title: Race, deprivation, and immigrant isolation: The spatial demography of air-toxic clusters in the continental United States.
abstract: This article contributes to environmental inequality outcomes research on the spatial and demographic factors associated with cumulative air-toxic health risks at multiple geographic scales across the United States. It employs a rigorous spatial cluster analysis of census tract-level 2005 estimated lifetime cancer risk (LCR) of ambient air-toxic emissions from stationary (e.g., facility) and mobile (e.g., vehicular) sources to locate spatial clusters of air-toxic LCR risk in the continental United States. It then tests intersectional environmental inequality hypotheses on the predictors of tract presence in air-toxic LCR clusters with tract-level principal component factor measures of economic deprivation by race and immigrant status. Logistic regression analyses show that net of controls, isolated Latino immigrant-economic deprivation is the strongest positive demographic predictor of tract presence in air-toxic LCR clusters, followed by black-economic deprivation and isolated Asian/Pacific Islander immigrant-economic deprivation. Findings suggest scholarly and practical implications for future research, advocacy, and policy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, Washington State University, Wilson-Short Hall 251, Pullman, WA 99164-4020, United States. Electronic address: rs.lievanos@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Raoul S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Liévanos
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000393:Air Pollutants; D000397:Air Pollution; D044466:Asian People; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003710:Demography; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000072499:Manufacturing and Industrial Facilities; D044468:Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D011203:Poverty; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D012935:Social Justice; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: Edge effects; Environmental inequality; Hot spots; Intersectionality; Spatial demography; U.S. EPA National Air Toxics Assessment