Structural covariance of neostriatal and limbic regions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
BACKGROUND
Frontostriatal and frontoamygdalar connectivity alterations in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been typically described in functional neuroimaging studies. However, structural covariance, or volumetric correlations across distant brain regions, also provides network-level information. Altered structural covariance has been described in patients with different psychiatric disorders, including OCD, but to our knowledge, alterations within frontostriatal and frontoamygdalar circuits have not been explored.


METHODS
We performed a mega-analysis pooling structural MRI scans from the Obsessive-compulsive Brain Imaging Consortium and assessed whole-brain voxel-wise structural covariance of 4 striatal regions (dorsal and ventral caudate nucleus, and dorsal-caudal and ventral-rostral putamen) and 2 amygdalar nuclei (basolateral and centromedial-superficial). Images were preprocessed with the standard pipeline of voxel-based morphometry studies using Statistical Parametric Mapping software.


RESULTS
Our analyses involved 329 patients with OCD and 316 healthy controls. Patients showed increased structural covariance between the left ventral-rostral putamen and the left inferior frontal gyrus/frontal operculum region. This finding had a significant interaction with age; the association held only in the subgroup of older participants. Patients with OCD also showed increased structural covariance between the right centromedial-superficial amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.


CONCLUSIONS
This was a cross-sectional study. Because this is a multisite data set analysis, participant recruitment and image acquisition were performed in different centres. Most patients were taking medication, and treatment protocols differed across centres.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results provide evidence for structural network-level alterations in patients with OCD involving 2 frontosubcortical circuits of relevance for the disorder and indicate that structural covariance contributes to fully characterizing brain alterations in patients with psychiatric disorders.
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
Marta
M
Subirà
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
Marta
M
Cano
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
Stella J
SJ
de Wit
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
Pino
P
Alonso
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
Narcís
N
Cardoner
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
Marcelo Q
MQ
Hoexter
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
Jun Soo
JS
Kwon
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
Takashi
T
Nakamae
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
Christine
C
Lochner
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
João R
JR
Sato
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
Wi Hoon
WH
Jung
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
Jin
J
Narumoto
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
Dan J
DJ
Stein
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
Jesus
J
Pujol
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
David
D
Mataix-Cols
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
Dick J
DJ
Veltman
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
José M
JM
Menchón
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
Odile A
OA
van den Heuvel
From the Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Cardoner, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain (Subirà, Alonso, Pujol, Menchón, Soriano-Mas); the Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Subirà, Cano, Alonso, Menchón); the Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Schweren); the Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (De Wit, Veltman, Van den Heuvel, Remijnse); the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Hoexter, Busatto, Miguel); the Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jang, Kim, Shin); the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Korea (Kwon, Jung); the Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Nakamae, Narumoto, Fukui, Nishida, Sakai); the MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Lochner); Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil (Sato); the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Stein, Fouche); the MRI Research Unit, CRC Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain (Cardoner); Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Cardoner); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain (Pujol); the Department o
Carles
C
Soriano-Mas
D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008032:Limbic System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D009929:Organ Size; D012727:Sex Characteristics