title: Active smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke and their relationship to depressive symptoms in the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between tobacco smoking, including secondhand smoking, and depression has been assessed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between secondhand smoking among current, former and never smokers and depressive symptoms. For secondhand smoking, gender differences and sources of exposure were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 34,693 participants from the fourth and fifth Korean Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2007-2012) were analyzed in 2014. Self-reported exposure to active (current, former or never) and secondhand smoking and depressive symptoms experienced during the past year were analyzed using logistic regression. The dose-response relationship between duration of secondhand smoke exposure and depression was assessed with stratification by gender and sources of exposure (at home only, at the workplace only or both).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regardless of their smoking status, all women who had secondhand smoke exposure at home reported more depressive symptoms than non-smoking women without any exposure to secondhand cigarette smoking (OR 1.43, 95 % CI 1.04-1.96 for current smokers; OR 2.32, 95 % CI 1.04-5.16 for former smokers; OR 1.25, 95 % CI 1.08-1.43 for never smokers). There was also a significant dose-response pattern (p-trend <0.001) for the duration of secondhand smoke exposure at home among women. No significant association was found between smoking and depressive symptoms in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a significant association between secondhand smoke exposure at home and depressive symptoms in women. Secondhand smoke exposure at home was associated with depressive symptoms in a dose-response manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. sunjae@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sun Jae
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. shinaesun@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Aesun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. dhkang@snu.ac.kr.|Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. dhkang@snu.ac.kr.|Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea. dhkang@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Daehee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution