title: Autoimmune diseases and celiac disease which came first: genotype or gluten?
abstract: Celiac disease (CD) is associated with several autoimmune diseases (ADs) and, in particular, thyroid autoimmunity (TA) and Type 1 diabetes (T1D). TA and T1D are defined as 'associated conditions' to CD (conditions at increased prevalence in CD but not directly related to gluten ingestion). The diagnosis of CD may precede or follow that of TA/T1D. To date, the available evidence suggests that the common genetic background is the main factor determining the high prevalence of the association. Conversely, no conclusive findings clarify whether extrinsic gluten-related factors (age at the first introduction, concomitant breastfeeding, length of gluten exposure and gluten-free diet) may link CD to the ADs. The aim of this review is to evaluate whether genetic background alone could explain the association between CD and ADs or if gluten-related factors ought to be considered. The pathophysiological links clarifying how the gluten-related factors could predispose to ADs will also be discussed.
authors.affiliation: a 1 Artificial Nutrition Unit, Epato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital "Bambino Gesù", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diamanti
authors.affiliation: a 1 Artificial Nutrition Unit, Epato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital "Bambino Gesù", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Capriati
authors.affiliation: b 2 Endocrinology Unit, Pediatric Hospital "Bambino Gesù", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bizzarri
authors.affiliation: c 3 Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit, Pediatric Hospital "Bambino Gesù", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.affiliation: a 1 Artificial Nutrition Unit, Epato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital "Bambino Gesù", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ancinelli
authors.affiliation: a 1 Artificial Nutrition Unit, Epato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital "Bambino Gesù", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.affiliation: a 1 Artificial Nutrition Unit, Epato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital "Bambino Gesù", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perilli
authors.affiliation: a 1 Artificial Nutrition Unit, Epato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital "Bambino Gesù", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laureti
authors.affiliation: d 4 Scientific Directorate, Pediatric Hospital "Bambino Gesù", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Mattia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Locatelli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D005983:Glutens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D005983:Glutens
keywords: adolescent; autoimmune diseases; celiac disease; child; thyroid autoimmunity; type 1 diabetes