title: Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in human middle ear cholesteatoma and chronic otitis media.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays an important role in the pathogenesis of middle ear diseases. Modulation of inflammasome-mediated inflammation may be a novel therapeutic strategy for cholesteatoma and chronic otitis media.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical molecule mediating interleukin (IL)-1β responses. However, the expression of NLRP3 in the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma and chronic otitis media has not been fully examined. This study sought to assess the expression of NLRP3, ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain and a pyrin domain), and caspase-1 in middle ear tissues in patients with cholesteatoma or chronic otitis media.
  
  
  METHODS
  Middle ear tissue samples were obtained from patients with cholesteatoma or chronic otitis media. Control middle ear samples were collected during cochlear implant surgery of patients without middle ear inflammation. The expression of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay and immunohistochemical study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of mRNA of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 were significantly elevated in cholesteatoma and chronic otitis media as compared with that of normal controls. The proteins of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 were observed in infiltrating inflammatory cells in cholesteatoma and chronic otitis media.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kariya
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okano
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshinobu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Yukihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Takaya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishizaki
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018424:Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D058847:Inflammasomes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D058847:Inflammasomes; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; C453881:NLRP3 protein, human; C402202:PYCARD protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D020170:Caspase 1
keywords: NOD like receptor; Otitis; cytokine; inflammation; interleukin; toll-like receptor