title: Direct Fabrication of the Graphene-Based Composite for Cancer Phototherapy through Graphite Exfoliation with a Photosensitizer.
abstract: We report on the application of pristine graphene as a drug carrier for phototherapy (PT). The loading of a photosensitizer, chlorin e6 (Ce6), was achieved simply by sonication of Ce6 and graphite in an aqueous solution. During the loading process, graphite was gradually exfoliated to graphene to give its composite with Ce6 (G-Ce6). This one-step approach is considered to be superior to the graphene oxide (GO)-based composites, which required pretreatment of graphite by strong oxidation. Additionally, the directly exfoliated graphene ensured a high drug loading capacity, 160 wt %, which is about 10 times larger than that of the functionalized GO. Furthermore, the Ce6 concentration for killing cells by G-Ce6 is 6-75 times less than that of the other Ce6 composites including GO-Ce6.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science , Seta, Otsu 520-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsukuru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science , Seta, Otsu 520-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Komatsu
mesh_terms: D002735:Chlorophyllides; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006108:Graphite / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D010789:Phototherapy; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002735:Chlorophyllides; D010087:Oxides; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011166:Porphyrins; C062985:phytochlorin; D006108:Graphite
keywords: drug-delivery system; exfoliation; graphene; photosensitizer; phototherapy