title: Adjunctive Application of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment: A Review of Literature.
abstract: Periodontal disease is caused by dental plaque biofilms, and the removal of these biofilms from the root surface of teeth plays a central part in its treatment. The conventional treatment for periodontal disease fails to remove periodontal infection in a subset of cases, such as those with complicated root morphology. Adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been proposed as an additional treatment for this infectious disease. Many periodontal pathogenic bacteria are susceptible to low-power lasers in the presence of dyes, such as methylene blue, toluidine blue O, malachite green, and indocyanine green. aPDT uses these light-activated photosensitizer that is incorporated selectively by bacteria and absorbs a low-power laser/light with an appropriate wavelength to induce singlet oxygen and free radicals, which are toxic to bacteria. While this technique has been evaluated by many clinical studies, some systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported controversial results about the benefits of aPDT for periodontal treatment. In the light of these previous reports, the aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information about aPDT and help extend knowledge of advanced laser therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8651, Japan. tkikuchi@dpc.aichi-gakuin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan. makio@dpc.agu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Makio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mogi
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8651, Japan. ag133d04@dpc.agu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Iichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Okabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8651, Japan. ag133d03@dpc.agu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8651, Japan. ag123d14@dpc.agu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8651, Japan. ag143d09@dpc.agu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8651, Japan. takeki@dpc.agu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takeki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8651, Japan. fukuda-m@dpc.agu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mitsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8651, Japan. minita@dpc.agu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents
keywords: antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; low-power laser; periodontal disease; periodontal pathogenic bacteria; periodontal treatment; photodynamic therapy; photosensitizer