title: Lost in translation: Review of identification bias, translation bias and research waste in dentistry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review how articles are retrieved from bibliographic databases, what article identification and translation problems have affected research, and how these problems can contribute to research waste and affect clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  This literature review sought and appraised articles regarding identification- and translation-bias in the medical and dental literature, which limit the ability of users to find research articles and to use these in practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Articles can be retrieved from bibliographic databases by performing a word or index-term (for example, MeSH for MEDLINE) search. Identification of articles is challenging when it is not clear which words are most relevant, and which terms have been allocated to indexing fields. Poor reporting quality of abstracts and articles has been reported across the medical literature at large. Specifically in dentistry, research regarding time-to-event survival analyses found the allocation of MeSH terms to be inconsistent and inaccurate, important words were omitted from abstracts by authors, and the quality of reporting in the body of articles was generally poor. These shortcomings mean that articles will be difficult to identify, and difficult to understand if found. Use of specialized electronic search strategies can decrease identification bias, and use of tailored reporting guidelines can decrease translation bias. Research that cannot be found, or cannot be used results in research waste, and undermines clinical practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification- and translation-bias have been shown to affect time-to-event dental articles, are likely affect other fields of research, and are largely unrecognized by authors and evidence seekers alike. By understanding that the problems exist, solutions can be sought to improve identification and translation of our research.
authors.affiliation: 217 Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia. Electronic address: laytonpros@dlpros.com.au.
authors.forename: Danielle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Layton
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Sciences, Block B, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, United Kingdom. Electronic address: m.clarke@qub.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000043:Abstracting and Indexing / Q000592:standards*; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D018865:Dental Research; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval; D016239:MEDLINE; D046650:Medical Subject Headings; D058028:Research Report / Q000592:standards*; D014956:Writing / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Bibliographic databases; Identification bias; Information storage and retrieval; Literature review; MEDLINE; Research waste; Survival analysis; Translation bias