Gastrulation occurs in multiple phases at two distinct sites in Latrodectus and Cheiracanthium spiders.
BACKGROUND
The longstanding canonical model of spider gastrulation posits that cell internalization occurs only at a unitary central blastopore; and that the cumulus (dorsal organizer) arises from within the early deep layer by cell-cell interaction. Recent work has begun to challenge the canonical model by demonstrating cell internalization at extra-blastoporal sites in two species (Parasteatoda tepidariorum and Zygiella x-notata); and showing in Zygiella that the prospective cumulus internalizes first, before other cells are present in the deep layer. The cell behaviors making up spider gastrulation thus appear to show considerable variation, and a wider sampling of taxa is indicated.


RESULTS
We evaluated the model in three species from two families by direct observation of living embryos. Movements of individual cells were traced from timelapse recordings and the origin and fate of the cumulus determined by CM-DiI labeling. We show that there are two distinct regions of internalization: most cells enter the deep layer via the central blastopore but many additional cells ingress via an extra-blastoporal ring, either at the periphery of the germ disc (Latrodectus spp.) or nearer the central field (Cheiracanthium mildei). In all species, the cumulus cells internalize first; this is shown by tracing cells in timelapse, histology, and by CM-DiI injection into the deep layer. Injection very early in gastrulation labels only cumulus mesenchyme cells whereas injections at later stages label non-cumulus mesoderm and endoderm.


CONCLUSIONS
We propose a revised model to accommodate the new data. Our working model has the prospective cumulus cells internalizing first, at the central blastopore. The cumulus cells begin migration before other cells enter the deep layer. This is consistent with early specification of the cumulus and suggests that cell-cell interaction with other deep layer cells is not required for its function. As the cumulus migrates, additional mesendoderm internalizes at two distinct locations: through the central blastopore and at an extra-blastoporal ring. Our work thus demonstrates early, cell-autonomous behavior of the cumulus and variation in subsequent location and timing of cell internalization during gastrulation in spiders.
Kleinholtz Biological Laboratories, Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 S.E. Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR 97202 USA ; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
Allison
A
Edgar
Kleinholtz Biological Laboratories, Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 S.E. Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR 97202 USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
Christine
C
Bates
Kleinholtz Biological Laboratories, Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 S.E. Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR 97202 USA.
Kay
K
Larkin
Kleinholtz Biological Laboratories, Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 S.E. Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR 97202 USA.
Steven
S
Black
Arachnid; Arthropod; Chelicerate; Gastrulation; Morphogenesis; Spider