Risk Factors and Outcomes for Bloodstream Infections Secondary to Clostridium difficile Infection.
We determined the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of bloodstream infections (BSI) subsequent to Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). We performed a retrospective study of all patients with definite diagnosis of CDI admitted from January 2014 to December 2014 in two large hospitals in Rome. Two groups of patients were analyzed: those with CDI and subsequent BSI (CDI/BSI(+)) and those with CDI and no evidence of primary BSI (CDI/BSI(-)). Data about clinical features, microbiology, treatments, and mortality were obtained. Overall, 393 cases of CDI were included in the final analysis: 72 developed a primary nosocomial BSI, while 321 had CDI without microbiological and clinical evidence of BSI. Etiologic agents of BSI were Candida species (47.3%), Enterobacteriaceae (19.4%), enterococci (13.9%), and mixed infections (19.4%). In multivariate analysis, ribotype 027 status (odds ratio [OR], 6.5), CDI recurrence (OR, 5.5), severe CDI infection (OR, 8.3), and oral vancomycin at >500 mg/day (OR, 3.1) were recognized as factors independently associated with the development of nosocomial BSI. Thirty-day mortality from CDI diagnosis was higher for patients of the CDI/BSI(+) group than for the controls (38.9 versus 13.1%; P < 0.001). Among patients of the CDI/BSI(+) group, mortality attributable to primary BSI was as high as 57%. Our findings suggest that severe CDI is complicated by the development of nosocomial BSI. Candida species and enteric bacteria appear to be the leading causative pathogens and are associated with poor outcomes.
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy marco.falcone@uniroma1.it.
Marco
M
Falcone
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Alessandro
A
Russo
Faculty of Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Federica
F
Iraci
San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy.
Paolo
P
Carfagna
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Paola
P
Goldoni
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Vincenzo
V
Vullo
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Mario
M
Venditti
D000368:Aged; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D060085:Coinfection; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005260:Female; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D008795:Metronidazole; D014640:Vancomycin