Impact of Catheter Contact Force on Superior Vena Cava Mapping and Localization of the Right Phrenic Nerve by High Output Pacing.
BACKGROUND
Right phrenic nerve injury (PNI) is a major concern during superior vena cava (SVC) isolation. Phrenic nerve (PN) localization by high-output pacing is a standard technique for anticipating PNI. This study evaluated the impact of catheter contact force (CF) on SVC mapping and PN localization.


METHODS
Twenty-one atrial fibrillation patients undergoing cardiac enhanced computed tomography (CT) were prospectively enrolled. SVC geometries were created at the SVC-right atrium junction level with low (<10 × g) and high (>10 × g) CFs. The PN was localized by high-output pacing (10 V, 2 milliseconds) at the SVC and anterior right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV) with different CFs.


RESULTS
The SVC cross-sectional area was significantly greater when created with high (22.1 ± 4.9 × g) compared with low CFs (4.2 ± 1.3 × g) (5.3 ± 1.4 cm2 vs. 2.3 ± 0.7 cm2 , P < 0.0001). High CFs distorted the SVC and anterior RSPV by a mean of 4.8 ± 2.5 and 4.4 ± 1.7 mm, with minimal distortion at the anteroseptal SVC. The PN was more frequently captured with a high compared with low CF at the SVC (95.2% vs. 71.4%, P = 0.038) and RSPV (66.7% vs. 14.3%, P = 0.0005). The PN capture area was also wider with a high compared with low CF at the SVC (9.0 ± 4.1 mm vs. 4.5 ± 2.8 mm, P = 0.001). The PN location was at the anterolateral, lateral, and posterolateral SVC in 3 (14.3%), 13 (61.9%), and 5 (23.8%) patients, respectively, which was identical to that identified on CT. No PNs located >1.98 mm from the RSPV were captured by RSPV pacing.


CONCLUSIONS
CF impacted the SVC mapping and PN localization. Cardiac CT identified the PN location, and the distance from the pacing site influenced PN capture.
Cardiovascular Center, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan.
Noboru
N
Ichihara
Cardiovascular Center, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan.
Shinsuke
S
Miyazaki
Cardiovascular Center, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan.
Hiroaki
H
Nakamura
Cardiovascular Center, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan.
Hiroshi
H
Taniguchi
Cardiovascular Center, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan.
Takamitsu
T
Takagi
Cardiovascular Center, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan.
Hitoshi
H
Hachiya
Cardiovascular Center, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan.
Makoto
M
Araki
Cardiovascular Center, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan.
Jin
J
Iwasawa
Cardiovascular Center, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan.
Akio
A
Kuroi
Cardiovascular Center, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan.
Yoshito
Y
Iesaka
D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
atrial fibrillation; catheter ablation; compound motor action potential; contact force; phrenic nerve; superior vena cava