title: Comprehensive Chemical Characterization of Hydrocarbons in NIST Standard Reference Material 2779 Gulf of Mexico Crude Oil.
abstract: Comprehensive chemical information is needed to understand the environmental fate and impact of hydrocarbons released during oil spills. However, chemical information remains incomplete because of the limitations of current analytical techniques and the inherent chemical complexity of crude oils. In this work, gas chromatography (GC)-amenable C9-C33 hydrocarbons were comprehensively characterized from the National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material (NIST SRM) 2779 Gulf of Mexico crude oil by GC coupled to vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry (GC/VUV-MS), with a mass balance of 68 ± 22%. This technique overcomes one important limitation faced by traditional GC and even comprehensive 2D gas chromatography (GC×GC): the necessity for individual compounds to be chromatographically resolved from one another in order to be characterized. VUV photoionization minimizes fragmentation of the molecular ions, facilitating the characterization of the observed hydrocarbons as a function of molecular weight (carbon number, NC), structure (number of double bond equivalents, NDBE), and mass fraction (mg kg(-1)), which represent important metrics for understanding their fate and environmental impacts. Linear alkanes (8 ± 1%), branched alkanes (11 ± 2%), and cycloalkanes (37 ± 12%) dominated the mass with the largest contribution from cycloalkanes containing one or two rings and one or more alkyl side chains (27 ± 9%). Linearity and good agreement with previous work for a subset of >100 components and for the sum of compound classes provided confidence in our measurements and represents the first independent assessment of our analytical approach and calibration methodology. Another crude oil collected from the Marlin platform (35 km northeast of the Macondo well) was shown to be chemically identical within experimental errors to NIST SRM 2779, demonstrating that Marlin crude is an appropriate surrogate oil for researchers conducting laboratory research into impacts of the DeepWater Horizon disaster.
authors.affiliation: Aerosol Dynamics, Inc. , Berkeley, California 94710, United States.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Worton
authors.forename: Haofei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Isaacman-VanWertz
authors.forename: Arthur W H
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Allen H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D060851:Gulf of America; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D007536:Isomerism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008970:Molecular Weight; D061329:Oil and Gas Fields / Q000737:chemistry; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis*; D059392:Petroleum Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D012015:Reference Standards; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D010578:Petroleum