title: Effect of Rumex Abyssinicus on preneoplastic lesions in dimethylhydrazine induced colon carcinogenesis in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer as a multistage process can be reversed or blocked by using chemopreventive agents. Colon cancer chemoprevention has been widely investigated using cyclooxygenase inhibitors and many other chemicals of synthetic or natural origin. This particular study was carried out to assess the colon cancer chemopreventive effect of hydro-methanol extract of Rumex abyssinicus rhizome on rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Colon cancer chemopreventive potential of hydro-methanol extract of Rumex abyssinicus rhizome was determined based on the number and multiplicity of aberrant crypt foci (ACF). Fifteen DMH (1, 2-dimethylhydrazine) treated and five untreated Wistar female rats were used. DMH was administered subcutaneously 30 mg/kg, after its pH was adjusted to 6.5-7. Treatment groups started receiving extract after six weeks of weekly DMH injections. The rats were divided in to four groups: Group 1 received only oral normal saline, Group 2 received DMH and normal saline, Group 3 and 4 received DMH plus 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg extract, respectively. Specific phytoconstituents of the plant, which were reviewed from original articles, were virtually evaluated for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition. The binding energies and interactions of the phytochemicals from Rumex abyssinicus against COX-2 were determined by Autodock4.2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a statistically significant reduction (p-value < 0.05) in the number of aberrant crypt (AC) and aberrant crypt foci (ACF) at both administered doses. However, significant association (p-value > 0.05) was not observed in reducing crypt multiplicity. The docking process resulted in estimated binding energies [-6.83 kcal/mol to -7.9 kcal/mol] which are closer to the positive controls or Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) [-4.55 kcal/mol to -10.84 kcal/mol]. The phytochemical-COX-2 interaction indicated the involvement of key amino acid residues in inhibition of cyclooxygenase like ARG120, TYR355, TYR385, SER530 and GLY526.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rumex abyssinicus had demonstrated a chemopreventive potential at post-initiation stage. As the virtual screening data suggested, COX-2 inhibition by the anthraquinones in the extract could be one mechanism for the observed chemopreventive effect.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology and Toxicology Course Team, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. Semayat.girma@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Biniyam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Girma
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. getnetyimer@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Getnet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yimer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. eyasumakonnen@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Eyasu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Makonnen
mesh_terms: D019813:1,2-Dimethylhydrazine / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018890:Chemoprevention; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004249:DNA Damage; D005260:Female; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D031804:Rumex / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019813:1,2-Dimethylhydrazine