title: Phylogenetic relationships of Hemiptera inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes.
abstract: Here, we reconstructed the Hemiptera phylogeny based on the expanded mitochondrial protein-coding genes and the nuclear 18S rRNA gene, separately. The differential rates of change across lineages may associate with long-branch attraction (LBA) effect and result in conflicting estimates of phylogeny from different types of data. To reduce the potential effects of systematic biases on inferences of topology, various data coding schemes, site removal method, and different algorithms were utilized in phylogenetic reconstruction. We show that the outgroups Phthiraptera, Thysanoptera, and the ingroup Sternorrhyncha share similar base composition, and exhibit "long branches" relative to other hemipterans. Thus, the long-branch attraction between these groups is suspected to cause the failure of recovering Hemiptera under the homogeneous model. In contrast, a monophyletic Hemiptera is supported when heterogeneous model is utilized in the analysis. Although higher level phylogenetic relationships within Hemiptera remain to be answered, consensus between analyses is beginning to converge on a stable phylogeny.
authors.affiliation: a College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University , Zhengzhou , People's Republic of China and.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: b Department of Entomology , China Agricultural University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: b Department of Entomology , China Agricultural University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wanzhi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: a College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University , Zhengzhou , People's Republic of China and.
authors.forename: Fengming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: b Department of Entomology , China Agricultural University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jianyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: b Department of Entomology , China Agricultural University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001482:Base Composition / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D023061:Gene Order; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000235:genetics*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: 18Sr RNA; Hemiptera; mitochondrial genome; phylogenetic analysis