title: Effects of heterodimeric bone morphogenetic protein-2/7 on osteogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Roles of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) on osteogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) remain ambiguous. In this study, we evaluated in vitro and in vivo functional characteristics of BMPs of different dimerization types, with the aim of determining osteoinductive efficiency of heterodimeric BMP-2/7 on osteogenesis of hASCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We explored osteoinductive effects of three different BMPs by using cell DNA assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, alizarin red staining and mineralization assay, and real-time PCR, in vitro. Also, we examined ectopic bone formation in nude mice by using soft X-ray, histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our dose-response study, we showed that BMPs with both dimerization types did not induce in vitro osteogenesis of hASCs without osteogenic medium (OM). In the presence of OM, BMPs significantly enhanced hASC osteogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. In in vivo experiments, our analyses indicated that BMPs promoted osteogenesis of hASCs without in vitro osteogenic induction. However, both in vitro and in vivo, there were no significant differences in hASC osteogenic induction between heterodimeric and homodimeric BMPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heterodimeric BMP-2/7 significantly promoted osteogenesis of hASCs in vitro and in vivo. However, BMP-2/7 was not found to be a stronger inducer of osteogenesis compared to homodimeric either BMP-2 or BMP-7.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.|Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute MOVE, VU University and University of Amsterdam, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, the Netherland.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute MOVE, VU University and University of Amsterdam, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, the Netherland.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute MOVE, VU University and University of Amsterdam, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, the Netherland.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.|National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.
authors.forename: Yongsheng
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7959-3192
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology; D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes / Q000494:pharmacology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; C525819:BMP7 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes