title: Clinical, demographic, and laboratory characteristics of children with nephrolithiasis.
abstract: While the incidence of pediatric kidney stones appears to be increasing, little is known about the demographic, clinical, laboratory, imaging, and management variables in this patient population. We sought to describe various characteristics of our stone-forming pediatric population. To that end, we retrospectively reviewed the charts of pediatric patients with nephrolithiasis confirmed by imaging. Data were collected on multiple variables from each patient and analyzed for trends. For body mass index (BMI) controls, data from the general pediatrics population similar to our nephrolithiasis population were used. Data on 155 pediatric nephrolithiasis patients were analyzed. Of the 54 calculi available for analysis, 98 % were calcium based. Low urine volume, elevated supersaturation of calcium phosphate, elevated supersaturation of calcium oxalate, and hypercalciuria were the most commonly identified abnormalities on analysis of 24-h urine collections. Our stone-forming population did not have a higher BMI than our general pediatrics population, making it unlikely that obesity is a risk factor for nephrolithiasis in children. More girls presented with their first stone during adolescence, suggesting a role for reproductive hormones contributing to stone risk, while boys tended to present more commonly at a younger age, though this did not reach statistical significance. These intriguing findings warrant further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. sas.david@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sas
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein School of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Becton
authors.affiliation: University of Utah Department of Radiology, 30 North 1900 East #1A071, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tutman
authors.affiliation: Children's Emergency Services, Dayton Children's Hospital, 1 Children's Plaza, Dayton, OH, 45404, USA.
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Suite 803 MSC 623, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Amy H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wahlquist
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescents; Kidney stones; Nephrolithiasis; Obesity; Pediatrics; Urolithiasis