title: CSF cytokines/chemokines as biomarkers in neuroinflammatory CNS disorders: A systematic review.
abstract: Despite improved understanding of the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory disorders of the brain and development of new diagnostic markers, our biomarker repertoire to demonstrate and monitor inflammation remains limited. Using PubMed database, we reviewed 83 studies on CSF cytokines and chemokines and describe the pattern of elevation and possible role of cytokines/chemokines as biomarkers in viral and autoimmune inflammatory neurological disorders of the CNS. Despite inconsistencies and overlap of cytokines and chemokines in different neuroinflammation syndromes, there are some trends regarding the pattern of cytokines/chemokine elevation. Namely B cell markers, such as CXCL13 and BAFF are predominantly investigated and found to be elevated in autoantibody-associated disorders, whereas interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is elevated mainly in viral encephalitis. Th2 and Th17 cytokines are frequently elevated in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO), whereas Th1 and Th17 cytokines are more commonly elevated in multiple sclerosis (MS). Cytokine/chemokine profiling might provide new insights into disease pathogenesis, and improve our ability to monitor inflammation and response to treatment.
authors.affiliation: Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia. Electronic address: kavitha.kothur@health.nsw.gov.au.
authors.forename: Kavitha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kothur
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: Louise.Wienholt@sswahs.nsw.gov.au.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wienholt
authors.affiliation: Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia. Electronic address: fabienne.brilot@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brilot
authors.affiliation: Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia. Electronic address: russell.dale@health.nsw.gov.au.
authors.forename: Russell C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Dale
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis; D053264:B-Cell Activating Factor / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D054382:Chemokine CXCL13 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D016207:Cytokines / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D053264:B-Cell Activating Factor; D015415:Biomarkers; C110663:CXCL13 protein, human; D054382:Chemokine CXCL13; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; C505719:TNFSF13B protein, human; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: ADEM; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune; Biomarkers; Chemokines; Cytokines; Encephalitis; Neuroinflammation