Serial Assessment of Trauma Care Capacity in Ghana in 2004 and 2014.
OBJECTIVE
Trauma care capacity assessments in developing countries have generated evidence to support advocacy, detailed baseline capabilities, and informed targeted interventions. However, serial assessments to determine the effect of capacity improvements or changes over time have rarely been performed.


OBJECTIVE
To compare the availability of trauma care resources in Ghana between 2004 and 2014 to assess the effects of a decade of change in the trauma care landscape and derive recommendations for improvements.


METHODS
Capacity assessments were performed using direct inspection and structured interviews derived from the World Health Organization's Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care. In Ghana, 10 hospitals in 2004 and 32 hospitals in 2014 were purposively sampled to represent those most likely to care for injuries. Clinical staff, administrators, logistic/procurement officers, and technicians/biomedical engineers who interacted, directly or indirectly, with trauma care resources were interviewed at each hospital.


METHODS
Availability of items for trauma care was rated from 0 (complete absence) to 3 (fully available). Factors contributing to deficiency in 2014 were determined for items rated lower than 3. Each item rated lower than 3 at a specific hospital was defined as a hospital-item deficiency. Scores for total number of hospital-item deficiencies were derived for each contributing factor.


RESULTS
There were significant improvements in mean ratings for trauma care resources: district-level (smaller) hospitals had a mean rating of 0.8 for all items in 2004 vs 1.3 in 2014 (P = .002); regional (larger) hospitals had a mean rating of 1.1 in 2004 vs 1.4 in 2014 (P = .01). However, a number of critical deficiencies remain (eg, chest tubes, diagnostics, and orthopedic and neurosurgical care; mean ratings ≤ 2). Leading contributing factors were item absence (503 hospital-item deficiencies), lack of training (335 hospital-item deficiencies), and stockout of consumables (137 hospital-item deficiencies).


CONCLUSIONS
There has been significant improvement in trauma care capacity during the past decade in Ghana; however, critical deficiencies remain and require urgent redress to avert preventable death and disability. Serial capacity assessment is a valuable tool for monitoring efforts to strengthen trauma care systems, identifying what has been successful, and highlighting needs.
School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana2Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana3Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle.
Barclay T
BT
Stewart
Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana4School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Robert
R
Quansah
Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana4School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Adam
A
Gyedu
Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.
Godfred
G
Boakye
Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana4School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Francis
F
Abantanga
Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.
James
J
Ankomah
Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana4School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Peter
P
Donkor
Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle5Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, Washington6Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle.
Charles
C
Mock
D005869:Ghana; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D013997:Time Factors; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000600:supply & distribution*