title: Salivary markers in patients with chronic renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years. The major function of the kidneys is the removal of metabolic waste products, electrolytes and water. When this function is impaired, systemic changes, oral complications and alterations in salivary composition may occur.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to compare the levels of immunological and inflammatory components in the saliva samples from patients that undergo to hemodialysis treatment (HD), without HD and control.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study evaluated IgA, IgG, C reactive protein (CRP) and nitric oxide (NO) in saliva samples from 119 patients, who were divided into the control group (C), chronic renal failure (CRF) patient group and CRF patients on hemodialysis treatment (HD) group. IgA and IgG levels were analyzed by ELISA. Nitric oxide levels were determined indirectly by the nitrite concentration using Griess reagent; CRP by agglutination tests; and total proteins, by Bradford assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HD group showed significantly higher levels of IgG, IgA and CRP compared with the control and CRF groups. The CRF group presented the same amounts of IgG, IgA and CRP as the C group but significantly higher levels of NO similar to the HD group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal disease, particularly hemodialysis treatment during renal disease, seems to alter salivary immunological and inflammatory components. Thus, analyzing the levels of IgA, IgG, NO and CRP in saliva may be beneficial for monitoring renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Implantology Department, Universidade de Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil; Dept. of Periodontics, Universidade de Taubaté, Taubaté, Brazil. Electronic address: dpallos@netpoint.com.br.
authors.forename: Debora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pallos
authors.affiliation: Basic Bioscience Institute and Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, University of Taubate, Brazil. Electronic address: mariellaleao@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Mariella V P
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Leão
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Periodontics, Universidade de Taubaté, Taubaté, Brazil. Electronic address: fernandatogeiro@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Fernanda C F B
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Togeiro
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Periodontics, Universidade de Taubaté, Taubaté, Brazil. Electronic address: lalegre18@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Larissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alegre
authors.affiliation: Private Office, Pindamonhangaba, Brazil. Electronic address: lumello1@uol.com.br.
authors.forename: Lucilene Hernandes
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Ricardo
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Periodontics, Universidade de Taubaté, Taubaté, Brazil. Electronic address: carolineperozini@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perozini
authors.affiliation: Medicine Department, University of Taubaté, Av. Tiradentes 500, Taubaté, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: gfruivo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gilson Fernandes
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Ruivo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000378:metabolism; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000378:metabolism; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Chronic renal failure; Inflammation; Markers; Saliva