Partial weight support of the arm affects corticomotor selectivity of biceps brachii.
BACKGROUND
Weight support of the arm (WS) can be used in stroke rehabilitation to facilitate upper limb therapy, but the neurophysiological effects of this technique are not well understood. While an overall reduction in muscle activity is expected, the mechanism by which WS may alter the expression of muscle synergies has not been examined until now. We explored the neurophysiological effect of WS on the selectivity of biceps brachii (BB) activation in healthy adults.


METHODS
Thirteen participants completed counterbalanced movement tasks in a repeated measures design. Three levels of WS (0, 45, and 90 % of full support) were provided to the arm using a commercial device (Saebo Mobile Arm Support). At each level of WS, participants maintained a flexed shoulder posture while performing rhythmic isometric elbow flexion (BB agonist) or forearm pronation (BB antagonist). Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation of primary motor cortex was used to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in BB 100-300 ms before muscle contraction. Baseline muscle activity and MEP amplitude were the primary dependent measures. Effects of movement TASK and SUPPORT LEVEL were statistically analyzed using linear mixed effects models.


RESULTS
As expected, with increased support tonic activity was reduced across all muscles. This effect was greatest in the anti-gravity muscle anterior deltoid, and evident in biceps brachii and pronator teres as well. For BB MEP amplitude, TASK and SUPPORT LEVEL, interacted such that for elbow flexion, MEP amplitudes were smaller with incrementally greater WS whereas, for forearm pronation MEP amplitudes were smaller only at high WS.


CONCLUSIONS
Weight support of the arm influences corticomotor selectivity of biceps brachii. WS may impact coordination independently of a global reduction in muscle activity. The amount of supportive force applied to the arm influences the neuromechanical control profile for the limb. These findings may inform the application of WS in upper limb stroke rehabilitation.
Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Keith D
KD
Runnalls
Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Greg
G
Anson
Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. w.byblow@auckland.ac.nz.|Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. w.byblow@auckland.ac.nz.
Winston D
WD
Byblow
D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods