title: Spruce budworm feeding and oviposition are stimulated by monoterpenes in white spruce epicuticular waxes.
abstract: Monoterpenes, source of the distinctive odor of conifers, are generally considered plant defensive compounds. However, they are also known to act as long-range insect attractants, as they are volatile and permeate forest airspaces. Moreover, they are lipid soluble and can be absorbed into plant epicuticular waxes. We test their role in short-range host plant choice by both adult females and larvae of a folivorous forest pest (Choristoneura fumiferana). We conducted laboratory assays testing the responses of Eastern spruce budworm to an artificial monoterpene mix (α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, myrcene) and to white spruce (Picea glauca) epicuticular waxes in closed arenas. Ovipositing females preferred filter paper discs treated with P. glauca waxes to controls, and preferred the waxes + monoterpenes treatment to waxes alone. However, females showed no preference between the monoterpene-treated disc and the control when presented without waxes. Feeding larvae prefered wax discs to control discs. They also consumed discs treated with realistic monoterpene concentrations and wax preferentially over wax-only discs, but showed no preference between extremely high monoterpene concentrations and wax-only controls. In an insect-free assay, P. glauca epicuticular wax decreased monoterpene volatilization. These results suggest that P. glauca waxes and realistic concentrations of monoterpenes are stimulatory to both egg-laying females and feeding larvae, and that their effects are synergistic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology.
authors.forename: Darragh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ennis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Despland
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, H4B 1R6.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, H4B 1R6.
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Forgione
authors.affiliation: Département des Sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bauce
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010058:Oviposition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D028222:Picea / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014885:Waxes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D039821:Monoterpenes; D014885:Waxes
keywords: Choristoneura fumiferana; Picea glauca; epicuticular waxes; monoterpenes; natural defense; oviposition