title: Developmental and Metabolic Plasticity of White-Skinned Grape Berries in Response to Botrytis cinerea during Noble Rot.
abstract: Noble rot results from exceptional infections of ripe grape (Vitis vinifera) berries by Botrytis cinerea. Unlike bunch rot, noble rot promotes favorable changes in grape berries and the accumulation of secondary metabolites that enhance wine grape composition. Noble rot-infected berries of cv Sémillon, a white-skinned variety, were collected over 3 years from a commercial vineyard at the same time that fruit were harvested for botrytized wine production. Using an integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics approach, we demonstrate that noble rot alters the metabolism of cv Sémillon berries by inducing biotic and abiotic stress responses as well as ripening processes. During noble rot, B. cinerea induced the expression of key regulators of ripening-associated pathways, some of which are distinctive to the normal ripening of red-skinned cultivars. Enhancement of phenylpropanoid metabolism, characterized by a restricted flux in white-skinned berries, was a common outcome of noble rot and red-skinned berry ripening. Transcript and metabolite analyses together with enzymatic assays determined that the biosynthesis of anthocyanins is a consistent hallmark of noble rot in cv Sémillon berries. The biosynthesis of terpenes and fatty acid aroma precursors also increased during noble rot. We finally characterized the impact of noble rot in botrytized wines. Altogether, the results of this work demonstrated that noble rot causes a major reprogramming of berry development and metabolism. This desirable interaction between a fruit and a fungus stimulates pathways otherwise inactive in white-skinned berries, leading to a greater accumulation of compounds involved in the unique flavor and aroma of botrytized wines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (B.B.-U., K.C.H.A., T.S.C., A.M.-C., C.L.D., Z.Y., H.H., S.E.E., D.C.);Viticulture and Enology Program, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Richland, Washington 99354 (T.S.C.);Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 30100 Murcia, Spain (R.M.R.);Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.);Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.); andDolce Winery, Oakville, California 94562 (G.A.).
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8819-9207
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Blanco-Ulate
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (B.B.-U., K.C.H.A., T.S.C., A.M.-C., C.L.D., Z.Y., H.H., S.E.E., D.C.);Viticulture and Enology Program, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Richland, Washington 99354 (T.S.C.);Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 30100 Murcia, Spain (R.M.R.);Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.);Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.); andDolce Winery, Oakville, California 94562 (G.A.).
authors.forename: Katherine C H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7089-8029
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Amrine
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (B.B.-U., K.C.H.A., T.S.C., A.M.-C., C.L.D., Z.Y., H.H., S.E.E., D.C.);Viticulture and Enology Program, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Richland, Washington 99354 (T.S.C.);Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 30100 Murcia, Spain (R.M.R.);Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.);Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.); andDolce Winery, Oakville, California 94562 (G.A.).
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (B.B.-U., K.C.H.A., T.S.C., A.M.-C., C.L.D., Z.Y., H.H., S.E.E., D.C.);Viticulture and Enology Program, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Richland, Washington 99354 (T.S.C.);Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 30100 Murcia, Spain (R.M.R.);Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.);Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.); andDolce Winery, Oakville, California 94562 (G.A.).
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3880-0241
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rivero
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (B.B.-U., K.C.H.A., T.S.C., A.M.-C., C.L.D., Z.Y., H.H., S.E.E., D.C.);Viticulture and Enology Program, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Richland, Washington 99354 (T.S.C.);Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 30100 Murcia, Spain (R.M.R.);Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.);Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.); andDolce Winery, Oakville, California 94562 (G.A.).
authors.forename: Ariel R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Vicente
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (B.B.-U., K.C.H.A., T.S.C., A.M.-C., C.L.D., Z.Y., H.H., S.E.E., D.C.);Viticulture and Enology Program, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Richland, Washington 99354 (T.S.C.);Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 30100 Murcia, Spain (R.M.R.);Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.);Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.); andDolce Winery, Oakville, California 94562 (G.A.).
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6122-2649
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morales-Cruz
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (B.B.-U., K.C.H.A., T.S.C., A.M.-C., C.L.D., Z.Y., H.H., S.E.E., D.C.);Viticulture and Enology Program, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Richland, Washington 99354 (T.S.C.);Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 30100 Murcia, Spain (R.M.R.);Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.);Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.); andDolce Winery, Oakville, California 94562 (G.A.).
authors.forename: Carolyn L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (B.B.-U., K.C.H.A., T.S.C., A.M.-C., C.L.D., Z.Y., H.H., S.E.E., D.C.);Viticulture and Enology Program, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Richland, Washington 99354 (T.S.C.);Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 30100 Murcia, Spain (R.M.R.);Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.);Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.); andDolce Winery, Oakville, California 94562 (G.A.).
authors.forename: Zirou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (B.B.-U., K.C.H.A., T.S.C., A.M.-C., C.L.D., Z.Y., H.H., S.E.E., D.C.);Viticulture and Enology Program, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Richland, Washington 99354 (T.S.C.);Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 30100 Murcia, Spain (R.M.R.);Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.);Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.); andDolce Winery, Oakville, California 94562 (G.A.).
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (B.B.-U., K.C.H.A., T.S.C., A.M.-C., C.L.D., Z.Y., H.H., S.E.E., D.C.);Viticulture and Enology Program, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Richland, Washington 99354 (T.S.C.);Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 30100 Murcia, Spain (R.M.R.);Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.);Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.); andDolce Winery, Oakville, California 94562 (G.A.).
authors.forename: Hildegarde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heymann
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (B.B.-U., K.C.H.A., T.S.C., A.M.-C., C.L.D., Z.Y., H.H., S.E.E., D.C.);Viticulture and Enology Program, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Richland, Washington 99354 (T.S.C.);Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 30100 Murcia, Spain (R.M.R.);Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.);Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.); andDolce Winery, Oakville, California 94562 (G.A.).
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8394-6736
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ebeler
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (B.B.-U., K.C.H.A., T.S.C., A.M.-C., C.L.D., Z.Y., H.H., S.E.E., D.C.);Viticulture and Enology Program, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Richland, Washington 99354 (T.S.C.);Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 30100 Murcia, Spain (R.M.R.);Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.);Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina (A.R.V.); andDolce Winery, Oakville, California 94562 (G.A.) dacantu@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4858-1508
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cantu
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020171:Botrytis / Q000502:physiology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D055432:Metabolomics; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D027843:Vitis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D014920:Wine
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins