title: Lead extractions: the Zwolle experience with the Evolution mechanical sheath.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Evolution sheath (Cook, USA) is a power sheath with a cutting screw tip operated by mechanical rotation. It has been reported to be an effective tool for chronic lead extraction. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of this system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2009 to 2014, all lead extractions requiring the use of an Evolution sheath were prospectively examined. In 77 patients, 111 leads were extracted. The first 57 leads were extracted with the original unidirectional sheath, and since 2013, 54 leads were extracted with the bidirectional R/L type. According to the current guidelines, complete procedural success was defined as the removal of all targeted lead material. Clinical success was the retention of a small portion of the lead, and failure was the inability to achieve either complete procedural or clinical success or the development of any permanently disabling complication. The Evolution sheath was used to extract 111 leads in 77 patients. The median age of the lead at time of extraction was 8.0 years (median 6.9, interquartile range 6.4, minimum: 0.6 and maximum: 34.4), with a clinical success rate of 98% and a complete procedural success of 88%. Complete procedural success was higher for the R/L type Evolution sheath (96 vs. 80%, P = 0.006). There were 21 (19%) implantable cardioverter defibrillator leads, 22 (20%) right ventricular pacing leads, 60 (54%) right atrial leads, and 8 (7%) left ventricular leads. There were no major complications and six (8%) minor complications. There was no need for the usage of a femoral tool or snares.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of Evolution for lead extractions seems to be safe and effective, with a high clinical success rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Isala Hospital, Dr Van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands v.r.c.derks@isala.nl.
authors.forename: Peter Paul H M
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Delnoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Isala Hospital, Dr Van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Olivier A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Isala Hospital, Dr Van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adiyaman
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Isala Hospital, Dr Van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghani
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Isala Hospital, Dr Van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jaap Jan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Isala Hospital, Dr Van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anand R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ramdat Misier
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Isala Hospital, Dr Van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elvan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020878:Device Removal / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Complications; Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; Lead extraction; Pacemaker