title: Metabolism of Acrylamide: Interindividual and Interspecies Differences as Well as the Application as Biomarkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acrylamide (AA), a known neurotoxin, has been considered to be a probable human carcinogen. The discovery of AA in many common foods in 2002 has caused worldwide attention and led to numerous research efforts on the metabolism of AA.
  
  
  METHODS
  By collecting research literatures related to metabolism of AA, the present review not only summarized the major metabolic pathways and enzymes of AA, but also compared the interindividual and the interspecies differences of AA metabolism among humans, rats and mice. Moreover, the application of the metabolites as biomarkers for the AA exposure assessment in human population was also discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The interindividual differences of AA metabolism may be attributed to the activity and/or genetic polymorphisms of metabolic enzymes in individuals with different gender, age, smoking and alcohol status. Moreover, the metabolism of AA in humans may be more prone to the phase II conjugation with glutathione (GSH) than the phase I conversion of AA to glycidamide (GA) when compared with rats and mice. Both the hemoglobin (Hb) adducts and urinary mercapturic acid (MA) metabolites have been successfully used as biomarkers for the risk assessment of AA and new metabolic biomarkers are being developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The genotoxic risk from AA may be determined by the balance between the phase I P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-dependent toxification pathway to form genotoxic GA and the phase II GSH-conjugated detoxification pathway to form MA metabolite. Understanding the metabolism of AA in the body is helpful for developing effective intervention strategies to mitigate its toxicity.
authors.forename: Daotong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Pengpu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yanbing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiaosong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China. chenfangch@sina.com.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D020106:Acrylamide / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D059022:Food Safety; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D051381:Rats; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002273:Carcinogens; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D006454:Hemoglobins; D020106:Acrylamide; C071834:glycidamide; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005978:Glutathione; D000111:Acetylcysteine