A Pharmacovigilance Study in First Episode of Psychosis: Psychopharmacological Interventions and Safety Profiles in the PEPs Project.
BACKGROUND
The characterization of the first episode of psychosis and how it should be treated are principal issues in actual research. Realistic, naturalistic studies are necessary to represent the entire population of first episode of psychosis attended in daily practice.


METHODS
Sixteen participating centers from the PEPs project recruited 335 first episode of psychosis patients, aged 7 to 35 years. This article describes and discusses the psychopharmacological interventions and safety profiles at baseline and during a 60-day pharmacovigilance period.


RESULTS
The majority of first episode of psychosis patients received a second-generation antipsychotic (96.3%), orally (95%), and in adjusted doses according to the product specifications (87.2%). A total of 24% were receiving an antipsychotic polytherapy pattern at baseline, frequently associated with lower or higher doses of antipsychotics than the recommended ones. Eight patients were taking clozapine, all in monotherapy. Males received higher doses of antipsychotic (P=.043). A total of 5.2% of the patients were being treated with long-acting injectable antipsychotics; 12.2% of the patients received anticholinergic drugs, 12.2% antidepressants, and 13.7% mood stabilizers, while almost 40% received benzodiazepines; and 35.52% reported at least one adverse drug reaction during the pharmacovigilance period, more frequently associated with higher antipsychotic doses and antipsychotic polytherapy (85.2% vs 45.5%, P<.001).


CONCLUSIONS
These data indicate that the overall pharmacologic prescription for treating a first episode of psychosis in Spain follows the clinical practice guideline recommendations, and, together with security issues, support future research of determinate pharmacological strategies for the treatment of early phases of psychosis, such as the role of clozapine, long-acting injectable antipsychotics, antipsychotic combination, and the use of benzodiazepines.
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Miquel
M
Bioque
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Adrián
A
Llerena
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Bibiana
B
Cabrera
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Gisela
G
Mezquida
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Antonio
A
Lobo
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Ana
A
González-Pinto
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Covadonga M
CM
Díaz-Caneja
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Iluminada
I
Corripio
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Eduardo J
EJ
Aguilar
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Antoni
A
Bulbena
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Josefina
J
Castro-Fornieles
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Eduard
E
Vieta
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Amàlia
A
Lafuente
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Sergi
S
Mas
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Mara
M
Parellada
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Jerónimo
J
Saiz-Ruiz
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo).
Manuel J
MJ
Cuesta
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Bioque, Cabrera, Mezquida, and Bernardo); CICAB-CAIBER Centro de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Universitario, Servicio Extremeño de Salud SES, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura, CIBERSAM, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Llerena); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (Dr Lobo); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain (Dr González-Pinto); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Drs Díaz-Caneja and Parellada); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Corripio); Clinic Hospital Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain (Dr Aguilar); Department of Psychiatry, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bulbena); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain (Dr Castro-Fornieles); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Vieta); Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Lafuente and Mas); Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, IRYCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain (Dr Saiz-Ruiz); Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Cuesta); Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Bernardo). bernardo@clinic.ub.es.
Miguel
M
Bernardo
D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D060735:Pharmacovigilance; D019338:Polypharmacy; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
Antipsychotic; first episode psychosis; pharmacovigilance; polytherapy; psychotropic drugs; schizophrenia.