title: Two low-cost digital camera-based platforms for quantitative creatinine analysis in urine.
abstract: In clinical analysis creatinine is a routine biomarker for the assessment of renal and muscular dysfunctions. Although several techniques have been proposed for a fast and accurate quantification of creatinine in human serum or urine, most of them require expensive or complex apparatus, advanced sample preparation or skilled operators. To circumvent these issues, we propose two home-made platforms based on a CD Spectroscope (CDS) and Computer Screen Photo-assisted Technique (CSPT) for the rapid assessment of creatinine level in human urine. Both systems display a linear range (r(2) = 0.9967 and 0.9972, respectively) from 160 μmol L(-1) to 1.6 mmol L(-1) for standard creatinine solutions (n = 15) with respective detection limits of 89 μmol L(-1) and 111 μmol L(-1). Good repeatability was observed for intra-day (1.7-2.9%) and inter-day (3.6-6.5%) measurements evaluated on three consecutive days. The performance of CDS and CSPT was also validated in real human urine samples (n = 26) using capillary electrophoresis data as reference. Corresponding Partial Least-Squares (PLS) regression models provided for mean relative errors below 10% in creatinine quantification.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia. Electronic address: b.debus87@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Debus
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; Laboratory of Artificial Sensory Systems, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia. Electronic address: d.kirsanov@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kirsanov
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; Laboratory of Artificial Sensory Systems, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia; Bioanalytical Laboratory CSU "Analytical Spectrometry", St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg 198220, Russia.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yaroshenko
authors.affiliation: Bioanalytical Laboratory CSU "Analytical Spectrometry", St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg 198220, Russia.
authors.forename: Alla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sidorova
authors.affiliation: Bioanalytical Laboratory CSU "Analytical Spectrometry", St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg 198220, Russia.
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piven
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; Laboratory of Artificial Sensory Systems, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia.
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Legin
mesh_terms: D002942:Circular Dichroism / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation; D003404:Creatinine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D010781:Photography / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine
keywords: Chemometrics; Creatinine; Digital camera; Spectroscopy