title: Sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin removal using a horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass reactor.
abstract: The antibiotics sulfamethoxazole (SMTX) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) are commonly used in human and veterinary medicine, which explains their occurrence in wastewater. Anaerobic reactors are low-cost, simple and suitable technology to wastewater treatment, but there is a lack of studies related to the removal efficiency of antibiotics. To overcome this knowledge gap, the objective of this study was to evaluate the removal kinetics of SMTX and CIP using a horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass reactor. Two different concentrations were evaluated, for SMTX 20 and 40 μg L(-1); for CIP 2.0 and 5.0 μg L(-1). The affluent and effluent analysis was carried out in liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with the sample preparation procedure using an off-line solid-phase extraction. This method was developed, validated and successfully applied for monitoring the affluent and effluent samples. The removal efficiency found for both antibiotics at the two concentrations studied was 97%. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) exhibited kinetic constants that were different from that observed for the antibiotics, indicating the absence of co-metabolism. Also, though the antibiotic concentration was increased, there was no inhibitory effect in the removal of COD and antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: a Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Environmental Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC) , University of São Paulo (USP), Environmental Engineering , Santa Angelina, São Carlos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chatila
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of São Paulo , São Carlos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maura R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Amparo
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of São Paulo , São Carlos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: a Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Environmental Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC) , University of São Paulo (USP), Environmental Engineering , Santa Angelina, São Carlos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Penteado
authors.affiliation: a Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Environmental Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC) , University of São Paulo (USP), Environmental Engineering , Santa Angelina, São Carlos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Inês N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of São Paulo , São Carlos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Álvaro J
authors.initials: ÁJ
authors.lastname: Santos-Neto
authors.affiliation: a Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Environmental Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC) , University of São Paulo (USP), Environmental Engineering , Santa Angelina, São Carlos, Brazil.|c Department of Analytical Chemistry , Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo C F
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Lima Gomes
authors.affiliation: a Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Environmental Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC) , University of São Paulo (USP), Environmental Engineering , Santa Angelina, São Carlos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaiat
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D018533:Biomass; D019149:Bioreactors; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole
keywords: LC-MS/MS analysis; Sulfamethoxazole; ciprofloxacin; horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass reactor; removal kinetics