title: Ethical issues surrounding the use of images from donated cadavers in the anatomical sciences.
abstract: Body donor programs rely on the generosity and trust of the public to facilitate the provision of cadaver resources for anatomical education and research. The uptake and adoption of emerging technologies, including those allowing the acquisition and distribution of images, are becoming more widespread, including within anatomical science education. Images of cadavers are useful for research and education, and their supply and distribution have commercial potential for textbooks and online education. It is unclear whether the utilization of images of donated cadavers are congruent with donor expectations, societal norms and boundaries of established public understanding. Presently, no global "best practices" or standards exist, nor is there a common model requiring specific image-related consent from body donors. As ongoing success of body donation programs relies upon the ethical and institutional governance of body utilization to maintain trust and a positive relationship with potential donors and the community, discussions considering the potential impact of image misuse are important. This paper discusses the subject of images of donated cadavers, commenting on images in non-specific use, education, research, and commercial applications. It explores the role and significance of such images in the context of anatomical science and society, and discusses how misuse - including unconsented use - of images has the potential to affect donor program success, suggesting that informed consent is currently necessary for all images arising from donated cadavers. Its purpose is to encourage discussion to guide responsible utilization of cadaver images, while protecting the interests of body donors and the public.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.|Faculty of Law, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cornwall
authors.affiliation: Department of Languages and Cultures, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Callahan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Law, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Richman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wee
mesh_terms: D000715:Anatomy / Q000193:education* / Q000941:ethics*; D002102:Cadaver; D018594:Human Body; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000941:ethics*; D012577:Schools, Medical; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000941:ethics*
keywords: body donation; cadaver; ethics; images; photograph; willed body program