title: Long-Term Functional and Recurrence Outcomes of Surgically Treated Jugular Foramen Schwannomas: A 20-Year Experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the outcomes of jugular foramen schwannomas (JFSs) and to evaluate the risk factors for tumor recurrence and poor final outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1993 and 2013, 133 patients (68 female patients) with JFSs were surgically treated. Clinical charts were reviewed, and scheduled follow-up examinations were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average preoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score was 79.6. The JFSs were classified as follows: 65 cases, type A; 15 cases, type B; 5 cases, type C; and 48 cases, type D. Gross total resection was achieved in 107 (80.5%) patients. Transient and permanent morbidities affecting cranial nerves IX and X were 19.8% and 11.5%, respectively. After a mean follow-up duration of 108.0 months, 13 (9.9%) patients experienced recurrence. The most recent KPS scores averaged 83.7. Compared with the preoperative KPS score, the most recent KPS score was improved in 87 (65.4%) patients and stabilized in 29 (21.8%) patients. The presence of a solid tumor (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.815, P = 0.010), nontotal resection (HR = 4.613, P = 0.007), and pathologic mitoses (HR = 11.018, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for tumor recurrence. Decreased preoperative KPS score (per 10 points) (odds ratio [OR] = 2.483, P = 0.027), a less soft tumor consistency (OR = 2.257, P = 0.039), and a solid tumor (OR = 3.755, P = 0.041) were risk factors for poor long-term outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quality of life and preservation of neurologic function are the goals of surgical treatment of JFSs. Favorable long-term surgical outcomes for JFSs can be achieved. Morbidity of cranial nerves IX and X is significant, and patients with nontotal resection or pathologic mitosis should be followed closely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Da
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shu-Yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xin-Ru
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guo-Lu
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Gui-Jun
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Li-Wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: wuzhen1966@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: zhangjunting2003@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Jun-Ting
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009442:Neurilemmoma / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011788:Quality of Life; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Jugular foramen; Microsurgery; Neurinoma; Prognosis; Schwannomas