Cytotoxicity and osteogenic potential of silicate calcium cements as potential protective materials for pulpal revascularization.
OBJECTIVE
In pulpal revascularization, a protective material is placed coronal to the blood clot to prevent recontamination and to facilitate osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to produce new dental tissues. Although mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been the material of choice for clot protection, it is easily displaced into the clot during condensation. The present study evaluated the effects of recently introduced calcium silicate cements (Biodentine and TheraCal LC) on the viability and osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) by comparing with MTA Angelus.


METHODS
Cell viability was assessed using XTT assay and flow cytometry. The osteogenic potential of hDPSCs exposed to calcium silicate cements was examined using qRT-PCR for osteogenic gene expressions, alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity, Alizarin red S staining and transmission electron microscopy of extracellular calcium deposits. Parametric statistical methods were employed for analyses of significant difference among groups, with α=0.05.


RESULTS
The cytotoxic effects of Biodentine and TheraCal LC on hDPSCs were time- and concentration-dependent. Osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs was enhanced after exposure to Biodentine that was depleted of its cytotoxic components. This effect was less readily observed in hDPSCs exposed to TheraCal LC, although both cements supported extracellular mineralization better than the positive control (zinc oxide-eugenol-based cement).


CONCLUSIONS
A favorable tissue response is anticipated to occur with the use of Biodentine as a blood clot-protecting material for pulpal revascularization. Further investigations with the use of in vivo animal models are required to validate the potential adverse biological effects of TheraCal LC on hDPSCs.
Discipline of Endodontics, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Eduardo A
EA
Bortoluzzi
State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Li-Na
LN
Niu
College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
Chithra D
CD
Palani
College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
Ahmed R
AR
El-Awady
College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
Barry D
BD
Hammond
Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, China.
Dan-Dan
DD
Pei
Department of Cariology and Endodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
Fu-Cong
FC
Tian
College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
Christopher W
CW
Cutler
College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
David H
DH
Pashley
College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA. Electronic address: ftay@gru.edu.
Franklin R
FR
Tay
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D001729:Bismuth / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D002470:Cell Survival; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000166:cytology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D015035:Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity
D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003738:Dental Cements; D004338:Drug Combinations; C475480:MTA-Angelus; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; D015035:Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; C506393:tricalcium silicate; C031293:calcium silicate; D001729:Bismuth
Biocompatibility; Calcium silicate cements; Cytotoxicity; Mineral trioxide aggregate; Revascularization