title: Sunflower Seed and Acne Vulgaris.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regardless of the overall association between diet and acne which cannot be easily ignored, there might be an association between specific nutrients and acne development or improvement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the effect of dietary intake of sunflower seeds on acne severity and the pattern of acne lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized controlled trial, 50 patients aged 15 - 30 years old with acne vulgaris were enrolled through consecutive convenient sampling, in a dermatology clinic in Ardabil, Iran. They were randomly allocated into two trial arms. Those in the control group were asked to stop eating sunflower seeds if they did before. In the intervention group, they consumed 25 g sunflower-containing food daily for seven days. The primary outcome of interest was 10% increase/decrease in the baseline acne severity index (ASI), sustained to the end of the follow-up period on day 14.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean ASI did not change significantly through the study period in the control group, but it increased in the sunflower group from 62 at the baseline to 86.8 after two weeks (P < 0.001). The ASI mean change was 24.8 in the sunflower group compared to 4.9 in the control group (P < 0.001). The global acne grading score (GAGS) did not significantly change in any of the groups and the difference in the change of GAGS was not significant between the groups (2.4 in the sunflower group versus 1.6 in the control group). Twenty two subjects (88%) in the sunflower group versus 9 (36%) in the control group had at least 10% increment in ASI throughout the follow-up period (P < 0.001). The relative risk of developing the primary outcome in taking the sunflower seed intervention was 2.4 (95% CI: 1.4 - 4.2). The observed risk difference was 0.52 (95% CI: 0.29 - 0.75).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sunflower seed intake appears to aggravate acne vulgaris; however, further evidence is needed to ban sunflower seed intake in patients with acne. Considering the observed potential negative effect in this trial, future randomized clinical trials may base their design on randomly assigning the exposed patients to give up use of sunflower seed intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohebbipour
authors.affiliation: Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Homayoun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sadeghi-Bazargani
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mansouri
keywords: Acne Vulgaris; Diet; Dietary Fats; Feeding Pattern; Sunflower