title: Inaccurate Language Interpretation and Its Clinical Significance in the Medical Encounters of Spanish-speaking Latinos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited English-proficient patients suffer poorer quality of care and outcomes. Interpreters can ameliorate these disparities; however, evidence is lacking on the quality of different interpretation modes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Compare accuracy of interpretation for in-person (IP) professional, professional videoconferencing (VC), and ad hoc (AH) interpretation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of transcribed audiotaped primary care visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included 32 Spanish-speaking Latino patients and 14 clinicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Independent coding of transcripts by 4 coders (2 were internists) for accurate and inaccurate interpretation instances. Unit of analysis was a segment of continuous speech or text unit (TU). Two internists independently verified inaccurate interpretation instances and rated their clinical significance as clinically insignificant, mildly, moderately, or highly clinically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accurate interpretation made up 70% of total coded TUs and inaccurate interpretation (errors) made up 30%. Inaccurate interpretation occurred at twice the rate for AH (54% of coded TUs) versus IP (25%) and VC (23%) interpretation, due to more errors of omission (P<0.001) and answers for patient or clinician (P<0.001). Mean number of errors per visit was 27, with 7.1% of errors rated as moderately/highly clinically significant. In adjusted models, the odds of inaccurate interpretation were lower for IP (OR=0.25, 95% CI, 0.19, 0.33) and VC (OR=0.31; 95% CI, 0.17, 0.56) than for AH interpreted visits; the odds of a moderately/highly clinically significant error were lower for IP (OR=0.25; 95% CI, 0.06, 0.99) than for AH interpreted visits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inaccurate language interpretation in medical encounters is common and more frequent when untrained interpreters are used compared with professional IP or through VC. Professional VC interpretation may increase access to higher quality medical interpretation services.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical Effectiveness Research Center for Diverse Populations, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nápoles
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santoyo-Olsson
authors.forename: Leah S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Karliner
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gregorich
authors.forename: Eliseo J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Pérez-Stable
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002140:California; D003144:Communication Barriers; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D014175:Translating; D049269:Videoconferencing