title: Phosphate flame retardants and novel brominated flame retardants in home-produced eggs from an e-waste recycling region in China.
abstract: Phosphate flame retardants (PFRs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) (2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-benzoate (EH-TBB) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (BEH-TEBP)) were measured in free-range chicken eggs from three e-waste recycling sites and a negative control site located in Guangdong province, Southern China. BEH-TEBP, tris-(chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), tris-(chloropropyl)-phosphate (∑TCPP, two isomers) and tris-(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)-phosphate (TDCIPP) were detected in more than 50% of eggs samples with low concentrations. The median values of BEH-TEBP and total PFRs were 0.17-0.46 ng/g ww (wet weight) and 1.62-2.59 ng/g ww in eggs from the e-waste sites, respectively. The results indicate that EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP and PFRs are less persistent and bioaccumulative than polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in chicken eggs, and possibly also in other bio-matrices. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were identified in albumen with higher frequencies, but at similar concentrations compared to yolk, while BEH-TEBP was mainly detected in yolk. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of BEH-TEBP and total PFRs from consumption of chicken eggs ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 and 0.32-0.52 ng/kg bw/day for adults, and 0.20-0.54 and 1.89-3.02 ng/kg bw/day for children in e-waste sites, respectively. Indoor dust ingestion seems to be a more important pathway for the intake of these FRs, while egg consumption is probably a more important exposure pathway for PBDEs.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaobo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: Fuchao
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: luoxiaoj@gig.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bixian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium. Electronic address: adrian.covaci@uantwerpen.be.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covaci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004435:Eating; D004531:Eggs / Q000032:analysis*; D059029:Electronic Waste; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000032:analysis; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D059027:Recycling; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D010755:Organophosphates; D010795:Phthalic Acids
keywords: Dietary exposure; Flame retardants; Home-produced eggs; e-waste recycling region