title: Characterization of bacterial diversity in an atrazine degrading enrichment culture and degradation of atrazine, cyanuric acid and biuret in industrial wastewater.
abstract: An enrichment culture was used to study atrazine degradation in mineral salt medium (MSM) (T1), MSM+soil extract (1:1, v/v) (T2) and soil extract (T3). Results suggested that enrichment culture required soil extract to degrade atrazine, as after second sequential transfer only partial atrazine degradation was observed in T1 treatment while atrazine was completely degraded in T2 and T3 treatments even after fourth transfer. Culture independent polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique confirmed selective enrichment of genus Bacillus along with Pseudomonas and Burkholderia. Degradation of atrazine/metabolites in the industrial wastewater was studied at different initial concentrations of the contaminants [wastewater-water (v/v) ratio: T1, 1:9; T2, 2:8; T3, 3:7; T4, 5:5 and T5, undiluted effluent]. The initial concentrations of atrazine, cyanuric acid and biuret ranged between 5.32 and 53.92 µg mL(-1), 265.6 and 1805.2 µg mL(-1) and 1.85 and 16.12 µg mL(-1), respectively. The enrichment culture was able to completely degrade atrazine, cyanuric acid and biuret up to T4 treatment, while no appreciable degradation of contaminants was observed in the undiluted effluent (T5). Inability of enrichment culture to degrade atrazine/metabolites might be due to high concentrations of cyanuric acid. Therefore, a separate study on cyanuric acid degradation suggested: (i) no appreciable cyanuric acid degradation with accumulation of an unidentified metabolite in the medium where cyanuric acid was supplemented as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen; (ii) partial cyanuric acid degradation with accumulation of unidentified metabolite in the medium containing additional nitrogen source; and (iii) complete cyanuric acid degradation in the medium supplemented with an additional carbon source. This unidentified metabolite observed during cyanuric acid degradation and also detected in the enrichment culture inoculated wastewater samples, however, was degraded up to T4 treatments and was persistent in the T5 treatment. Probably, accumulation of this metabolite inhibited atrazine/cyanuric acid degradation by the enrichment culture in undiluted wastewater.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Anirban
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.affiliation: b Defence Research and Development Establishment , Gwalior , Madhya Pradesh , India.
authors.forename: Venugopal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vasudevan
authors.affiliation: c Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Lata
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nain
authors.affiliation: a Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Neera
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D001280:Atrazine / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D001737:Biuret / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; D064307:Microbiota; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000382:microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001280:Atrazine; D001737:Biuret; D014227:Triazines; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C004632:cyanuric acid
keywords: Atrazine; DGGE; PCR; bacterial diversity; biuret; cyanuric acid; degradation; enrichment culture; wastewater