title: Possible ecological risk of two pharmaceuticals diclofenac and paracetamol demonstrated on a model plant Lemna minor.
abstract: Lemna minor is often used in environmental risk assessment and it can be supposed that usually evaluated parameters will be reliable even for assessing the risk of pharmaceuticals. Subtle changes in duckweed plant number, biomass production, and leaf area size induced by 10-day-exposure to diclofenac (DCF) and paracetamol (PCT) (0.1, 10, and 100 μg/L), excepting 100 μg/L DCF, are in contrast with considerable changes on biochemical and histochemical level. Both drugs caused a decrease in content of photosynthetic pigments (by up to 50%), an increase in non-photochemical quenching (by 65%) and decrease in relative chlorophyll fluorescence decay values (by up to 90% with DCF). Both DCF and especially PCT increased amount of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in roots. DCF-induced effects included mainly increased lipid peroxidation (by 78%), disturbation in membrane integrity and lowering both oxidoreductase and dehydrogenase activities (by 30%). PCT increased the content of soluble proteins and phenolics. Higher concentrations of both DCF and PCT increased the levels of oxidised ascorbate (by 30%) and oxidised thiols (by up to 84% with DCF). Glutathion-reductase activity was elevated by both pharmaceuticals (nearly by 90%), glutathion-S-transferase activity increased mainly with PCT (by 22%). The early and sensitive indicators of DCF and PCT phytotoxicity stress in duckweed are mainly the changes in biochemical processes, connected with activation of defense mechanisms against oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Biology-Department of Plant Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: kumerova@sci.muni.cz.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kummerová
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Biology-Department of Plant Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: zezulka@sci.muni.cz.
authors.forename: Štěpán
authors.initials: Š
authors.lastname: Zezulka
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: babula@med.muni.cz.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Babula
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Metabolomics and Isotope Analyses, Global Change Research Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: triska.j@czechglobe.cz.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tříska
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D004008:Diclofenac; D000082:Acetaminophen
keywords: Antioxidant mechanism; Diclofenac; Lemna minor; Oxidative stress; Paracetamol