title: Spiders do have melanin after all.
abstract: Melanin pigments are broadly distributed in nature - from bacteria to fungi to plants and animals. However, many previous attempts to identify melanins in spiders were unsuccessful, suggesting that these otherwise ubiquitous pigments were lost during spider evolution. Yet, spiders exhibit many dark colours similar to those produced by melanins in other organisms, and the low solubility of melanins makes isolation and characterization difficult. Therefore, whether melanins are truly absent or have simply not yet been detected is an open question. Raman spectroscopy provides a reliable way to detect melanins in situ, without the need for isolation. In this study, we document the presence of eumelanin in diverse species of spiders using confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Comparisons of spectra with theoretically calculated data falsify the previous hypothesis that dark colours are produced solely by ommochromes in spiders. Our data indicate that melanins are present in spiders and further supporting that they are present in most living organisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA bh63@zips.uakron.edu.
authors.forename: Bor-Kai
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Hsiung
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA.
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Blackledge
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Shawkey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008543:Melanins / Q000032:analysis*; D010640:Phenothiazines / Q000032:analysis; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013112:Spiders / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins; D010640:Phenothiazines; C002772:ommochrome
keywords: Araneae; Eumelanin; Pigment; Raman spectroscopy