A South American Prehistoric Mitogenome: Context, Continuity, and the Origin of Haplogroup C1d.
Based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), it has been estimated that at least 15 founder haplogroups peopled the Americas. Subhaplogroup C1d3 was defined based on the mitogenome of a living individual from Uruguay that carried a lineage previously identified in hypervariable region I sequences from ancient and modern Uruguayan individuals. When complete mitogenomes were studied, additional substitutions were found in the coding region of the mitochondrial genome. Using a complete ancient mitogenome and three modern mitogenomes, we aim to clarify the ancestral state of subhaplogroup C1d3 and to better understand the peopling of the region of the Río de la Plata basin, as well as of the builders of the mounds from which the ancient individuals were recovered. The ancient mitogenome, belonging to a female dated to 1,610±46 years before present, was identical to the mitogenome of one of the modern individuals. All individuals share the mutations defining subhaplogroup C1d3. We estimated an age of 8,974 (5,748-12,261) years for the most recent common ancestor of C1d3, in agreement with the initial peopling of the geographic region. No individuals belonging to the defined lineage were found outside of Uruguay, which raises questions regarding the mobility of the prehistoric inhabitants of the country. Moreover, the present study shows the continuity of Native lineages over at least 6,000 years.
Departamento de Antropología Biológica, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
Mónica
M
Sans
Departamento de Antropología Biológica, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
Gonzalo
G
Figueiro
Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America.
Cris E
CE
Hughes
Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America.
John
J
Lindo
Departamento de Antropología Biológica, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
Pedro C
PC
Hidalgo
Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America; Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America.
Ripan S
RS
Malhi
D044467:American Indian or Alaska Native / Q000235:genetics*; D001106:Archaeology; D001938:Brazil; D056970:Co-Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005828:Genetics, Population; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D006239:Haplotypes; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
C117400:C1D protein, human; D056970:Co-Repressor Proteins; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial