Eupalitin induces apoptosis in prostate carcinoma cells through ROS generation and increase of caspase-3 activity.
Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy in the human reproductive system. Eupalitin is one of the O-methylated flavonol-exhibited enhanced cancer chemopreventive agents. The current study highlights the structural determination of eupalitin and aims to explore the antitumor activity of eupalitin in human prostate cancer cell (PC3) and its underlying mechanism. Eupalitin structure was determined by using FTIR, (1)H NMR, and (13)C NMR. PC3 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of eupalitin, followed by analysis of the cell viability with an MTT assay. The results demonstrated that eupalitin markedly inhibited the proliferation of PC3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The results from fluorescent microscopic analysis of nuclear condensation and intracellular ROS generation determined that eupalitin significantly induced ROS level lead to nuclear apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis revealed that eupalitin-induced cell cycle progression as a percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase decreased whereas S phase increased. Caspase-3 immunofluorescence analysis confirms the efficacy of eupalitin-inducing apoptotic pathway and cell death. Thus, our study is helpful in understanding the mechanism underlying these effects in prostate cancer and it may provide novel molecular targets for prostate cancer therapy.
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Sarjeel
S
Kaleem
Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Sahabjada
S
Siddiqui
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Hefazat Hussain
HH
Siddiqui
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Badruddeen
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Arshad
A
Hussain
Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Mohammad
M
Arshad
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Juber
J
Akhtar
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Aleza
A
Rizvi
D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D016196:S Phase / Q000187:drug effects
D005419:Flavonoids; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D053148:Caspase 3
PC3 cell; caspase‐3; cell cycle; cell viability; eupalitin; reactive oxygen species