title: Testing Spirotetramat as an Alternative Solution to Abamectin for Cacopsylla pyri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Control: Laboratory and Field Tests.
abstract: Aim of the study was to investigate the performance of the new insecticide "spirotetramat" as an alternative solution of "abamectin" for the control of Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in the context of an IPM program in European pear, Pyrus communis L.. Laboratory bioassays for the estimation of LC50 and LC90 of both insecticides were performed using four populations collected in Emilia-Romagna (Italy) orchards where different pest management strategies were used (organic, integrated, and conventional). The same populations were also analyzed for the main insecticide detoxifying activities in nymphs by spectrofluorimetric in vitro assays. The performance of the two insecticides was also tested on field on one population under integrated pest management conditions. The laboratory experiments showed that the LC90 of spirotetramat were lower than the highest field concentration allowed in Europe (172.80 mg AI liter(-1)) giving reassurance about the efficacy of the product. Concerning the abamectin, the laboratory bioassays did not show strong indications of resistance development of C. pyri populations of Emilia-Romagna. A similarity in enzyme detoxifying activity was observed in both insecticides indicating a general absence of a significant insecticide resistance. The field trial showed a high efficacy (>90 %) of spirotetramat on C. pyri already after 15 d from application, and it was significantly higher from abamectin. Overall, spirotetramat is one more choice for C. pyri control, as well as abamectin in order to minimize the risks of occurrence of insecticide resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy. InnovaRicerca s.r.l. Monestirolo, Ferrara, Italy. cvlsfn@unife.it.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Civolani
authors.affiliation: Servizio Fitosanitario Regione Emilia-Romagna, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boselli
authors.affiliation: Servizio Fitosanitario Regione Emilia-Romagna, Italy.
authors.forename: Alda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Butturini
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: Milvia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chicca
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cassanelli
authors.affiliation: Centro Ricerche Produzioni Vegetali, Cesena, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Tommasini
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aschonitis
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisa Anna
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Fano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001372:Aza Compounds; D006430:Hemiptera; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D013141:Spiro Compounds
chemical_list: D001372:Aza Compounds; D007306:Insecticides; D013141:Spiro Compounds; C570705:spirotetramat; C048324:abamectin; D007559:Ivermectin
keywords: Cacopsylla pyri; insecticide resistance; psylla control; spirotetramat