title: Adherence of oral streptococci to nanostructured titanium surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peri-implantitis and peri-mucositis pose a severe threat to the success of dental implants. Current research focuses on the development of surfaces that inhibit biofilm formation while not inferring with tissue integration. This study compared the adherence of two oral bacterial species, Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans to nanostructured titanium surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  The samples included TiO2 nanotubes formed by anodization of titanium foil of 100, 50 and 15nm diameter (NT15, NT50, NT100), a nanoporous (15nm pore diameter) surface and compact TiO2 control. Adherent surviving bacteria were enumerated after 1h in an artificial saliva medium containing bovine mucin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lowest numbers of adherent bacteria of both species were recovered from the original titanium foil and nanoporous surface and highest numbers from the Ti100 nanotubes. Numbers of attached S. sanguinis increased in the order (NT15<NT50<NT100), correlated with increasing percentage of surface fluoride. The lowest adhesion of S. sanguinis and S. mutans on TiO2 nanostructured surfaces was observed for small diameter nanoporous surfaces which coincides with the highest osteoblast adhesion on small diameter nanotubular/nanoporous surfaces shown in previous work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that the adherence of oral streptococci can be modified by titanium anodization and nanotube diameter.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, St Chad's Queensway, Birmingham B4 6NN, UK.
authors.forename: Krunal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Narendrakumar
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Mukta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, St Chad's Queensway, Birmingham B4 6NN, UK.
authors.forename: Owen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Addison
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chair of Surface Science and Corrosion, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, WW4-LKO, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Anca
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mazare
authors.affiliation: Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Ita
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Junkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chair of Surface Science and Corrosion, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, WW4-LKO, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmuki
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, St Chad's Queensway, Birmingham B4 6NN, UK. Electronic address: r.l.sammons@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sammons
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Aleš
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iglič
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D018441:Biofilms; D016062:Porosity; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D013295:Streptococcus mutans; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Anodization; Antimicrobial; Dental implant; Nanotexture; Peri-implantitis; TiO(2)