title: Structural covariance in schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis: An approach based on graph analysis.
abstract: Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that produces abnormalities across different brain regions. Measuring structural covariance with MRI is a well-established approach to investigate common changes in distinct systems. We investigated structural covariance in schizophrenia in a large Brazilian sample of individuals with chronic schizophrenia (n = 143), First Episode Psychosis (n = 32), and matched healthy controls (n = 82) using a combination of graph analysis and computational neuroanatomy. Firstly, we proposed the connectivity-closeness and integrity-closeness centrality measures and them compared healthy controls with chronic schizophrenia regarding these metrics. We then conducted a second analysis on the mapped regions comparing the pairwise difference between the three groups. Our results show that compared with controls, both patient groups (in pairwise comparisons) had a reduced integrity-closeness in pars orbitalis and insula, suggesting that the relationship between these areas and other brain regions is increased in schizophrenia. No differences were found between the First Episode Psychosis and Schizophrenia groups. Since in schizophrenia the brain is affected as a whole, this may mirror that these regions may be related to the generalized structural alteration seen in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3° andar, fundos, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom. Electronic address: andre.zugman@unifesp.br.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zugman
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3° andar, fundos, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Idaiane
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Assunção
authors.affiliation: Institute of Radiology, Medicine School, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, s/n° - Rua 1 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gilson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3° andar, fundos, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ary
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gadelha
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Institute of Radiology, Medicine School, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, s/n° - Rua 1 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Paulo M
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3° andar, fundos, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Noto
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Crossley
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mcguire
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Santa Casa de São Paulo Medical School, R. Dr. Cesário Mota Júnior, 61, Vila Buarque, São Paulo 01221-020, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Quirino
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 740, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sintia I O
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Belangero
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3° andar, fundos, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bressan
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3° andar, fundos, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andrea P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Jackowski
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3° andar, fundos, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil; Institute of Radiology, Medicine School, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, s/n° - Rua 1 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil; Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Bairro Bangu, Santo André CEP 09.210-170, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Ricardo
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001938:Brazil; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000473:pathology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Graph analysis; Neuroimaging; Schizophrenia; Structural covariance