title: Particle size distribution and morphological changes in activated carbon-metal oxide hybrid catalysts prepared under different heating conditions.
abstract: In catalysis processes, activated carbon (AC) and metal oxides (MOs) are widely used either as catalysts or as catalyst supports because of their unique properties. A combination of AC and a MO in a single hybrid material entails changes not only in the composition, microstructure and texture but also in the morphology, which may largely influence the catalytic behaviour of the resulting product. This work is aimed at investigating the modifications in the morphology and particle size distribution (PSD) for AC-MO hybrid catalysts as a result of their preparation under markedly different heating conditions. From a commercial AC and six MO (Al2O3, Fe2O3, ZnO, SnO2, TiO2 and WO3) precursors, two series of such catalysts are prepared by wet impregnation, oven-drying at 120 ºC, and subsequent heat treatment at 200 ºC or 850 ºC in inert atmosphere. The resulting samples are characterized in terms of their morphology and PSD by scanning electron microscopy and ImageJ processing program. Obtained results indicate that the morphology, PSD and degree of dispersion of the supported catalysts are strongly dependent both on the MO precursor and the heat treatment temperature. With the temperature rise, trends are towards the improvement of crystallinity, the broadening of the PSD and the increase in the average particle size, thus suggesting the involvement of sintering mechanisms. Such effects are more pronounced for the Fe, Sn and W catalysts due to the reduction of the corresponding MOs by AC during the heat treatment at 850 ºC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barroso-Bogeat
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alexandre-Franco
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernández-González
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gómez-Serrano
keywords: Activated carbon; hybrid catalysts; metal oxides; morphology; particle size distribution; scanning electron microscopy