title: Epidemiology and Management of Emerging Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases and Beyond.
abstract: Worldwide prevalence of antimicrobial resistance is rapidly increasing, primarily a result of antibiotic misuse in the medical community. Resistant infections involving the urinary tract are typically caused by gram-negative bacteria. When treating these infections, clinicians have few effective antimicrobials to choose from and many are associated with significant adverse effects. There are now situations when clinicians are tasked with managing infections from pan-resistant organisms; thus, it is of paramount importance that spread of resistance be controlled. This review discusses common gram-negative resistance classes, highlighting the mechanisms of resistance, risk factors, type of infections, treatment, and outcomes associated with each class.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 900, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Electronic address: daniel.boyle@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 900, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Teresa R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Zembower
mesh_terms: D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000201:enzymology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000201:enzymology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000201:enzymology; D012307:Risk Factors; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015780:Carbapenems; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii; Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae; Extended-spectrum β-lactamases; Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; New Delhi metallo–β-lactamase