Carbon-Free Cathodes: A Step Forward in the Development of Stable Lithium-Oxygen Batteries.
Lithium-oxygen (Li-O2 ) batteries are receiving considerable interest owing to their potential for higher energy densities than current Li-ion systems. However, the lack stability of carbon-based oxygen electrodes is believed to promote carbonate formation leading to capacity fade and limiting the cycling performance of the battery. To improve the stability and cyclability of these systems, alternative electrode materials are required. Metal oxides are mainly utilized at low current densities, whereas noble metals show outstanding performance at high current densities. Carbides appear to provide a good compromise between electrochemical performance and cost, which makes them interesting materials for further investigations. Here, a critical review of current carbon-free electrode research is provided with the goal of identifying routes to its successful optimization.
Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo.644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain.
Imanol
I
Landa-Medrano
Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo.644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain.|Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392, Gießen, Germany.
Ricardo
R
Pinedo
CIC energiGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Álava. Albert Einstein 48 Edificio CIC, 01510, Miñano, Spain.|Research Laboratory of Electronics, Electrochemical Energy Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, USA.
Nagore
N
Ortiz-Vitoriano
Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo.644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain.
Idoia Ruiz
IR
de Larramendi
Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo.644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain. trojo@cicenergigune.com.|CIC energiGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Álava. Albert Einstein 48 Edificio CIC, 01510, Miñano, Spain. trojo@cicenergigune.com.
Teófilo
T
Rojo
D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004566:Electrodes; D008094:Lithium / Q000737:chemistry*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*
D008094:Lithium; D010100:Oxygen
carbon-free; cathode; degradation; lithium-oxygen batteries; side reactions