title: Variation of Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Some Antidiabetic Drugs from Nanostructured Formulations Administered Through Pulmonary Route.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. WHO projects that diabetes death will be doubled between 2005 and 2030, where 347 million people worldwide had diabetes as per the report of 2013. The increase in the prevalence of diabetes is due to three influences - lifestyle, ethnicity, and age.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present review summarizes the pharmacokinetic parameters and challenges in the field of nanoparticles and nanoliposomes of insulin and other antidiabetic drugs given through pulmonary route to treat diabetes effectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current challenges in diabetes management include optimizing the use of the already available therapies to ensure adequate glycemic condition, blood pressure, lipid control and to reduce complications. At present, several pieces of research have been focusing on new management options for diabetes. Among these options, the use of nanomedicine is becoming an eye catching and most promising one. Currently, nanoparticles and nanoliposomes are thrust areas of research to treat any deadly disease like diabetes. These drug delivery systems ultimately result in longer circulation half-lives, improved drug pharmacokinetics, and reduced side effects of therapeutically active substances that may be insulin and non-insulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, the pulmonary route is the most promising alternative route of drug delivery since it is non-invasive and lungs have a large surface area, richly supplied by the capillary network, for absorption of drugs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India. biswajit55@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Biswajit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: Paramita
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Ankan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Choudhury
authors.forename: Sanchari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: Ruma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maji
authors.forename: Lopamudra
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dutta
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin