Appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms: diagnosis and management.
Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms (GI-NENs) are increasingly being recognised, while appendiceal NENs (aNENs) currently constitute the third most common GI-NEN. Appendiceal NENs are generally considered to follow an indolent course with the majority being localised at diagnosis. Thus, the initial surgical approach is not that of a planned oncological resection. Due to the localised nature of the disease in the majority of cases, subsequent biochemical and radiological assessment are not routinely recommended. Histopathological criteria (size, mesoappendiceal invasion, Ki-67 proliferation index, neuro- and angio-invasion) are mainly used to identify those patients who are also candidates for a right hemicolectomy. Goblet cell carcinoids are a distinct entity and should be treated as adenocarcinomas. Despite the absence of any substantial prospective data regarding optimal management and follow-up, recent consensus statements and guidelines have been published. The purpose of this review is to overview the published studies on the diagnosis and management of appendiceal NENs and to suggest a possible management protocol.
Department of PathophysiologyNational University of Athens, GreeceNeuroendocrine Tumor UnitEndocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, IsraelOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK alexandrakik@gmail.com.
Krystallenia I
KI
Alexandraki
Department of PathophysiologyNational University of Athens, GreeceNeuroendocrine Tumor UnitEndocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, IsraelOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Gregory A
GA
Kaltsas
Department of PathophysiologyNational University of Athens, GreeceNeuroendocrine Tumor UnitEndocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, IsraelOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Simona
S
Grozinsky-Glasberg
Department of PathophysiologyNational University of Athens, GreeceNeuroendocrine Tumor UnitEndocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, IsraelOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Eleftherios
E
Chatzellis
Department of PathophysiologyNational University of Athens, GreeceNeuroendocrine Tumor UnitEndocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, IsraelOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Ashley B
AB
Grossman
D001063:Appendiceal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D003940:Diagnostic Techniques, Endocrine / Q000592:standards; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
appendiceal; appendicectomy; carcinoid; neoplasm; neuroendocrine; right hemicolectomy