title: Neuroproteomics and microRNAs studies in multiple sclerosis: transforming research and clinical knowledge in biomarker research.
abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease characterized by extensive phenotypic variability. Biomarkers to capture the different aspects of MS heterogeneity, and to help make a diagnosis and monitor disease progression, while providing insights into etiopathogenesis and response to treatment, are urgently needed. Omics technologies and research efforts with microRNAs have provide unparalleled opportunities for exploring altered protein profiles associated with molecular mechanisms of disease, substantially expanding the list of candidate biomarkers for MS. This review presents evidence from proteomic studies that have focused on identification of biomarkers released in biofluids as a result of the different pathophysiological processes of MS. Also discussed is the emerging role of miRNAs as complementary biomarkers related to cellular processes occurring in MS patients. Also provided is an overview of candidate biomarkers that have been proposed for elucidating pathophysiological processes and disease activity and for guiding clinical diagnosis and/or therapeutic interventions in MS.
authors.affiliation: a College of Medicine , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Cherine N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Fawaz
authors.affiliation: a College of Medicine , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Iman S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Makki
authors.affiliation: b Multiple Sclerosis Center , American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Jalal M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kazan
authors.affiliation: a College of Medicine , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Nour Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Gebara
authors.affiliation: a College of Medicine , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Farah S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Andary
authors.affiliation: c College of Medicine , Saint George University of London , Nicosia , Cyprus.
authors.forename: Muheiddine M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Itani
authors.affiliation: d Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Sayyed
authors.affiliation: e Department of Family Medicine , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA.
authors.forename: Asad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zeidan
authors.affiliation: f IRCSS Centro NEUROLESI Bonino Pulejo , Messina , Italy.|g Department of Neurosciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quartarone
authors.affiliation: h Hariri School of Nursing , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Hala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Darwish
authors.affiliation: g Department of Neurosciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy.|h Hariri School of Nursing , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mondello
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D035683:MicroRNAs; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D020543:Proteome
keywords: biomarkers; diagnostics; miRNA; multiple sclerosis; prognostics; proteomics