Cancer Microenvironment and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response.
Different stressful conditions such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, pH changes, or reduced vascularization, potentially able to act as growth-limiting factors for tumor cells, activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR is therefore involved in tumor growth and adaptation to severe environments and is generally cytoprotective in cancer. The present review describes the molecular mechanisms underlying UPR and able to promote survival and proliferation in cancer. The critical role of UPR activation in tumor growth promotion is discussed in detail for a few paradigmatic tumors such as prostate cancer and melanoma.
Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Claudia
C
Giampietri
Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Simonetta
S
Petrungaro
Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Silvia
S
Conti
Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), 00167 Rome, Italy.
Antonio
A
Facchiano
Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Antonio
A
Filippini
Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Elio
E
Ziparo
D000818:Animals; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000502:physiology*; D056811:Unfolded Protein Response / Q000502:physiology