title: Phylogeny of the island archipelago frog genus Sanguirana: Another endemic Philippine radiation that diversified 'Out-of-Palawan'.
abstract: Recent higher-level frog phylogenetic analyses have included a few members of the endemic Philippine frog genus Sanguirana. Although the monophyly of the group has never been disputed, the recent phylogenetically-supported inclusion of the Palawan Wood Frog (Sanguirana sanguinea) in this clade was highly unexpected. In addition, species boundaries and relationships remain unclear and new species continue to be discovered. We estimate the phylogeny for this endemic Philippine genus using two mitochondrial gene regions and six nuclear loci and complete sampling for all known species. We use a time-calibrated Bayesian estimate of phylogeny and model-testing approach to biogeographic inference to infer ancestral areas and probable means of diversification. These analyses identify Sanguirana as an additional clade for which the 'Out-of-Palawan' biogeographic scenario is unambiguously preferred. This study lends additional support to recent work suggesting that a substantial portion of Philippine vertebrate megadiversity originated via colonization of the archipelago from the Palawan microcontinent, with subsequent invasion of oceanic islands (e.g., range expansion over Huxley's Modification of Wallace's Line), numerous instances of overwater dispersal, and geographic radiation across the archipelago.
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7561, USA. Electronic address: rafe@ku.edu.
authors.forename: Rafe M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7561, USA. Electronic address: ycsu@ku.edu.
authors.forename: Yong-Chao
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7561, USA. Electronic address: bkbwc3@mail.missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Brenna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barger
authors.affiliation: Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072-7029, USA. Electronic address: camsiler@ou.edu.
authors.forename: Cameron D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Siler
authors.affiliation: Arts and Sciences Program, Saturnino Urios University, San Francisco St., 8600 Butuan City, Philippines. Electronic address: mbsanguila@urios.edu.ph.
authors.forename: Marites B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sanguila
authors.affiliation: Herpetology Section, Zoology Division, Philippine National Museum, Burgos St., Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines. Electronic address: arvin.diesmos@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Arvin C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Diesmos
authors.affiliation: Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Electronic address: dblackburn@flmnh.ufl.edu.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Blackburn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial; D062312:Islands; D010679:Philippines; D010802:Phylogeny; D011898:Ranidae / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
keywords: Cascade frogs; Geographic radiation; Palawan Arc Hypothesis; Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complexes (PAICs); Stream frogs