title: Assessment of genetic and epigenetic changes in virus-free garlic  (Allium sativum L.) plants obtained by meristem culture followed  by in vitro propagation.
abstract: This is the first report assessing epigenetic variation in garlic. High genetic and epigenetic polymorphism during in vitro culture was detected.Sequencing of MSAP fragments revealed homology with ESTs. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a worldwide crop of economic importance susceptible to viral infections that can cause significant yield losses. Meristem tissue culture is the most employed method to sanitize elite cultivars.Often the virus-free garlic plants obtained are multiplied in vitro (micro propagation). However, it was reported that micro-propagation frequently produces somaclonal variation at the phenotypic level, which is an undesirable trait when breeders are seeking to maintain varietal stability. We employed amplification fragment length polymorphism and methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) methodologies to assess genetic and epigenetic modifications in two culture systems: virus-free plants obtained by meristem culture followed by in vitro multiplication and field culture. Our results suggest that garlic exhibits genetic and epigenetic polymorphism under field growing conditions. However, during in vitro culture system both kinds of polymorphisms intensify indicating that this system induces somaclonal variation. Furthermore, while genetic changes accumulated along the time of in vitro culture, epigenetic polymorphism reached the major variation at 6 months and then stabilize, being demethylation and CG methylation the principal conversions.Cloning and sequencing differentially methylated MSAP fragments allowed us to identify coding and unknown sequences of A. sativum, including sequences belonging to LTR Gypsy retrotransposons. Together, our results highlight that main changes occur in the initial 6 months of micro propagation. For the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on epigenetic assessment in garlic.
authors.forename: Magalí Diana
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gimenez
authors.forename: Anahí Mara
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Yañez-Santos
authors.forename: Rosalía Cristina
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: Mariana Paola
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Quiroga
authors.forename: Carlos Federico
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Marfil
authors.forename: Vilma Cecilia
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Conci
authors.forename: Sandra Claudia
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: García-Lampasona
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005737:Garlic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D042822:Genomic Instability; D018519:Meristem / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D010641:Phenotype; D012098:Reproduction; D018626:Retroelements; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D018626:Retroelements