title: Detection and Identification of the Invasive Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) Fungal Symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum (Russulales: Amylostereacea), in China and the Stimulating Effect of Insect Venom on Laccase Production by A. areolatum YQL03.
abstract: The Eurasian woodwasp Sirex noctilio F. was first detected in Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, in the northeast region of China in 2013. Here, we investigated the S. noctilio's fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum, and insect venom produced in its acid (venom) gland. Overall, seven out of 10 fungal isolates obtained from the mycangia of 10 adult S. noctilio females in this study were identified as A. areolatum. The remaining three isolates were identified as Trichoderma viride, Verticillium dahlia, and Geosmithia pallida, which were probably contaminants that entered during the mycangia-spore extraction process. The enzyme activity bioassay showed that the level of laccase activity of A. areolatum YQL03 in liquid medium is prominently enhanced by insect venom, but was relatively low when venom was not available as an inducer. This study confirms the presence of A. areolatum in S. noctilio specimens from China. The putative heat-stable factors identified in S. noctilio venom may contribute novel information about the pathogenic mechanism of the S. noctilio-A. areolatum pine-killing pest complex on host trees.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China. Authors contributed equally to this manuscript.
authors.forename: Dapeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China. Authors contributed equally to this manuscript.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology (IOZ), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Congai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhen
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China. youqingluo@126.com.
authors.forename: Youqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001180:Arthropod Venoms / Q000378:metabolism*; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D002681:China; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006927:Hymenoptera / Q000502:physiology*; D042845:Laccase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D001180:Arthropod Venoms; D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D042845:Laccase
keywords: Amylostereum areolatum; Sirex noctilio; laccase; mutualism; venom