Inflammatory and Non-inflammatory Breast Cancer: A Potential Role for Detection of Multiple Viral DNAs in Disease Progression.
BACKGROUND
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most lethal form of breast cancer. Multiple viral infections in IBC tissues were found to be associated with disease pathogenesis.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of the present study was to correlate the incidence of viral DNA with breast cancer progression.


METHODS
Overall, 135 women diagnosed with breast cancer were enrolled in this study. Using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing assays, we determined the incidence of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 (HPV-16 and -18), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus, human herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, and human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8) in breast carcinoma tissue biopsies. We also assessed the expression of the cell proliferation marker Ki-67 by immunohistochemistry in association with the incidence of viral DNA.


RESULTS
HCMV and HPV-16 were the most detected viral DNAs in breast carcinoma tissues; however, the frequency of HCMV and HHV-8 DNA were significantly higher in IBC than non-IBC tissues. Moreover, the prevalence of multiple viral DNAs was higher in IBC than non-IBC tissues. The incidence of multiple viral DNAs positively correlates with tumor size and number of metastatic lymph nodes in both non-IBC and IBC patients. The expression of Ki-67 was found to be significantly higher in both non-IBC and IBC tissues in which multiple viral DNAs were detected.


CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of multiple viral DNAs in IBC tissues was higher compared with non-IBC tissues. The present results suggest the possibility of a functional relationship between the presence of multiple viral DNAs and disease pathogenesis.
Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Mohamed
M
El-Shinawi
Cancer Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. Hossam_viro2010@yahoo.com.
Hossam Taha
HT
Mohamed
Cancer Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Hadeer Hesham
HH
Abdel-Fattah
Cancer Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Sherif Abdel Aziz
SA
Ibrahim
Cancer Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Medhat S
MS
El-Halawany
Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
M Akram
MA
Nouh
Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
Robert J
RJ
Schneider
Cancer Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Mona Mostafa
MM
Mohamed
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary / Q000821:virology; D018275:Carcinoma, Lobular / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D058922:Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D014780:Viruses / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004279:DNA, Viral; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone