title: Hyperthyroidism association with SLE, lessons from real-life data--A case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the frequently encountered association between thyroid disease and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is well known, it is of surprise that only several reports compromised of small population size support this observation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of comorbid SLE and hyperthyroidism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the database of the largest health maintenance organization (HMO) in Israel, the Clalit Health Services, we searched for the co-existence of SLE and hyperthyroidism. Patients with SLE were compared with age- and sex-matched controls regarding the prevalence of hyperthyroidism in a case-control study. Chi-square and t-tests were used for univariate analysis and a logistic regression model was used for multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 5018 patients with SLE and 25,090 age- and sex- matched controls. The prevalence of hyperthyroidism in patients with SLE was increased compared with the prevalence in controls (2.59% and 0.91%, respectively, p < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, SLE was associated with hyperthyroidism (odds ratio 2.52, 95% confidence interval 2.028-3.137).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with SLE have a greater prevalence of hyperthyroidism than matched controls. Therefore, physicians treating patients with SLE should be aware of this possibility of this thyroid dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine 'B' , Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center , Tel-Hashomer , Israel .|b Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel .
authors.forename: Abdulla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Watad
authors.affiliation: c Chief Physician's Office, Clalit Health Services , Tel Aviv , Israel .|d Faculty of Health Sciences , Siaal Research Center for Family Medicine and Primary Care, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva , Israel , and.
authors.forename: Arnon D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: c Chief Physician's Office, Clalit Health Services , Tel Aviv , Israel .
authors.forename: Doron
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Comaneshter
authors.affiliation: e Chaim Sheba General Hospital, Sheba Medical Center , Tel-Hashomer , Israel.
authors.forename: Dorit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tekes-Manova
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine 'B' , Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center , Tel-Hashomer , Israel .|b Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel .
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amital
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Autoimmune disease; SLE; comorbidity; hyperthyroidism; thyroid dysfunction