title: Association of Gallbladder Mucocele Histologic Diagnosis with Selected Drug Use in Dogs: A Matched Case-Control Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cause of gallbladder mucocele (GBM) formation in dogs currently is unknown. Many available drugs represent a newer generation of xenobiotics that may predispose dogs to GBM formation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if there is an association between the histologic diagnosis of GBM in dogs and administration of selected drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-one dogs with a histologic diagnosis of GBM and 162 breed, age, and admission date-matched control dogs from a single referral institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of dogs with GBM and control dogs from 2001 to 2011 were reviewed. Owner verification of drug history was sought by a standard questionnaire. Reported use of heartworm, flea, and tick preventatives as well as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, corticosteroids, or medications for treatment of osteoarthritis was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dogs with GBM were 2.2 times as likely to have had reported use of thyroxine (as a proxy for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism) as control dogs (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.949-5.051), 3.6 times as likely to have had reported treatment for Cushing's disease (95% CI, 1.228-10.612), and 2.3 times as likely to have had reported use of products containing imidacloprid (95% CI, 1.094-4.723). Analysis of a data subset containing only Shetland sheepdogs (23 GBM and 46 control) indicated that Shetland sheepdogs with GBM formation were 9.3 times as likely to have had reported use of imidacloprid as were control Shetland sheepdogs (95% CI, 1.103-78.239).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence for an association between selected drug use and GBM formation in dogs. A larger epidemiologic study of Shetland sheepdogs with GBM formation and exposure to imidacloprid is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gookin
authors.affiliation: Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.affiliation: The Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: The Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malueg
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.affiliation: Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Seiler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018678:Cholinergic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005705:Gallbladder Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary*; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000188:drug therapy; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D009078:Mucocele / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D047748:Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary; D012307:Risk Factors; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D018678:Cholinergic Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C082359:imidacloprid; D013974:Thyroxine
keywords: Bile; Canine; Mucus; Xenobiotic