title: Non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia and thalassemia intermedia: epidemiology, complications, and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The non-transfusion-dependent thalassemias (NTDTs), including thalassemia intermedia (TI), hemoglobin E beta thalassemia, and hemoglobin H disease, have sometimes been regarded as less severe than their transfusion-dependent variants; however, these disorders carry a substantial disease burden (e.g., splenomegaly, iron overload, skeletal effects, and cardiopulmonary disease). The aim of this review is to increase clinician awareness of the growing global problem of NTDT and TI, and discuss the current management strategies for these conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recent peer-reviewed articles (publication years 2000 through 2015) addressing the epidemiology, complications, management, and monitoring of NTDT were identified in the PubMed database and reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The changing epidemiology of thalassemia constitutes a growing health problem. Increased clinician awareness is necessary for the appropriate diagnosis and management of patients with NTDT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Management of NTDT requires a comprehensive approach, beginning with screening and prenatal diagnosis, monitoring for iron overload and associated complications, and iron chelation therapy. Several novel strategies are in the early stages of investigation and may help increase treatment options in patients with NTDT. Importantly, ethnic or cultural barriers may exist within the affected populations and need to be considered in the management approach.
authors.affiliation: a UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland , University of California , San Francisco, CA , USA.
authors.forename: Elliott
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vichinsky
mesh_terms: D001803:Blood Transfusion; D006801:Humans; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000628:therapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D013789:Thalassemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D007502:Iron Chelating Agents
keywords: Iron chelation therapy; Iron overload; Non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia; Thalassemia intermedia