title: S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) Impregnated Silicone Foley Catheters: A Potential Biomaterial/Device To Prevent Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections.
abstract: Urinary Foley catheters are utilized for management of hospitalized patients and are associated with high rates of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Nitric oxide (NO) potently inhibits microbial biofilm formation, which is the primary cause of catheter associated UTIs (CAUTIs). Herein, commercial silicone Foley catheters are impregnated via a solvent swelling method withS-nitroso-N-acetyl-D-penicillamine (SNAP), a synthetic NO donor that exhibits long-term NO release and stability when incorporated into low water-uptake polymers. The proposed catheters generate NO surface-fluxes >0.7 × 10-10mol min-1cm-2for over one month under physiological conditions, with minimal SNAP leaching. These biomedical devices are demonstrated to significantly decrease formation of biofilm on the surface of the catheter tubings over 3, 7, and 14 day periods by microbial species (Staphylococcus epidermidisandProteus mirabilis) commonly causing CAUTIs. Toxicity assessment demonstrates that the SNAP-impregnated catheters are fully biocompatible, as extracts of the catheter tubings score 0 on a 3-point grading scale using an accepted mouse fibroblast cell-line toxicity model. Consequently, SNAP-impregnated silicone Foley catheters can likely provide an efficient strategy to greatly reduce the occurrence of nosocomial CAUTIs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colletta
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
authors.forename: Yaqi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wo
authors.affiliation: Biocrede Inc. , Plymouth, Michigan 48170, United States.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kappler
authors.affiliation: Biocrede Inc. , Plymouth, Michigan 48170, United States.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
authors.forename: Chuanwu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Meyerhoff
keywords:  nitric oxide; SNAP-impregnated Foley catheters; antibiofilm; biocompatibility; long-term NO release