Relationship between some indicators of reproductive history, body fatness and the menopausal transition in Hungarian women.
BACKGROUND
This paper analyzed the relationship between some indicators of reproductive history and body fatness in relation to the timing of the menopause transition in Hungarian women using survival analysis after controlling for birth cohort.


METHODS
Data on menstruation and reproductive history were collected during the personal interviews in a sample of 1932 women (aged 35+ years). Menarcheal age, the length of menstrual cycles and menstrual bleedings, regularity of menstrual cycles, number of gestations, lactation, the ever use of contraceptives, menopausal status and age at menopause were used as indicators of reproductive history. The body fat fraction was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Body fatness was also estimated by dividing women into obese and non-obese categories (considering body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio). Survival analyses were used to analyze the relationship between the indicators of reproductive history and body fatness during the menopausal transition.


RESULTS
Only the menarcheal age among the investigated reproductive life characteristics showed secular changes in the studied decades in Hungary; the mean age at menarche decreased by approximately 2.5 months per decade from the 1920s until the 1970s. Ever use of hormonal contraceptives, a relatively long cycle length in the perimenopausal transition and higher parity were all related with lower risk of early menopause. Later menarcheal age, normal length of menstrual cycle or bleeding in the climacterium, irregular bleeding pattern and postmenopausal status were associated with a higher amount of body fatness, while never use of contraceptives, regular menstruation, postmenopausal status and relatively early menopause were associated with a higher risk of abdominal obesity.


CONCLUSIONS
This report confirms that age of menarche is not significantly predictive of age at menopause but prior use of oral contraceptives, longer mean cycle length and smaller number of gestations all are. In addition, age of menarche, irregular bleeding pattern before the climacterium, length of menstrual cycles and bleedings during the climacterium and postmenopausal status were associated with obesity during the climacterium.
Department of Biological Anthropology, Eotvos Lorand University, Pazmany P. s. 1/c, 1117, Budapest, Hungary. zsakaia@elte.hu.
Annamaria
A
Zsakai
Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK. nmt1@cam.ac.uk.
Nicholas
N
Mascie-Taylor
Department of Biological Anthropology, Eotvos Lorand University, Pazmany P. s. 1/c, 1117, Budapest, Hungary. bodzsar@elte.hu.
Eva B
EB
Bodzsar
D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology*; D000886:Anthropometry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary / Q000453:epidemiology; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology*; D009765:Obesity; D017584:Reproductive History; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis