title: Intraocular Pharmacokinetics of Povidone-Iodine and Its Effects on Experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis Endophthalmitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and safety of intravitreal povidone-iodine (PVI) and its efficacy against experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In phase I, forty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into groups I and II and received intravitreal 0.1% and 0.3% PVI, respectively. Electroretinography (ERG) and histologic examinations were conducted at baseline, 6, and 12 hours. Half-life was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. In phase II, after the induction of S. epidermidis endophthalmitis, 0.1% and 0.3% PVI were injected intravitreally once in groups A and B and three times every second day in groups C and D (n = 10 in each group). Electroretinographs, histologic examinations, and vitreous cultures were conducted on day 14.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electroretinography and histologic examinations did not reveal any notable retinal damage in phase I in either group. Half-lives were 3.27 and 3.58 hours in groups I and II, respectively. In phase II, all groups demonstrated marked improvement, compared to controls. Bacterial growth was found in four eyes in group A (20, 60, 60, and 70 colony forming units [CFU]) and in three eyes in group B (20, 40, and 60 CFU) but not in those belonging to groups C and D at day 14. Retinal damage with lymphocyte infiltration in the inner retinal layers was more common in groups A and B than in groups C and D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Half-life of PVI was approximately 3 hours in the vitreous. Repeated injection of intraocular PVI, even at low concentrations, is most likely to be effective for the treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea 2Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyong Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jiafu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Wook
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Korea.
authors.forename: In-Soo
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea 2Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea 6College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea 2Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea 6College of Medicine, Pusan Nation.
authors.forename: Ik Soo
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Byon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004596:Electroretinography; D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D006207:Half-Life; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D011206:Povidone-Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011817:Rabbits; D012160:Retina / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects*; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D011206:Povidone-Iodine