title: Characterization of phiCFP-1, a virulent bacteriophage specific for Citrobacter freundii.
abstract: Citrobacter freundii, a Gram-negative bacterium, causes many opportunistic infections. Bacteriophage phiCFP-1 was isolated and characterized by its ability to lyse the multidrug-resistant clinical C. freundii strain P10159. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the phage has an icosahedral head and a short tail, making it a Podoviridae family member. In a single-step growth experiment, phiCFP-1 exhibited an eclipse period of 20 min and a burst size of 100 particles per cell. Its genome assembled as a circular molecule when genomic sequencing was completed. However, based on genome content and organization, it was categorized as a classic T7-related phage, and such phages are known to have linear genomes with direct terminal repeats. With the quick and simple method established herein, the 38,625-bp linear double-stranded DNA with 229-bp direct terminal repeats was accurately identified. The genome contained 43 putative open reading frames and no tRNA genes. Using a proteomics-based approach, seven viral and two host proteins from purified phiCFP-1 particles were identified. Comparative genomics and recombination analyzes revealed close genetic relatedness among phiCFP-1, phiYeO3-12/vB_YenP_AP5 (from Yersinia enterocolitica O3), and phiSG-JL2 (from Salmonella enterica).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiangna
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Simo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jiangtao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Erna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Dayang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xuesong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Derong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiabei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D001433:Bacteriolysis; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016971:Citrobacter freundii / Q000821:virology*; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D023061:Gene Order; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D017902:Podoviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D026801:Synteny; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D014771:Virion / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D020543:Proteome; D014764:Viral Proteins; D004247:DNA
keywords: Citrobacter; Podoviridae; emerging nosocomial pathogen; lytic phage