title: Early Childhood Caries, Mouth Pain, and Nutritional Threats in Vietnam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the relationships among early childhood caries (ECC), mouth pain, and nutritional status in children aged 1 to 6 years in Southern and Central Vietnam.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 593 parent-child pairs were recruited from 5 kindergartens or preschools in Ho-Chi Minh City and Da Nang. Parents completed surveys about dietary habits, oral health practices, and children's mouth pain experience; children received anthropometric assessment and dental examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a high prevalence of dental caries (74.4%), mostly untreated, and mouth pain (47.1%). Moderate correlations were found between parents' and children's consumption of soda (ρ = 0.361; P < .001) and salty snacks (ρ = 0.292; P < .001). Severity of ECC was associated with decreased weight- and body mass index-for-age z-scores. Presence of pulp-involved caries was associated with strikingly lower height-for-age (mean difference = 0.66; P = .001), weight-for-age (mean difference = 1.17; P < .001), and body mass index-for-age (mean difference = 1.18; P < .001) z-scores. Mouth pain was associated with lower body mass index-for-age z-scores (mean difference = 0.29; P = .013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECC might negatively affect children's nutritional status, which might be mediated by the depth of decay, chronic inflammation, and mouth pain. Family-based and prevention-oriented nutrition and oral health programs are needed and should start during pregnancy and infancy.
authors.affiliation: Linh Ngo Khanh, Susan L. Ivey, Karen Sokal-Gutierrez, Howard Barkan, Kimberly M. Ngo, Ivy Vuong, and Nam Thai are with Health Research for Action, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health. Hung T. Hoang is with University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Linh Ngo
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Khanh
authors.affiliation: Linh Ngo Khanh, Susan L. Ivey, Karen Sokal-Gutierrez, Howard Barkan, Kimberly M. Ngo, Ivy Vuong, and Nam Thai are with Health Research for Action, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health. Hung T. Hoang is with University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ivey
authors.affiliation: Linh Ngo Khanh, Susan L. Ivey, Karen Sokal-Gutierrez, Howard Barkan, Kimberly M. Ngo, Ivy Vuong, and Nam Thai are with Health Research for Action, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health. Hung T. Hoang is with University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sokal-Gutierrez
authors.affiliation: Linh Ngo Khanh, Susan L. Ivey, Karen Sokal-Gutierrez, Howard Barkan, Kimberly M. Ngo, Ivy Vuong, and Nam Thai are with Health Research for Action, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health. Hung T. Hoang is with University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barkan
authors.affiliation: Linh Ngo Khanh, Susan L. Ivey, Karen Sokal-Gutierrez, Howard Barkan, Kimberly M. Ngo, Ivy Vuong, and Nam Thai are with Health Research for Action, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health. Hung T. Hoang is with University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Kimberly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.affiliation: Linh Ngo Khanh, Susan L. Ivey, Karen Sokal-Gutierrez, Howard Barkan, Kimberly M. Ngo, Ivy Vuong, and Nam Thai are with Health Research for Action, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health. Hung T. Hoang is with University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Hung T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.affiliation: Linh Ngo Khanh, Susan L. Ivey, Karen Sokal-Gutierrez, Howard Barkan, Kimberly M. Ngo, Ivy Vuong, and Nam Thai are with Health Research for Action, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health. Hung T. Hoang is with University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Ivy
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vuong
authors.affiliation: Linh Ngo Khanh, Susan L. Ivey, Karen Sokal-Gutierrez, Howard Barkan, Kimberly M. Ngo, Ivy Vuong, and Nam Thai are with Health Research for Action, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health. Hung T. Hoang is with University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Nam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thai
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004245:DMF Index; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012307:Risk Factors; D013851:Thinness / Q000453:epidemiology; D014098:Toothache / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology