Resistance training improves skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity    in elderly offspring of overweight and obese mothers.
OBJECTIVE
Maternal obesity predisposes offspring to adulthood morbidities, including type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance have been associated with shortened telomere length. First, we aimed to investigate whether or not maternal obesity influences insulin sensitivity and its relationship with leucocyte telomere length (LTL) in elderly women. Second, we tested whether or not resistance exercise training improves insulin sensitivity in elderly frail women.


METHODS
Forty-six elderly women, of whom 20 were frail offspring of lean/normal weight mothers (OLM, BMI ≤26.3 kg/m2) and 17 were frail offspring of overweight/obese mothers (OOM,BMI ≥28.1 kg/m2), were studied before and after a 4 month resistance training (RT) intervention. Muscle insulin sensitivity of glucose uptake was measured using 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose and positron emission tomography with computed tomography during a hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp. Muscle mass and lipid content were measured using magnetic resonance and LTL was measured using real-time PCR.


RESULTS
The OOM group had lower thigh muscle insulin sensitivity compared with the OLM group (p=0.048) but similar whole body insulin sensitivity. RT improved whole body and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in the OOM group only (p=0.004 and p=0.013, respectively), and increased muscle mass in both groups (p <0 .01). In addition, in the OOM group, LTL correlated with different thigh muscle groups insulin sensitivity (ρ ≥ 0.53; p ≤ 0.05). Individuals with shorter LTL showed a higher increase in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity after training (ρ ≥ −0.61; p ≤ 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Maternal obesity and having telomere shortening were associated with insulin resistance in adult offspring. A resistance exercise training programme may reverse this disadvantage among offspring of obese mothers. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01931540.
Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO BOX 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland. marbuc@utu.fi.
Marco
M
Bucci
Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO BOX 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.|Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
Ville
V
Huovinen
Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
Maria Angela
MA
Guzzardi
Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO BOX 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.
Suvi
S
Koskinen
Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO BOX 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.
Juho R
JR
Raiko
Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO BOX 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.
Heta
H
Lipponen
Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO BOX 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.
Shaila
S
Ahsan
Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO BOX 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.
Robert M
RM
Badeau
Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO BOX 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.
Miikka-Juhani
MJ
Honka
Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO BOX 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.
Jukka
J
Koffert
Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO BOX 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.
Nina
N
Savisto
Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
Minna K
MK
Salonen
Department of Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Jonathan
J
Andersson
Department of Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Joel
J
Kullberg
Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
Samuel
S
Sandboge
Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO BOX 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.|Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
Patricia
P
Iozzo
Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland.
Johan G
JG
Eriksson
Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO BOX 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.|Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
Pirjo
P
Nuutila
D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D016330:Frail Elderly; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000378:metabolism; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D055070:Resistance Training; D016615:Telomere / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose