title: Increased prevalence of lymphoid tissue inducer cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with early multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Inflammatory cytokines produced by cells of the immune system are believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been shown to produce and secrete a wide range of the cytokines involved in MS pathogenesis; however, a possible implication of ILCs in MS development and disease progression has not been investigated.
  
  
  
  With this study, we aimed to clarify a potential role of ILCs in the early stages of MS.
  
  
  
  Using flow cytometry, we analysed the prevalence and phenotype of ILCs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients experiencing their first or second demyelinating event. We found a substantial increase in both frequency and number of ILCs, in particular the LTi subset, as compared to healthy controls. We also found an association between CSF pleocytosis and an increased frequency of LTi cells in the CSF, suggesting a favoured recruitment of blood derived LTi cells.
  
  
  
  Our data suggests a role for ILCs, and in particular the LTi subset, in the early stages of MS. This finding represents an important contribution to the understanding of early inflammation in MS, and adds new knowledge beneficial for future MS therapies.
authors.affiliation: Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Matilda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Degn
authors.affiliation: Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Signe
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Modvig
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dyring-Andersen
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Charlotte M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bonefeld
authors.affiliation: Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jette L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Frederiksen
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geisler
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark marina.rve@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marina R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: von Essen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D016130:Immunophenotyping / Q000379:methods; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D010641:Phenotype; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CSF pleocytosis; Early multiple sclerosis; inflammation; innate lymphoid cells; innate lymphoid tissue inducer cells