Is "fear of passive movement" a distinctive component of the Fear-Avoidance Model in whiplash?
OBJECTIVE
Modify the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) for 'fear of passive motion' beliefs.


METHODS
With permission, a 14-item modification, the TSK-PM (passive movement), was created. Test-retest reliability was tested first. Construct validity was tested in chronic whiplash patients by comparing the TSK-PM with the TSK, the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and cervical ranges of motion.


RESULTS
The TSK-PM showed high test-retest reliability (r = 0.83) and high correlation with the original TSK (r = 0.84). Low, non-significant correlations were found with other variables. NDI scores were strongly correlated with ranges of motion.


CONCLUSIONS
While having high test-retest reliability and a single factor structure, the TSK-PM failed to demonstrate distinctive construct validity vs the original TSK. The original TSK is likely to be sufficient to assess fear of being moved in neck pain patients in a clinical setting. Modifications to the current version of the TSK-PM might improve its construct validity in future studies.
Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario.
Howard
H
Vernon
Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario.
Rocco
R
Guerriero
Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario.
Shawn
S
Kavanaugh
Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario.
Aaron
A
Puhl
chiropractic; kinesiophobia; reliability; whiplash