title: Transcriptional Profiling Identifies the Signaling Axes of IGF and Transforming Growth Factor-b as Involved in the Pathogenesis of Osteosarcoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor in adolescents associated with skeletal development. The molecular pathogenesis of osteosarcoma has not been completely determined, although many molecular alterations have been found in human osteosarcomas and cell lines.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We questioned whether (1) we could identify gene expression in osteosarcoma specimens that differs from normal osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells and (2) this would provide clues to the molecular pathogenesis of osteosarcoma?
  
  
  METHODS
  The whole-genome transcriptional profiles of osteosarcomas, including two primary biopsy specimens, two cell lines, two xenografts derived from patient specimens, and one from normal osteoblasts and from mesenchymal stem cells, respectively, were quantitatively measured using serial analysis of gene expression. A statistical enrichment was performed, which selects the common genes altered in each of the osteosarcomas compared with each of the normal counterparts independently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty (92%) of 65 total genes that were at least twofold downregulated in osteosarcoma compared with osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells, could be classified in four categories: (1) seven genes in the insulin–like growth factor (IGF) signaling axis, including three of the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP) and three of the IGFBPrelated proteins (IGFBPrP); (2) eight genes in the transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling cascade; (3) 39 genes encoding cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix proteins that are regulated by TGF-b/BMPs; and (4) six genes involved in cell cycle regulation, including tumor suppressors TP63 and p21.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these transcriptional profiles, a coordinated theme of clustered gene deregulation in osteosarcoma has emerged. Cell proliferation driven by the IGF axes during bone growth is unrestrained owing to downregulation of IGFBPs and cell cycle regulators. Tumor cells may be maintained in an undifferentiated state secondary to impaired TGF-b/BMP signaling. This wellpreserved pattern suggests that the alterations in the signaling axes of IGF-1 and TGF-b, in concert with cell cycle regulators, may be an important pathogenic basis of osteosarcoma. CLINIC RELEVANCE: This study provides a possible molecular basis of pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. This may help to develop new therapeutic targets and strategy for this disease. Preclinical and subsequently clinical testing of inhibitors of the IGF-1 and TGF pathways would be warranted.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sajida
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piperdi
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Neophytos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neophytou
authors.forename: Bang H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dorfman
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Healey
authors.forename: Donald G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Phinney
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gorlick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002648:Child; D019295:Computational Biology; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D013002:Somatomedins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta