccines