title: Predation among armored arachnids: Bothriurus bonariensis (Scorpions, Bothriuridae) versus four species of harvestmen (Harvestmen, Gonyleptidae).
abstract: Natural selection shapes prey-predator relationships and their behavioral adaptations, which seek to maximize capture success in the predator and avoidance in the prey. We tested the ability of adults of the scorpion Bothriurus bonariensis (Bothriuridae) to prey on synchronous and sympatric adults harvestmen of Acanthopachylus aculeatus, Discocyrtus prospicuus, Parampheres bimaculatus and Pachyloides thorellii (Gonyleptidae). In 72.5% of the cases B. bonariensis tried to prey on the harvestmen. The most successful captures occurred in the trials against A. aculeatus and D. prospicuus. In all the successful attacks the scorpions stung the prey between the chelicerae and consumed them, starting by the anterior portion of their bodies. The harvestmen used different defensive strategies such as fleeing before or after contact with the predator, exudating of chemical substances or staying still at the scorpion's touch. When scorpions contacted the chemical substances secreted by the harvestmen, they immediately rubbed the affected appendix against the substrate. However, exudating of chemical substances did not prevent, in any case, predation on the harvestmen. This is the first study showing the ability of scorpions to prey on different species of harvestmen, as well as the capture and defensive behaviors used by the predator and the prey.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Etología, Ecología y Evolución, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11.600 Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albín
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Etología, Ecología y Evolución, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11.600 Montevideo, Uruguay. Electronic address: ctoscanogadea@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Toscano-Gadea
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001097:Arachnida / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D012634:Bodily Secretions / Q000378:metabolism; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D012605:Scorpions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Chemical irritants; Defensive behavior; Predatory behavior; Predator–prey interaction