title: The Norwegian Hearing in Noise Test for Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to create 12 ten-sentence lists for the Norwegian Hearing in Noise Test for children, and to use these lists to collect speech reception thresholds (SRTs) in quiet and in noise to assess speech perception in normal hearing children 5 to 13 years of age, to establish developmental trends, and to compare the results with those of adults. Data were collected in an anechoic chamber and in an audiometric test room, and the effect of slight room reverberation was estimated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Norwegian Hearing in Noise Test for children was formed from a subset of the adult sentences. Selected sentences were repeatable by 5- and 6-year-old children in quiet listening conditions. Twelve sentence lists were created based on the sentences' phoneme distributions. Six-year-olds were tested with these lists to determine list equivalence. Slopes of performance intensity (PI) functions relating mean word scores and signal to noise ratios (SNRs) were estimated for a group of 7-year-olds and adults. HINT normative data were collected for 219 adults and children 5 to 13 years of age in anechoic and audiometric test rooms, using noise levels 55, 60, or 65 dBA. Target sentences always originated from the front; whereas, the noise was presented either from the front, noise front (NF), from the right, noise right (NR) or from the left, noise left (NL). The NR and NL scores were averaged to yield a noise side (NS) score. All 219 subjects were tested in the NF condition, and 95 in the NR and NL conditions. Retest of the NF at the end of the test session was done for 53 subjects. Longitudinal data were collected by testing 9 children as 6, 8, and 13 years old.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NF and NS group means for adults were -3.7 and -11.8 dB SNR, respectively. Group means for 13-year-olds were -3.3 and -9.7, and for the 6-year-olds group means were -0.3 and -5.7 dB SNR, as measured in an anechoic chamber. NF SRTs measured in an audiometric test room were 0.7 to 1.5 higher (poorer) than in the anechoic chamber. Developmental trends were comparable in both rooms. PI slopes were 8.0% dB SNR for the 7-year-olds and 10.1% for the adults. NF SRTs in the anechoic chamber improved by 0.7 dB per year over an age range of 5 to 10 years. Using a PI slope 8 to 10% per dB, the estimated increase in percent intelligibility was 4 to 7% per year. Adult SRTs were about 3 dB lower than those for 6-year-olds, corresponding to 25 to 30% better intelligibility for adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Developmental trends in HINT performance for Norwegian children with normal hearing are similar to those seen in other languages, including American English and Canadian French. SRTs approach adult normative values by the age of 13; however, the benefits of spatial separation of the speech and noise sources are less than those seen for adults.
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 2Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 3Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies, Center for Multilingualism in Society across the Lifespan, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and 4House Clinic, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Marte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Myhrum
authors.forename: Ole Edvard
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Tvete
authors.forename: Mariann Gjervik
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Heldahl
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Moen
authors.forename: Sigfrid D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Soli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D041923:Adolescent Development; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006320:Hearing Tests / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise; D009664:Norway; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D013067:Speech Perception; D013069:Speech Reception Threshold Test / Q000379:methods*