title: Live poultry market workers are susceptible to both avian and swine influenza viruses, Guangdong Province, China.
abstract: Guangdong Province is recognized for dense populations of humans, pigs, poultry and pets. In order to evaluate the threat of viral infection faced by those working with animals, a cross-sectional, sero-epidemiological study was conducted in Guangdong between December 2013 and January 2014. Individuals working with swine, at poultry farms, or live poultry markets (LPM), and veterinarians, and controls not exposed to animals were enrolled in this study and 11 (4 human, 3 swine, 3 avian, and 1 canine) influenza A viruses were used in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays (7 strains) and the cross-reactivity test (9 strains) in which 5 strains were used in both tests. Univariate analysis was performed to identify which variables were significantly associated with seropositivity. Odds ratios (OR) revealed that swine workers had a significantly higher risk of elevated antibodies against A/swine/Guangdong/L6/2009(H1N1), a classical swine virus, and A/swine/Guangdong/SS1/2012(H1N1), a Eurasian avian-like swine virus than non-exposed controls. Poultry farm workers were at a higher risk of infection with avian influenza H7N9 and H9N2. LPM workers were at a higher risk of infection with 3 subtypes of avian influenza, H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2. Interestingly, the OR also indicated that LPM workers were at risk of H1N1 swine influenza virus infection, perhaps due to the presence of pigs in the LPM. While partial confounding by cross-reactive antibodies against human viruses or vaccines cannot be ruled out, our data suggests that animal exposed people as are more likely to have antibodies against animal influenza viruses.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeing Swine Industry/South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Jidang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeing Swine Industry/South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeing Swine Industry/South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhenpeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeing Swine Industry/South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhen
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeing Swine Industry/South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Shuyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeing Swine Industry/South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Wanjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Changwen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.affiliation: The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Yongbiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeing Swine Industry/South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Shuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary and National Engineering Research Center for Breeing Swine Industry/South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China. Electronic address: guihongzh@scau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guihong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003429:Cross Reactions; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D064766:Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D053127:Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D011156:Population Density; D011200:Poultry; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D015047:Zoonoses
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
keywords: Animal workers; Infection risk; Live poultry market (LPM) workers; Zoonotic influenza viruses