The spatial distribution of smoking violations on a no-smoking campus: Implications for prevention.
OBJECTIVE
The present study extends research on campus smoking bans by examining where smokers are violating the policy at a large university in the southeastern region of the United States.


METHODS
The data collection was conducted by one graduate student from the university in August of 2014.


METHODS
A global positioning system device was used to collect the geo-coordinates of littered cigarette butts as a proxy measure for smoking violations.


RESULTS
A hot spot analysis found a number of spatial concentrations on campus, largely around classroom and administrative buildings along with parking lots and garages.


CONCLUSIONS
The implications of such findings can direct enforcement to target these areas in order to reduce offenses and fulfill the initial goals of policy-makers and university administrators who support smoke-free campuses.
a Department of Criminal Justice , Florida International University , Miami , Florida , USA.
Stephen F
SF
Pires
b Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice , Central Connecticut State University , New Britain , Connecticut , USA.
Steven
S
Block
a Department of Criminal Justice , Florida International University , Miami , Florida , USA.
Ronald
R
Belance
c Department of Criminal Justice , California State University, San Bernardino , San Bernardino , California , USA.
Nerea
N
Marteache
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016134:Organizational Policy; D061845:Smoke-Free Policy; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States; D014495:Universities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
Geographic information system; hot spot; littered waste, policing; smoking; university