title: A New Method for in Situ Measurement of Bt-Maize Pollen Deposition on Host-Plant Leaves.
abstract: Maize is wind pollinated and produces huge amounts of pollen. In consequence, the Cry toxins expressed in the pollen of Bt maize will be dispersed by wind in the surrounding vegetation leading to exposure of non-target organisms (NTO). NTO like lepidopteran larvae may be affected by the uptake of Bt-pollen deposited on their host plants. Although some information is available to estimate pollen deposition on host plants, recorded data are based on indirect measurements such as shaking or washing off pollen, or removing pollen with adhesive tapes. These methods often lack precision and they do not include the necessary information such as the spatial and temporal variation of pollen deposition on the leaves. Here, we present a new method for recording in situ the amount and the distribution of Bt-maize pollen deposited on host plant leaves. The method is based on the use of a mobile digital microscope (Dino-Lite Pro, including DinoCapture software), which can be used in combination with a notebook in the field. The method was evaluated during experiments in 2008 to 2010. Maize pollen could be correctly identified and pollen deposition as well as the spatial heterogeneity of maize pollen deposition was recorded on maize and different lepidopteran host plants (Centaurea scabiosa, Chenopodium album, Rumex spp., Succina pratensis and Urtica dioica) growing adjacent to maize fields.
authors.affiliation: TIEM Integrated Environmental Monitoring GbR, Nörten-Hardenberg/Bremen, Germany. f.hofmann@oekologiebuero.de.|Ökologiebüro, Bremen, Germany. f.hofmann@oekologiebuero.de.
authors.forename: Frieder
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.affiliation: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Department of Biosafety, Bonn, Germany. ottom@bfn.de.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.affiliation: TIEM Integrated Environmental Monitoring GbR, Nörten-Hardenberg/Bremen, Germany. kuhn-bremen@t-online.de.|Büro Kuhn, Bremen, Germany. kuhn-bremen@t-online.de.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.affiliation: IFÖN, Berlin, Germany. steffi.ober@nabu.de.
authors.forename: Steffi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ober
authors.affiliation: TIEM Integrated Environmental Monitoring GbR, Nörten-Hardenberg/Bremen, Germany. tiem@arcor.de.|Sachverständigenbüro, Nörten-Hardenberg, Germany. tiem@arcor.de.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schlechtriemen
authors.affiliation: Environmental Agency Brandenburg (LUA), Eberswalde, Germany. rudi.voegel@lua.brandenburg.de.
authors.forename: Rudolph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vögel
keywords: Bt maize; GMO; GMP; Lepidoptera; deposition; exposure; maize; non-target organisms; pollen