title: Feeding Deterrence of Cabbage Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by 1-Allyloxy-4-Propoxybenzene, Alone and Blended With Neem Extract.
abstract: The cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the most damaging insect pests of cabbage (Brassica oleracea variety capitata) and broccoli (B. oleracea variety italica) in North America. Leaf-feeding larvae attack crucifer and vegetable crops in greenhouses and fields. Here, we have studied a synthetic feeding deterrent, 1-allyloxy-4-propoxybenzene, and a botanical deterrent, neem (an extract from seeds of Azadirachta indica A. de Jussieu (Meliaceae)), in leaf disc choice bioassays with T. ni. We tested the two deterrents and the combination, and we found that the blend exhibits synergy between the two deterrents. We also tested the deterrents in assays with whole cabbage plants in ventilated enclosures and found that 1-allyloxy-4-propoxybenzene evaporated and, therefore, in that context addition of 1-allyloxy-4-propoxybenzene to neem did not enhance deterrence against T. ni.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B. C. V5A 1S6, Canada.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B. C. V5A 1S6, Canada.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B. C. V5A 1S6, Canada. These authors contributed equally to this study.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aalhus
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B. C. V5A 1S6, Canada. These authors contributed equally to this study.
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seward
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B. C. V5A 1S6, Canada. These authors contributed equally to this study.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B. C. V5A 1S6, Canada. plettner@sfu.ca.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Plettner
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D031601:Azadirachta; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D036701:Limonins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects*; D010647:Phenyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C000622991:1-allyloxy-4-propoxybenzene; D000498:Allyl Compounds; D007306:Insecticides; D036701:Limonins; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; C010329:azadirachtin
keywords: blend; dialkoxybenzene; feeding deterrent; neem; synergy