title: Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis Nails: A Comparison of Nails With and Without Internal Compression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hindfoot arthrodesis with tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) intramedullary nails is used commonly when treating ankle and subtalar arthritis and other hindfoot pathology. Adequate compression is paramount to avoid nonunion and fatigue fracture of the hardware. Arthrodesis systems with internal compression have demonstrated superior compression to systems relying on external methods. This study examined the speed of union with TTC fusion nails with internal compression over nails without internal compression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed identifying nail type and time to union of the subtalar joint (STJ) and tibiotalar joint (TTJ). A total of 198 patients were included from 2003 to 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median time to STJ fusion without internal compression was 104 days compared to 92 days with internal compression (P = .044). The median time to TTJ fusion without internal compression was 111 days compared to 93 days with internal compression (P = .010). Adjusting for diabetes, there was no significant difference in fusion speed with or without internal compression for the STJ (P = .561) or TTJ (P = .358). Nonunion rates were 24.5% for the STJ and 17.0% for the TTJ with internal compression, and 43.4% for the STJ and 42.1% for the TTJ without internal compression. This difference remained statistically significant after adjusting for diabetes for the TTJ (P = .001) but not for the STJ (P = .194).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intramedullary hindfoot arthrodesis nail was a viable treatment option in degenerative joint disease of the TTC joint. There appeared to be an advantage using systems with internal compression; however, there was no statistically significant difference after controlling for diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III, retrospective comparative series.
authors.affiliation: Doctors Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Mercy Orthopedic Associates, Durango, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.affiliation: Doctors Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Aimee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.affiliation: Front Range Orthopaedics, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.
authors.forename: G Alex
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Center, Westerville, OH, USA ofacresearch@orthofootankle.com.
authors.forename: Terrence M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Philbin
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D001858:Bone Nails; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016348:Osseointegration; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: hindfoot fusion; intramedullary nail; subtalar joint; tibiotalar joint