Neurological Adverse Effects of Antipsychotics in Children and Adolescents.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to evaluate demographic, clinical, and treatment factors that may impact on neurological adverse effects in naive and quasi-naive children and adolescents treated with antipsychotics.


METHODS
This was a 1-year, multicenter, observational study of a naive and quasi-naive pediatric population receiving antipsychotic treatment. Two subanalyses were run using the subsample of subjects taking the 3 most used antipsychotics and the subsample of antipsychotic-naive subjects. Total dyskinesia score (DyskinesiaS) and total Parkinson score (ParkinsonS) were calculated from the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center Involuntary Movement Scale, total UKU-Cognition score was calculated from the UKU Side Effect Rating Scale. Risk factors for tardive dyskinesias (TDs) defined after Schooler-Kaine criteria were studied using a logistic regression.


RESULTS
Two hundred sixty-five subjects (mean age, 14.4 [SD, 2.9] years) with different Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Axis I disorders were recruited. DyskinesiaS (P < 0.001) and ParkinsonS (P < 0.001) increased at 1-year follow-up. Risperidone was associated with higher increases in DyskinesiaS compared with quetiapine (P < 0.001). Higher increases in ParkinsonS were found with risperidone (P < 0.001) and olanzapine (P = 0.02) compared with quetiapine. Total UKU-Cognition Score decreased at follow-up. Findings were also significant when analyzing antipsychotic-naive subjects. Fifteen subjects (5.8%) fulfilled Schooler-Kane criteria for TD at follow-up. Younger age, history of psychotic symptoms, and higher cumulative exposure time were associated with TD at follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
Antipsychotics increased neurological adverse effects in a naive and quasi-naive pediatric population and should be carefully monitored. Risperidone presented higher scores in symptoms of dyskinesia and parkinsonism. Quetiapine was the antipsychotic with less neurological adverse effects. Younger subjects, psychosis, and treatment factors predicted an increased risk of TD.
From the *Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM, Madrid; †Clinique Marigny, Groupe ORPEA-CLINEA, Toulouse, France; ‡Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Clínic Barcelona; IDIBAPS; and SGR-1119, Department of Psychiatry and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona; and §Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM; and ║Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Section, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain.
Margarita
M
Garcia-Amador
Jessica
J
Merchán-Naranjo
Cecilia
C
Tapia
Carmen
C
Moreno
Josefina
J
Castro-Fornieles
Inmaculada
I
Baeza
Elena
E
de la Serna
José A
JA
Alda
Daniel
D
Muñoz
Patricia
P
Andrés Nestares
Carmen Martínez
CM
Cantarero
Celso
C
Arango
D000293:Adolescent; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects*
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine