title: Metacognitions and Mindful Attention Awareness in Depression: A Comparison Of Currently Depressed, Previously Depressed and Never Depressed Individuals.
abstract: The primary aim of the study was to test (1) how metacognition relates to the concept of mindful attention awareness, and (2) whether metacognitions or mindful attention awareness best predicted symptoms of depression. Data was collected from three samples: currently depressed (n = 37), previously depressed (n = 81) and never depressed controls (n = 50). There was a moderate correlation between mindful attention awareness and three of five metacognitive subscales. Both mindful attention awareness and metacognition were significantly correlated with depression severity scores after controlling for anxiety. The depressed group had significantly more dysfunctional metacognitions and less mindful attention awareness than the never depressed group. Negative beliefs about worry and mindful attention awareness were also significantly different in the previously depressed group compared with the never depressed. This suggests that metacognitions and mindful attention awareness can be vulnerability factors for depression. The results also indicated that anxiety symptoms and negative beliefs about worry were the most important factors in predicting depression. In conclusion, the study shows that metacognitions and mindful attention awareness are two related but separate constructs and that metacognitions emerged as the best predictor of depression. These results provide support for the metacognitive model of emotional disorders. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metacognitions and mindful attention awareness are related but separate constructs Both mindful attention awareness and metacognition are associated with depression Anxiety and negative beliefs about worry (metacognitions) are most important in predicting depression Addressing metacognitions in therapy should be considered in treatment of depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Stian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Solem
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Catharina E A
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Odin
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hjemdal
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Waterloo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eisemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halvorsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D001288:Attention; D001364:Awareness; D003469:Culture; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D000067489:Metacognition; D008875:Middle Aged; D064866:Mindfulness; D011379:Prognosis; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: anxiety; depression; metacognition; mindfulness