title: Cost of stroke: a controlled national study evaluating societal effects on patients and their partners.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To estimate the direct and indirect costs of stroke in patients and their partners.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct and indirect costs were calculated using records from the Danish National Patient Registry from 93,047 ischemic, 26,012 hemorrhagic and 128,824 unspecified stroke patients and compared with 364,433, 103,741 and 500,490 matched controls, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent of age and gender, stroke patients had significantly higher rates of mortality, health-related contacts, medication use and lower employment, lower income and higher social-transfer payments than controls. The attributable cost of direct net health care costs after the stroke (general practitioner services, hospital services, and medication) and indirect costs (loss of labor market income) were €10,720, €8,205 and €7,377 for patients, and €989, €1,544 and €1.645 for their partners, over and above that of controls for hemorrhagic, ischemic and unspecified stroke, respectively. The negative social- and health-related status could be identified up to eleven years before the first diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stroke has significant mortality, morbidity and socioeconomic consequences for patients, their partners and society.
authors.affiliation: Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup Hospital, DK 2600, Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark. poul.joergen.jennum@regionh.dk.|Danish Institute for Health Services Research, Copenhagen, Denmark. poul.joergen.jennum@regionh.dk.
authors.forename: Poul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jennum
authors.affiliation: Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. helle.klingenberg.iversen@regionh.dk.|Danish Institute for Health Services Research, Copenhagen, Denmark. helle.klingenberg.iversen@regionh.dk.
authors.forename: Helle K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Iversen
authors.affiliation: 2minds, Klosterport 4E, 4, Aarhus, Denmark. rikke@2minds.dk.|Danish Institute for Health Services Research, Copenhagen, Denmark. rikke@2minds.dk.
authors.forename: Rikke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ibsen
authors.affiliation: Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. jakj@kora.dk.|Danish Institute for Health Services Research, Copenhagen, Denmark. jakj@kora.dk.
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kjellberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003718:Denmark; D004651:Employment / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries; D012107:Research Design; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics*; D055815:Young Adult