title: Syndemics of depression, alcohol use, and victimisation, and their association with HIV-related sexual risk among men who have sex with men and transgender women in India.
abstract: We examined the presence and co-occurrence of psychosocial health conditions (depression, frequent alcohol use, and victimisation) among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender (TG) women in India, and their cumulative association with sexual risk. A survey questionnaire was administered among a convenience sample of 600 participants (MSM = 300; TG women = 300) recruited through six non-governmental organisations in four states. Prevalences of the number of psychosocial health conditions among MSM were: none = 31.3%, one = 43%, two = 20%, and three = 5.7%; and among TG women: none = 9%; one = 35.33%, two = 38.33%, and three = 17.33%. In bivariate and multivariate models, these conditions were positively and additively related to sexual risk, providing evidence for a syndemic of psychosocial health conditions among MSM and TG women and their synergistic effect on sexual risk. In addition to the number of syndemic conditions, resilient coping and social support were significant predictors of sexual risk among MSM and TG women, respectively. HIV preventive interventions in India should screen for and address co-occurring psychosocial health conditions - experiences of violence, mental health issues, and alcohol use - among MSM and TG women.
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Sexuality and Health Research and Policy (C-SHaRP) , Chennai , India.|b The Humsafar Trust , Mumbai , India.
authors.forename: Venkatesan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chakrapani
authors.affiliation: c Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Sexuality and Health Research and Policy (C-SHaRP) , Chennai , India.
authors.forename: Murali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shunmugam
authors.affiliation: c Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.
authors.forename: Carmen H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Logie
authors.affiliation: d Department of Social Work , Madras Christian College , Chennai , India.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samuel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology* / Q000635:transmission; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D063106:Transgender Persons / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: HIV/AIDS; India; Syndemics; men who have sex with men; transgender women