title: Medial Subluxation of the Tibia After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture as Revealed by Standing Radiographs and Comparison With a Cadaveric Model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biomechanical studies indicate that the tibia shifts medially and has a more valgus orientation in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knee. However, it is not known whether these differences can be detected on standing radiographs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether medial subluxation and more changes in coronal alignment of the tibia are detectable in both weightbearing radiographs and a cadaveric model simulating quiet standing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series; Level of evidence, 4, and Descriptive laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiographic data were available for a cross-section of 74 patients with unilateral ACL tears. Tibial subluxation and coronal limb alignment were measured on hip-to-ankle weightbearing radiographs. Eight cadaveric knees were mounted on a 6 degree of freedom robot. Mediolateral position and varus-valgus alignment of the tibia relative to the femur were measured in response to 300-N axial compression simulating quiet standing at 5° and 15° of flexion with the ACL intact and sectioned.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across all 74 patients included in the clinical study, the ACL-injured knee experienced 1.6 ± 2.3 mm (mean ± SD) of medial tibial subluxation compared with the contralateral uninjured knee (P < .001). The 24 patients with isolated ACL rupture exhibited 2.0 ± 1.8 mm of medial subluxation (P < .001). The mean coronal alignment of all 74 patients in the study was 0.7° ± 2.8° varus in the injured limb and 1.3° ± 2.6° varus in the uninjured contralateral limb (P = .0187). In the cadaveric model, the tibia translated 0.4 ± 0.5 mm more medially after sectioning of the ACL at 15° of flexion (P = .0485); however, no changes in coronal alignment were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tibia shifts medially and is less varus in the ACL-deficient knee on standing radiographs. The medial tibial shift is reproduced in an axially loaded cadaveric model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medial tibiofemoral subluxation seen on frontal plane standing radiograph is an underappreciated sequela of isolated ACL rupture. The ability of ACL reconstruction to restore this aspect of ACL injury is not well understood and should be investigated further. Cadaveric models may be used to directly measure the mechanical effect of subtle changes in mediolateral position on articular contact stress as an indicator of the importance of this finding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ranthein@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thein
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boorman-Padgett
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Saker
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khamaisy
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spaarne Gasthuis Hospital, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hendrik A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Zuiderbaan
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Wickiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Carl W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Imhauser
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pearle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: anterior cruciate ligament; biomechanics; knee