title: Nuclear and extranuclear effects of vitamin A.
abstract: Vitamin A or retinol is a multifunctional vitamin that is essential at all stages of life from embryogenesis to adulthood. Up to now, it has been accepted that the effects of vitamin A are exerted by active metabolites, the major ones being 11-cis retinal for vision, and all trans-retinoic acid (RA) for cell growth and differentiation. Basically RA binds nuclear receptors, RARs, which regulate the expression of a battery of target genes in a ligand dependent manner. During the last decade, new scenarios have been discovered, providing a rationale for the understanding of other long-noted but not explained functions of retinol. These novel scenarios involve: (i) other nuclear receptors such as PPAR β/δ, which regulate the expression of other target genes with other functions; (ii) extranuclear and nontranscriptional effects, such as the activation of kinases, which phosphorylate RARs and other transcription factors, thus expanding the list of the RA-activated genes; (iii) finally, vitamin A is active per se and can work as a cytokine that regulates gene transcription by activating STRA6. New effects of vitamin A and RA are continuously being discovered in new fields, revealing new targets and new mechanisms thus improving the understanding the pleiotropicity of their effects.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Cell Biology and Cell Line Development, The International Biotechnology Center « Generium », Vladimirskaya Street 14, Volginsky, 601125, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Madina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iskakova
authors.affiliation: a Division of Cell Biology and Cell Line Development, The International Biotechnology Center « Generium », Vladimirskaya Street 14, Volginsky, 601125, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karbyshev
authors.affiliation: a Division of Cell Biology and Cell Line Development, The International Biotechnology Center « Generium », Vladimirskaya Street 14, Volginsky, 601125, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Aleksandr
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piskunov
authors.affiliation: b Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), INSERM, U964; CNRS, UMR7104; Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rochette-Egly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014801:Vitamin A
keywords: acide rétinoïque; phosphorylation; retinoic acid; signaling; signalisation; transcription; vitamin A; vitamine A