title: Identification of in vitro metabolites of ethylphenidate by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
abstract: Ethylphenidate is a new potent synthetic psychoactive drug, structurally related to methylphenidate. Using human liver microsomes and cytosol, we have investigated for the first time the Phase-I and Phase-II in vitro metabolism of ethylphenidate. The structure of the metabolites was elucidated by hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Overall, seven Phase-I, but no Phase-II metabolites were detected. Ethylphenidate underwent hydroxylation forming two primary mono-hydroxylated metabolites and, subsequently, dehydration and ring opening with an additional hydroxylation, forming secondary metabolites. The involvement of different human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in the formation of ethylphenidate metabolites was investigated using a panel of human recombinant CYPs (rCYPs). rCYP2C19 was the most active recombinant enzyme involved in the formation of all seven ethylphenidate metabolites detected, although other rCYPs (rCYP1A2, rCYP2B6, rCYPC9, rCYP2D6, and rCYP3A4, but not rCYP2E1) played a role in the metabolism of ethylphenidate. All metabolites identified in the present study can be considered as potential specific biomarkers of ethylphenidate in toxicological studies. Additionally, ritalinic acid and methylphenidate were formed by non-enzymatic hydrolysis and trans-esterification, and, therefore, they cannot be considered as (oxidative) metabolites of ethylphenidate. The presence of methylphenidate and ritalinic acid cannot be exclusively associated to the use of ethylphenidate, since methylphenidate is a drug itself and ritanilic acid can be formed from both ethylphenidate and methylphenidate.
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Noelia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Negreira
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Erratico
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Alexander L N
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: van Nuijs
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium. Electronic address: adrian.covaci@uantwerpen.be.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covaci
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008774:Methylphenidate; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C042400:ethylphenidate; C009189:ritalinic acid
keywords: Ethylphenidate; High-resolution mass spectrometry; In vitro metabolism; Methylphenidate; New psychoactive substances