Boredom in the Workplace: A New Look at an Old Problem.
OBJECTIVE
We review historical and more recent efforts in boredom research and related fields. A framework is presented that organizes the various facets of boredom, particularly in supervisory control settings, and research gaps and future potential areas for study are highlighted.


BACKGROUND
Given the ubiquity of boredom across a wide spectrum of work environments--exacerbated by increasingly automated systems that remove humans from direct, physical system interaction and possibly increasing tedium in the workplace--there is a need not only to better understand the multiple facets of boredom in work environments but to develop targeted mitigation strategies.


METHODS
To better understand the relationships between the various influences and outcomes of boredom, a systems-based framework, called the Boredom Influence Diagram, is proposed that describes various elements of boredom and their interrelationships.


RESULTS
Boredom is closely related to vigilance, attention management, and task performance. This review highlights the need to develop more naturalistic experiments that reflect the characteristics of a boring work environment.


CONCLUSIONS
With the increase in automation, boredom in the workplace will likely become a more prevalent issue for motivation and retention. In addition, developing continuous measures of boredom based on physiological signals is critical.


CONCLUSIONS
Personnel selection and improvements in system and task design can potentially mitigate boredom. However, more work is needed to develop and evaluate other potential interventions.
Duke University, Durham, North Carolina m.cummings@duke.edu.
Mary L
ML
Cummings
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
Fei
F
Gao
United States Coast Guard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Kris M
KM
Thornburg
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001331:Automation; D001887:Boredom; D006804:Ergonomics; D005221:Fatigue; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology*; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
automation; boredom; distraction; fatigue; monitoring; monotony; workload