Perceived affordability of health insurance and medical financial burdens five years in to Massachusetts health reform.
BACKGROUND
Under the Massachusetts health reform, low income residents (those with incomes below 150 % of the Federal Poverty Level [FPL]) were eligible for Medicaid and health insurance exchange-based plans with minimal cost-sharing and no premiums. Those with slightly higher incomes (150 %-300 % FPL) were eligible for exchange-based plans that required cost-sharing and premium payments.


METHODS
We conducted face to face surveys in four languages with a convenience sample of 976 patients seeking care at three hospital emergency departments five years after Massachusetts reform. We compared perceived affordability of insurance, financial burden, and satisfaction among low cost sharing plan recipients (recipients of Medicaid and insurance exchange-based plans with minimal cost-sharing and no premiums), high cost sharing plan recipients (recipients of exchange-based plans that required cost-sharing and premium payments) and the commercially insured.


RESULTS
We found that despite having higher incomes, higher cost-sharing plan recipients were less satisfied with their insurance plans and perceived more difficulty affording their insurance than those with low cost-sharing plans. Higher cost-sharing plan recipients also reported more difficulty affording medical and non-medical health care as well as insurance premiums than those with commercial insurance. In contrast, patients with low cost-sharing public plans reported higher plan satisfaction and less financial concern than the commercially insured.


CONCLUSIONS
Policy makers with responsibility for the benefit design of public insurance available under health care reforms in the U.S. should calibrate cost-sharing to income level so as to minimize difficulty affording care and financial burdens.
Cambridge Health Alliance Department of Medicine, 1493 Cambridge St; Macht 420, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. lzallman@challiance.org.|Institute for Community Health, Malden, MA, USA. lzallman@challiance.org.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. lzallman@challiance.org.
Leah
L
Zallman
Cambridge Health Alliance Department of Medicine, 1493 Cambridge St; Macht 420, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Rachel
R
Nardin
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.|Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Assaad
A
Sayah
Cambridge Health Alliance Department of Medicine, 1493 Cambridge St; Macht 420, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Danny
D
McCormick
D017281:Cost of Illness; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics*; D008404:Massachusetts; D058991:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act / Q000191:economics*; D010465:Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires