title: Quasi-non-linear deformation modeling of a human liver based on artificial and experimental data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Researchers working on error-prevention theories have shown that the use of replica models within simulation systems has improved operating skills, resulting in better patient outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study aims to provide material test data specifically for a human liver to validate the accuracy of viscoelastic soft tissue models. This allows the validation of virtual surgery simulators by comparison with physical test data obtained from material tests on a viscoelastic silicone gel pad.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results proved that stress behavior and relaxation curves of Aquaflex® experiment and FEM simulation are close if average liver response and respective material parameters and model are used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The precise representation of manipulated tissues used in virtual surgery trainers involves the accurate characterization of mechanical properties of the tissue. Consequently, successful implementations of these mechanical properties in a mathematical model of the deforming organ are of major importance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Dogus University, Faculty of Engineering, Computer Eng. Dept., Acibadem, Istanbul, 34722, Turkey.
authors.forename: Firat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dogan
authors.affiliation: Istanbul Technical University, Informatics Institute, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey.
authors.forename: M Serdar
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Celebi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004548:Elasticity; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D020034:Silicone Gels; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D013552:Swine; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D020034:Silicone Gels
keywords: deformable models; indentation experiment; material coefficients; nonlinear simulations; real-time simulation; soft tissue; viscoelasticity