title: Cystic fibrosis in young children: A review of disease manifestation, progression, and response to early treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have described illness associated with cystic fibrosis (CF) early in life, but there is no comprehensive accounting of the prevalence and ages of disease manifestation and progression described in individual studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched for peer-reviewed English-language studies of the health of children ≤6years old with CF (published 1990-2014). Structural abnormalities and dysfunction of the digestive and respiratory systems were summarized across relevant studies by system and age group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary studies (125 total) from 22 countries described abnormalities, dysfunction, and disease progression in infancy and early childhood. Improved health was consistently observed in association with diagnosis via newborn screening compared with cohorts diagnosed later by symptomatic presentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The peer-reviewed literature is remarkably consistent: CF-associated growth impairment and airway abnormalities are reported at birth, and disease progression is reported in infancy and throughout childhood. Earlier access to routine CF management is associated with improved subsequent health status.
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. Electronic address: drv15@case.edu.
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: VanDevanter
authors.affiliation: BPS International, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kahle
authors.affiliation: Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Amy K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Slaven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sikirica
authors.affiliation: Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Hodgkins
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D019468:Disease Management; D018450:Disease Progression; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Child; Comprehensive survey; Data collection; Disease progression; Health status; Infant; Preschool