Ventilator-derived carbon dioxide production to assess energy expenditure in critically ill patients: proof of concept.
BACKGROUND
Measurement of energy expenditure (EE) is recommended to guide nutrition in critically ill patients. Availability of a gold standard indirect calorimetry is limited, and continuous measurement is unfeasible. Equations used to predict EE are inaccurate. The purpose of this study was to provide proof of concept that EE can be accurately assessed on the basis of ventilator-derived carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and to determine whether this method is more accurate than frequently used predictive equations.


METHODS
In 84 mechanically ventilated critically ill patients, we performed 24-h indirect calorimetry to obtain a gold standard EE. Simultaneously, we collected 24-h ventilator-derived VCO2, extracted the respiratory quotient of the administered nutrition, and calculated EE with a rewritten Weir formula. Bias, precision, and accuracy and inaccuracy rates were determined and compared with four predictive equations: the Harris-Benedict, Faisy, and Penn State University equations and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) guideline equation of 25 kcal/kg/day.


RESULTS
Mean 24-h indirect calorimetry EE was 1823 ± 408 kcal. EE from ventilator-derived VCO2 was accurate (bias +141 ± 153 kcal/24 h; 7.7 % of gold standard) and more precise than the predictive equations (limits of agreement -166 to +447 kcal/24 h). The 10 % and 15 % accuracy rates were 61 % and 76 %, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the Harris-Benedict, Faisy, and ESPEN guideline equations. Large errors of more than 30 % inaccuracy did not occur with EE derived from ventilator-derived VCO2. This 30 % inaccuracy rate was significantly lower than that of the predictive equations.


CONCLUSIONS
In critically ill mechanically ventilated patients, assessment of EE based on ventilator-derived VCO2 is accurate and more precise than frequently used predictive equations. It allows for continuous monitoring and is the best alternative to indirect calorimetry.
Department of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.stapel@vumc.nl.|Research VUmc Intensive Care (REVIVE), VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.stapel@vumc.nl.|Institute of Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.stapel@vumc.nl.
Sandra N
SN
Stapel
Department of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. h.degrooth@vumc.nl.|Research VUmc Intensive Care (REVIVE), VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. h.degrooth@vumc.nl.|Institute of Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. h.degrooth@vumc.nl.
Harm-Jan S
HJ
de Grooth
Department of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. hoda.04@gmail.com.|Research VUmc Intensive Care (REVIVE), VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. hoda.04@gmail.com.|Institute of Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. hoda.04@gmail.com.
Hoda
H
Alimohamad
Department of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.elbers@vumc.nl.|Research VUmc Intensive Care (REVIVE), VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.elbers@vumc.nl.|Institute of Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.elbers@vumc.nl.
Paul W G
PW
Elbers
Department of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. arj.girbes@vumc.nl.|Research VUmc Intensive Care (REVIVE), VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. arj.girbes@vumc.nl.|Institute of Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. arj.girbes@vumc.nl.
Armand R J
AR
Girbes
Department of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.weijs@vumc.nl.|Research VUmc Intensive Care (REVIVE), VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.weijs@vumc.nl.|Institute of Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.weijs@vumc.nl.|Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.weijs@vumc.nl.
Peter J M
PJ
Weijs
Department of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. h.oudemans@vumc.nl.|Research VUmc Intensive Care (REVIVE), VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. h.oudemans@vumc.nl.|Institute of Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1181HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. h.oudemans@vumc.nl.
Heleen M
HM
Oudemans-van Straaten
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect / Q000379:methods*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D016638:Critical Illness; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
D002245:Carbon Dioxide