title: Hybrid 3D printing: a game-changer in personalized cardiac medicine?
abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) printing in congenital heart disease has the potential to increase procedural efficiency and patient safety by improving interventional and surgical planning and reducing radiation exposure. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are usually the source datasets to derive 3D printing. More recently, 3D echocardiography has been demonstrated to derive 3D-printed models. The integration of multiple imaging modalities for hybrid 3D printing has also been shown to create accurate printed heart models, which may prove to be beneficial for interventional cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, and as an educational tool. Further advancements in the integration of different imaging modalities into a single platform for hybrid 3D printing and virtual 3D models will drive the future of personalized cardiac medicine.
authors.affiliation: a Congenital Heart Center , Helen DeVos Children's Hospital of Spectrum Health , Grand Rapids , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Harikrishnan K N
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kurup
authors.affiliation: a Congenital Heart Center , Helen DeVos Children's Hospital of Spectrum Health , Grand Rapids , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Bennett P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.affiliation: a Congenital Heart Center , Helen DeVos Children's Hospital of Spectrum Health , Grand Rapids , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Vettukattil
mesh_terms: D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
keywords: 3D segmentation; 3D ultrasound; cardiac imaging; cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; computed tomography; congenital heart disease; hybrid 3D printing; integration; rapid prototyping; simulation