title: [Accidents in equestrian sports : Analysis of injury mechanisms and patterns].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Equestrian sports are one of the most popular forms of sport in Germany, while also being one of the most accident-prone sports. Furthermore, riding accidents are frequently associated with a high degree of severity of injuries and mortality. Nevertheless, there are insufficient data regarding incidences, demographics, mechanisms of accidents, injury severity and patterns and outcome of injured persons in amateur equestrian sports. Accordingly, it was the aim of the present study to retrospectively analyze these aspects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 503 patients were treated in the emergency room of the Hannover Medical School because of an accident during recreational horse riding between 2006 and 2011. The female gender was predominantly affected with 89.5 %. The mean age of the patients was 26.2 ± 14.9 years and women (24.5 ± 12.5 years) were on average younger than men (40.2 ± 23.9 years). A special risk group was girls and young women aged between 10 and 39 years. The overall injury severity was measured using the injury severity score (ISS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the total population, head injuries were the most common location of injuries with 17.3 % followed by injuries to the upper extremities with 15.2 % and the thoracic and lumbar spine with 10.9 %. The three most common injury locations after falling from a horse were the head (17.5 %), the upper extremities (17.4 %), the thoracic and lumbar spine (12.9 %). The most frequent injuries while handling horses were foot injuries (17.2 %), followed by head (16.6 %) and mid-facial injuries (15.0 %). With respect to the mechanism of injury accidents while riding were predominant (74 %), while accidents when handling horses accounted for only 26 %. The median ISS was 9.8 points. The proportion of multiple trauma patients (ISS > 16) was 18.1 %. Based on the total sample, the average in-hospital patient stay was 5.3 ± 5.4 days with a significantly higher proportion of hospitalized patients in the group of riding accidents. Fatal cases were not found in this study but the danger of riding is not to be underestimated. The large number of sometimes severe injuries with ISS values up to 62 points can be interpreted as an indication that recreational riding can easily result in life-threatening situations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Girls and young women could be identified as a group at particular risk. It has been demonstrated in this study that the three most common injury locations after falling from a horse were the head, the upper extremities, the thoracic and lumbar spine. The most frequent injury locations while handling horses were foot injuries, followed by head and mid-facial injuries.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfallchirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland. schroeter.christian@mh-hannover.de.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schröter
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfallchirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schulte-Sutum
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfallchirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zeckey
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfallchirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Winkelmann
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfallchirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krettek
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfallchirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mommsen
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000059:Accidents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017677:Age Distribution; D000818:Animals; D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D018409:Foot Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006736:Horses; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Horse; Horse riding; Multiple trauma; Rider; Trauma mechanism