title: Salmonella Infections in The Gambia, 2005-2015.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are large data gaps in the epidemiology of diseases caused by Salmonella enterica in West Africa. Regional surveillance of Salmonella infections is necessary, especially with the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant clones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on Salmonella isolated from various clinical specimens from patients from across The Gambia were collected and analyzed retrospectively from 2005 to April 2015. Antibiotic sensitivity testing of Salmonella isolates was performed by disk diffusion method. Serotyping and serogrouping of Salmonella isolates was performed using standard microbiology techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred three Salmonella isolates were isolated from 190 patients: 52% (106/203) from blood and 39% (79/203) from stool specimens. Salmonella was also isolated from urine, aspirates, cerebrospinal fluid, wounds, and abscesses. The prevalence of Salmonella in blood cultures was 0.8% (106/13,905). Of the serotyped salmonellae, 14% (21/152) were Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, whereas 86% (131/152) were serovars other than Typhi (nontyphoidal Salmonella). Of the 102 typed NTS isolates, 40% (41) were Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, 10% (10) were Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, and 3% (3) were Salmonella enterica serovar Arizonae. Overall, 70% (142/203) of the salmonellae were pansusceptible. Multidrug resistance was found in 4% (9/203) of the isolates, 3 of which were Salmonella Enteritidis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salmonellae are associated with a wide spectrum of invasive and noninvasive infections across all ages in The Gambia. There is evidence of multidrug resistance in salmonellae that warrants vigilant monitoring and surveillance.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kwambana-Adams
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara.
authors.forename: Saffiatou
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darboe
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara International Nutrition Group, Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nabwera
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara.
authors.forename: Ebenezer
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Foster-Nyarko
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara.
authors.forename: Usman N
authors.initials: UN
authors.lastname: Ikumapayi
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara.
authors.forename: Ousman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Secka
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara.
authors.forename: Modupeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Betts
authors.affiliation: School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bradbury
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara International Nutrition Group, Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wegmüller
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara.
authors.forename: Bolarinde
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lawal
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara.
authors.forename: Debasish
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara.
authors.forename: M Jahangir
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara International Nutrition Group, Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Prentice
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara.
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kampmann
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dalessandro
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Antonio
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000382:microbiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005714:Gambia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012703:Serotyping; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi; invasive Salmonella disease; multidrug resistance; nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica