Epidemiology of the epidemic of bovine anaemia associated with Theileria orientalis (Ikeda) between August 2012 and March 2014.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the epidemiology of the epidemic of bovine anaemia associated with Theileria orientalis infection (TABA) in New Zealand between 30 August 2012 and 4 March 2014.


METHODS
Blood samples and associated data were obtained from cases of TABA. The case definition for TABA was met when piroplasms were present on blood smears and the haematocrit was ≤0.24 L/L. Samples were analysed using quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for the detection of T. orientalis Ikeda type. Only cases that were positive in the qPCR assays were included in the analysis. A case herd was defined as a herd that had ≥1 animal positive for T. orientalis Ikeda. Movement records for farms were accessed through the national animal identification and tracing scheme. The OR for cattle movements onto a case farm compared to a non-case farm was estimated using a generalised estimating equation model and the geodesic distance for movements onto case and non-case farms compared using Student's t-test. The kernel-smoothed risk of disease at the farm level was calculated using an extraction map and the clustering of diseased farms in time and space was measured using the spatial temporal inhomogeneous pair correlation function.


RESULTS
In the first 18 months there were 496 case herds; 392 (79%) were dairy and 104 (21%) beef herds. Of 882 individual cases, 820 (93.0%) were positive for T. orientalis Ikeda in the qPCR assays. Case herds were initially clustered in the Northland, then the Waikato regions. The OR for a case farm compared to a non-case farm having ≥1 inward cattle movements was 2.03 (95% CI=1.52-2.71) and the distance moved was 26 (95% CI=20.8-31.3) km greater for case farms. The risk of disease was highest in a north, north-eastern to south, south-western belt across the Waikato region. The spatial-temporal analysis showed significant clustering of infected herds within 20-30 days and up to 15 km distant from a case farm.


CONCLUSIONS
Theileria orientalis Ikeda type is likely to have been introduced into regions populated with naïve cattle by the movement of parasitaemic cattle from affected areas. Local spread through dispersed ticks then probably became more important for disease transmission between herds once the disease established in a new area.


CONCLUSIONS
Dairy and beef farming in the North Island of New Zealand will be significantly changed in the coming years by the incursion of this new disease.
a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand.
K
K
Lawrence
b Ministry for Primary Industries , 66 Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt , 5018 , New Zealand.
Amj
A
McFadden
b Ministry for Primary Industries , 66 Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt , 5018 , New Zealand.
E
E
Gias
b Ministry for Primary Industries , 66 Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt , 5018 , New Zealand.
D J
DJ
Pulford
a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand.
W E
WE
Pomroy
D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D058872:Epidemics / Q000662:veterinary*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D016794:Theileria / Q000145:classification*; D013801:Theileriasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D013997:Time Factors
Ikeda; Theileria orientalis; Theileriosis; bovine; cattle; epidemic; regenerative anaemia; surveillance