Occurrence of phthalate diesters (phthalates), p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens), bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and their derivatives in indoor dust from Vietnam: Implications for exposure.
Phthalate diesters (phthalates), esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens), and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) are used in personal care products, food packages, household products, or pharmaceuticals. These compounds possess endocrine-disrupting potentials and have been reported to occur in the environment. Nevertheless, no previous studies have reported the occurrence of these compounds in indoor dust from Vietnam. In this study, nine phthalates, six parabens, and four BADGEs were determined in indoor dust samples collected from Hanoi, Hatinh, Hungyen, and Thaibinh, in Vietnam. Total concentrations of phthalates, parabens, and BADGEs in indoor dust ranged from 3440 to 106,000 ng/g (median: 22,600 ng/g), 40-840 ng/g (median: 123 ng/g), and 23 to 1750 ng/g (median: 184 ng/g), respectively. Based on the measured median concentration of phthalates, parabens, and BADGEs in indoor dust, we estimated human exposure doses to these compounds through indoor dust ingestion for various age groups. The exposure doses to phthalates, parabens, and BADGEs decreased with age and ranged from 19.4 to 90.4 ng/kg-bw/d, 0.113-0.528 ng/kg-bw/d, and 0.158-0.736 ng/kg-bw/d, respectively. This is the first study on the occurrence and human exposure of phthalates, parabens, and BADGEs in indoor dust from Vietnam.
Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States; Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Tri Manh
TM
Tran
Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Tu Binh
TB
Minh
Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Taha A
TA
Kumosani
Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: Kurunthachalam.Kannan@health.ny.gov.
Kurunthachalam
K
Kannan
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004435:Eating; D004777:Environment; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004952:Esters; D006801:Humans; D010226:Parabens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014744:Vietnam; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
D000393:Air Pollutants; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004391:Dust; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D004952:Esters; D010226:Parabens; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C032279:phthalic acid; C019273:bisphenol A diglycidyl ether; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
BADGEs; Human exposure; Indoor dust; Parabens; Phthalates