title: Three-dimensional vs two-dimensional video assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy for patients with esophageal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the benefits of three-dimensional video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy (3D-VATE) over 2D-VATE for esophageal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 93 patients with esophageal cancer including 45 patients receiving 3D-VATE and 48 receiving 2D-VATE were evaluated. Data related to patient and cancer characteristics, operating time, intraoperative bleeding, morbidity and mortality, postoperative inflammatory markers, Numerical Rating Scale for postoperative pain, Constant-Murley rating system for shoulder recovery and oxygenation index (OI) were collected. All medical records were retrieved from a prospectively maintained oncological database at our institution. A retrospective study was performed to compare the short-term surgical outcomes between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were found between the two groups in either morbidity or mortality (P = 0.328). An enhanced surgical recovery was noted in the 3D group as indicated by shortened thoracoscopic operation time (3D vs 2D: 68 ± 13.79 min vs 83 ± 13 min, P < 0.01), minor intraoperative blood loss (3D vs 2D: 68.2 ± 10.7 mL vs 89.8 ± 10.4 mL, P < 0.01), earlier chest tube removal (3D vs 2D: 2.67 ± 1.01 vs 3.75 ± 1.15 d, P < 0.01), shorter length of hospital stay (3D vs 2D: 9.07 ± 2.00 vs 10.85 ± 3.40 d, P < 0.01), lower in-hospital expenses (3D vs 2D: 74968.4 ± 9637.8 vs 86211.1 ± 8519.7 RMB, P < 0.01), lower pain intensity (P < 0.01) and faster recovery of the left shoulder function (P < 0.01). Better preservation of the pulmonary function was also found in the 3D group as the decline of the OI post operation was significantly lower than that of the 2D group (P < 0.01). Changes of postoperative inflammatory markers, including procalcitonin [postoperative days (PODs) 4 and 7: P < 0.01], peripheral granulocytes (PODs 1, 4 and 7: P < 0.01) and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (POD 4: P < 0.01) in 3D-VATE patients were less than those in the 2D group. Moreover, utilization of the 3D technique extended the dissection of the thoracic lymph nodes (P < 0.01), with better exposure of nodes in the left recurrent laryngeal nerve (P = 0.031).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D-VATE could be a more viable technique over 2D-VATE in terms of short-term outcomes for patients with esophageal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Zhao Li, Xiong Qin, Bin-Bin Xu, Yu-Dong Han, Si-Da Liu, Wen-Zhuo Zhu, Ming-Zheng Peng, Qiang Lin, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Zhao Li, Xiong Qin, Bin-Bin Xu, Yu-Dong Han, Si-Da Liu, Wen-Zhuo Zhu, Ming-Zheng Peng, Qiang Lin, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.
authors.forename: Jing-Pei
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Zhao Li, Xiong Qin, Bin-Bin Xu, Yu-Dong Han, Si-Da Liu, Wen-Zhuo Zhu, Ming-Zheng Peng, Qiang Lin, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.
authors.forename: Xiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Zhao Li, Xiong Qin, Bin-Bin Xu, Yu-Dong Han, Si-Da Liu, Wen-Zhuo Zhu, Ming-Zheng Peng, Qiang Lin, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.
authors.forename: Bin-Bin
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Zhao Li, Xiong Qin, Bin-Bin Xu, Yu-Dong Han, Si-Da Liu, Wen-Zhuo Zhu, Ming-Zheng Peng, Qiang Lin, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Dong
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Zhao Li, Xiong Qin, Bin-Bin Xu, Yu-Dong Han, Si-Da Liu, Wen-Zhuo Zhu, Ming-Zheng Peng, Qiang Lin, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.
authors.forename: Si-Da
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Zhao Li, Xiong Qin, Bin-Bin Xu, Yu-Dong Han, Si-Da Liu, Wen-Zhuo Zhu, Ming-Zheng Peng, Qiang Lin, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Zhuo
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Zhao Li, Xiong Qin, Bin-Bin Xu, Yu-Dong Han, Si-Da Liu, Wen-Zhuo Zhu, Ming-Zheng Peng, Qiang Lin, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Zheng
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Zhao Li, Xiong Qin, Bin-Bin Xu, Yu-Dong Han, Si-Da Liu, Wen-Zhuo Zhu, Ming-Zheng Peng, Qiang Lin, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002681:China; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006470:Hemorrhage; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007249:Inflammation; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Esophageal cancer; Surgical outcomes; Three-dimensional video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy; Two-dimensional video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy