In-Depth Characterization of Live Vaccines Used in Europe for Oral Rabies Vaccination of Wildlife.
Although rabies incidence has fallen sharply over the past decades in Europe, the disease is still present in Eastern Europe. Oral rabies immunization of wild animal rabies has been shown to be the most effective method for the control and elimination of rabies. All rabies vaccines used in Europe are modified live virus vaccines based on the Street Alabama Dufferin (SAD) strain isolated from a naturally-infected dog in 1935. Because of the potential safety risk of a live virus which could revert to virulence, the genetic composition of three commercial attenuated live rabies vaccines was investigated in two independent laboratories using next genome sequencing. This study is the first one reporting on the diversity of variants in oral rabies vaccines as well as the presence of a mix of at least two different variants in all tested batches. The results demonstrate the need for vaccine producers to use new robust methodologies in the context of their routine vaccine quality controls prior to market release.
ANSES, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France.
Florence
F
Cliquet
ANSES, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France.
Evelyne
E
Picard-Meyer
State Veterinary and Food Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovak Republic.
Miroslav
M
Mojzis
State Veterinary and Food Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovak Republic.
Zuzana
Z
Dirbakova
Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, Latvia.
Zita
Z
Muizniece
National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute of Lithuania, J. Kairiukscio, Vilnius, Lithuania; University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Agrotechnologies, Vilnius district, Lithuania.
Ingrida
I
Jaceviciene
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (Padova), Italy.
Franco
F
Mutinelli
Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno, Czech Republic.
Marta
M
Matulova
University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Brno, Czech Republic.
Jitka
J
Frolichova
Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno, Czech Republic.
Ivan
I
Rychlik
University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Brno, Czech Republic.
Vladimir
V
Celer
D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D005060:Europe; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016679:Genome, Viral; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D012367:RNA, Viral; D011818:Rabies / Q000662:veterinary*; D011819:Rabies Vaccines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D011820:Rabies virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated
D012367:RNA, Viral; D011819:Rabies Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated