title: Elemental characterization and source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in the western coastal area of central Taiwan.
abstract: This study investigated seasonal variations in PM10 and PM2.5 mass and associated trace metal concentrations in a residential area in proximity to the crude oil refinery plants and industrial parks of central Taiwan. Particle measurements were conducted during winter, spring and summer in 2013 and 2014. Twenty-six trace metals in PM10 and PM2.5 were analyzed using ICP-MS. Multiple approaches of the backward trajectory model, enrichment factor (EF), Lanthanum enrichment and positive matrix fraction (PMF) were used to identify potential sources of particulate metals. Mean concentrations of PM10 in winter, spring and summer were 76.4 ± 22.6, 33.2 ± 9.9 and 37.4 ± 17.0 μg m(-3), respectively, while mean levels of PM2.5 in winter, spring and summer were 47.8 ± 20.0, 23.9 ± 11.2 and 16.3 ± 8.2 μg m(-3), respectively. The concentrations of carcinogenic metals (Ni, As and adjusted Cr(VI)) in PM10 and PM2.5 exceeded the guideline limits published by WHO. The result of EF analysis confirmed that Mo, Sb, Cd, Zn, Mg, Cr, As, Pb, Cu, Ni and V were attributable to anthropogenic emission. PMF analysis demonstrated that trace metals in PM10 and PM2.5 were from the similar sources, such as coal combustion, oil combustion and traffic-related emission, except for soil dust and crustal element emissions only observed in PM10 and secondary aluminum smelter only observed in PM2.5. Considering health-related particulate metals, the traffic-related emission and coal combustion for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, are important to control for reducing potential carcinogenic risk. The results could aid efforts to clarify the impact of source-specific origins on human health.
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chin-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hung-Che
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, No. 840, Chengcing Rd., Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sheng-Lun
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mu-Jean
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzu-Yu
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan. Electronic address: yucheng@nhri.org.tw.
authors.forename: Yu-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007221:Industry; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D012621:Seasons; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D008670:Metals
keywords: Cancer risk; Fine particle; Seasonal variation; Source apportionment; Trace metal