Development and validation of criteria for classifying severity of drug-related problems in chronic kidney disease: A community pharmacy perspective.
OBJECTIVE
The development and validation of criteria for classifying severity of drug-related problems (DRPs) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the community pharmacy setting are described.


METHODS
The Severity Categorization for Pharmaceutical Evaluation (SCOPE) criteria were adapted from an existing tool based on the interventions required to manage DRPs in community pharmacy. Ten community pharmacists reviewed the criteria. An expert panel involving community pharmacists, hospital pharmacists, family physicians, and nephrologists scored the relevance of each criterion. The severity of 487 DRPs identified among 168 patients was rated independently by two evaluators and by one evaluator on two occasions. Kappa reliability coefficients were computed. Severity as assessed by implicit judgment and the SCOPE criteria was compared.


RESULTS
Three severity categories were defined (mild, moderate, and severe), each including two levels (for a total of six levels). At each level, specific interventions required to manage DRPs in community pharmacy were listed. The test-retest reliability coefficient by level was 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79-0.90), and the interrater reliability coefficient was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.72-0.82). The test-retest coefficient by category was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.84-0.95), and the interrater coefficient was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.86-0.94). A higher level of SCOPE was associated with more severe DRPs as rated by implicit judgment (p < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
A set of criteria developed for use in the community pharmacy setting for evaluating the severity of DRPs in CKD proved to be reliable and correlated with clinical implicit judgment.
Patricia Quintana-Bárcena, B.Pharm., is Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal (UM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Anne Lord, M.Sc., is Clinical Pharmacist; and Annie Lizotte, M.Sc., is Clinical Pharmacist, Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux de Laval, Laval, Quebec. Djamal Berbiche, Ph.D., is Statistician; and Ghaya Jouini, M.Sc., is Research Coordinator, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, UM. Lyne Lalonde, Ph.D., is Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, UM, and Researcher, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, UM.
Patricia
P
Quintana-Bárcena
Patricia Quintana-Bárcena, B.Pharm., is Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal (UM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Anne Lord, M.Sc., is Clinical Pharmacist; and Annie Lizotte, M.Sc., is Clinical Pharmacist, Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux de Laval, Laval, Quebec. Djamal Berbiche, Ph.D., is Statistician; and Ghaya Jouini, M.Sc., is Research Coordinator, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, UM. Lyne Lalonde, Ph.D., is Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, UM, and Researcher, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, UM.
Anne
A
Lord
Patricia Quintana-Bárcena, B.Pharm., is Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal (UM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Anne Lord, M.Sc., is Clinical Pharmacist; and Annie Lizotte, M.Sc., is Clinical Pharmacist, Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux de Laval, Laval, Quebec. Djamal Berbiche, Ph.D., is Statistician; and Ghaya Jouini, M.Sc., is Research Coordinator, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, UM. Lyne Lalonde, Ph.D., is Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, UM, and Researcher, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, UM.
Annie
A
Lizotte
Patricia Quintana-Bárcena, B.Pharm., is Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal (UM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Anne Lord, M.Sc., is Clinical Pharmacist; and Annie Lizotte, M.Sc., is Clinical Pharmacist, Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux de Laval, Laval, Quebec. Djamal Berbiche, Ph.D., is Statistician; and Ghaya Jouini, M.Sc., is Research Coordinator, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, UM. Lyne Lalonde, Ph.D., is Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, UM, and Researcher, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, UM.
Djamal
D
Berbiche
Patricia Quintana-Bárcena, B.Pharm., is Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal (UM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Anne Lord, M.Sc., is Clinical Pharmacist; and Annie Lizotte, M.Sc., is Clinical Pharmacist, Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux de Laval, Laval, Quebec. Djamal Berbiche, Ph.D., is Statistician; and Ghaya Jouini, M.Sc., is Research Coordinator, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, UM. Lyne Lalonde, Ph.D., is Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, UM, and Researcher, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, UM.
Ghaya
G
Jouini
Patricia Quintana-Bárcena, B.Pharm., is Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal (UM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Anne Lord, M.Sc., is Clinical Pharmacist; and Annie Lizotte, M.Sc., is Clinical Pharmacist, Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux de Laval, Laval, Quebec. Djamal Berbiche, Ph.D., is Statistician; and Ghaya Jouini, M.Sc., is Research Coordinator, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, UM. Lyne Lalonde, Ph.D., is Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, UM, and Researcher, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, UM. lyne.lalonde@umontreal.ca.
Lyne
L
Lalonde
D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D009398:Nephrology; D015588:Observer Variation; D010595:Pharmacists; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital; D010820:Physicians; D010821:Physicians, Family; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results