title: Flavor Profile of Chinese Liquor Is Altered by Interactions of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Microbes.
abstract: The flavor profile of Chinese liquor is the result of the metabolic activity of its microbial community. Given the importance of the microbial interaction, a novel way to control the liquor's flavor is by regulating the composition of the community. In this study, we efficiently improved the liquor's flavor by perturbing the intrinsic microbial metabolism with extrinsic microbes. We first constructed a basic microbial group (intrinsic) containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, and Issatchenkia orientalis and added special flavor producers (extrinsic), Saccharomyces uvarum and Saccharomyces servazzii, to this intrinsic group. Upon the addition of the extrinsic microbes, the maximum specific growth rates of S. cerevisiae and I. orientalis increased from 6.19 to 43.28/day and from 1.15 to 14.32/day, respectively, but that of W. anomalus changed from 1.00 to 0.96/day. In addition, most volatile compounds known to be produced by the extrinsic strains were not produced. However, more esters, alcohols, and acids were produced by S. cerevisiae and I. orientalis. Six compounds were significantly different by random forest analysis after perturbation. Among them, increases in ethyl hexanoate, isobutanol, and 3-methylbutyric acid were correlated with S. cerevisiae and I. orientalis, and a decrease in geranyl acetone was correlated with W. anomalus. Variations in ethyl acetate and 2-phenylethanol might be due to the varied activity of W. anomalus and S. cerevisiae. This work showed the effect of the interaction between the intrinsic and extrinsic microbes on liquor flavor, which would be beneficial for improving the quality of Chinese liquor.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China yxu@jiangnan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D002681:China; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015003:Yeasts / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005421:Flavoring Agents; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D000431:Ethanol