Circadian Clocks as Modulators of Metabolic Comorbidity in Psychiatric Disorders.
Psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder are often accompanied by metabolic dysfunction symptoms, including obesity and diabetes. Since the circadian system controls important brain systems that regulate affective, cognitive, and metabolic functions, and neuropsychiatric and metabolic diseases are often correlated with disturbances of circadian rhythms, we hypothesize that dysregulation of circadian clocks plays a central role in metabolic comorbidity in psychiatric disorders. In this review paper, we highlight the role of circadian clocks in glucocorticoid, dopamine, and orexin/melanin-concentrating hormone systems and describe how a dysfunction of these clocks may contribute to the simultaneous development of psychiatric and metabolic symptoms.
Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.|VA San Diego Healthcare System Psychiatry Service, La Jolla, CA, USA.|Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0603, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA.
Rita
R
Barandas
VA San Diego Healthcare System Psychiatry Service, La Jolla, CA, USA. dlandgraf@ucsd.edu.|Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0603, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA. dlandgraf@ucsd.edu.
Dominic
D
Landgraf
VA San Diego Healthcare System Psychiatry Service, La Jolla, CA, USA.|Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0603, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA.
Michael J
MJ
McCarthy
VA San Diego Healthcare System Psychiatry Service, La Jolla, CA, USA.|Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0603, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA.
David K
DK
Welsh
D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D021081:Chronobiology Disorders / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D057906:Circadian Clocks / Q000502:physiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007028:Hypothalamic Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D010907:Pituitary Hormones / Q000378:metabolism
D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007028:Hypothalamic Hormones; D008543:Melanins; D010907:Pituitary Hormones; C019463:melanin-concentrating hormone; D004298:Dopamine
Circadian rhythm; Depression; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; Psychiatric disorders; Reward