title: Repellency and acaricidal efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against Ixodes ricinus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks on dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A blinded, controlled laboratory study was conducted to assess the repellency and acaricidal activity of a topical spot on formulation, a combination of fipronil and permethrin, against Ixodes ricinus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks on dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 16 adult mixed breed dogs were randomly divided into treatment and control groups based on pre-treatment live tick counts. On Day 0, the topical spot on formulation of fipronil + permethrin (commercialized under the name Frontline Tri-Act®/Frontect®) was administered to dogs in the treatment group at the minimum recommended dose of 0.1 mL/kg, corresponding to 6.76 mg fipronil/kg and 50.48 mg/kg permethrin. Tick infestations were performed with I. ricinus (50 females, 50 males) and R. sanguineus (25 females, 25 males) on each dog on Days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Dogs were sedated prior to exposure and confined to crates for approximately 4 h following tick challenge. Ticks were released next to the sedated dogs and tick counts were performed at 4 h and 24 h after the start of exposure for tick counts and removal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repellency at 4 h against I. ricinus was 72.6, 96.3, 92.8, 89.0, and 88.7 % on Days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. Repellency was 100 % 24 h after exposures on Days 2, 7, and 14 and 99.6 % after exposures on Days 21 and 28. For R. sanguineus, repellency at 4 h was 78.0, 96.8, 91.5, 88.0, and 56.8 % on Days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. Repellency at 24 h was 98.6, 100, 98.7, 96.1, and 95.1 % for exposures on Days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. For I. ricinus, acaricidal efficacy recorded at 4 h was ≥ 91.1 % during the full month and was ≥ 99.5 % for the full month when counted at 24 h. Acaricidal efficacy against R. sanguineus was ≥ 94.7 % at 4 h from Day 2 to Day 21 and was 71.4 % on Day 28. Acaricidal efficacy at 24 h, was > 97.7 % during the month. Tick counts were statistically significantly reduced in treated dogs at all time-points during the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of fipronil and permethrin was highly effective at rapidly repelling and killing both I. ricinus and R. sanguineus ticks on dogs for at least 4 weeks, with a significant effect at 4 and 24 h after tick exposure.
authors.affiliation: Merial SAS, 29 Av Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France. pascal.dumont@merial.com.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dumont
authors.affiliation: ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd, PO Box 11186, 9321, Universitas, South Africa. julian.liebenberg@clinvet.com.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liebenberg
authors.affiliation: Merial SAS, 29 Av Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France. frederic.beugnet@merial.com.
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beugnet
authors.affiliation: Merial Limited, 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA, 30096, USA. becky.fankhauser@merial.com.
authors.forename: Becky
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fankhauser
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D004285:Dogs; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D018884:Ixodes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D026023:Permethrin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048508:Rhipicephalus sanguineus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013983:Tick Control; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D011720:Pyrazoles; D026023:Permethrin; C082360:fipronil