Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: Can We Retain the Clinical Use of Mold-Active Antifungal Azoles?
Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus has emerged as a global health problem. Although the number of cases of azole-resistant aspergillosis is still limited, resistance mechanisms continue to emerge, thereby threatening the role of the azole class in the management of diseases caused by Aspergillus. The majority of cases of azole-resistant disease are due to resistant A. fumigatus originating from the environment. Patient management is difficult due to the absence of patient risk factors, delayed diagnosis, and limited treatment options, resulting in poor treatment outcome. International and collaborative efforts are required to understand how resistance develops in the environment to allow effective measures to be implemented aimed at retaining the use of azoles both for food production and human medicine.
Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Paul E
PE
Verweij
Department of Medical Mycology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, India.
Anuradha
A
Chowdhary
Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Willem J G
WJ
Melchers
Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Jacques F
JF
Meis
D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001393:Azoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D006801:Humans
D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001393:Azoles
aspergilloma; azole fungicides; chronic pulmonary aspergillosis; emergence of azole resistance; invasive aspergillosis