title: Motion Sickness: Current Knowledge and Recent Advance.
abstract: Motion sickness (MS) is a common physiological response to real or virtual motion. Numerous studies have investigated the neurobiological mechanism and the control measures of MS. This review summarizes the current knowledge about pathogenesis and pathophysiology, prediction, evaluation, and countermeasures of MS. The sensory conflict hypothesis is the most widely accepted theory for MS. Both the hippocampus and vestibular cortex might play a role in forming internal model. The pathophysiology focuses on the visceral afference, thermoregulation and MS-related neuroendocrine. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in some genes and epigenetic modulation might contribute to MS susceptibility and habituation. Questionnaires, heart rate variability (HRV) and electrogastrogram (EGG) are useful for diagnosing and evaluating MS. We also list MS medications to guide clinical practice. Repeated real motion exposure and combined visual-vestibular interaction training accelerate the progress of habituation. Behavioral and dietary countermeasures, as well as physiotherapy, are also effective in alleviating MS symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Li-Li
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Qin
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Rui-Rui
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lei-Lei
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Countermeasure; Evaluation; Motion sickness; Pathogenesis; Prediction