title: Redesigning Racial Caste in America via Mass Incarceration.
abstract: This article argues that the era of mass incarceration can be understood as a new tactic in the history of American racism. Slavery was ended by the Civil War, but after Reconstruction, the gains of the former slaves were eroded by Jim Crow (a rigid pattern of racial segregation), lynching, disenfranchisement, sharecropping, tenantry, unequal educational resources, terrorism, and convict leasing. The Civil Rights Movement struck down legal barriers, but we have chosen to deal with the problems of poverty and race not so differently than we have in the past. The modern version of convict leasing, is mass incarceration. This article documents the dramatic change in American drug policy beginning with Reagan's October, 1982 announcement of the War on Drugs, the subsequent 274 percent growth in the prison and jail populations, and the devastating and disproportionate effect on inner city African Americans. Just as the Jim Crow laws were a reaction to the freeing of the slaves after the Civil War, mass incarceration can be understood as a reaction to the Civil Rights Movement.
authors.forename: Gilda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Graff
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D011329:Prisoners / Q000266:history; D011330:Prisons / Q000266:history*; D063505:Racism / Q000266:history*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States