title: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) neuromodulatory effects on mechanical hyperalgesia and cortical BDNF levels in ovariectomized rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological studies show that painful disorders are more prevalent in women than in men, and the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) technique has been tested in chronic pain states. We explored the effect of tDCS on pain behavior and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in ovariectomized rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five female Wistar adult rats were distributed into five groups: control (CT), ovariectomy + tDCS (OT), ovariectomy + sham tDCS (OS), sham ovariectomy + tDCS (ST), and sham ovariectomy+shamtDCS (SS). The rats were subjected to cathodal tDCS. The vaginal cytology and the estradiol levels confirmed the hormonal status. In addition, nociceptive behavior was evaluated using the tail-flick, von Frey, and hot-plate tests, as well as the BDNF levels in the serum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, spinal cord, and cerebral cortex. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis, followed by the Bonferroni, and P-value b 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ovariectomized animals presented a hypersensitivity response in the hot-plate (P b 0.01) and von Frey (P b 0.05) tests, as well as increased serum BDNF (P b 0.05) and decreased hypothalamic BDNF (P b 0.01) levels. The OT, OS, ST, and SS groups showed decreased hippocampal BDNF levels as compared with the control group (P b 0.001). The interaction between tDCS and ovariectomy on the cortical BDNF levels (P b 0.01) was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ovariectomy induced nociceptive hypersensitivity and altered serum and hypothalamic BDNF levels. The cathodal tDCS partially reversed nociceptive hypersensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Preclinical Researches, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit, Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sônia Fátima
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: da Silva Moreira
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Preclinical Researches, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit, Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liciane Fernandes
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Medeiros
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Preclinical Researches, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit, Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andressa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Preclinical Researches, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Preclinical Researches, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa Leal
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Scarabelot
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fregni
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Preclinical Researches, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wolnei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Caumo
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Preclinical Researches, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit, Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Electronic address: iracitorres@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Iraci L S
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Torres
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
keywords: BDNF; Ovariectomy; Pain; TDCS