title: Interplay between self-assembled structure of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and osteoblast functions in three-dimensional titanium alloy scaffolds: Stimulation of osteogenic activity.
abstract: Three-dimensional cellular scaffolds are receiving significant attention in bone tissue engineering to treat segmental bone defects. However, there are indications of lack of significant osteoinductive ability of three-dimensional cellular scaffolds. In this regard, the objective of the study is to elucidate the interplay between bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) and osteoblast functions on 3D mesh structures with different porosities and pore size that were fabricated by electron beam melting. Self-assembled dendritic microstructure with interconnected cellular-type morphology of BMP-2 on 3D scaffolds stimulated osteoblast functions including adhesion, proliferation, and mineralization, with prominent effect on 2-mm mesh. Furthermore, immunofluorescence studies demonstrated higher density and viability of osteoblasts on lower porosity mesh structure (2 mm) as compared to 3- and 4-mm mesh structures. Enhanced filopodia cellular extensions with extensive cell spreading was observed on BMP-2 treated mesh structures, a behavior that is attributed to the unique self-assembled structure of BMP-2 that effectively communicates with the cells. The study underscores the potential of BMP-2 in imparting osteoinductive capability to the 3D printed scaffolds.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Nune
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Murr
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968.
authors.forename: R D K
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Misra
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; C525719:Bmp2 protein, mouse; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D014025:Titanium
keywords: 3D printing; Ti-6Al-4V; mesh structure; osteoblasts functions; protein adsorption