Increased risk of death due to heart disease after radiotherapy for esophageal cancer.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the risk of heart disease related death (HDRD) following radiation therapy (RT) for esophageal cancer (EC).


METHODS
Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, two cohorts of patients with EC were created: (I) patients who received RT with their initial therapy; and (II) those who did not. Heart disease specific survival (HDSS) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methods. Cox proportional-hazards regression methods were used for univariate and multivariate analyses.


RESULTS
We identified 40,778 patients with EC. A total of 26,377 patients received RT and 14,401 did not. HDSS analysis revealed increased risk of HDRD in those receiving RT (P<0.05), with an absolute risk of HDRD of 2.8%, 5.3% and 9.4% at 5-, 10- and 20-year, respectively. Log rank test of HDSS revealed the risk of HDRD became significant at 8 months (P<0.05). The following were associated with HDRD: RT, age, race, stage at presentation, time period of diagnosis, and known comorbid condition keeping one from esophagectomy. On multivariate analysis, RT remained predictive of HDRD [hazard ratio (HR) 1.46, P<0.05]. When considering only candidates for definitive therapy, RT remained predictive of HDRD on univariate (HR 1.53, P<0.0001) and multivariate (HR 1.62, P<0.0001) analyses.


CONCLUSIONS
The use of RT leads to increased risk of HDRD that is detectable as early as eight months from diagnosis. More research is needed to define optimal dose volume parameters to prevent cardiac death. Consideration should be given to this risk in relation to prognosis and the expected benefits of RT.
1 Radiation Oncology Department, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA ; 2 Division of Cardiology, University of Utah, University Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
Jonathan
J
Frandsen
1 Radiation Oncology Department, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA ; 2 Division of Cardiology, University of Utah, University Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
Dustin
D
Boothe
1 Radiation Oncology Department, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA ; 2 Division of Cardiology, University of Utah, University Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
David K
DK
Gaffney
1 Radiation Oncology Department, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA ; 2 Division of Cardiology, University of Utah, University Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
Brent D
BD
Wilson
1 Radiation Oncology Department, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA ; 2 Division of Cardiology, University of Utah, University Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
Shane
S
Lloyd
Esophageal cancer (EC); heart disease; radiation therapy (RT)