title: Dental glass ionomer cement reinforced by cellulose microfibers and cellulose nanocrystals.
abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate if the addition of cellulose microfibers (CmF) or cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) would improve the mechanical properties of a commercial dental glass ionomer cement (GIC). Different amounts of CmF and CNC were previously prepared and then added to reinforce the GIC matrix while it was being manipulated. Test specimens with various concentrations of CmF or CNC in their total masses were fabricated and submitted to mechanical tests (to evaluate their compressive and diametral tensile strength,modulus, surface microhardness and wear resistance) and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The incorporation of CmF in the GIC matrix did not greatly improve the mechanical properties of GIC. However, the addition of a small amount of CNC in the GIC led to significant improvements in all of the mechanical properties evaluated: compressive strength (increased up to 110% compared with the control group), elastic modulus increased by 161%, diametral tensile strength increased by 53%, and the mass loss decreased from 10.95 to 3.87%. Because the composites presented a considerable increase in mechanical properties, the modification of the conventional GIC with CNC can represent a new and promising dental restorative material.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, UFVJM, Diamantina CEP: 39100-000, MG, Brazil; Centro Avançado de Avaliação e Desenvolvimento de Biomateriais, BioMat, Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, UFVJM, Diamantina CEP: 39100-000, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte CEP: 31270-901, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: fabianovp@ufmg.br.
authors.forename: Fabiano V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Centro Avançado de Avaliação e Desenvolvimento de Biomateriais, BioMat, Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, UFVJM, Diamantina CEP: 39100-000, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Felipe A P
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto CEP: 14040-904, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Evandro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, UFVJM, Diamantina CEP: 39100-000, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Suelleng M C S
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, UFVJM, Diamantina CEP: 39100-000, MG, Brazil; Centro Avançado de Avaliação e Desenvolvimento de Biomateriais, BioMat, Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, UFVJM, Diamantina CEP: 39100-000, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Helena
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019245:Compressive Strength; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006244:Hardness; D008422:Materials Testing; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D002482:Cellulose
keywords: Cellulose microfibers; Cellulose nanocrystals; Dental glass ionomer cement; Dental materials; Nanocomposite