title: Bacteriology of hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa: A review.
abstract: Given that follicular papules and pustules, as well as nodules and abscesses, are the clinical hallmarks of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), an infectious, bacterial pathway has been suspected in the pathogenesis of this chronic, inflammatory condition. Elucidating the behavior and role of bacterial species in HS and their interaction with cutaneous innate immunity will provide more insight into the pathophysiology of this condition. This review of prospective investigations suggests a synergistic relationship between impaired innate immunity and microbial factors in the etiology of HS.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany; European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., Dessau, Germany.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nikolakis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Inserm U1151, équipe 11 "Physiopathologie des infections systémiques", Paris, France; Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Join-Lambert
authors.affiliation: Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany; European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., Dessau, Germany.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karagiannidis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Inserm U1151, équipe 11 "Physiopathologie des infections systémiques", Paris, France; Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guet-Revillet
authors.affiliation: Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany; European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., Dessau, Germany. Electronic address: christos.zouboulis@klinikum-dessau.de.
authors.forename: Christos C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Zouboulis
authors.affiliation: European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., Dessau, Germany; Institut Pasteur, Centre Médical, Service de Pathologie Infectieuse et Tropicale, Paris, France; Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Aude
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nassif
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D005260:Female; D017497:Hidradenitis Suppurativa / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
keywords: Staphylococcus lugdunensis; acne inversa; actinomycetes; anaerobes; bacterial metagenomics; bacteriology; biofilm; hidradenitis suppurativa; milleri group streptococci