title: Exploring the potential of novel biomixtures and Lentinula edodes fungus for the degradation of selected pesticides. Evaluation for use in biobed systems.
abstract: An approach to reduce the contamination of water sources with pesticides is the use of biopurificaction systems. The active core of these systems is the biomixture. The composition of biomixtures depends on the availability of local agro-industrial wastes and design should be adapted to every region. In Portugal, cork processing is generally regarded as environmentally friendly and would be interesting to find applications for its industry residues. In this work the potential use of different substrates in biomixtures, as cork (CBX); cork and straw, coat pine and LECA (Light Expanded Clay Aggregates), was tested on the degradation of terbuthylazine, difenoconazole, diflufenican and pendimethalin pesticides. Bioaugmentation strategies using the white-rot fungus Lentinula edodes inoculated into the CBX, was also assessed. The results obtained from this study clearly demonstrated the relevance of using natural biosorbents as cork residues to increase the capacity of pesticide dissipation in biomixtures for establishing biobeds. Furthermore, higher degradation of all the pesticides was achieved by use of bioaugmented biomixtures. Indeed, the biomixtures inoculated with L. edodes EL1 were able to mineralize the selected xenobiotics, revelling that these white-rot fungi might be a suitable fungus for being used as inoculum sources in on-farm sustainable biopurification system, in order to increase its degradation efficiency. After 120 days, maximum degradation of terbuthylazine, difenoconazole, diflufenican and pendimethalin, of bioaugmented CBX, was 89.9%, 75.0%, 65.0% and 99.4%, respectively.. The dominant metabolic route of terbuthylazine in biomixtures inoculated with L. edodes EL1 proceeded mainly via hydroxylation, towards production of terbuthylazine-hydroxy-2 metabolite. Finally, sorption process to cork by pesticides proved to be a reversible process, working cork as a mitigating factor reducing the toxicity to microorganisms in the biomixture, especially in the early stages.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department of Science and Technology School, Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal; ICAAM - Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Évora University, Portugal. Electronic address: app@uevora.pt.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department of Science and Technology School, Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department of Science and Technology School, Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal; HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Portugal.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Caldeira
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department of Science and Technology School, Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal; HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Portugal.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Teixeira
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011174:Portugal; D020942:Shiitake Mushrooms / Q000378:metabolism*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Bioaugmentation; Difenoconazole; Diflufenican; Lentinula edodes; Pendimethalin; Terbuthylazine