title: Effect of geographical variation of Echis ocellatus, Naja nigricollis and Bitis arietans venoms on their neutralization by homologous and heterologous antivenoms.
abstract: Two antivenoms prepared by using Echis ocellatus, Bitis arietans and Naja nigricollis venoms from different locations in sub-Saharan Africa were compared for their neutralizing ability. Both antivenoms were similarly effective in the neutralization of the venoms of the three species from different locations. However in the case of E. ocellatus venom, antivenom prepared using venom from Nigerian specimens was more effective than antivenom prepared with venom from Cameroon specimens in the neutralization of coagulant activity.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Dirección de Investigación, Sede Atenas, Universidad Técnica Nacional, Alajuela, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coto
authors.affiliation: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Álvaro
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Segura
authors.affiliation: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Mariángela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.affiliation: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Solano
authors.affiliation: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herrera
authors.affiliation: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Mauren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villalta
authors.affiliation: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Estrada
authors.affiliation: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. Electronic address: guillermo.leon@ucr.ac.cr.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: León
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004546:Elapid Venoms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D017815:Elapidae / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005843:Geography; D006702:Homing Behavior; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D051379:Mice; D014757:Viper Venoms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D017819:Viperidae / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D004546:Elapid Venoms; D014757:Viper Venoms
keywords: Antivenom; Bitis arietans; Echis ocellatus; Naja nigricollis; Venom variability