Population Genetics and Reproductive Strategies of African Trypanosomes: Revisiting Available Published Data.
Trypanosomatidae are a dangerous family of Euglenobionta parasites that threaten the health and economy of millions of people around the world. More precisely describing the population biology and reproductive mode of such pests is not only a matter of pure science, but can also be useful for understanding parasite adaptation, as well as how parasitism, specialization (parasite specificity), and complex life cycles evolve over time. Studying this parasite's reproductive strategies and population structure can also contribute key information to the understanding of the epidemiology of associated diseases; it can also provide clues for elaborating control programs and predicting the probability of success for control campaigns (such as vaccines and drug therapies), along with emergence or re-emergence risks. Population genetics tools, if appropriately used, can provide precise and useful information in these investigations. In this paper, we revisit recent data collected during population genetics surveys of different Trypanosoma species in sub-Saharan Africa. Reproductive modes and population structure depend not only on the taxon but also on the geographical location and data quality (absence or presence of DNA amplification failures). We conclude on issues regarding future directions of research, in particular vis-à-vis genotyping and sampling strategies, which are still relevant yet, too often, neglected issues.
Université Jean Lorougnon GUEDE, UFR Environnement-Santé, Laboratoire des Interactions Hôte-Microorganismes-Environnement et Evolution (LIHME), Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire.
Mathurin
M
Koffi
IRD, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso; IRD, UMR177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France.
Thierry
T
De Meeûs
IRD, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso.
Modou
M
Séré
IRD, UMR177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France; Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinée.
Bruno
B
Bucheton
University of Dschang, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Dschang, Cameroon.
Gustave
G
Simo
University of Yaoundé 1, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Flobert
F
Njiokou
University of Khartoum, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khartoum North, Sudan; Parasites, Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
Bashir
B
Salim
IRD, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso; Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
Jacques
J
Kaboré
University of Glasgow, Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Henry Wellcome Building of Comparative Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Annette
A
MacLeod
Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinée.
Mamadou
M
Camara
IRD, UMR177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France.
Philippe
P
Solano
Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
Adrien Marie Gaston
AM
Belem
IRD, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso.
Vincent
V
Jamonneau
D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000818:Animals; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006801:Humans; D010274:Parasitology / Q000379:methods; D014345:Trypanosoma / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*