title: Acetazolamide Attenuates Thrombin-Induced Hydrocephalus.
abstract: Our previous studies demonstrated that thrombin is an important factor in brain injury after intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage. This study examined the effect of acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, on thrombin-induced hydrocephalus. There were two parts in this study. First, rats had an injection of either 50 μl saline or 3 U thrombin into the right lateral ventricle. Second, rats had an injection of 3 U thrombin into the right lateral ventricle and were treated with either vehicle or acetazolamide (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (IP)) at 1 h after thrombin infusion. Lateral ventricle volumes were measured in magnetic resonance imaging T2 images and the brains were used for histology analysis at 24 h later. Intraventricular injection of thrombin induced significantly larger ventricle volume (27.8 ± 3.7 vs 8.5 ± 1.3 mm(3), n = 6, p < 0.01) and more ventricular wall damage (the breakdown of the ependymal layer, 20.2 ± 3.1 vs 2.4 ± 0.8 %, n = 6, p < 0.01) compared with saline injection. Acetazolamide treatment (30 mg/kg, IP) markedly attenuated thrombin-induced hydrocephalus (16.1 ± 4.2 mm(3) vs 29.5 ± 5.3 mm(3), n = 6, p < 0.01). These results suggest decreasing CSF production by acetazolamide attenuated thrombin-induced hydrocephalus in rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliate Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.|Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.|Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Mingzhe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliate Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliate Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Keep
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliate Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China. guohuaxi@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xi
mesh_terms: D000086:Acetazolamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects*; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004805:Ependyma / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000633:toxicity; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D020547:Lateral Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013917:Thrombin / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D006490:Hemostatics; D013917:Thrombin; D000086:Acetazolamide
keywords: Acetazolamide; Cerebral ventricles; Hydrocephalus; Thrombin