title: Liver regeneration using decellularized splenic scaffold: a novel approach in tissue engineering.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The potential application of decellularized liver scaffold for liver regeneration is limited by severe shortage of donor organs. Attempt of using heterograft scaffold is accompanied with high risks of zoonosis and immunological rejection. We proposed that the spleen, which procured more extensively than the liver, could be an ideal source of decellularized scaffold for liver regeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  After harvested from donor rat, the spleen was processed by 12-hour freezing/thawing x 2 cycles, then circulation perfusion of 0.02% trypsin and 3% Triton X-100 sequentially through the splenic artery for 32 hours in total to prepare decellularized scaffold. The structure and component characteristics of the scaffold were determined by hematoxylin and eosin and immumohistochemical staining, scanning electron microscope, DNA detection, porosity measurement, biocompatibility and cytocompatibility test. Recellularization of scaffold by 5 x 10(6) bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was carried out to preliminarily evaluate the feasibility of liver regeneration by BMSCs reseeding and differentiation in decellularized splenic scaffold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After decellularization, a translucent scaffold, which retained the gross shape of the spleen, was generated. Histological evaluation and residual DNA quantitation revealed the remaining of extracellular matrix without nucleus and cytoplasm residue. Immunohistochemical study proved the existence of collagens I, IV, fibronectin, laminin and elastin in decellularized splenic scaffold, which showed a similarity with decellularized liver. A scanning electron microscope presented the remaining three-dimensional porous structure of extracellular matrix and small blood vessels. The porosity of scaffold, aperture of 45.36 +/- 4.87 μm and pore rate of 80.14% +/- 2.99% was suitable for cell engraftment. Subcutaneous implantation of decellularized scaffold presented good histocompatibility, and recellularization of the splenic scaffold demonstrated that BMSCs could locate and survive in the decellularized matrix.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the more extensive organ source and satisfying biocompatibility, the present study indicated that the three-dimensional decellularized splenic scaffold might have considerable potential for liver regeneration when combined with BMSCs reseeding and differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. luyi169@126.com.
authors.forename: Jun-Xi
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Xing-Long
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Wan-Quan
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xu-Long
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jian-Hui
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lv
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000032:analysis; D024141:Collagen Type IV / Q000032:analysis; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis*; D004549:Elastin / Q000032:analysis; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000032:analysis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007797:Laminin / Q000032:analysis; D008115:Liver Regeneration; D008422:Materials Testing; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016062:Porosity; D051381:Rats; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D024141:Collagen Type IV; D005353:Fibronectins; D007797:Laminin; D004247:DNA; D004549:Elastin