title: Air Quality in Alternative Housing Systems may have an Impact on Laying Hen Welfare. Part II-Ammonia.
abstract: The EU ban on conventional barren cages for laying hens from 2012 has improved many aspects of laying hen welfare. The new housing systems allow for the expression of highly-motivated behaviors. However, the systems available for intensive large-scale egg production (e.g., aviaries, floor housing systems, furnished cages) may cause other welfare challenges. We have reviewed the literature regarding the health, behavior, production characteristics, and welfare of laying hens when exposed to ammonia in their housing environment. Concentrations of ammonia gas are commonly high in aviaries and floor housing systems in which manure is not regularly removed, whereas they are usually lower in furnished cages. High levels are found during the cold season when ventilation flow is often reduced. Ammonia is a pungent gas, and behavioral studies indicate chickens are averse to the gas. High concentrations of gaseous ammonia can have adverse health effects and, when very high, even influence production performance. The most profound effects seen are the occurrence of lesions in the respiratory tract and keratoconjunctivitis. There is also evidence that high ammonia concentrations predispose poultry to respiratory disease and secondary infections. We conclude that there are animal welfare challenges related to high ammonia levels, and that immediate actions are needed. Development of improved systems and management routines for manure removal and ventilation will be important for the reduction of ammonia levels and hence will contribute to safeguarding hen welfare.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway. bruce.david@vetinst.no.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: David
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway. cecilie.mejdell@vetinst.no.
authors.forename: Cecilie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mejdell
authors.affiliation: French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses), BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France. virginie.MICHEL@anses.fr.
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway. cecilie.mejdell@vetinst.no.
authors.forename: Vonne
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Pb 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway. randi.moe@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Randi Oppermann
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Moe
keywords: aviaries; behaviour; furnished cages; health; loose housing; poultry