title: Effect of Parasitoid: Host Ratio and Group Size on Fitness of Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Implications for Mass-Rearing.
abstract: Producing insect natural enemies in laboratories or insectaries for biological pest control is often expensive, and developing cost-effective rearing techniques is a goal of many biological control programs. Spathius galinae Belokobylskij and Strazenac (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a newly described ectoparasitoid of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is currently being evaluated for environmental introduction in the United States to provide biological control of this invasive pest. To improve mass-rearing outcomes for S. galinae, we investigated the effects of parasitoid: host ratio and parasitoid and host group size (density) on parasitoid fitness. Our results showed that when 1 emerald ash borer larva was exposed to 1, 2, 4, or 8 female parasitoids, parasitism rate was positively associated with increasing parasitoid: host ratio, while brood size, sex ratio, and fitness estimates of progeny were not affected. When a constant 1:1 parasitoid: host ratio was used, but group size varied from 1 female parasitoid and 1 host, 5 parasitoids and 5 hosts, 10 of each, and 20 of each in same size rearing cages, parasitism rates were highest when at least 5 females were exposed to 5 host larvae. Moreover, the number of progeny produced per female parasitoid was greatest when group size was 10 parasitoids and 10 hosts. These findings demonstrate that S. galinae may be reared most efficiently in moderately high-density groups (10 parasitoids and hosts) and with a 1:1 parasitoid: host ratio.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713. USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Newark, DE 19713. tjwatt@udel.edu.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.affiliation: USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Newark, DE 19713.
authors.forename: Jian J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713.
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Tallamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hough-Goldstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D011156:Population Density; D014863:Wasps / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Agrilus planipennis; biological control; invasive pest; laboratory rearing; wood borer