A comparative study of venomics of Naja naja from India and Sri Lanka, clinical manifestations and antivenomics of an Indian polyspecific antivenom.
Naja naja (Indian cobra) from Sri Lanka and India is the WHO Category 1 medically important snakes in both countries. Some antivenom produced against Indian N. naja (NNi) were less effective against Sri Lankan N. naja (NNsl). Proteomes of NNi and NNsl venoms were studied by RP-HPLC, SDS-PAGE and LC/MS/MS. Six protein families were identified in both venoms with the most abundant were the 3 finger toxins (3FTs) where cytotoxins (CTX) subtype predominated, followed by phospholipase A2, cysteine-rich venom protein, snake venom metalloproteases, venom growth factors, and protease inhibitors. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the venomics profiles were observed. Some proteins were isolated from either NNi or NNsl venom. Postsynaptic neurotoxins (NTX) were identified for the first time in NNsl venom. Thus, there are geographic intra-specific variations of venom composition of the two N. naja. The relative abundance of CTX and NTX explained well the clinical manifestations of these venoms. Antivenomics study of an Indian antivenom (Vins) showed the antibodies effectively bound all venom toxins from both snakes but more avidly to the Indian venom proteins. The lower antibody affinity towards the 'heterologous' venom was the likely cause of poor efficacy of the Indian antivenom used to treat NNsl envenoming.
Laboratory of Immunology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand. Electronic address: kitisak@cri.or.th.
Kitisak
K
Sintiprungrat
Laboratory of Immunology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand. Electronic address: kamolwan@cri.or.th.
Kamolwan
K
Watcharatanyatip
Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand. Electronic address: sandani1983@gmail.com.
W D S T
WD
Senevirathne
Laboratory of Immunology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand. Electronic address: papada@cri.or.th.
Papada
P
Chaisuriya
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Bangkok 10210, Thailand. Electronic address: daranee@cri.or.th.
Daranee
D
Chokchaichamnankit
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Bangkok 10210, Thailand. Electronic address: chantragan@cri.or.th.
Chantragan
C
Srisomsap
Laboratory of Immunology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand. Electronic address: kavi.rtn.@mahidol.ac.th.
Kavi
K
Ratanabanangkoon
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000737:chemistry*; D004546:Elapid Venoms / Q000737:chemistry*; D017815:Elapidae / Q000145:classification* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007194:India; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011485:Protein Binding; D020543:Proteome / Q000737:chemistry*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013188:Sri Lanka
D000997:Antivenins; D004546:Elapid Venoms; D020543:Proteome
Antibody affinity; Antivenomics; Clinical symptoms; Geographical variation; Naja naja India; Naja naja Sri Lanka; Venom proteomes