title: Discrete lineages within Alternaria alternata species group: Identification using new highly variable loci and support from morphological characters.
abstract: The Alternaria alternata species group is ubiquitous in the environment acting as saprotrophs, human allergens, and plant pathogens. Many morphological species have been described within the group and it is unclear whether these represent re-descriptions of the same species or discrete evolutionary taxa. Sequencing of five loci identified three major lineages within the A. alternata species group. These loci included three new phylogenetic loci (TMA22, PGS1, and REV3) identified as highly variable based on publically available genome sequence data for Dothideomycete species. Lineages were identified as A. alternata ssp. arborescens, A. alternata ssp. tenuissima, and A. alternata ssp. gaisen in accordance with the placement of reference isolates. The phylogenetic results were supported by morphological analysis, which differentiated strains in A. alternata ssp. arborescens and A. alternata ssp. tenuissima and also aligned with previous morphological species descriptions for A. arborescens and A. tenuissima. However, phylogenetic analysis placed the morphologically described species A. alternata and A. mali within the A. alternata ssp. tenuissima and did not support them as discrete taxa. As A. alternata are of phytosanitary importance, the molecular loci used in this study offer new opportunities for molecular identification of isolates by national plant protection organizations.
authors.affiliation: University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK. Electronic address: Andrew.Armitage@EMR.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Armitage
authors.affiliation: University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK.
authors.forename: Dez J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Barbara
authors.affiliation: East Malling Research, New Road, East Malling, West Malling, ME19 6BJ, UK.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK.
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.affiliation: University of Bedfordshire, University Square, Luton, Bedfordshire, LU1 3JU, UK.
authors.forename: Surapareddy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sreenivasaprasad
authors.affiliation: The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Woodhall
authors.affiliation: University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Clarkson
mesh_terms: D000528:Alternaria / Q000145:classification* / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D056426:Genetic Loci; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008853:Microscopy; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology
keywords: Alternaria mali; Dothideomycete; Fungal barcoding; Pathotype; Section; Species complex