Feather segmentation to discriminate between different enrofloxacin treatments in order to monitor off-label use in the poultry sector.
Antibiotics are commonly used in the poultry industry to treat bacterial infections. In the combat against bacterial resistance, policies require, besides a reduction of antibiotic usage in humans and animals, an up-to-date farmer registration mentioning all treatments. For enforcement of such policies, tests are needed to antedate administration and to determine the type of treatment so as to prevent off-label use and the supervacaneous use of last-resort antibiotics like cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. After poultry treatment, high amounts of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin are deposited in chicken feathers. A method is presented to discriminate different treatments based on differentiating extractable and non-extractable enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in chicken feathers. With this approach, we show it is possible to distinguish between a registered therapeutic oral treatment, an off-label spray treatment and an illegal prolonged sub-therapeutic treatment with enrofloxacin. This approach is a new and strong tool in the enforcement of new policies in the fight against off-label and supervacaneous antibiotic use.
RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands. larissa.jansen@wur.nl.
Larissa J M
LJ
Jansen
RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Yvette J C
YJ
Bolck
RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Bjorn J A
BJ
Berendsen
D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002645:Chickens; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004333:Drug Administration Routes / Q000662:veterinary; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D005241:Feathers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D056687:Off-Label Use; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D002939:Ciprofloxacin
Antedating; Antibiotics; Enrofloxacin; Feathers; LC-MS/MS; Treatments