title: 2004 Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Manure Management in South Africa.
abstract: Manure management in livestock makes a significant contribution towards greenhouse gas emissions in the Agriculture; Forestry and Other Land Use category in South Africa. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions are prevalent in contrasting manure management systems; promoting anaerobic and aerobic conditions respectively. In this paper; both Tier 1 and modified Tier 2 approaches of the IPCC guidelines are utilized to estimate the emissions from South African livestock manure management. Activity data (animal population, animal weights, manure management systems, etc.) were sourced from various resources for estimation of both emissions factors and emissions of methane and nitrous oxide. The results show relatively high methane emissions factors from manure management for mature female dairy cattle (40.98 kg/year/animal), sows (25.23 kg/year/animal) and boars (25.23 kg/year/animal). Hence, contributions for pig farming and dairy cattle are the highest at 54.50 Gg and 32.01 Gg respectively, with total emissions of 134.97 Gg (3104 Gg CO₂ Equivalent). Total nitrous oxide emissions are estimated at 7.10 Gg (2272 Gg CO₂ Equivalent) and the three main contributors are commercial beef cattle; poultry and small-scale beef farming at 1.80 Gg; 1.72 Gg and 1.69 Gg respectively. Mitigation options from manure management must be taken with care due to divergent conducive requirements of methane and nitrous oxide emissions requirements.
authors.affiliation: ARC-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Private Bag X79, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. moeletsim@arc.agric.za.|Risks and Vulnerability Assessment Centre, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa. moeletsim@arc.agric.za.
authors.forename: Mokhele Edmond
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Moeletsi
authors.affiliation: ARC-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Private Bag X79, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. TongwaneM@arc.agric.za.
authors.forename: Mphethe Isaac
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Tongwane
keywords: IPCC guidelines; activity data; emissions factors; manure management system