title: The genomic landscape of ribosomal peptides containing thiazole and oxazole heterocycles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a burgeoning class of natural products with diverse activity that share a similar origin and common features in their biosynthetic pathways. The precursor peptides of these natural products are ribosomally produced, upon which a combination of modification enzymes installs diverse functional groups. This genetically encoded peptide-based strategy allows for rapid diversification of these natural products by mutation in the precursor genes merged with unique combinations of modification enzymes. Thiazole/oxazole-modified microcins (TOMMs) are a class of RiPPs defined by the presence of heterocycles derived from cysteine, serine, and threonine residues in the precursor peptide. TOMMs encompass a number of different families, including but not limited to the linear azol(in)e-containing peptides (streptolysin S, microcin B17, and plantazolicin), cyanobactins, thiopeptides, and bottromycins. Although many TOMMs have been explored, the increased availability of genome sequences has illuminated several unexplored TOMM producers.
  
  
  METHODS
  All YcaO domain-containing proteins (D protein) and the surrounding genomic regions were were obtained from the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI). MultiGeneBlast was used to group gene clusters contain a D protein. A number of techniques were used to identify TOMM biosynthetic gene clusters from the D protein containing gene clusters. Precursor peptides from these gene clusters were also identified. Both sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis were used to classify the 20 diverse TOMM clusters identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Given the remarkable structural and functional diversity displayed by known TOMMs, a comprehensive bioinformatic study to catalog and classify the entire RiPP class was undertaken. Here we report the bioinformatic characterization of nearly 1,500 TOMM gene clusters from genomes in the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) sequence repository. Genome mining suggests a complex diversification of modification enzymes and precursor peptides to create more than 20 distinct families of TOMMs, nine of which have not heretofore been described. Many of the identified TOMM families have an abundance of diverse precursor peptide sequences as well as unfamiliar combinations of modification enzymes, signifying a potential wealth of novel natural products on known and unknown biosynthetic scaffolds. Phylogenetic analysis suggests a widespread distribution of TOMMs across multiple phyla; however, producers of similar TOMMs are generally found in the same phylum with few exceptions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The comprehensive genome mining study described herein has uncovered a myriad of unique TOMM biosynthetic clusters and provides an atlas to guide future discovery efforts. These biosynthetic gene clusters are predicted to produce diverse final products, and the identification of additional combinations of modification enzymes could expand the potential of combinatorial natural product biosynthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. cox22@illinois.educ.|Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Room 3105, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. cox22@illinois.educ.
authors.forename: Courtney L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Room 3105, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. doroghazi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Doroghazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. douglasm@illinois.edu.|Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Room 3105, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. douglasm@illinois.edu.|Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. douglasm@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D019295:Computational Biology; D023281:Genomics; D005810:Multigene Family; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010080:Oxazoles; D010455:Peptides; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins; D013844:Thiazoles