title: Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin concentration changes after acute haemorrhage and colloid-mediated reperfusion in anaesthetized dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine changes in urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin concentration (uNGAL) in anaesthetized Greyhound dogs that developed acute tubular damage following haemorrhage and resuscitation with colloid-based fluids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven healthy adult entire male Greyhound dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  During isoflurane anaesthesia, approximately 50 mL kg(-1) of blood was removed to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≤40 mmHg for 1 hour followed by gelatin-based colloid administration to maintain MAP ≥60 mmHg for 3 hours. Data, including oxygen extraction ratio and uNGAL, were collected before (T0) and immediately following (T1) haemorrhage, and hourly during reperfusion (T2-T4). After T4, dogs were euthanized and renal tissue was collected for histology. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated-measures one-way anova. Data are presented as means (95% confidence interval).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histology identified renal tubular epithelial damage in all dogs. Urine NGAL concentration increased from 12.1 (0-30.6) ng mL(-1) at T0 to 122.0 (64.1-180.0) ng mL(-1) by T3. Compared with T0, uNGAL was significantly higher at T3 (p = 0.016) and was increased 24-fold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite wide individual variation in baseline uNGAL, increases in uNGAL were observed in all dogs, suggesting that this biomarker has the potential to detect renal tubular injury following haemorrhage-induced hypotension and colloid-mediated reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Anthea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Raisis
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Cianciolo
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Shiel
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Mary B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Nabity
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Giselle L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hosgood
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D003102:Colloids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*; D004285:Dogs; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D007668:Kidney; D000071068:Lipocalin-2 / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003102:Colloids; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: NGAL; acute kidney injury; dogs; hypotension; ischaemia