title: Perceiving the Black female body: Race and gender in police constructions of body weight.
abstract: Representations of Black women in United States popular culture and public discourse frequently depict them stereotypically as fat and in need of policing for moral failures. As well, research has shown that Black women are perceived and constructed as non-prototypical for their gender. Taken together, observers within a White dominant social frame could be said to have difficulty correctly seeing Black women's bodies and gender presentations. In this study we examined how Black women are seen in the context of New York City Police Department (NYPD) stops and searches (known as Stop & Frisk). We examined how officers categorized Black women's body weight; investigated whether stops took place in public or private space; and assessed the extent to which body weight brought additional sanctions (i.e., being frisked). We used publicly available datasets from the NYPD's Stop & Frisk program, in which stops numbering in the hundreds of thousands were recorded in yearly databases from 2003 to 2012. For each stop, officers record a number of attributes about the potential suspect and context, including race, gender, physique, date, and precinct. We conducted logistic regressions to model the odds of being categorized as heavy by race and gender, controlling for age, calculated BMI, location in a Black precinct, and season of the year. Results showed that across 10 years of data, Black women were more likely than White women to be labeled heavy. Black women were also much more likely than all other subgroups to be stopped inside rather than outside. Body size showed little association with stop locations or frisks. We interpret these findings as a reflection of Black women's positioning with regard to racial and gender representations and the disciplinary projects of the state.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Human Ecology and Africana Studies, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 55 Dudley Rd, Cook Office Building, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, phone: 732.932.9233 fax: 732.932.8887, nokwate@rci.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Naa Oyo A
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Kwate
authors.affiliation: Shatema Threadcraft PhD, Department of Political Science, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520.
authors.forename: Shatema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Threadcraft
keywords: African American/Black; NYPD; New York City; Stop & Frisk; body weight; police; women