title: Childhood adversities and adult use of potentially injurious physical discipline in Japan.
abstract: Using data derived from the World Mental Health Japan Survey (n = 1,186), this study examined the intergenerational continuity of potentially injurious physical discipline of children in a community sample from Japan with a special focus on the confounding effects of 11 other types of childhood adversities (CAs) and the intervening effects of mental disorders and socioeconomic status. Bivariate analyses revealed that having experienced physical discipline as children and five other CAs was significantly associated with the use of physical discipline as parents in the Japanese community examined. However, childhood physical discipline was the only CA that remained significant after adjusting for the other CAs. The association of childhood physical discipline with adult perpetration was independent of the respondents' mental disorders and household income. No significant gender differences were found in the associations between childhood physical discipline and adult perpetration. The current study on Japan provided empirical support consistent with results found in other countries regarding the intergenerational transmission of child physical abuse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Umeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Norito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.affiliation: Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miller
keywords: Intergenerational transmission; Japan; World Mental Health Survey; child physical abuse; childhood adversity; physical discipline