title: Longitudinal Psychiatric Symptoms in Prodromal Huntington's Disease: A Decade of Data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Psychiatric symptoms are a significant aspect of Huntington's disease, an inherited neurodegenerative illness. The presentation of these symptoms is highly variable, and their course does not fully correlate with motor or cognitive disease progression. The authors sought to better understand the development and longitudinal course of psychiatric manifestations in individuals who carry the Huntington's disease mutation, starting from the prodromal period prior to motor diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal measures for up to 10 years of psychiatric symptoms from the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised were obtained from 1,305 participants (1,007 carrying the Huntington's disease mutation and 298 without [classified as controls]) and 1,235 companions enrolled in the Neurobiological Predictors of Huntington's Disease (PREDICT-HD) study. Participants with the mutation were stratified into three groups according to probability of motor diagnosis within 5 years. Using linear mixed-effects regression models, differences in psychiatric symptoms at baseline and over time between the mutation-positive groups and the controls were compared, as well as between ratings by mutation-positive participants and their companions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen of 24 psychiatric measures (12 participant ratings and 12 companion ratings) were significantly higher at baseline and showed significant increases longitudinally in the individuals with the Huntington's disease mutation compared with controls. The differences were greatest in comparisons of symptom reports from companions compared with self-reports, especially in participants who were closest to motor diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that psychiatric manifestations develop more often than previously thought in the Huntington's disease prodrome. Symptoms also increase with progression of disease severity. Greater symptom ratings by companions than by mutation-positive participants suggest decreasing awareness in those affected.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; the Huntington Disease Care, Education, and Research Center and the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C.; and the Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Epping
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; the Huntington Disease Care, Education, and Research Center and the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C.; and the Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Ji-In
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; the Huntington Disease Care, Education, and Research Center and the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C.; and the Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Craufurd
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; the Huntington Disease Care, Education, and Research Center and the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C.; and the Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Brashers-Krug
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; the Huntington Disease Care, Education, and Research Center and the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C.; and the Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; the Huntington Disease Care, Education, and Research Center and the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C.; and the Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McCusker
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; the Huntington Disease Care, Education, and Research Center and the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C.; and the Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Jolene
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luther
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; the Huntington Disease Care, Education, and Research Center and the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C.; and the Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; the Huntington Disease Care, Education, and Research Center and the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C.; and the Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Jane S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Paulsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003192:Compulsive Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009770:Obsessive Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019727:Proxy; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D057566:Self Report; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000523:psychology