title: The effects of gender and age on the range of the normal human electro-oculogram.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the normal ranges for the slow oscillations (SO) and fast oscillations (FO) of the electro-oculogram (EOG) recorded to International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) standards. The effects of age and gender on the EOG ranges were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  ISCEV standard SOs and FOs were recorded from 121 subjects (51 % male) aged from 7 to 72 years. Study variables for the SO were dark trough (DT) and light peak (LP) amplitudes (µV), times to DT and LP (min), and the Arden ratio (LP/DT amplitude). The FO was fit by a sine wave and peak-to-peak amplitude (µV), phase (°), and peak-to-trough (PT) ratios derived. The effects of age, gender and pupil size on EOG parameters were examined by multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average Arden ratio was 2.5. Arden ratio decreased with age at a rate of 0.13 per decade of age (R (2) = 0.14, P < 0.0001). The 5th percentile of the Arden ratio decreased from 2.0 to 1.7 between 10 and 60 years of age. Median time to LP was 9 min (interquartile range 8-9 min). Time to LP was age-dependent and increased by 2 min for subjects over 55 years of age compared with those less than 25 years. EOG amplitudes were greater in women than in men (P < 0.005). The average PT ratio was 1.18, which was not affected by age or gender. Time to reach the light trough of the FO was 40 s, which increased with age (1.1 s/decade). No correlation was observed between Arden ratio and PT ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major strength of this study is the definition of the normal range and associated lower limits of ISCEV standard EOGs based on recordings from 121 subjects balanced by gender and spanning the 1st through 8th decades of life. Decreased Arden ratio and increased time to LP are associated with aging, which is likely due to the intricate mechanisms involved in generation of the light rise. Differences between the FO and SO with respect to the effects of aging are consistent with separate generation of these two EOG signals.
authors.affiliation: National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Alisa T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Thavikulwat
authors.affiliation: National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Rafael C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.affiliation: National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. jeffreybg@nei.nih.gov.|Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, 10 Center Drive, Room 10N226, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1860, USA. jeffreybg@nei.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Brett G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Jeffrey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology; D003623:Dark Adaptation / Q000502:physiology; D004585:Electrooculography; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Arden ratio; Clinical electrophysiology; EOG; Electro-oculogram; Fast oscillation; Retinal pigment epithelium