title: Characterization of sulfur mustard resistant keratinocyte cell line HaCaT/SM.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cell line HaCaT/SM was derived from the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. HaCaT/SM cells display a high resistance against sulfur mustard (SM). Intention of the presented study was to determine the cellular and molecular differences between HaCaT/SM and HaCaT so as to evaluate which changes might be responsible for being resistant against SM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both cell lines HaCaT and HaCaT/SM were analyzed with respect to their cell growth, nuclei perimeter, clonogenicity and secretion profile. Moreover DNA alkylation pattern under presence of SM was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison to HaCaT, the HaCaT/SM showed a significant smaller nuclei perimeter. For DNA alkylation a significant difference was observed over time. The clonogenicity of HaCaT/SM was increased to 150%. The secretion profile of these cells demonstrated a strong increase of ANG, PDGF-AA, TIMP1, TIMP2, and a decrease of AREG, CCL5, CXC1, CXC2/3, CXCL6, CXCL7, CXCL8, CXCL10, MIF, Trappin-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sulfur mustard (SM) resistant cell line HaCaT/SM demonstrates a wide range of significant differences to their origin cell line HaCaT. These differences might be responsible to provide resistance against SM and might also be useful to establish treatment concepts for humans after SM exposure.
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siegert
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rothmiller
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scheithauer
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Romano
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Strobelt
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Munich, Goethestr. 33, 80336 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steinritz
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Worek
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thiermann
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany. Electronic address: annette2schmidt@bundeswehr.org.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000633:toxicity*; D010641:Phenotype; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D018736:DNA Adducts; D009151:Mustard Gas
keywords: Keratinocytes; Resistance; Sulfur mustard