Total and Full-Fat, but Not Low-Fat, Dairy Product Intakes are Inversely Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Adults.
BACKGROUND
Growing evidence suggests that dairy products may have beneficial cardiometabolic effects. The current guidelines, however, limit the intake of full-fat dairy products.


OBJECTIVE
We investigated the association of dairy consumption, types of dairy products, and dairy fat content with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn).


METHODS
We analyzed baseline data of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), a multicenter cohort study of 15,105 adults aged 35-74 y. We excluded participants with known diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, or other chronic diseases, and those who had extreme values of energy intake, leaving 9835 for analysis. Dairy consumption was assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire. We computed servings per day for total and subgroups of dairy intake. We computed a metabolic risk score (MetScore) as the mean z score of waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol (negative z score), fasting triglycerides, and fasting glucose. We performed multivariable linear regression to test the association of servings per day of dairy products with MetScore.


RESULTS
In analyses that adjusted for demographics, menopausal status, family history of diabetes, dietary intake, nondietary lifestyle factors, and body mass index, we observed a graded inverse association for MetScore with total dairy (-0.044 ± 0.01, P = 0.009 for each additional dairy servings per day) and full-fat dairy (-0.126 ± 0.03, P < 0.001) but not with low-fat dairy intake. Associations were no longer present after additional adjustments for dairy-derived saturated fatty acids.


CONCLUSIONS
Total and especially full-fat dairy food intakes are inversely and independently associated with metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older adults, associations that seem to be mediated by dairy saturated fatty acids. Dietary recommendations to avoid full-fat dairy intake are not supported by our findings.
Department of Nutrition and Food and Nutrition Research Center, Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Porto Alegre, Brazil; michele.drehmer@ufrgs.br.
Michele
M
Drehmer
Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN;
Mark A
MA
Pereira
Department of Social Medicine, and Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Porto Alegre, Brazil;
Maria Inês
MI
Schmidt
Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; and.
Sheila
S
Alvim
Center for Clinical and Epidemiologic Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Paulo A
PA
Lotufo
Department of Nutrition and Food and Nutrition Research Center, Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Porto Alegre, Brazil;
Vivian C
VC
Luft
Department of Social Medicine, and Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Porto Alegre, Brazil;
Bruce B
BB
Duncan
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001938:Brazil; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005215:Fasting; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D014280:Triglycerides
cohort study; dairy consumption; diabetes; metabolic syndrome; saturated fatty acids