Effects of Fuel Aromatic Content on Nonvolatile Particulate Emissions of an In-Production Aircraft Gas Turbine.
Aircraft engines emit particulate matter (PM) that affects the air quality in the vicinity of airports and contributes to climate change. Nonvolatile PM (nvPM) emissions from aircraft turbine engines depend on fuel aromatic content, which varies globally by several percent. It is uncertain how this variability will affect future nvPM emission regulations and emission inventories. Here, we present black carbon (BC) mass and nvPM number emission indices (EIs) as a function of fuel aromatic content and thrust for an in-production aircraft gas turbine engine. The aromatics content was varied from 17.8% (v/v) in the neat fuel (Jet A-1) to up to 23.6% (v/v) by injecting two aromatic solvents into the engine fuel supply line. Fuel normalized BC mass and nvPM number EIs increased by up to 60% with increasing fuel aromatics content and decreasing engine thrust. The EIs also increased when fuel naphthalenes were changed from 0.78% (v/v) to 1.18% (v/v) while keeping the total aromatics constant. The EIs correlated best with fuel hydrogen mass content, leading to a simple model that could be used for correcting fuel effects in emission inventories and in future aircraft engine nvPM emission standards.
Empa Materials Science and Technology , Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.|ETH Zürich , Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
Benjamin T
BT
Brem
Empa Materials Science and Technology , Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.|ETH Zürich , Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
Lukas
L
Durdina
SR Technics , CH-8058 Zürich Airport, Zürich, Switzerland.
Frithjof
F
Siegerist
SR Technics , CH-8058 Zürich Airport, Zürich, Switzerland.
Peter
P
Beyerle
SR Technics , CH-8058 Zürich Airport, Zürich, Switzerland.
Kevin
K
Bruderer
Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation , CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland.
Theo
T
Rindlisbacher
General Electric Aviation , D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
Sara
S
Rocci-Denis
General Electric Aviation , Evendale, Ohio 45241, United States.
M Gurhan
MG
Andac
General Electric Aviation , Evendale, Ohio 45241, United States.
Joseph
J
Zelina
SNECMA Villaroche Center , F-77550, Moissy-Cramayel, France.
Olivier
O
Penanhoat
Empa Materials Science and Technology , Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.|ETH Zürich , Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
Jing
J
Wang
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000401:Aircraft; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis*; D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis*; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / Q000032:analysis*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D053260:Soot / Q000032:analysis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*; D014835:Volatilization
D000393:Air Pollutants; D005740:Gases; D005742:Gasoline; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; D052638:Particulate Matter; D053260:Soot; D001335:Vehicle Emissions