title: Lethal and Sublethal Impacts of Acaricides on Tamarixia radiata (Hemiptera: Eulophidae), an Important Ectoparasitoid of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae).
abstract: The use of synthetic acaricides for management of pest mites may alter the efficacy of the ectoparasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) in biological control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, the vector of the bacteria associated with huanglongbing (HLB) in citrus orchards. We evaluated the toxicity of 16 acaricides that are recommended for the control of citrus-pest mites to T. radiata. Acrinathrin, bifenthrin, carbosulfan, and fenpropathrin caused high acute toxicity and were considered harmful (mortality >77%) to T. radiata. Abamectin, diflubenzuron, etoxazole, fenbutatin oxide, fenpyroximate, flufenoxuron, hexythiazox, propargite, spirodiclofen, and sulfur caused low acute toxicity and affected the parasitism rate and emergence rate of adults (F1 generation), and were considered slightly harmful to T. radiata. Dicofol and pyridaben did not affect the survival and action of the ectoparasitoid, and were considered harmless. In addition to its acute toxicity, carbosulfan caused mortality higher than 25% for >30 d after application, and was considered persistent. Acrinathrin, bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, fenpyroximate, propargite, and sulfur caused mortalities over 25% until 24 d after application and were considered moderately persistent; abamectin was slightly persistent, and fenbutatin oxide was short lived. Our results suggest that most acaricides used to control pest mites in citrus affect the density and efficacy of T. radiata in the biological control of D. citri. However, further evaluations are needed in order to determine the effect of these products on this ectoparasitoid under field conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: A C S
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lira
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology, College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz"/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: O Z
authors.initials: OZ
authors.lastname: Zanardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology, College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz"/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: V H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Beloti
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology, College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz"/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Bordini
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology, College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz"/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. pedro.yamamoto@usp.br.
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology, College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz"/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: J R P
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Parra
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000187:drug effects*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D009758:Nymph / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D011679:Pupa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014863:Wasps / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides
keywords: acaricide; biological control; emergence rate; mortality; parasitism rate