title: Inorganic hemostats: The state-of-the-art and recent advances.
abstract: Hemorrhage is the most common cause of death both in hospitals and on the battlefield. The need for an effective hemostatic agent remains, since all injuries are not amenable to tourniquet use. There are many topical hemostatic agents and dressings available to control severe bleeding. This article reviews the most commonly used inorganic hemostats, subcategorized as zeolite and clay-based hemostats. Their hemostatic functions as well as their structural properties that are believed to induce hemostasis are discussed. The most important findings from in vitro and in vivo experiments are also covered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pourshahrestani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zeimaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Djordjevic
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nahrizul Adib
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kadri
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto M5B 2K3, ON, Canada. Electronic address: mtowler@ryerson.ca.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Towler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001458:Bandages; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000628:therapy*; D006490:Hemostatics; D006801:Humans; D017640:Silicates
chemical_list: D006490:Hemostatics; D017640:Silicates
keywords: Hemorrhage; Hemostasis; Inorganic hemostat; Kaolin; Smectite; Zeolite