Subjective stress, objective heart rate variability-based stress, and recovery on workdays among overweight and psychologically distressed individuals: a cross-sectional study.
BACKGROUND
The present study aimed to investigate how subjective self-reported stress is associated with objective heart rate variability (HRV)-based stress and recovery on workdays. Another aim was to investigate how physical activity (PA), body composition, and age are associated with subjective stress, objective stress, and recovery.


METHODS
Working-age participants (n = 221; 185 women, 36 men) in this cross-sectional study were overweight (body mass index, 25.3-40.1 kg/m(2)) and psychologically distressed (≥3/12 points on the General Health Questionnaire). Objective stress and recovery were based on HRV recordings over 1-3 workdays. Subjective stress was assessed by the Perceived Stress Scale. PA level was determined by questionnaire, and body fat percentage was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis.


RESULTS
Subjective stress was directly associated with objective stress (P = 0.047) and inversely with objective recovery (P = 0.046). These associations persisted after adjustments for sex, age, PA, and body fat percentage. Higher PA was associated with lower subjective stress (P = 0.037). Older age was associated with higher objective stress (P < 0.001). After further adjustment for alcohol consumption and regular medication, older age was associated with lower subjective stress (P = 0.043).


CONCLUSIONS
The present results suggest that subjective self-reported stress is associated with objective physiological stress, but they are also apparently affected by different factors. However, some of the found associations among these overweight and psychologically distressed participants with low inter-individual variation in PA are rather weak and the clinical value of the present findings should be studied further among participants with greater heterogeneity of stress, PA and body composition. However, these findings suggest that objective stress assessment provides an additional aspect to stress evaluation. Furthermore, the results provide valuable information for developing stress assessment methods.
Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
Tiina
T
Föhr
Methodology Centre for Human Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (Y 33), FIN-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
Asko
A
Tolvanen
Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
Tero
T
Myllymäki
Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
Elina
E
Järvelä-Reijonen
Medical Faculty, Pharmacology, Medical nutrition physiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Sanni
S
Rantala
Medical Faculty, Pharmacology, Medical nutrition physiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Riitta
R
Korpela
Medical Faculty, Pharmacology, Medical nutrition physiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Katri
K
Peuhkuri
Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
Marjukka
M
Kolehmainen
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland ; Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Sampsa
S
Puttonen
Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
Raimo
R
Lappalainen
Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
Heikki
H
Rusko
Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
Urho M
UM
Kujala
Heart rate variability; Objective stress; Perceived stress scale; Physical activity; Physiological stress; Psychological stress; Recovery; Stress assessment; Subjective stress; Work-related stress