title: Production of natural IgM antibodies against oxidatively-modified proteins in milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8) deficient mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8) is a protein that binds to apoptotic cells by recognizing phosphatidylserine and enhances the engulfment of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Many apoptotic cells are left unengulfed in the germinal centers of the spleen in the MFG-E8-deficient (MFG-E8(-/-)) mice, and these mice develop an autoimmune disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the MFG-E8 deficiency was accompanied by the increased production of immunoglobulins. Further Western blot and ELISA analyses validated the increase in the IgM levels in the MFG-E8(-/-) mice. It was also revealed that the sera from the MFG-E8(-/-) mice exclusively cross-reacted with the protein-bound 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE), a highly reactive aldehyde originating from the peroxidation of ?6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, the IgM monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that selectively cross-reacted with the ONE-modified proteins were generated from the MFG-E8(-/-) mice. A subset of the ONE-specific IgM mAbs significantly recognized the late apoptotic and necrotic cells and enhanced the phagocytosis by macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that the impairment of the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells through MFG-E8 can lead to the generation of natural antibodies, which may play a critical role in removing multiple damage-associated molecules, including oxidation-specific epitopes and late apoptotic/necrotic cells.
authors.affiliation: Nagoya University (Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences), Laboratory of food and biodynamics, Japan. Electronic address: un_clou_violet@hotmail.co.jp.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chikazawa
authors.affiliation: Nagoya University (Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences), Laboratory of food and biodynamics, Japan.
authors.forename: Natsuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Otaki
authors.affiliation: Nagoya University (Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences), Laboratory of food and biodynamics, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Nagoya University (Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences), Laboratory of molecular bioregulation, Japan.
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasueda
authors.affiliation: Nagoya University (Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences), Laboratory of molecular bioregulation, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: Nagoya University (Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences), Laboratory of food and biodynamics, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida