title: DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: High-yield thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology: an update focused on ancillary techniques improving its accuracy.
abstract: Thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is a fast growing field. One of the most developing areas is represented by molecular tests applied to cytological material. Patients that could benefit the most from these tests are those that have been diagnosed as 'indeterminate' on FNA. They could be better stratified in terms of malignancy risk and thus oriented with more confidence to the appropriate management. Taking in to consideration the need to improve and keep high the yield of thyroid FNA, professionals from various fields (i.e. molecular biologists, endocrinologists, nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists) are refining and fine-tuning their diagnostic instruments. In particular, all these developments aim at increasing the negative predictive value of FNA to improve the selection of patients for diagnostic surgery. These advances involve terminology, the application of next-generation sequencing to thyroid FNA, the use of immunocyto- and histo-chemistry, the development of new sampling techniques and the increasing use of nuclear medicine as well as molecular imaging in the management of patients with a thyroid nodule. Herein, we review the recent advances in thyroid FNA cytology that could be of interest to the 'thyroid-care' community, with particular focus on the indeterminate diagnostic category.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bongiovanni
authors.affiliation: Institute of PathologyUniversity Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 25, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandSection of Endocrinology and DiabetologyOspedale Israelitico, Piazza San Bartolomeo all'Isola 21, 00186 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid CentreOncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Viale Officina 3, 6500 Bellinzona, SwitzerlandDivision of Anatomic Pathology and HistologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, 'Agostino Gemelli' School of Medicine and Hospital, Catholic University, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy Institute of PathologyUniversity Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 25, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandSection of Endocrinology and DiabetologyOspedale Israelitico, Piazza San Bartolomeo all'Isola 21, 00186 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid CentreOncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Viale Officina 3, 6500 Bellinzona, SwitzerlandDivision of Anatomic Pathology and HistologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, 'Agostino Gemelli' School of Medicine and Hospital, Catholic University, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trimboli
authors.affiliation: Institute of PathologyUniversity Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 25, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandSection of Endocrinology and DiabetologyOspedale Israelitico, Piazza San Bartolomeo all'Isola 21, 00186 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid CentreOncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Viale Officina 3, 6500 Bellinzona, SwitzerlandDivision of Anatomic Pathology and HistologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, 'Agostino Gemelli' School of Medicine and Hospital, Catholic University, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Institute of PathologyUniversity Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 25, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandSection of Endocrinology and DiabetologyOspedale Israelitico, Piazza San Bartolomeo all'Isola 21, 00186 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid CentreOncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Viale Officina 3, 6500 Bellinzona, SwitzerlandDivision of Anatomic Pathology and HistologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, 'Agostino Gemelli' School of Medicine and Hospital, Catholic University, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fadda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nobile
authors.affiliation: Institute of PathologyUniversity Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 25, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandSection of Endocrinology and DiabetologyOspedale Israelitico, Piazza San Bartolomeo all'Isola 21, 00186 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid CentreOncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Viale Officina 3, 6500 Bellinzona, SwitzerlandDivision of Anatomic Pathology and HistologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, 'Agostino Gemelli' School of Medicine and Hospital, Catholic University, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giovanella
mesh_terms: D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*