title: Evaluation of a sequencing batch reactor sewage treatment rig for investigating the fate of radioactively labelled pharmaceuticals: Case study of propranolol.
abstract: Pharmaceuticals are frequently detected in the aquatic environment, and have potentially damaging effects. Effluents from sewage treatment plants (STPs) are major sources of these substances. The use of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) STPs, involving cycling between aerobic and anoxic conditions to promote nitrification and denitrification, is increasing but these have yet to be understood in terms of removal of pharmaceutical residues. This study reports on the development of a laboratory rig to simulate a SBR. The rig was used to investigate the fate of radiolabelled propranolol. This is a commonly prescribed beta blocker, but with unresolved fate in STPs. The SBR rig (4.5 L) was operated on an 8 h batch cycle with settled sewage. Effective treatment was demonstrated, with clearly distinct treatment phases and evidence of nitrogen removal. Radiolabelled (14)C-propranolol was dosed into both single (closed) and continuous (flow-through) simulations over 13 SBR cycles. Radioactivity in CO2 off-gas, biomass and liquid was monitored, along with the characteristics of the sewage. This allowed apparent rate constants and coefficients for biodegradation and solid:water partitioning to be determined. Extrapolation from off-gas radioactivity measurements in the single dose 4-d study suggested that propranolol fell outside the definitions of being readily biodegradable (DegT50 = 9.1 d; 60% biodegradation at 12.0 d). During continuous dosing, 63-72% of propranolol was removed in the rig, but less than 4% of dose recovered as (14)CO2, suggesting that biodegradation was a minor process (Kbiol(M) L kg d(-1) = 22-49) and that adsorption onto solids dominated, giving rise to accumulations within biomass during the 17 d solid retention time in the SBR. Estimations of adsorption isotherm coefficients were different depending on which of three generally accepted denominators representing sorption sites was used (mixed liquor suspended solids, reactor COD or mass of waste activated sludge). With further development and evaluation, the rig developed for simulating SBR processes has potential to be used for informing better environmental risk assessments for those pharmaceuticals showing ambiguous results in field fate studies.
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3AH, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Popple
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3AH, UK. Electronic address: john.williams@port.ac.uk.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.affiliation: AstraZeneca Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham, Devon, TQ5 8BA, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oliver
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000378:metabolism; D018533:Biomass; D019149:Bioreactors; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D058440:Denitrification; D058465:Nitrification; D011433:Propranolol / Q000378:metabolism*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D012722:Sewage; D011433:Propranolol
keywords: Laboratory simulation; Propranolol; Radiolabelled compounds; Sequencing batch reactors; Sewage treatment plant