title: Hemipteran and dipteran pests: Effectors and plant host immune regulators.
abstract: Hemipteran and dipteran insects have behavioral, cellular and chemical strategies for evading or coping with the host plant defenses making these insects particularly destructive pests worldwide. A critical component of a host plant's defense to herbivory is innate immunity. Here we review the status of our understanding of the receptors that contribute to perception of hemipteran and dipteran pests and highlight the gaps in our knowledge in these early events in immune signaling. We also highlight recent advances in identification of the effectors that activate pattern-triggered immunity and those involved in effector-triggered immunity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.|Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Isgouhi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kaloshian
authors.affiliation: Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.|Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Walling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004175:Diptera / Q000502:physiology*; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000502:physiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface
keywords: Aphids; Hessian fly; effectors; endosymbionts; planthoppers; resistance genes