title: Proton-pump inhibitors and risk of fractures: an update meta-analysis.
abstract: To identify the relationship between proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) and the risk of fracture, we conducted an update meta-analysis of observational studies. Results showed that PPI use was associated with a modestly increased risk of hip, spine, and any-site fracture.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Many studies have investigated the association of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) with fracture risk, but the results have been inconsistent. To evaluate this question, we performed a meta-analysis of relevant observational studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search up to February 2015 was performed in PubMed. We combined relative risks (RRs) for fractures using random-effects models and conducted subgroup and stratified analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen studies involving a total of 244,109 fracture cases were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled analysis showed that PPI use could moderately increase the risk of hip fracture [RR = 1.26, 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) 1.16–1.36]. There was statistically significant heterogeneity among studies (p < 0.001; I 2 = 71.9 %). After limiting to cohort studies, there was also a moderate increase in hip fracture risk without evidence of study heterogeneity. Pooling revealed that short-term use (<1 year) and longer use (>1 year) were similarly associated with increased risk of hip fracture. Furthermore, a moderately increased risk of spine (RR = 1.58, 95 % CI 1.38–1.82) and any-site fracture (RR = 1.33, 95 % CI 1.15–1.54) was also found among PPI users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this update meta-analysis of observational studies, PPI use modestly increased the risk of hip, spine, and any-site fracture, but no evidence of duration effect in subgroup analysis.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000139:chemically induced*; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors