title: Gene stacking in plant cell using recombinases for gene integration and nucleases for marker gene deletion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Practical approaches for multigene transformation and gene stacking are extremely important for engineering complex traits and adding new traits in transgenic crops. Trait deployment by gene stacking would greatly simplify downstream plant breeding and trait introgression into cultivars. Gene stacking into pre-determined genomic sites depends on mechanisms of targeted DNA integration and recycling of selectable marker genes. Targeted integrations into chromosomal breaks, created by nucleases, require large transformation efforts. Recombinases such as Cre-lox, on the other hand, efficiently drive site-specific integrations in plants. However, the reversibility of Cre-lox recombination, due to the incorporation of two cis-positioned lox sites, presents a major bottleneck in its application in gene stacking. Here, we describe a strategy of resolving this bottleneck through excision of one of the cis-positioned lox, embedded in the marker gene, by nuclease activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  All transgenic lines were developed by particle bombardment of rice callus with plasmid constructs. Standard molecular approach was used for building the constructs. Transgene loci were analyzed by PCR, Southern hybridization, and DNA sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed a highly efficient gene stacking method by utilizing powerful recombinases such as Cre-lox and FLP-FRT, for site-specific gene integrations, and nucleases for marker gene excisions. We generated Cre-mediated site-specific integration locus in rice and showed excision of marker gene by I-SceI at ~20 % efficiency, seamlessly connecting genes in the locus. Next, we showed ZFN could be used for marker excision, and the locus can be targeted again by recombinases. Hence, we extended the power of recombinases to gene stacking application in plants. Finally, we show that heat-inducible I-SceI is also suitable for marker excision, and therefore could serve as an important tool in streamlining this gene stacking platform.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A practical approach for gene stacking in plant cell was developed that allows targeted gene insertions through rounds of transformation, a method needed for introducing new traits into transgenic lines for their rapid deployment in the field. By using Cre-lox, a powerful site-specific recombination system, this method greatly improves gene stacking efficiency, and through the application of nucleases develops marker-free, seamless stack of genes at pre-determined chromosomal sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Science, 115 Plant Science Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA. snandy@uark.edu.
authors.forename: Soumen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nandy
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Science, 115 Plant Science Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA. shanzhao@uark.edu.
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Science, 115 Plant Science Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA. bppathak@email.uark.edu.
authors.forename: Bhuvan P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Pathak
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, 144 Woodard Hall, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR, 71601, USA. manoharanm@uapb.edu.
authors.forename: Muthusamy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manoharan
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Science, 115 Plant Science Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA. vibhas@uark.edu.
authors.forename: Vibha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Srivastava
mesh_terms: D001709:Biotechnology; D003851:Deoxyribonucleases / Q000235:genetics; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D019426:Integrases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; C045073:Cre recombinase; D019426:Integrases; D003851:Deoxyribonucleases