Immunostimulatory activity of snake fruit peel extract on murine macrophage-like J774.1 cells.
Snake fruit (Salacca edulis Reinw.) is a tropical fruit produced in Indonesia. Snake fruit peel is normally discarded as waste. In the present study, it was revealed that snake fruit peel has high bioactivities on stimulation of the immune system. Snake fruit peel extract (SFPE) was prepared by extracting snake fruit peel powder in water for 15 h at 4 °C. SFPE enhanced phagocytotic activity of murine macrophage-like J774.1 cells. Production of cytokine such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 was also stimulated by SFPE. The gene expression levels for these cytokines were elevated. Immunoblot analysis revealed that SFPE enhanced not only nuclear factor (NF)-κB but also mitogen-activated protein kinases signalling cascades such as JNK and p38 in macrophage. Overall findings suggested that SFPE has a potential beneficial effect to promote our body health through the stimulation of macrophage.
Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan.|Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
Sri
S
Wijanarti
Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan.|Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jakarta, 13210, Indonesia.
Agus Budiawan Naro
AB
Putra
Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan.
Kosuke
K
Nishi
Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
Eni
E
Harmayani
Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan. mars95@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp.|Food and Health Sciences Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan. mars95@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp.|South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Ainan, Ehime, 798-4205, Japan. mars95@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp.
Takuya
T
Sugahara
J774.1 cells; MAP kinase; Macrophage; NF-κB; Phagocytosis; Snake fruit