title: Tumor necrosis factor α induces myofibroblast differentiation in human tongue cancer and promotes invasiveness and angiogenesis via secretion of stromal cell-derived factor-1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an important role in tumor progression and are associated with a poor prognosis. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) has been involved in growth and metastasis associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in many types of cancers. However, the relationship among the TNFα, activation of CAFs and their tumor-promoting effects on tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) remain obscure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of matched primary CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs) pairs were cultured, and additionally two TSCC cell lines SCC9 and CAL27, were treated with TNFα or CAFs derived stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1) respectively to study invasion and EMT in vitro. In addition, NFs were treated with TNFα to detect the expression of myofibroblast markers, invasion, induced collagen gel contraction and enhanced cancer metastasis. Finally, invasion and angiogenesis of human vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with TNFα and CAFs derived SDF1 was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNFα and CAFs-derived SDF1 induced TSCC cells metastasis and EMT separately. TNFα facilitated the transformation of NFs to CAFs-like fibroblasts, which was accompanied by acquisition of similar myofibroblast markers expression and malignant function to CAFs. Furthermore, TNFα and CAFs derived SDF1 also promoted invasion and angiogenesis of HUVECs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that TNFα may not only directly but also indirectly enhance cancer metastasis, EMT and angiogenesis formation in tongue cancer through myofibroblast differentiation via SDF1 secretion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
authors.forename: Xiu-mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
authors.forename: You-yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
authors.forename: Zhao-yu
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
authors.forename: Da-ming
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
authors.forename: Jin-song
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China. Electronic address: drchen@vip.163.com.
authors.forename: Wei-liang
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000378:metabolism*; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000502:physiology*; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D058628:Myofibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Angiogenesis; Cancer-associated fibroblasts; Metastasis; Myofibroblast differentiation; SDF1; TNFα; Tongue squamous cell carcinoma