Distinctive Representation of Mispredicted and Unpredicted Prediction Errors in Human Electroencephalography.
The predictive coding model of perception proposes that neuronal responses are modulated by the amount of sensory input that the internal prediction cannot account for (i.e., prediction error). However, there is little consensus on what constitutes nonpredicted stimuli. Conceptually, whereas mispredicted stimuli may induce both prediction error generated by prediction that is not perceived and prediction error generated by sensory input that is not anticipated, unpredicted stimuli involves no top-down, only bottom-up, propagation of information in the system. Here, we examined the possibility that the processing of mispredicted and unpredicted stimuli are dissociable at the neurophysiological level using human electroencephalography. We presented participants with sets of five tones in which the frequency of the fifth tones was predicted, mispredicted, or unpredicted. Participants were required to press a key when they detected a softer fifth tone to maintain their attention. We found that mispredicted and unpredicted stimuli are associated with different amount of cortical activity, probably reflecting differences in prediction error. Moreover, relative to predicted stimuli, the mispredicted prediction error manifested as neuronal enhancement and the unpredicted prediction error manifested as neuronal attenuation on the N1 event-related potential component. These results highlight the importance of differentiating between the two nonpredicted stimuli in theoretical work on predictive coding.
Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8242, 75006 Paris, France, Department of Educational Psychology and Counselling, National Taiwan Normal University, 10610 Taipei, Taiwan, and yi-fang.hsu@cantab.net.
Yi-Fang
YF
Hsu
Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8242, 75006 Paris, France.
Solene
S
Le Bars
Jyväskylä Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
Jarmo A
JA
Hämäläinen
Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8242, 75006 Paris, France.
Florian
F
Waszak
D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D010898:Pitch Perception / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult