title: A Novel Formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis for the Control of Brassica Leaf Beetle, Phaedon brassicae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).
abstract: Cabbage is a major vegetable crop over the world. Various insect pests can affect cabbage production. Excessive spray of chemical insecticides can lead to the development of insecticide resistance with various adverse effects on the environment and humans. Brassica leaf beetle, Phaedon brassicae Baly, is a coleopteran pest. Both larvae and adults cause damages to cabbage. The objective of this study was to develop an effective microbial insecticide against P. brassicae by adding an immunosuppressive agent to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The immunosuppressive agent was chosen from bacterial cultured broth of Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata (Ptt). Reverse phase HPLC revealed that Ptt-cultured broth possessed at least two eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors (oxindole and indole) in its hexane extract. The bacterial cultured broth exhibited potent immunosuppressive activity against P. brassicae. Based on toxicity results, B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (BtT) was selected from four strains of Bts. When Ptt-cultured broth was added to spore-producing BtT cells, the insecticidal activities of BtT against both larvae and adults of P. brassicae were significantly increased. This bacterial mixture applied to develop a "Bt-Plus," which was formulated by mixing BtT cells (10(11) spores per ml) and 48-h Ptt-cultured broth along with additives (surfactant and preservative). When Bt-Plus was sprayed to cabbage infested by P. brassicae at 1,000-fold dilution, the mixture exhibited much higher control efficacy than BtT treatment alone, suggesting it could be used as a novel Bt insecticide for the control of P. brassicae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioresource Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eunseong
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioresource Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sujin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jeoung
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioresource Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Youngjin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioresource Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kunwoo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioresource Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea. hosanna@andong.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yonggyun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000276:immunology; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D046508:Culture Techniques; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007306:Insecticides; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D020637:Photorhabdus / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007306:Insecticides
keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis; Phaedon brassicae; bacterial metabolite; immunosuppression; insecticide