title: Identification of cellular microRNA-136 as a dual regulator of RIG-I-mediated innate immunity that antagonizes H5N1 IAV replication in A549 cells.
abstract: H5N1 influenza A virus (IAV) causes severe respiratory diseases and high mortality rates in animals and humans. MicroRNAs are being increasingly studied to evaluate their potential as therapeutic entities to combat viral infection. However, mechanistic studies delineating the roles of microRNAs in regulating host-H5N1 virus interactions remain scarce. Here, we performed microRNA microarray analysis using A549 human lung epithelial cells infected with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. The microRNA expression profile of infected cells identified a small number of microRNAs being dysregulated upon H5N1 influenza A virus infection. Of the differentially expressed microRNAs, miR-136 was up-regulated 5-fold and exhibited potent antiviral activity in vitro against H5N1 influenza A virus, as well as vesicular stomatitis virus. On the one hand, 3'-untranslated region (UTR) reporter analysis revealed a miR-136 binding site in the 3' UTR of IL-6. However, on the other hand, we subsequently determined that miR-136 meanwhile acts as an immune agonist of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I), thereby causing IL-6 and IFN-β accumulation in A549 cells. Overall, this study implicates the dual role of miRNA-136 in the regulation of host antiviral innate immunity and suggests an important role for the microRNA-activated pathway in viral infection via pattern recognition receptors.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.|Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Lianzhong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.|Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jiping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.|Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Hongbo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.|Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Zongzheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.|Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.|Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaokun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.|Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.|Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.|Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xuexia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.|Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Ruifang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.|Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Huanchun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.|Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Meilin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D004285:Dogs; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000276:immunology; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D061985:Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D015850:Interleukin-6; C577037:MIRN136 microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; C452820:RIGI protein, human; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases