title: Acoustic Assessment of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) Effects on Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) Larval Activity and Mortality.
abstract: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) is an economically important pest of palm trees in the subtropics. Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), has been shown to be pathogenic against R. ferrugineus in laboratory and field studies. However, because they remain inside the trunks until adulthood, the slowing of feeding and increases in mortality of internally feeding R. ferrugineus larvae over time after B. bassiana treatment has not been established. To explore the potential of acoustic methods to assess treatment effects, sound impulses produced by untreated, 10(4)-, and 10(6)-conidia ml(-1) B. bassiana-treated larvae in palms were recorded for 23 d, after which the palms were dissected and the larvae examined. Analyses were performed to identify trains of impulses with characteristic patterns (bursts) produced frequently by moving and feeding larvae but only rarely (3-8% of the larval rate) by interfering background noise or tree vibrations. The rates of bursts, the counts of larval impulses per burst, and the rates of impulses in bursts decreased significantly over time in both B. bassiana treatments but not in the control. This supports a hypothesis that larvae had briefer movement and feeding bouts as they became weaker after infection, which reduced the counts of larval impulses per burst, the rates of bursts, and the rates of impulses in bursts. There is considerable potential for use of acoustic methods as tools for nondestructive assessment of effects of biological control treatments against internally feeding insect pests.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain. School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Selangor, Malaysia 43600.
authors.forename: Johari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jalinas
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain. Glen Biotech, Colegio Mayor Universitario, Ctra. San Vicente del Raspeig, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Berenice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Güerri-Agulló
authors.affiliation: US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32608. Richard.Mankin@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Mankin
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain. Glen Biotech, Colegio Mayor Universitario, Ctra. San Vicente del Raspeig, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: López-Follana
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain. Glen Biotech, Colegio Mayor Universitario, Ctra. San Vicente del Raspeig, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Lopez-Llorca
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D052982:Beauveria; D001517:Coleoptera; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D007814:Larva; D010572:Pest Control, Biological
keywords: biological control; detection; entomopathogenic fungi