title: Incarceration and adult weight gain in the National Survey of American Life (NSAL).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The United States has the unenviable distinction of having both the highest obesity rate among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries and the highest incarceration rate in the world. Further, both are socially patterned by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic position. Incarceration involves various health behaviors that could influence adult weight trajectory.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the associations between history and duration of adult incarceration and weight gain using the National Survey of American Life (N=6082 adults residing in the 48 contiguous states between February 2001 and March 2003). We propensity score-matched individuals to control for the probability of having a history of incarceration. To examine the relation between prior incarceration and adult weight gain, we fit gender-stratified generalized estimating equations controlling for propensity of incarceration history, age, education, income, race/ethnicity, and marital status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For males (N=563), incarceration was associated with about a 1.77 kg/m(2) lower gain in body mass index (BMI) during adulthood, after adjusting for age, education, income, race/ethnicity, and marital status in addition to the propensity of having a history of incarceration (95% CI: -2.63, -0.92). For females (N=286), no significant overall relationship was found between a history of incarceration and adult weight gain. In subgroup analyses among those with an incarceration history, we found no overall association between duration of incarceration and adult weight gain in men or women. In sensitivity analyses, neither tobacco smoking nor parity changed the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that incarceration is associated with a lower transition of weight gain in males, but not in females..
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Montreal Health Equity Research Consortium, Institute of Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. Electronic address: zinzi.bailey@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Zinzi D
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Cassandra A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Okechukwu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D011329:Prisoners; D011330:Prisons; D057216:Propensity Score; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: Body weight; Incarceration; Structural racism