CO2 Sensing and CO2 Regulation of Stomatal Conductance: Advances and Open Questions.
Guard cells form epidermal stomatal gas-exchange valves in plants and regulate the aperture of stomatal pores in response to changes in the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration ([CO2]) in leaves. Moreover, the development of stomata is repressed by elevated CO2 in diverse plant species. Evidence suggests that plants can sense [CO2] changes via guard cells and via mesophyll tissues in mediating stomatal movements. We review new discoveries and open questions on mechanisms mediating CO2-regulated stomatal movements and CO2 modulation of stomatal development, which together function in the CO2 regulation of stomatal conductance and gas exchange in plants. Research in this area is timely in light of the necessity of selecting and developing crop cultivars that perform better in a shifting climate.
Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section and Center for Food & Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.
Cawas B
CB
Engineer
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
Mimi
M
Hashimoto-Sugimoto
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
Juntaro
J
Negi
Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
Maria
M
Israelsson-Nordström
Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section and Center for Food & Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.
Tamar
T
Azoulay-Shemer
Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section and Center for Food & Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.
Wouter-Jan
WJ
Rappel
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
Koh
K
Iba
Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section and Center for Food & Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA. Electronic address: jischroeder@ucsd.edu.
Julian I
JI
Schroeder
D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010788:Photosynthesis; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction
D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000040:Abscisic Acid; D002118:Calcium
agriculture; atmospheric carbon dioxide; climate; guard cell signaling; stomatal development; stomatal movements