Immune checkpoint inhibitors: a new frontier in bladder cancer.
Immunotherapy is rapidly changing the field of urologic oncology. In this review, we discuss the role of the immune system in general and place a particular emphasis on the biology of the immune checkpoint and its role in cancer. Bladder cancer, as one of the most immunogenic neoplasms, is an exciting target for immune checkpoint inhibition. Early preclinical data and human trial experience suggest that this new drug class may shape bladder cancer therapy for years to come.
The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Marburg 420, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. mkates@jhmi.edu.|Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Marburg 420, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. mkates@jhmi.edu.
Max
M
Kates
The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Marburg 420, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.|Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Marburg 420, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
Nikolai A
NA
Sopko
The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Marburg 420, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.|Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Marburg 420, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
Hotaka
H
Matsui
The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Marburg 420, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.|Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Marburg 420, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
Charles G
CG
Drake
The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Marburg 420, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.|Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Marburg 420, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
Noah M
NM
Hahn
The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Marburg 420, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.|Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Marburg 420, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
Trinity J
TJ
Bivalacqua
D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology
D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; C000594389:atezolizumab; C582435:pembrolizumab
Bladder cancer; Immune checkpoint; Tumor immunology