title: Hepatitis B virus infection in Indonesia.
abstract: Approximately 240 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), 75% of whom reside in Asia. Approximately 600000 of infected patients die each year due to HBV-related diseases or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The endemicity of hepatitis surface antigen in Indonesia is intermediate to high with a geographical difference. The risk of HBV infection is high in hemodialysis (HD) patients, men having sex with men, and health care workers. Occult HBV infection has been detected in various groups such as blood donors, HD patients, and HIV-infected individuals and children. The most common HBV subgenotype in Indonesia is B3 followed by C1. Various novel subgenotypes of HBV have been identified throughout Indonesia, with the novel HBV subgenotypes C6-C16 and D6 being successfully isolated. Although a number of HBV subgenotypes have been discovered in Indonesia, genotype-related pathogenicity has not yet been elucidated in detail. Therefore, genotype-related differences in the prognosis of liver disease and their effects on treatments need to be determined. A previous study conducted in Indonesia revealed that hepatic steatosis was associated with disease progression. Pre-S2 mutations and mutations at C1638T and T1753V in HBV/B3 have been associated with advanced liver diseases including HCC. However, drug resistance to lamivudine, which is prominent in Indonesia, remains obscure. Although the number of studies on HBV in Indonesia has been increasing, adequate databases on HBV infection are limited. We herein provided an overview of the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of HBV infection in Indonesia.
authors.affiliation: Yoshihiko Yano, Takako Utsumi, Yoshitake Hayashi, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.affiliation: Yoshihiko Yano, Takako Utsumi, Yoshitake Hayashi, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Utsumi
authors.affiliation: Yoshihiko Yano, Takako Utsumi, Yoshitake Hayashi, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Maria Inge
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Lusida
authors.affiliation: Yoshihiko Yano, Takako Utsumi, Yoshitake Hayashi, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitake
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000821:virology*; D005838:Genotype; D006511:Hepatitis B Antigens / Q000097:blood*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000821:virology*; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D006511:Hepatitis B Antigens
keywords: Clinical characteristics; Epidemiology; Hepatitis B virus; Indonesia; Prevention