title: Predictors of Persistent Anaemia in the First Year of Antiretroviral Therapy: A Retrospective Cohort Study from Goma, the Democratic Republic of Congo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anaemia is associated with adverse outcomes including early death in the first year of antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study reports on the factors associated with persistent anaemia among HIV-infected patients initiating ART in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort study and analyzed data from patients receiving HIV care between January 2004 and December 2012 at two major hospitals in Goma, DR Congo. Haemoglobin concentrations of all patients on ART regimen were obtained prior to and within one year of ART initiation. A logistic regression model was used to identify the predictors of persistent anaemia after 12 months of ART.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 756 patients, 69% of patients were anaemic (IC95%: 65.7-72.3) at baseline. After 12 months of follow up, there was a 1.2 g/dl average increase of haemoglobin concentration (P < 0.001) with differences depending on the therapeutic regimen. Patients who received zidovudine (AZT) gained less than those who did not receive AZT (0.99 g/dl vs 1.33 g/dl; p< 0.001). Among 445 patient who had anaemia at the beginning, 33% (147/445) had the condition resolved. Among patients with anaemia at ART initiation, those who did not receive cotrimoxazole prophylaxis before starting ART(AOR 3.89; 95% CI 2.09-7.25; P < 0.001) and a AZT initial regimen (AOR 2.19; 95% CI 1.36-3.52; P < 0.001) were significantly at risk of persistent anaemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than two thirds of patients had anaemia at baseline. The AZT-containing regimen and absence of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis before starting ART were associated with persistent anaemia 12 months, after initiation of treatment. Considering the large proportion of patients with persistence of anaemia at 12 months, we suggest that it is necessary to conduct a large study to assess anaemia among HIV-infected patients in Goma.
authors.affiliation: Kinshasa University School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
authors.forename: Pierre Zalagile
authors.initials: PZ
authors.lastname: Akilimali
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Espérance
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kashala-Abotnes
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health and Socio-Epidemiology, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Patou Masika
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Musumari
authors.affiliation: Kinshasa University School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
authors.forename: Patrick Kalambayi
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kayembe
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Thorkild
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tylleskar
authors.affiliation: Kinshasa University School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
authors.forename: Mala Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mapatano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006678:HIV / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies