title: Burnout and Depression: Two Entities or One?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the overlap in burnout and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 1,386 schoolteachers (mean [M]age = 43; Myears taught = 15; 77% women) from 18 different U.S. states. We assessed burnout, using the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure, and depression, using the depression module of the Patient Health Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treated dimensionally, burnout and depressive symptoms were strongly correlated (.77; disattenuated correlation, .84). Burnout and depressive symptoms were similarly correlated with each of 3 stress-related factors, stressful life events, job adversity, and workplace support. In categorical analyses, 86% of the teachers identified as burned out met criteria for a provisional diagnosis of depression. Exploratory analyses revealed a link between burnout and anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that past research has underestimated burnout-depression overlap. The state of burnout is likely to be a form of depression. Given the magnitude of burnout-depression overlap, treatments for depression may help workers identified as "burned out."
authors.affiliation: The City College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York.
authors.forename: Irvin Sam
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Schonfeld
authors.affiliation: Institute of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Neuchâtel.
authors.forename: Renzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bianchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005178:Faculty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012944:Social Support; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: burnout; depression; depressive symptoms; job adversity; occupational stress; social support