title: Differing perceptions of safety culture across job roles in the ambulatory setting: analysis of the AHRQ Medical Office Survey on Patient Safety Culture.
abstract: Experts in patient safety stress the importance of a shared culture of safety. Lack of consensus may be detrimental to patient safety. This study examines differences in patient safety culture perceptions among providers, management and staff in a large national survey of safety culture in ambulatory practices in the USA.
  
  
  
  The US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Medical Office Survey on Patient Safety Culture (SOPS) assesses perceptions about patient safety issues and event reporting in medical offices (ie, ambulatory practices). Using the 2014 data, we analysed responses from medical offices with at least five respondents. We calculated differences in perceptions of patient safety culture across six job positions (physicians, management, nurse practitioners (NPs)/physician assistants (PAs), nurses, clinical support staff and administrative/clerical staff) for 10 survey composites, the average of the 10 composites and an overall patient safety rating using multivariate hierarchical linear regressions.
  
  
  
  We analysed data from 828 medical offices with responses from 15 523 providers and staff, with an average 20 completed surveys per medical office (range: 5-367) and an average medical office response rate of 65% (range: 3%-100%). Management had significantly more positive patient safety culture perceptions on nine of 10 composite scores compared with all other job positions, including physicians. The composite that showed the largest difference was Communication Openness; Management (85% positive) was 22% points more positive than other clinical and support staff and administrative/clerical staff. Physicians were significantly more positive than PAs/NPs, nursing staff, other clinical and support staff and administrative/clerical staff on four composites: Communication About Error, Communication Openness, Staff Training and Teamwork, ranging from 3% to 20% points more positive.
  
  
  
  These findings suggest that managers need to pay attention to the training needs of office staff, since this was an area with one of the greatest gaps in perceptions. In addition, both office managers and physicians need to encourage more open communication. As medical offices innovate to improve value, efficiency and patient-centred care, it is important that they continue to foster shared perceptions about what organisational members need, understanding that those perceptions may differ systematically by job position.
authors.affiliation: Family Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hickner
authors.affiliation: Westat, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Westat, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yount
authors.affiliation: Westat, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Joann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sorra
mesh_terms: D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D015279:Organizational Culture; D061214:Patient Safety; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
keywords: Ambulatory care; Medication safety; Patient safety; Safety culture