title: Impact of repetitive DNA on sex chromosome evolution in plants.
abstract: Structurally and functionally diverged sex chromosomes have evolved in many animals as well as in some plants. Sex chromosomes represent a specific genomic region(s) with locally suppressed recombination. As a consequence, repetitive sequences involving transposable elements, tandem repeats (satellites and microsatellites), and organellar DNA accumulate on the Y (W) chromosomes. In this paper, we review the main types of repetitive elements, their gathering on the Y chromosome, and discuss new findings showing that not only accumulation of various repeats in non-recombining regions but also opposite processes form Y chromosome. The aim of this review is also to discuss the mechanisms of repetitive DNA spread involving (retro) transposition, DNA polymerase slippage or unequal crossing-over, as well as modes of repeat removal by ectopic recombination. The intensity of these processes differs in non-recombining region(s) of sex chromosomes when compared to the recombining parts of genome. We also speculate about the relationship between heterochromatinization and the formation of heteromorphic sex chromosomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic. hobza@ibp.cz.|Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic. hobza@ibp.cz.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hobza
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Zdenek
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kubat
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Radim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cegan
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jesionek
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vyskot
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic. kejnovsk@ibp.cz.
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kejnovsky
mesh_terms: D032461:Chromosomes, Plant; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D018744:DNA, Plant; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics*; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012730:Sex Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D018744:DNA, Plant
keywords: microsatellites; recombination; repetitive sequences; sex chromosomes; tandem repeats (satellites); transposable elements