Cigarette smoke is a risk factor for severity and treatment outcome in patients with culture-positive tuberculosis.
OBJECTIVE
Smoking has been associated with tuberculosis (TB); however, the effects of smoking on the effectiveness of TB treatment remain unclear.


METHODS
Data were retrieved from case notes and interviews of subjects registered in the TB-reporting system from 2010 to 2012. Study cases were defined as subjects with TB-positive sputum cultures, whereas the controls were defined as subjects with non-TB-related pulmonary diseases. Statistical analyses included logistic regression and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models.


RESULTS
A total of 245 cases with cultures positive for TB and 114 controls with non-TB-related pulmonary diseases and negative sputum cultures were recruited. Current smokers had the highest failure rate (33%) for TB treatment, and they had the most severe pulmonary lesions based on chest X-ray grading. Current smokers had a 1.36-fold (95% confidence interval 1.03-2.36, P<0.05) higher odds ratio for cultures positive for TB compared with nonsmokers. In subjects with TB-positive cultures, current smoking was associated with an increase in treatment days required for cultures to convert from positive to negative (hazard ratio 1.12, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.39; P<0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Longer periods of treatment may be required for TB patients who are current smokers.
Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan ; School of Respiratory Therapy, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Hsiao-Chi
HC
Chuang
Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan ; School of Respiratory Therapy, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Chien-Ling
CL
Su
School of Respiratory Therapy, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Hui-Chiao
HC
Liu
Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Po-Hao
PH
Feng
Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Kang-Yun
KY
Lee
Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Kai-Jen
KJ
Chuang
Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan ; School of Respiratory Therapy, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Chun-Nin
CN
Lee
School of Respiratory Therapy, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Mauo-Ying
MY
Bien
Mycobacterium tuberculosis; chest X-ray; cigarette; immunity