title: Effect of Low-Temperature Phosphine Fumigation on the Survival of Bactrocera correcta (Diptera: Tephritidae).
abstract: This laboratory-based study examined the effects of low-temperature phosphine fumigation on the survival of the eggs and larvae of the guava fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi). Individual flies at different developmental stages, from 6-h-old eggs to third instars, were exposed to 0.92 mg/liter phosphine for 1-7 d at 5°C. We found that 12-h-old eggs and third instars were the most tolerant to phosphine. Increasing phosphine concentrations from 0.46 to 4.56 mg/liter increased mortality in these two stages. However, increased exposure times were required to achieve equal mortality rates in 12-h-old eggs and third instars when phosphine concentrations were ≥4.56 and ≥3.65 mg/liter, respectively. C(n)t = k expression was obtained at 50, 90, and 99% mortality levels, and the toxicity index (n) ranged from 0.43 to 0.77 for the two stages. The synergistic effects of a controlled atmosphere (CA) with elevated CO(2) levels were also investigated, and we found that a CO(2) concentration between 10% and 15% under CA conditions was optimal for low-temperature phosphine fumigation.
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241, Huixinxijie, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241, Huixinxijie, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241, Huixinxijie, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Fanhua
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241, Huixinxijie, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Shaorun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241, Huixinxijie, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Tianxiu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241, Huixinxijie, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Guoping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241, Huixinxijie, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P.R. China. wangyuejin@263.net.cn.
authors.forename: Yuejin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005651:Fumigation / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008136:Longevity / Q000187:drug effects; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010720:Phosphines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D033621:Tephritidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010720:Phosphines; C044646:phosphine
keywords: Bactrocera correcta; exposure time; mortality; phosphine; synergistic effect