title: The Association Between Body Mass Index and Health and Economic Outcomes in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to provide current estimates of the association between obesity and health outcomes and to examine these associations among subgroups of interest (pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes [T2D], and neither pre-diabetes nor T2D) in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed from the 2013 US National Health and Wellness Survey (N = 71,530). Respondents were categorized by body mass index (BMI) class (normal, overweight, obese class I, obese class II, obese class III).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As BMI increased, health status decreased significantly (and to a clinically relevant degree) for respondents categorized as obese compared with normal weight. Work productivity impairment, physician visits, emergency room visits, and costs also increased significantly as BMI increased. The pattern of results was similar across the three subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing BMI was associated with decreasing health status and increasing work-related impairment, healthcare resource utilization, and costs.
authors.affiliation: Kantar Health, New York, New York (Dr DiBonaventura, Mr Kumar); Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark (Dr Lay, Mr Wolden, Ms Hammer).
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DiBonaventura
authors.forename: Agathe Le
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lay
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: Michael Lyng
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wolden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics; D011788:Quality of Life; D057566:Self Report; D014481:United States; D000066477:Work Performance; D055815:Young Adult