Assessment of exhaust emissions from carbon nanotube production and particle collection by sampling filters.
This study performed a workplace evaluation of emission control using available air sampling filters and characterized the emitted particles captured in filters. Characterized particles were contained in the exhaust gas released from carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesis using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Emitted nanoparticles were collected on grids to be analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). CNT clusters in the exhaust gas were collected on filters for investigation. Three types of filters, including Nalgene surfactant-free cellulose acetate (SFCA), Pall A/E glass fiber, and Whatman QMA quartz filters, were evaluated as emission control measures, and particles deposited in the filters were characterized using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to further understand the nature of particles emitted from this CNT production. STEM analysis for collected particles on filters found that particles deposited on filter fibers had a similar morphology on all three filters, that is, hydrophobic agglomerates forming circular beaded clusters on hydrophilic filter fibers on the collecting side of the filter. CNT agglomerates were found trapped underneath the filter surface. The particle agglomerates consisted mostly of elemental carbon regardless of the shapes. Most particles were trapped in filters and no particles were found in the exhaust downstream from A/E and quartz filters, while a few nanometer-sized and submicrometer-sized individual particles and filament agglomerates were found downstream from the SFCA filter. The number concentration of particles with diameters from 5 nm to 20 µm was measured while collecting particles on grids at the exhaust piping. Total number concentration was reduced from an average of 88,500 to 700 particle/cm(3) for the lowest found for all filters used. Overall, the quartz filter showed the most consistent and highest particle reduction control, and exhaust particles containing nanotubes were successfully collected and trapped inside this filter.


CONCLUSIONS
As concern for the toxicity of engineered nanoparticles grows, there is a need to characterize emission from carbon nanotube synthesis processes and to investigate methods to prevent their environmental release. At this time, the particles emitted from synthesis were not well characterized when collected on filters, and limited information was available about filter performance to such emission. This field study used readily available sampling filters to collect nanoparticles from the exhaust gas of a carbon nanotube furnace. New agglomerates were found on filters from such emitted particles, and the performance of using the filters studied was encouraging in terms of capturing emissions from carbon nanotube synthesis.
a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Science , College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA.|b Birck Nanotechnology Center , Discovery Park, Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA.
Candace Su-Jung
CS
Tsai
c Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan, Republic of China.
Mario
M
Hofmann
d Department of Environment , Health and Safety, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA.
Marilyn
M
Hallock
e Toxics Use Reduction Institute , University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell , MA , USA.
Michael
M
Ellenbecker
f Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA.
Jing
J
Kong
D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods*; D017348:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis
D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D052638:Particulate Matter