title: A Biopsychosocial Examination of ATOD Use among Middle and High School Students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine Indiana middle and high school students' use of 17 licit and illicit substances using item response theory to produce theta scores to identify sociodemographics, psychological factors, and normative beliefs associated with life-time drug use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data from 1233 students were examined. Theta scores were calculated across 17 substances using 2PL item response theory modeling. General least squares regressions were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Those perceiving their peers/parents approved substance use and those reporting worse worry control had higher theta scores. Those perceiving the risks of drug use outweighed the benefits and conforming less to negative influences had significantly lower theta scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings support the utility of the Biopsychosocial Model to examine lifetime drug use and the severity of substances used among adolescents simultaneously.
authors.affiliation: The University of Georgia, College of Public Health, Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew Lee
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Russell T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Warne
authors.forename: Adam E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rossheim
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: E Lisako
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: J McKyer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D007196:Indiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012574:Schools; D012737:Sex Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs