title: Fixational eye movements predict visual sensitivity.
abstract: During steady fixation, observers make small fixational saccades at a rate of around 1-2 per second. Presentation of a visual stimulus triggers a biphasic modulation in fixational saccade rate-an initial inhibition followed by a period of elevated rate and a subsequent return to baseline. Here we show that, during passive viewing, this rate signature is highly sensitive to small changes in stimulus contrast. By training a linear support vector machine to classify trials in which a stimulus is either present or absent, we directly compared the contrast sensitivity of fixational eye movements with individuals' psychophysical judgements. Classification accuracy closely matched psychophysical performance, and predicted individuals' threshold estimates with less bias and overall error than those obtained using specific features of the signature. Performance of the classifier was robust to changes in the training set (novel subjects and/or contrasts) and good prediction accuracy was obtained with a practicable number of trials. Our results indicate a tight coupling between the sensitivity of visual perceptual judgements and fixational eye control mechanisms. This raises the possibility that fixational saccades could provide a novel and objective means of estimating visual contrast sensitivity without the need for observers to make any explicit judgement.
authors.affiliation: Visual Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK chris.scholes@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1597-3070
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scholes
authors.affiliation: Visual Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
authors.forename: Paul V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: McGraw
authors.affiliation: Humanities Laboratory, Lund University, Helgonabacken 12, 22362 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nyström
authors.affiliation: Visual Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
authors.forename: Neil W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Roach
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D000069550:Machine Learning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011601:Psychophysics; D012438:Saccades
keywords: contrast sensitivity; fixational saccades; machine learning; microsaccades