Dietary intake in Swedish medical students during 2007-2012.
BACKGROUND
The dietary intake in Swedish medical students has been reported for the periods 1987-1993 and 1994-2006.


OBJECTIVE
To analyse dietary intake in medical students between 2007 and 2012, in relation to Nordic Nutrition Recommendations, to previous surveys and to a contemporary Swedish population.


METHODS
Nutrient intake was calculated from 3-day food records conducted by 698 medical students. The differences between surveys were evaluated using a t-test and the changes over time by linear regression.


RESULTS
The energy intake in valid female and male reporters was 8.7 and 11.9 MJ respectively. The intake of protein, fat and alcohol, as proportions of energy (E%) and dietary fibre, was within recommendations. The intake of most micronutrients was above recommendations, except for vitamin D, and in women, iron and folate. In women, E% fat increased between 2007 and 2012, while E% carbohydrate decreased. Compared to the 1994-2006 period, medical students in the present survey consumed less carbohydrates and more fat, more folate and more vitamin E. The students were more compliant with the dietary recommendations than the same age group of the Swedish population.


CONCLUSIONS
Energy intake in medical students, and dietary intake with some exceptions, remained stable during 1987-2012, and close to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations for most nutrients. Between 2007 and 2012, fat intake increased and carbohydrate intake decreased significantly in women and also tended to do so in men. Similar trends were seen in the Swedish population, possibly indicating the impact of diet trends such as the Low-Carb/High-Fat diet.
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Ellinor
E
Fredriksson
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Hilde Kristin
HK
Brekke
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden lasse.ellegard@nutrition.gu.se.
Lars
L
Ellegård
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013548:Sweden; D055815:Young Adult
Food record; macronutrient composition; micronutrients; nutrition recommendations; time trends