title: Prophylactic Antiepileptic Drug Use and Outcome in the Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of antiepileptic drug (AED) prophylaxis after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains unclear. This analysis describes prevalence of prophylactic AED use, as directed by treating clinicians, in a prospective ICH cohort and tests the hypothesis that it is associated with poor outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis included 744 patients with ICH enrolled in the Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ERICH) study before November 2012. Baseline clinical characteristics and AED use were recorded in standardized fashion. ICH location and volume were recorded from baseline neuroimaging. We analyzed differences in patient characteristics by AED prophylaxis, and we used logistic regression to test whether AED prophylaxis was associated with poor outcome. The primary outcome was 3-month modified Rankin Scale score, with 4 to 6 considered poor outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AEDs were used for prophylaxis in 289 (39%) of the 744 subjects; of these, levetiracetam was used in 89%. Patients with lobar ICH, craniotomy, or larger hematomas were more likely to receive prophlyaxis. Although prophylactic AED use was associated with poor outcome in an unadjusted model (odds ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.88; P=0.03), this association was no longer significant after adjusting for clinical and demographic characteristics (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.74-1.65; P=0.62).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence that AED use (predominantly levetiracetam) is independently associated with poor outcome. A prospective study is required to assess for a more modest effect of AED use on outcome after ICH.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.N.S.); Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (C.J.M., J.O., D.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.K.); Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (G.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.F.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.R.); Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.D.L., M.E.C.); and Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.P.W.). kevin.sheth@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Kevin N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Sheth
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.N.S.); Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (C.J.M., J.O., D.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.K.); Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (G.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.F.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.R.); Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.D.L., M.E.C.); and Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.P.W.).
authors.forename: Sharyl R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.N.S.); Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (C.J.M., J.O., D.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.K.); Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (G.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.F.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.R.); Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.D.L., M.E.C.); and Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.P.W.).
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Moomaw
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.N.S.); Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (C.J.M., J.O., D.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.K.); Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (G.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.F.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.R.); Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.D.L., M.E.C.); and Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.P.W.).
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.N.S.); Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (C.J.M., J.O., D.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.K.); Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (G.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.F.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.R.); Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.D.L., M.E.C.); and Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.P.W.).
authors.forename: Mitchell S V
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Elkind
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.N.S.); Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (C.J.M., J.O., D.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.K.); Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (G.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.F.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.R.); Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.D.L., M.E.C.); and Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.P.W.).
authors.forename: Gene
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.N.S.); Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (C.J.M., J.O., D.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.K.); Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (G.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.F.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.R.); Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.D.L., M.E.C.); and Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.P.W.).
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kittner
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.N.S.); Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (C.J.M., J.O., D.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.K.); Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (G.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.F.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.R.); Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.D.L., M.E.C.); and Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.P.W.).
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.N.S.); Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (C.J.M., J.O., D.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.K.); Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (G.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.F.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.R.); Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.D.L., M.E.C.); and Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.P.W.).
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosand
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.N.S.); Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (C.J.M., J.O., D.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.K.); Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (G.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.F.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.R.); Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.D.L., M.E.C.); and Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.P.W.).
authors.forename: Carl D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Langefeld
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.N.S.); Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (C.J.M., J.O., D.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.K.); Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (G.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.F.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.R.); Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.D.L., M.E.C.); and Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.P.W.).
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Comeau
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.N.S.); Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (C.J.M., J.O., D.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.K.); Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (G.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.F.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.R.); Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.D.L., M.E.C.); and Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.P.W.).
authors.forename: Salina P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Waddy
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.N.S.); Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (C.J.M., J.O., D.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.K.); Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (G.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.F.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.R.); Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.D.L., M.E.C.); and Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.P.W.).
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (K.N.S.); Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.R.M.); Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (C.J.M., J.O., D.W.); Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.K.); Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (G.S.); Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (S.J.K.); Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.F.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (J.R.); Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.D.L., M.E.C.); and Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD (S.P.W.).
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Woo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056990:Post-Exposure Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000208:ethnology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants
keywords: cerebral hemorrhage; critical care; hematoma; seizures; stroke