title: MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease.
abstract: This article describes research criteria and probability methodology for the diagnosis of prodromal PD. Prodromal disease refers to the stage wherein early symptoms or signs of PD neurodegeneration are present, but classic clinical diagnosis based on fully evolved motor parkinsonism is not yet possible. Given the lack of clear neuroprotective/disease-modifying therapy for prodromal PD, these criteria were developed for research purposes only. The criteria are based upon the likelihood of prodromal disease being present with probable prodromal PD defined as ≥80% certainty. Certainty estimates rely upon calculation of an individual's risk of having prodromal PD, using a Bayesian naïve classifier. In this methodology, a previous probability of prodromal disease is delineated based upon age. Then, the probability of prodromal PD is calculated by adding diagnostic information, expressed as likelihood ratios. This diagnostic information combines estimates of background risk (from environmental risk factors and genetic findings) and results of diagnostic marker testing. In order to be included, diagnostic markers had to have prospective evidence documenting ability to predict clinical PD. They include motor and nonmotor clinical symptoms, clinical signs, and ancillary diagnostic tests. These criteria represent a first step in the formal delineation of early stages of PD and will require constant updating as more information becomes available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Ronald B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Postuma
authors.affiliation: The Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bastiaan R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bloem
authors.affiliation: Xuanwu Hospital of Capitol of Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Piu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Hopital De La Salpetriere, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gasser
authors.affiliation: Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Australia & University of NSW, Randwick, Australia.
authors.forename: Glenda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Halliday
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Anthony E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Liepelt-Scarfone
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Litvan
authors.affiliation: Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marek
authors.affiliation: University of Navarra-FIMA, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Obeso
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Oertel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: C Warren
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Olanow
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Poewe
authors.affiliation: Penn Neurological Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deuschl
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012958:Societies, Scientific / Q000592:standards
keywords: Parkinson's disease; diagnosis; prodromal