Dietary patterns in Swedish adults; results from a national dietary survey.
Dietary patterns derived by statistical procedures is a way to identify overall dietary habits in specific populations. The aim of this study was to identify and characterise dietary patterns in Swedish adults using data from the national dietary survey Riksmaten adults 2010-11 (952 women, 788 men). Principal component analyses were used and two patterns were identified in both sexes: a healthy pattern loading positively on vegetables, fruits, fish and seafood, and vegetable oils, and negatively on refined bread and fast food, and a Swedish traditional pattern loading positively on potatoes, meat and processed meat, full-fat milk products, sweet bakery products, sweet condiments and margarine. In addition, a light-meal pattern was identified in women with positive loadings on fibre-rich bread, cheese, rice, pasta and food grain dishes, substitute products for meat and dairy products, candies and tea. The healthy pattern was positively correlated to dietary fibre (r 0·51-0·58) and n-3 (r 0·25-0·31) (all P<0·0001), and had a higher nutrient density of folate, vitamin D and Se. The Swedish traditional and the light-meal pattern were positively correlated to added sugar (r 0·20-0·25) and the Swedish traditional also to SFA (r 0·13-0·21) (all P<0·0001); both patterns were in general negatively correlated to micronutrients. Dietary pattern scores were associated with, for example, age, physical activity, education and income. In conclusion, we identified three major dietary patterns among Swedish adults. The patterns can be further used for examining the association between whole diet and health outcomes.
1Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences,Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism,Uppsala University,SE-751 85 Uppsala,Sweden.
Erika
E
Ax
2National Food Agency,SE-751 26 Uppsala,Sweden.
Eva
E
Warensjö Lemming
2National Food Agency,SE-751 26 Uppsala,Sweden.
Wulf
W
Becker
3Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics,Uppsala University,SE-751 22 Uppsala,Sweden.
Agneta
A
Andersson
2National Food Agency,SE-751 26 Uppsala,Sweden.
Anna Karin
AK
Lindroos
1Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences,Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism,Uppsala University,SE-751 85 Uppsala,Sweden.
Tommy
T
Cederholm
1Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences,Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism,Uppsala University,SE-751 85 Uppsala,Sweden.
Per
P
Sjögren
4Department of Nutrition,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health,Boston,MA 02115,USA.
Teresa T
TT
Fung
D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet / Q000145:classification; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013548:Sweden
Dietary patterns; Food habits; NFA National Food Agency; National dietary surveys; PCA principal component analysis; Principal component analyses; SMC Swedish Mammography Cohort; Sweden; Total diet quality