The microbiome of the maxillary sinus and middle nasal meatus in chronic rhinosinusitis.
This multicenter study was focused on the identification of the microorganisms inhabiting the maxillary sinus and middle nasal meatus in chronic rhinosinusitis.



112 middle meatus swabs and 112 maxillary sinus aspirates from 103 patients were available for culture.



A total of 244 strains of microorganisms representing more than 50 families were identified in the maxillary sinus and middle nasal meatus (164 and 80, respectively). These included 154 (63.0%) strains of aerobic bacteria from 32 species and 90 (37.0%) strains of anaerobic bacteria from 23 species. Aerobes were more common than anaerobes in both the nasal cavity (78.7% vs. 21.3%) and in the maxillary sinus (55.2% vs. 44.8%). Species of Streptococci (28.8%) and Prevotella (17.8%) were the most common findings in the maxillary sinus aspirates. S. pneumonia, H. influenza, and S. aureus were relatively rare, and found in only 6.7%, 5.4%, and 8.9% of the samples, respectively.



The results obtained suggest that common upper airway pathogens do not play a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis. The microbiome of inflamed sinonasal mucosa is extremely diverse and involves exotic species of bacteria that, to date, have not been considered as potential inhabitants of the paranasal sinuses.
Polyclinic No.121, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia.
O A
OA
Ivanchenko
Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic and Department, Pavlov First State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
S A
SA
Karpishchenko
Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, State Medical Academy, Smolensk, Russia.
R S
RS
Kozlov
Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, State Medical Academy, Smolensk, Russia.
O I
OI
Krechikova
Otolaryngology Clinic, State Medical Academy, Smolensk, Russia.
I V
IV
Otvagin
Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic and Department, Pavlov First State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
O N
ON
Sopko
Otolaryngology Clinic, Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russia.
G Z
GZ
Piskunov
Polyclinic No.1, Medical Department, Business Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
A S
AS
Lopatin
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000382:microbiology*; D015523:Maxillary Sinusitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult