title: Adaptation of Continuous Intraoperative Vagus Nerve   Stimulation for Monitoring of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve During   Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Esophagectomy has risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury. Conventional nerve monitoring has been used to help identify and protect the RLN. A new concept of continuous intraoperative nerve monitoring (CIONM) by stimulation of the ipsilateral vagus nerve has been used in thyroidectomy. The current report describes adapting the CIONM method for use in video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) esophagectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The nerve monitor employed is NIM 3.0 with automatic periodic stimulation (Medtronics Inc., USA). Patient is intubated with NIM contact-reinforced EMG endotracheal tube (Medtronics Inc., USA). The operation starts with a left lower neck incision, and the stimulating electrode is secured around the left vagus nerve. The patient is then turned to the left lateral position for VATS esophagectomy. CIONM of the left RLN is achieved by regular stimulation of the left vagus nerve, and intact nerve conduction is detected by the electromyography (EMG) of the left vocalis muscle. The alarm is set to activate when EMG amplitude reduces by 50% or latency prolongs by 10%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial experience of ten cases showed that a mean time of 35 min was required to complete the electrode insertion in the neck. There was one event in which there was more than 50% reduction of EMG amplitude that persisted but the patient had no vocal cord paralysis after operation. In another patient, the EMG reduced by 75% and persisted. The patient had temporary vocal cord paralysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CIONM is feasible during VATS esophagectomy and can alert the surgeon of imminent injury to the RLNs, thereby preventing permanent injury.
authors.forename: Raymond K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Law
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D004576:Electromyography; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D012009:Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*; D061226:Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology; D055536:Vagus Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods*