title: Type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetic abnormalities in patients with bipolar disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormalities in the glucose metabolism cause nervous and organic damage and are a cardiovascular risk factor. They could be a main cause for the increased morbidity and mortality rates found in patients with bipolar disorders. The exact prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetic abnormalities, however, is not clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  85 euthymic outpatients with bipolar disorders from two university hospitals in Germany underwent an oral glucose tolerance test, laboratory screening and clinical measurements. Socio-demographic data, medication, severity of illness, global functioning and life quality were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetes mellitus was found in 7% of the patients, pre-diabetic abnormalities in 27%. The group of patients with abnormalities in the glucose metabolism had significantly lower quality of life and global functioning. Higher BMI, leptin, triglycerides and CRP levels significantly increased the likelihood for pre-diabetes/diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low sample size did only allow limited assessment of impact of medication on the results. No healthy controls were assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One-third of the patients with bipolar disorders showed abnormalities in the glucose metabolism and this was associated with impaired global functioning and lower quality of life. Early detection and intervention strategies fitting the needs of patient with bipolar disorder are needed to improve both physical and mental health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Leopold
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reif
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haack
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bury
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Löffler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kittel-Schneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Steffi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Cathrin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: andrea.pfennig@uniklinikum-dresden.de.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pfennig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Diabetes; Glucose; Metabolic; Pre-diabetes