title: Functional and structural vascular adaptations following 8 weeks of low volume high intensity interval training in lower leg of type 2 diabetes patients and individuals at high risk of metabolic syndrome.
abstract: We wished to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of low volume high intensity interval training (HIIT) on endothelial function of popliteal artery and circulating cell adhesion molecules in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients and matched controls (CON).
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 8 weeks, non-active T2D patients and CONs cycled three times per week (10 × 60 sec HIIT). Pre- and post-HIIT measurements of endothelial function were conducted by applying flow-mediated dilation (FMD) along with taking venous blood samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline diameter of popliteal artery increased significantly from an average of 5.53 mm to 5.97 mm (∼8%) in the CON-group (p = 0.006) and 5.32 mm to 5.61 mm (∼6%) in the T2D-group (p = 0.009). Peak diameter increased significantly from 5.82 mm to 6.36 mm (∼9%) in the CON-group (p = 0.001) and 5.57 mm to 5.93 mm (∼7%) in the T2D-group (p = 0.004). FMD% increased significantly from 5.12% to 6.58% in the CON-group (p = 0.004) and 4.84% to 5.66% in the T2D-group: (p = 0.045). The shear rate reduced significantly in both groups (CON-group: p = 0.04; T2D-group: p = 0.002). Circulating cell adhesion molecules remained unchanged (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIIT induced an improvement of endothelium-dependent FMD and significant outwards artery modelling. No changes in circulating cell adhesion molecules were observed.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine , Aarhus Sygehus THG, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus C , Denmark .
authors.forename: Søren Møller
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine , Aarhus Sygehus THG, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus C , Denmark .
authors.forename: Anne Cathrine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Thorup
authors.affiliation: b Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark , and.
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overgaard
authors.affiliation: c The Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University , Denmark.
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bjerre
authors.affiliation: a Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine , Aarhus Sygehus THG, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus C , Denmark .
authors.forename: Per Bendix
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Jeppesen
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior
keywords: Cell adhesion molecules; Type 2 diabetes; flow mediated dilation; high intensity interval training