Tracing Biosignature Preservation of Geothermally Silicified Microbial Textures into the Geological Record.
New Zealand and Argentine (Late Jurassic-Recent) siliceous hot-spring deposits (sinter) reveal preservation pathways of environmentally controlled, microbe-dominated sedimentary facies over geological time scales. Texturally distinctive, laminated to thinly layered, dense and vertically oriented, microtubular "palisade" fabric is common in low-temperature (<40°C) sinter-apron terraces. In modern hot springs, the dark green to brown, sheathed, photosynthetic cyanobacterium Calothrix spp. (family Rivulariaceae) constructs felted palisade mats in shallow terrace(tte) pools actively accreting opaline silica. The resulting stacked layers of silicified coarse filaments-a stromatolite-are highly porous and readily modified by postdepositional environmental perturbations, secondary silica infill, and diagenetic silica phase mineral transformations (opal-A to quartz). Fossil preservation quality is affected by relative timing of silicification, and later environmental and geological events. A systematic approach was used to characterize palisade fabric in sinters of different ages to refine tools for recognizing biosignatures in extreme environments and to track their long-term preservation pathways into the geological record. Molecular techniques, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectrometry, X-ray powder diffraction, petrography, and lipid biomarker analyses were applied. Results indicate that microbial communities vary at the micron scale and that early and rapid silicification is paramount to long-term preservation, especially where minimal postdepositional disturbance follows fossilization. Overall, it appears that the most robust biomarkers of fossil microbial activity in hot-spring deposits are their characteristic macro- and microtextures and laser micro-Raman identified carbon. Studies of Phanerozoic geothermal deposits with mineralized microbial components are relevant analogs for Precambrian geobiology because early life is commonly preserved as microbial microfossils and biofilms in silica, some of it hydrothermal in origin. Yet the diagenetic "movie" has already been run. Hence, studying younger sinters of a range of ages provides an opportunity to "play it again" and follow the varied influences on biosignatures into the deep-time geological record.
1 Earth Science Programme, School of Environment, The University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand .
Kathleen A
KA
Campbell
2 Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand .
Bridget Y
BY
Lynne
3 Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois, USA .|4 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand .
Kim M
KM
Handley
4 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand .
Sacha
S
Jordan
5 School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA .
Jack D
JD
Farmer
7 CONICET-UNLP, Instituto de Recursos Minerales , La Plata, Argentina .
Diego M
DM
Guido
8 Exobiology Research Group, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire , CNRS, Orléans, France .
Frédéric
F
Foucher
9 BioConsortia, Inc. , Davis, California, USA .
Susan
S
Turner
10 Impacts and Astromaterials Research Centre, Earth Sciences and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK .
Randall S
RS
Perry
D001118:Argentina; D018441:Biofilms; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000737:chemistry; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005580:Fossils / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D045482:Hot Springs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009520:New Zealand; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
D015415:Biomarkers; D008055:Lipids; D012822:Silicon Dioxide