title: Vitamin A and arachidonic acid altered the skeletal mineralization in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae without any interactions on the transcriptional level.
abstract: The main object of this study was to evaluate the impact of different levels of vitamin A (VA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) in relation to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on mineralization and gene expression in Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua). First-feeding larvae were fed enriched rotifers from start-feeding until 29 days post hatch (dph). Larvae in four tanks were fed one of the following diets: control (EPA/ARA ratio: 15.8, 0.9μg VA g(-1)), control+VA (EPA/ARA ratio: 15.8, 7.8μg VA g(-1)), High ARA (EPA/ARA ratio: 0.9, 1.5μg VA g(-1)) or High ARA+VA (EPA/ARA ratio: 0.9, 12.0μg VA g(-1)). Larvae fed High ARA+VA were shorter at 29dph compared to the other groups and had significantly less mineralized bones when comparing larvae of similar size, showing interaction effects between VA and ARA. Although transcriptomic analysis did not reveal any interaction effects, a higher number of genes were differentially expressed in the high ARA fed larvae compared to control+VA fed larvae. Furthermore, bglap1, bglap2 and col10a1 were all down-regulated in larvae fed High ARA-diets and to a greater extent than larvae fed VA supplemented diet, indicating an additive effect on mineralization. In conclusion, this study showed that the dietary increase in ARA and VA altered the skeletal metabolism during larval development, most likely through signaling pathways specific for each nutrient rather than an interaction. The present study also demonstrates that VA could affect the larval response to ARA, even within the accepted non-toxic/non-deficient range.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Kai Kristoffer
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Lie
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kvalheim
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Josef Daniel
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rasinger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Torstein
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harboe
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nordgreen
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway. Electronic address: mari.moren@nofima.no.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000235:genetics; D004032:Diet; D048389:Gadus morhua / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007814:Larva; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A; D016718:Arachidonic Acid
keywords: Arachidonic acid; Bone; Docosahexaenoic acid; Eicosapentaenoic acid; Fish larvae; Interaction; Osteocalcin; Retinoic acid; Vitamin A; cyp26a