title: Neurotensin Is Coexpressed, Coreleased, and Acts Together With GLP-1 and PYY in Enteroendocrine Control of Metabolism.
abstract: The 2 gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are well known to be coexpressed, costored, and released together to coact in the control of key metabolic target organs. However, recently, it became clear that several other gut hormones can be coexpressed in the intestinal-specific lineage of enteroendocrine cells. Here, we focus on the anatomical and functional consequences of the coexpression of neurotensin with GLP-1 and PYY in the distal small intestine. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, laser capture, and triple staining demonstrated that GLP-1 cells in the crypts become increasingly multihormonal, ie, coexpressing PYY and neurotensin as they move up the villus. Proglucagon promoter and pertussis toxin receptor-driven cell ablation and reappearance studies indicated that although all the cells die, the GLP-1 cells reappear more quickly than PYY- and neurotensin-positive cells. High-resolution confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that neurotensin is stored in secretory granules distinct from GLP-1 and PYY storing granules. Nevertheless, the 3 peptides were cosecreted from both perfused small intestines and colonic crypt cultures in response to a series of metabolite, neuropeptide, and hormonal stimuli. Importantly, neurotensin acts synergistically, ie, more than additively together with GLP-1 and PYY to decrease palatable food intake and inhibit gastric emptying, but affects glucose homeostasis in a more complex manner. Thus, neurotensin is a major gut hormone deeply integrated with GLP-1 and PYY, which should be taken into account when exploiting the enteroendocrine regulation of metabolism pharmacologically.
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Kaare V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Grunddal
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Cecilia F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Ratner
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Maja S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Engelstoft
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Mark K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nøhr
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Kristoffer L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Egerod
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Nawrocki
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Steen Seier
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Offermanns
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bäckhed
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Thue W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001839:Bombesin / Q000494:pharmacology; D019858:Enteroendocrine Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009496:Neurotensin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D022142:Secretory Vesicles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001839:Bombesin; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D009496:Neurotensin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D019894:Peptide YY; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein; C506482:Gpcr41 protein, mouse; C040794:neuromedin C