title: Effects of macamides on endurance capacity and anti-fatigue property in prolonged swimming mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Brassicaceae), most commonly known as "maca", has been used as a food or folk medicine to improve vitality in Peru. Previous research demonstrated that lipid-soluble extract from maca improved swimming endurance capacity. Macamides are considered the typical lipid-soluble markers for maca and proved to have several pharmacological properties, such as improving sexual performance and neuroprotective activies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigates the effects of macamides on endurance capacity and anti-fatigue property in prolonged swimming mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Balb/c mice were divided into seven groups: a control group, low-dose groups of N-benzyllinoleamide, N-benzyloleamide, and N-benzylpalmitamide, high-dose groups of these macamides. The macamides groups received the commercial products (12 and 40 mg/kg, ig), while the control group received vehicle for 21 d. On the 14th day, the mice were given the weight-loaded swimming test. On the 21st day, the mice were sacrificed immediately after 90 min swimming, and some biochemical parameters were measured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with the control group, exhaustive swimming time was significantly prolonged in high-dose group of N-benzyloleamide (p < 0.05); the levels of lactic acid (LD), blood ammonia (BA), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas the levels of liver glycogen (LG) and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in high-dose group of N-benzyloleamide. The malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in the brain, muscle, and liver were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities in the brain, muscle, and liver were significantly increased in high-dose group of N-benzyloleamide (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that N-benzyloleamide has pharmaceutical property against exercise-induced fatigue, and this effect can be explained by the modulated energy metabolism and improved antioxidant status.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology , College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China .|b School of Physical Education and Sport , Central China Normal University , Wuhan , China .
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology , College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China .|c Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics , Ministry of Education , Wuhan , China , and.|d Wuhan Huashite Industrial Biotechnology Development Co. Ltd. , Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan , China.
authors.forename: Wenwen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology , College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China .
authors.forename: Xueyuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology , College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China .|d Wuhan Huashite Industrial Biotechnology Development Co. Ltd. , Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan , China.
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology , College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China .
authors.forename: Yanxiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ao
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology , College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China .
authors.forename: Mengying
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology , College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China .
authors.forename: Wenjing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology , College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China .|c Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics , Ministry of Education , Wuhan , China , and.|d Wuhan Huashite Industrial Biotechnology Development Co. Ltd. , Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan , China.
authors.forename: Longjiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029686:Lepidium; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000379:methods / Q000502:physiology; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Antioxidant; N-benzyloleamide; energy metabolism