title: Decreased Circulating Levels of APRIL: Questioning Its Role in Diabetes.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that affects over 382 million people worldwide. Type-1 Diabetes (T1D) is classified as an autoimmune disease that results from pancreatic β-cell destruction and insulin deficiency. Type-2 Diabetes (T2D) is characterized principally by insulin resistance in target tissues followed by decreased insulin production due to β-cell failure. It is challenging to identify immunological markers such as inflammatory molecules that are triggered in response to changes during the pathogenesis of diabetes. APRIL is an important member of the TNF family and has been linked to chronic inflammatory processes of various diseases since its discovery in 1998. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate APRIL serum levels in T1D and T2D. For this, we used the ELISA assay to measure serum APRIL levels of 33 T1D and 30 T2D patients, and non-diabetic subjects as control group. Our data showed a decrease in serum APRIL levels in T1D patients when compared with healthy individuals. The same pattern was observed in the group of T2D patients when compared with the control. The decrease of serum APRIL levels in diabetic patients suggests that this cytokine has a role in T1D and T2D. Diabetes is already considered as an inflammatory condition with different cytokines being implicated in its physiopathology. Our data suggest that APRIL can be considered as a potential modulating cytokine in the inflammatory process of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carvalho-Santos
authors.affiliation: HIV/AIDS Clinical Research Center, National Institute of Infectology, INI, Fiocruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ribeiro-Alves
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, UFF, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciene Carvalho
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Cardoso-Weide
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Biology Institute, Fluminense Federal University, UFF, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Biology Institute, Fluminense Federal University, UFF, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lia Rafaella Ballard
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kuhnert
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, UFF, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Analucia Rampazzo
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, UFF, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Genetics of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hahne
authors.affiliation: Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Déa Maria Serra
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Villa-Verde
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Biology Institute, Fluminense Federal University, UFF, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carla Eponina
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Carvalho-Pinto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053300:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 13 / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C114631:TNFSF13 protein, human; D053300:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 13