title: Managing Ammonia Emissions From Screwworm Larval Rearing Media.
abstract: Mass production, sterilization, and release of screwworms (Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel)) that were competitive in the field significantly contributed to the successful application of the sterile insect technique for eradication of screwworms from continental North America. Metabolic byproducts resulting from protein-rich diets required for larval screwworms lead to ammonia liberation, sometimes at high levels, within the mass rearing facility. Until recently a sodium polyacrylate gel bulking agent was used for the larval media and adsorbed much of the ammonia. A need to replace the gel with an environmentally "friendly" bulking agent, while not increasing ammonia levels in the rearing facility, led to a series of experiments with the objective of developing procedures to reduce ammonia emissions from the larval media bulked with cellulose fiber. Additives of ammonia-converting bacteria, potassium permanganate, and Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Otrgies powder extract, previously reported to reduce ammonia levels in organic environments, were evaluated. Ammonia-converting bacteria did not have a positive effect. Addition of Y. schidigera powder extract (∼1% of total volume), potassium permanganate (∼250 ppm), and a combination of these two additives (at these same concentrations) kept ammonia at equivalent levels as when larval media was bulked with gel. Potassium permanganate also had sufficient antimicrobial properties that the use of formaldehyde in the diet was not necessary. Further testing is needed, at a mass rearing level, before full implementation into the screwworm eradication program.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Screwworm Research Unit, Sterile Screwworm Production Plant, Pacora, Panama (agustin.sagel@ars.usda.gov), steve.skoda@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Agustin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sagel
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Screwworm Research Unit, Knipling-Bushland U. S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd., Kerrville, TX 78028 (pamela.phillips@ars.usda.gov; steve.skoda@ars.usda.gov).
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Screwworm Research Unit, 109C Entomology Hall, UNL-EC, Lincoln, NE 68583 (Muhammad.Chaudhury@ars.usda.gov), and.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chaudhury
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Screwworm Research Unit, Knipling-Bushland U. S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd., Kerrville, TX 78028 (pamela.phillips@ars.usda.gov; steve.skoda@ars.usda.gov), steve.skoda@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skoda
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis*; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry; D004032:Diet; D004175:Diptera / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011196:Potassium Permanganate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D027623:Yucca / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011196:Potassium Permanganate; D000641:Ammonia
keywords: Cochliomyia hominivorax; cellulose fiber; insect mass rearing; potassium permanganate; sterile insect technique