title: Optimising Golgi-Cox staining for use with perfusion-fixed brain tissue validated in the zQ175 mouse model of Huntington's disease.
abstract: The Golgi-Cox stain is an established method for characterising neuron cell morphology. The method highlights neurite processes of stained cells allowing the complexity of dendritic branching to be measured.
  
  
  
  Conventional rapid Golgi and Golgi-Cox methods all require fresh impregnation in unfixed brain blocks. Here, we describe a modified method that gives high quality staining on brain tissue blocks perfusion-fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) and post-fixed by immersion for 24h.
  
  
  
  Tissue perfused with 4% PFA and post fixed for 24h remained viable for the modified Golgi-Cox silver impregnation staining of mouse striatum from perfused wild type and zQ175. It was not found necessary to impregnate tissue blocks with Golgi solutions prior to sectioning, as post-sectioned tissues yielded equally good impregnation. Impregnation for 14 days resulted in optimal visualisation of striatal neuron and dendritic morphology. Although no modifications applied to the rapid Golgi method were reliable, the modified Golgi-Cox method yielded consistently reliable high-quality staining.
  
  
  
  The current method used fixed tissues to reduce damage and preserve cell morphology. The revised method was found to be fast, reliable and cost effective without the need for expensive staining kits and could be performed in any neuroscience lab with limited specialist equipment.
  
  
  
  The present study introduces a robust reproducible and inexpensive staining method for identifying neuronal morphological changes in the post fixed mouse brain, and is suitable for assessing changes in cell morphology in models of neurodegeneration and in response to experimental treatment.
authors.affiliation: School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK. Electronic address: Bayram-WestonZ@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Zubeyde
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bayram-Weston
authors.affiliation: School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: Elliott
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Dunnett
authors.affiliation: School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: Simon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Brooks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D003712:Dendrites / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005404:Fixatives; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008627:Mercuric Chloride; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011108:Polymers; D016622:Silver Staining / Q000379:methods*; D016707:Tissue Fixation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005404:Fixatives; D011108:Polymers; D005557:Formaldehyde; D008627:Mercuric Chloride; C003043:paraform
keywords: Golgi–Cox method; Huntington's disease; Paraformaldehyde; Section thickness; zQ175 mice