Trends in health burden of ambient particulate matter pollution in Iran, 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2010.
This paper aims to report the assessment of trends in deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution from 1990 to 2010 by sex and age in Iran. We used the data of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2010 Study, and then we extracted its data on Iran for the years 1990, 2005, and 2010. The proportion of deaths and the DALYs caused by specific risk factors were assessed by using the comparative risk assessment and calculating the attributed burden of exposure level to each risk factor compared with the theoretical minimum level of risk exposure. Uncertainties in distribution of exposure, relative risks, and relevant outcomes calculation were disseminated into the estimates of the attributable deaths and DALYs. We found that the age-standardized death rate attributed to ambient PM pollution decreased to 27.90 cases per 100,000 populations from 1990 to 2010 [86, 95% uncertainty interval (UI) 76-97 to 62; 95% UI 54-71 per 100,000 populations, respectively]. This was mainly because of greater decrease in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) than in the other diseases attributed to PM pollution. Despite a decrease in the total DALYs and mortality rate attributed to PM pollution, the death percent increased by 6.94%, 95% UI 6.06-7.90% from 1990 to 2010. The number of the DALYs and death in age groups of more than 70 years increased in 2010 compared to that in 1990. The median percent change of the DALYs and death for all age groups shows that the DALYs and death increased by 6% (95% UI 8-19%) and 45% (95% UI 30-60%), respectively, in 2010 in comparison to that in 1990. The increase in the DALYs and mortality attributable to PM pollution emphasizes the necessity of the effective interventions for improving air quality, as well as for increasing the public awareness to reduce the exposure of vulnerable age groups to PM pollution.
Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. parinaz.poursafa@gmail.com.
Parinaz
P
Poursafa
Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. kelishadi@med.mui.ac.ir.
Roya
R
Kelishadi
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. anoosheh.ghasemian@gmail.com.
Anoosheh
A
Ghasemian
Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. farshad.sharifi@gmail.com.
Farshad
F
Sharifi
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. shdjalalinia@gmail.com.|Development of Research & Technology Center, Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. shdjalalinia@gmail.com.
Shirin
S
Djalalinia
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. a-khajavi@alumnus.tums.ac.ir.
Alireza
A
Khajavi
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. rnejatifar@gmail.com.
Masoumeh
M
Nejatifar
Department of Medical Emergencies, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. hasayesh@yahoo.com.
Hamid
H
Asayesh
Department of Health Education and Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. mansourian55@yahoo.com.
Morteza
M
Mansourian
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. mqorbani1379@yahoo.com.|Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. mqorbani1379@yahoo.com.
Mostafa
M
Qorbani
Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. hansari88@gmail.com.
Hossein
H
Ansari
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter
Air pollution; Burden of diseases; Disability-adjusted life years; Iran; Mortality; Particulate matter