The prevalence of statistical reporting errors in psychology (1985-2013).
This study documents reporting errors in a sample of over 250,000 p-values reported in eight major psychology journals from 1985 until 2013, using the new R package "statcheck." statcheck retrieved null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST) results from over half of the articles from this period. In line with earlier research, we found that half of all published psychology papers that use NHST contained at least one p-value that was inconsistent with its test statistic and degrees of freedom. One in eight papers contained a grossly inconsistent p-value that may have affected the statistical conclusion. In contrast to earlier findings, we found that the average prevalence of inconsistent p-values has been stable over the years or has declined. The prevalence of gross inconsistencies was higher in p-values reported as significant than in p-values reported as nonsignificant. This could indicate a systematic bias in favor of significant results. Possible solutions for the high prevalence of reporting inconsistencies could be to encourage sharing data, to let co-authors check results in a so-called "co-pilot model," and to use statcheck to flag possible inconsistencies in one's own manuscript or during the review process.
Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands. m.b.nuijten@uvt.nl.
Michèle B
MB
Nuijten
Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.
Chris H J
CH
Hartgerink
Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.
Marcel A L M
MA
van Assen
Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Sacha
S
Epskamp
Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.
Jelte M
JM
Wicherts
D035841:Behavioral Research / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015982:Bias; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence
False positives; NHST; Publication bias; Questionable research practices; Reporting errors; Significance; p-values