Impact of liming and drying municipal sewage sludge on the amount and availability of (14)C-acetyl sulfamethoxazole and (14)C-acetaminophen residues.
Acetyl Sulfamethoxazole (AC-SMX) and acetaminophen (ACM) can be found in municipal sewage sludge, and their content and availability may be influenced by sludge treatments, such as drying and liming. A sludge similarly centrifuged with/without a flocculant was spiked with (14)C-labelled AC-SMX or ACM. Then, it was either limed (20% CaO) or/and dried under different laboratory conditions (1 week at ambient temperature; and 48 h at 40 or 80 °C). The total amount and distribution of the (14)C-compounds among several chemical fractions, based on the sludge floc definition, were assessed at the end of the treatments. All the (14)C-activity brought initially was recovered in the limed and/or dried sludges for AC-SMX but only between 44.4 and 84.9% for ACM, with the highest rate obtained for the limed sludge. Drying at 80 °C or liming increased the percentage of the sludge total organic carbon recovered in the extracts containing soluble extracellular polymeric substances (S-EPS) and the percentage of the total (14)C-activity extracted simultaneously. The non-extractable residues represented only 3.9-11.6% of the total (14)C-activity measured in the treated sludges for AC-SMX and 16.9-21.8% for ACM. The presence of AC-SMX and ACM residues in the treated sludges, after liming and drying under different conditions, was shown using some (14)C-labelled molecules. At this time scale and according to the extraction method selected, most of the (14)C-residues remained soluble and easily extractable for both compounds. This result implies that certain precautions should be taken when storing sludges before being spread on the field. Sludge piles, particularly the limed sludge, should be protected from rain to limit the production of lixiviates, which may contain residues of AC-SMX and ACM.
INRA, UMR 1402 Écologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China. Electronic address: gengchunnv@hotmail.com.
Chunnu
C
Geng
INRA, UMR 1402 Écologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France. Electronic address: valerie.bergheaud@grignon.inra.fr.
Valérie
V
Bergheaud
INRA, UMR 1402 Écologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France. Electronic address: pgarnier@grignon.inra.fr.
Patricia
P
Garnier
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China. Electronic address: ygzhu@iue.ac.cn.
Yong-Guan
YG
Zhu
AgroParisTech, UMR 1402 Écologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France. Electronic address: haudin@agroparistech.fr.
Claire-Sophie
CS
Haudin
D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000737:chemistry*; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D003890:Desiccation; D005427:Flocculation; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000737:chemistry*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D011108:Polymers; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000082:Acetaminophen; C016538:lime; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole
Activated sludge; Extracellular polymeric substances; Humic substances; Paracetamol; Sewage sludge treatment; Sulfonamide antibiotics