title: Serum adsorption, cellular internalization and consequent impact of cuprous oxide nanoparticles on uveal melanoma cells: implications for cancer therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the biological fate of cuprous oxide nanoparticles (Cu2O-NPs) and to evaluate their potential in uveal melanoma therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The protein corona, cellular uptake mechanism and localization of Cu2O-NPs were investigated. Furthermore, the effect of Cu2O-NPs on uveal melanoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and possible mechanisms were studied in detail.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cu2O-NPs are able to adsorb serum proteins in cell culture medium, which are then internalized by uveal melanoma cells mainly through lipid raft-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, Cu2O-NPs selectively inhibit cancer cell growth and impair the ability of uveal melanoma cell migration, invasion and the cytoskeleton assembly. The mechanism may be that Cu2O-NPs located in and damage mitochondria, autophagolysosomes and lysosomes, leading to elevated reactive oxygen species level and over-stimulated apoptosis and autophagy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data provide detailed information of Cu2O-NPs for further application and indicate that Cu2O-NPs could be a potential agent for uveal melanoma therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Hongyuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Qingqiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Yongzhe
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Shiying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Hailin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Zhongtian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Shihong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003300:Copper / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D014604:Uveal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D000098943:Uveal Melanoma
chemical_list: D003300:Copper; C000520:cuprous oxide
keywords: cellular uptake; cuprous oxide nanoparticles; programmed cell death; protein corona; uveal melanoma