title: Persistence of the Gypsy Moth Pheromone, Disparlure, in the Environment in Various Climates.
abstract: Mating disruption techniques are used in pest control for many species of insects, yet little is known regarding the environmental persistence of these pheromones following their application and if persistence is affected by climatic conditions. We first studied the persistent effect of ground applications of Luretape® GM in Lymantria dispar (L) mating disruption in VA, USA in 2006. The removal of Luretape® GM indicated that the strong persistent effect of disparlure in the environment reported by previous studies is produced by residual pheromone in the dispensers as opposed to environmental contamination. In 2010 and 2011, we evaluated the efficacy of two formulations, Disrupt® II and SPLAT GM(TM), in VA and WI, USA, which presented different climatic conditions. In plots treated in WI and VA, male moth catches in pheromone-baited traps were reduced in the year of treatment and one year after the pheromone applications relative to untreated controls. However, similar first- and second-year effects of pheromone treatments in VA and WI suggest that the release rate over one and two years was the same across markedly different climates. Future applications that use liquid or biodegradable formulations of synthetic pheromones could reduce the amount of persistence in the environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. ksenia@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Ksenia S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Onufrieva
authors.affiliation: Hart Road Spencer, NY 14883, USA. kthorpe11@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kevin W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. anhickma@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Andrea D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hickman
authors.affiliation: USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Asheville, NC 28802, USA. dleonard@fs.fed.us.
authors.forename: Donna S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. roberts@vt.edu.
authors.forename: E Anderson
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA. ptobin@fs.fed.us.
authors.forename: Patrick C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Tobin
keywords: Lymantria dispar; environmental persistence; mating disruption; pheromone