title: Tobacco smoking: From 'glamour' to 'stigma'. A comprehensive review.
abstract: In this narrative review, we explore the history of tobacco smoking, its associations and portrayal of its use with luxury and glamour in the past, and intriguingly, its subsequent transformation into a mass consumption industrialized product encouraged by advertising and film. Then, we describe the next phase where tobacco in parts of the world has become an unwanted product. However, the number of smokers is still increasing, especially in new markets, and increasingly younger individuals are being attracted to it, despite the well-known health consequences of tobacco use. We also explore current smoking behaviors, looking at trends in the prevalence of consumption throughout the world, discrimination against smokers, light and/or intermittent smokers, and the electronic cigarette (e-cigarette). We place these changes in the context of neuroscience, which may help explain why the cognitive effects of smoking can be important reinforcers for its consumption despite strong anti-smoking pressure in Western countries.
authors.affiliation: Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, ABC Foundation, Santo André, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Mauricio
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Castaldelli-Maia
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ventriglio
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhugra
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history / Q000523:psychology* / Q000639:trends; D057545:Social Stigma
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine
keywords: electronic cigarette; history; marketing; nicotine; stigma