title: Design and evaluation of a bioreactor with application to forensic burial environments.
abstract: Existing forensic taphonomic methods lack specificity in estimating the postmortem interval (PMI) in the period following active decomposition. New methods, such as the use of citrate concentration in bone, are currently being considered; however, determining the applicability of these methods in differing environmental contexts is challenging. This research aims to design a forensic bioreactor that can account for environmental factors known to impact decomposition, specifically temperature, moisture, physical damage from animals, burial depth, soil pH, and organic matter content. These forensically relevant environmental variables were characterized in a soil science context. The resulting metrics were soil temperature regime, soil moisture regime, slope, texture, soil horizon, cation exchange capacity, soil pH, and organic matter content. Bioreactor chambers were constructed using sterilized thin-walled polystyrene boxes housed in calibrated temperature units. Gravesoil was represented using mineral soil (Ultisols), and organic soil proxy for Histosols, horticulture mix. Gravesoil depth was determined using mineral soil horizons A and Bt2 to simulate surface scatter and shallow grave burial respectively. A total of fourteen different environmental conditions were created and controlled successfully over a 90-day experiment. These results demonstrate successful implementation and control of forensic bioreactor simulating precise environments in a single research location, rather than site-specific testing occurring in different geographic regions. Bone sections were grossly assessed for weathering characteristics, which revealed notable differences related to exposure to different temperature regimes and soil types. Over the short 90-day duration of this experiment, changes in weathering characteristics were more evident across the different temperature regimes rather than the soil types. Using this methodology, bioreactor systems can be created to replicate many different clandestine burial contexts, which will allow for the more rapid understanding of environmental effects on skeletal remains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, 301 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, College of Engineering and Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dunphy
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, 123A Brackett Hall, College of Business and Behavioral Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Weisensee
authors.affiliation: Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, 206 Lehotsky Hall, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Elena A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mikhailova
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, 301 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, College of Engineering and Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA. Electronic address: harman2@clemson.edu.
authors.forename: Melinda K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Harman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019149:Bioreactors; D002048:Burial; D004777:Environment; D004867:Equipment Design; D044707:Forensic Sciences; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008954:Models, Biological; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D012272:Ribs / Q000473:pathology; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D012987:Soil
keywords: Artificial aging; Bioreactor; Bone; Decomposition; Postmortem interval; Soil analysis