title: Brain Activation of Negative Feedback in Rule Acquisition Revealed in a Segmented Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.
abstract: The present study is to investigate the brain activation associated with the informative value of negative feedback in rule acquisition. In each trial of a segmented Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, participants were provided with three reference cards and one target card, and were asked to match one of three reference cards to the target card based on a classification rule. Participants received feedback after each match. Participants would acquire the rule after one negative feedback (1-NF condition) or two successive negative feedbacks (2-NF condition). The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results indicated that lateral prefrontal-to-parietal cortices were more active in the 2-NF condition than in the 1-NF condition. The activation in the right lateral prefrontal cortex and left posterior parietal cortex increased gradually with the amount of negative feedback. These results demonstrate that the informative value of negative feedback in rule acquisition might be modulated by the lateral prefronto-parietal loop.
authors.affiliation: Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
authors.forename: Bihua
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China.
authors.forename: Xueli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China.
authors.forename: Heming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China; School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
authors.forename: Fuhong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D030141:Feedback, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult