title: Long-term clinical and experimental/surface analytical studies of carbon/carbon maxillofacial implants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the past 30-40 years, various carbon implant materials have become more interesting, because they are well accepted by the biological environment. The traditional carbon-based polymers give rise to many complications. The polymer complication may be eliminated through carbon fibres bound by pyrocarbon (carbon/carbon). The aim of this study is to present the long-term clinical results of carbon/carbon implants, and the results of the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer investigation of an implant retrieved from the human body after 8 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mandibular reconstruction (8-10 years ago) was performed with pure (99.99 %) carbon implants in 16 patients (10 malignant tumours, 4 large cystic lesions and 2 augmentative processes). The long-term effect of the human body on the carbon/carbon implant was investigated by comparing the structure, the surface morphology and the composition of an implant retrieved after 8 years to a sterilized, but not implanted one.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 16 patients, the implants had to be removed earlier in 5 patients because of the defect that arose on the oral mucosa above the carbon plates. During the long-term follow-up, plate fracture, loosening of the screws, infection or inflammations around the carbon/carbon implants were not observed. The thickness of the carbon fibres constituting the implants did not change during the 8-year period, the surface of the implant retrieved was covered with a thin surface layer not present on the unimplanted implant. The composition of this layer is identical to the composition of the underlying carbon fibres. Residual soft tissue penetrating the bulk material between the carbon fibre bunches was found on the retrieved implant indicating the importance of the surface morphology in tissue growth and adhering implants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surface morphology and the structure were not changed after 8 years. The two main components of the implant retrieved from the human body are still carbon and oxygen, but the amount of oxygen is 3-4 times higher than on the surface of the reference implant, which can be attributed to the oxidative effect of the human body, consequently in the integration and biocompatibility of the implant. The clinical conclusion is that if the soft part cover is appropriate, the carbon implants are cosmetically and functionally more suitable than titanium plates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Mária utca 52, Budapest, 1085 Hungary.
authors.forename: György
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Szabó
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Mária utca 52, Budapest, 1085 Hungary.
authors.forename: József
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barabás
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Mária utca 52, Budapest, 1085 Hungary.
authors.forename: Sándor
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bogdán
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Mária utca 52, Budapest, 1085 Hungary.
authors.forename: Zsolt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Németh
authors.affiliation: Department of Atomic Physics, University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, Budapest, 1111 Hungary.
authors.forename: Béla
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sebők
authors.affiliation: Department of Atomic Physics, University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, Budapest, 1111 Hungary.
authors.forename: Gábor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kiss
keywords: Carbon implant; Complication; Mandible; Reconstruction