Structural and functional analysis of cell adhesion and nuclear envelope nano-topography in cell death.
The cell death mechanisms of necrosis and apoptosis generate biochemical and morphological changes in different manners. However, the changes that occur in cell adhesion and nuclear envelope (NE) topography, during necrosis and apoptosis, are not yet fully understood. Here, we show the different alterations in cell adhesion function, as well as the topographical changes occurring to the NE, during the necrotic and apoptotic cell death process, using the xCELLigence system and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Studies using xCELLigence technology and AFM have shown that necrotic cell death induced the expansion of the cell adhesion area, but did not affect the speed of cell adhesion. Necrotic nuclei showed a round shape and presence of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Moreover, we found that the process of necrosis in combination with apoptosis (termed nepoptosis here) resulted in the reduction of the cell adhesion area and cell adhesion speed through the activation of caspases. Our findings showed, for the first time, a successful characterization of NE topography and cell adhesion during necrosis and apoptosis, which may be of importance for the understanding of cell death and might aid the design of future drug delivery methods for anti-cancer therapies.
Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea.
Hyuk-Kwon
HK
Kwon
Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea.|Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
Jae-Hyeok
JH
Lee
Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea.
Hyeon-Jun
HJ
Shin
Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea.
Jae-Ho
JH
Kim
Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea.
Sangdun
S
Choi
D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000235:genetics*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000235:genetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D009336:Necrosis / Q000235:genetics*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D009685:Nuclear Envelope / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D028861:Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins / Q000648:ultrastructure
D028861:Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins