title: Seasonal distribution and prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in different aquatic environments in Taiwan.
abstract: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are the most common agents of diarrhea. Waterborne DEC could pose a potential health risk to human through agricultural, household, recreational, and industrial use. There are few published reports on the detection of DEC and its seasonal distribution in aquatic environments. The presence of DEC in different types of aquatic environments was investigated in this study. Water samples were collected from major rivers, water reservoirs, and recreational hot springs throughout Taiwan. Moreover, an intensive water sampling plan was carried out along Puzih River. The detection of DEC target genes was used to determine the presence of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Among the 383 water samples analyzed, DEC was found in 122 (31.8%) samples. The detection rate varied by genotype, raging from 3.6% for STEC to 17.2% for EPEC. The DEC detection rate was higher from river waters than reservoirs and hot springs. In addition, DEC was detected at a higher rate in spring and summer. The presence of EPEC was significantly associated with total coliform levels among hot spring samples. Moreover, the presence of ETEC in river water samples was associated with heterotrophic plate counts. Water with EPEC differed significantly in pH from Puzih River samples. These results suggest that seasonal characteristics may affect the presence of DEC in different aquatic environments, and water quality indicators may be indicative of the presence of DEC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mackay Medicine College, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Wen-Chien
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: bmhsu@ccu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Bing-Mu
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Po-Min
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.affiliation: Section of Respiratory Therapy, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chi-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Ying-Ning
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chun-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yu-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D003967:Diarrhea; D054308:Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D054307:Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections; D045482:Hot Springs / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D045483:Rivers / Q000382:microbiology*; D012621:Seasons; D054323:Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013624:Taiwan; D014881:Water Supply
keywords: Diarrheagenic E. coli; Heterotrophic plate count; Seasonal distribution; Total coliform