title: Estrogenic contamination by manure fertilizer in organic farming: a case study with the lizard Podarcis sicula.
abstract: In the last years, worldwide organic farming has grown exponentially; as a consequence, the use of animal manure as a soil fertility source has become the principal agricultural choice. However, the use of manure as fertilizer can increase the amount of steroid hormone metabolites in the soil. In southern Italy, lacertidae lizards are the most abundant vertebrate group in agroecosystems and have been identified as potential model species for ecotoxicological studies. The aim of this study was to understand if the manure applied in organic farming has estrogen-like effects in the lizard Podarcis sicula. Adult male lizards were captured in two organic agricultural fields (manure-treated sites) and in an uncultivated field (control site). Lizards from the two organic farms displayed hepatic biosynthetic alterations typical of an estrogenic contamination; hepatocytes contained both vitellogenin and estrogen receptor alpha transcripts and proteins, detected by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. The same cells did not show cadmium, lead and metallothionein accumulation, indicative of the lack of inorganic contamination. These findings suggest that exogenous estrogens, arising from the use of manure, could affect the welfare of wild animals and animal breeding, leading to bioaccumulation of estrogens in food chain, with possible risk for human consumers. For this reason, organic farming should implement the use of sustainable practices such as crop rotation to preserve the soil biological activity, rather than organic manure as fertilizer.
authors.forename: Mariailaria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verderame
authors.forename: Ermelinda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Limatola
authors.forename: Rosaria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scudiero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D007558:Italy; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008116:Lizards / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis; D014819:Vitellogenins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D008372:Manure; D014819:Vitellogenins