title: Detergentless ultrasound-assisted extraction of trace elements from edible oils using lipase as an extractant.
abstract: A new method for the extraction and preconcentration of trace elements (Al, Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Ti, V and Zn) from edible oils by producing detergentless micro-emulsions via an ultrasound-assisted extraction using a water phase containing Lipase at pH 3 as an extractant was developed. The trace elements in the water phase post-extraction were determined against matrix matched standards using ICP-MS. In the first step of the work, the parameters that affect extraction, such as pH, the volume of 1% lipase in the water phase and the ultrasonic and centrifugation times were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limits (µg kg(-1)) were 0.46, 0.03, 0.007, 0.028, 0.67, 0.038, 0.022, 0.14, 0.17, 0.05 and 0.07 for Al, Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Ti, V and Zn respectively for edible oils (3 Sb/m). A certified reference material (EnviroMAT HU-1 Used oil) was analysed to check the accuracy of the developed method. Results obtained were in agreement with certified values with a t-test showing that no significant differences at the 95% confidence levels were found. The proposed method was applied to different edible oils such as sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil and salmon oil.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Art and Science Faculty, Balikesir University, 10100 Balikesir, Turkey. Electronic address: dkara@balikesir.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Derya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kara
authors.affiliation: School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008049:Lipase / Q000737:chemistry*; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012474:Salmon; D013010:Sonication
chemical_list: D005395:Fish Oils; D008670:Metals; D010938:Plant Oils; D008049:Lipase
keywords: Detergentless micro-emulsions; Edible oil; Extraction; Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry; Lipase; Ultrasound-assisted emulsification