title: The effect of polydextrose and probiotic lactobacilli in a Clostridium difficile-infected human colonic model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clostridium difficile is a natural resident of the intestinal microbiota; however, it becomes harmful when the normal intestinal microbiota is disrupted, and overgrowth and toxin production occurs. The toxins can cause bloating and diarrhoea, which may cause severe disease and have the potential to cause outbreaks in hospitals and other healthcare settings. Normally, antibiotic agents are used for treatment, although for some of the patients, these treatments provide only a temporary relief with a recurrence of C. difficile-associated diarrhoea.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The effects of polydextrose (PDX), Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, and L. paracasei Lpc-37 on the growth of C. difficile were investigated in an in vitro model of infected human large intestine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The semi-continuous colonic model is composed of four connected vessels inoculated with human faecal microbes and spiked with pathogenic C. difficile (DSM 1296). PDX in two concentrations (2 and 4%), NCFM, and Lpc-37 were fed to the system during the 2-day simulation, and the growth of C. difficile and several other microbial groups were monitored using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and 16S rDNA sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The microbial community structure of the simulation samples was closely grouped according to treatment, and the largest shifts in the microbial composition were seen with PDX. The microbial diversity decreased significantly with 4% PDX, and the OTU containing C. difficile was significantly (p<0.01) decreased when compared to control and lactobacilli treatments. The mean numbers of C. difficile also decreased as detected by qPCR, although the reduction did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatments influenced the colonic microbiota, and a trend for reduced numbers of C. difficile as well as alterations of several microbial groups could be detected. This suggests that PDX may be able to modulate the composition and/or function of the colonic microbiota in such manner that it affects the pathogenic C. difficile.
authors.affiliation: DuPont Health and Nutrition, Kantvik, Finland; sofia.forssten@dupont.com.
authors.forename: Sofia D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Forssten
authors.affiliation: Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Henna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Röytiö
authors.affiliation: DuPont Health and Nutrition, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Ashley A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hibberd
authors.affiliation: DuPont Health and Nutrition, Kantvik, Finland.
authors.forename: Arthur C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ouwehand
keywords: 16S; Clostridium difficile; in vitro model; pathogenic growth suppression; qPCR