Systematic review of studies evaluating urinary iodine concentration as a predictor of 24-hour urinary iodine excretion for estimating population iodine intake.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the usefulness of "spot" urine iodine concentrations (UICs) in predicting 24-hour urine iodine excretion (UIE) for estimating average population iodine intake.


METHODS
An electronic literature search was conducted for articles published through 19 May 2013 in MEDLINE (from 1950), EMBASE (from 1980), and the Cochrane Library (from 1993) using the terms "urinary excretion (timed or spot or random) and (24 h or 24 hour), iodine (iodine deficiency), iodine (intake)," and "urine (timed, spot, random, 24-hour)." Full-text articles about studies that examined > 40 healthy human subjects and measured UIE using the 24-hour urine collection method and UIC and/or UIE using one alternative method (spot (random), timed, and "overnight" (first morning urine), fasting or not fasting) were selected and reviewed.


RESULTS
The review included data from 1 434 participants across the six studies that met the inclusion criteria. The main statistical methods for comparing data from the 24-hour urine collections with the values obtained from the alternative method(s) were either regression (β) or correlation (r) coefficients and concordance analysis through Bland-Altman plots. The urine samples collected using the alternative methods were subject to greater intra-individual and inter-individual variability than the 24-hour urine collections. There was a wide range in coefficient values for the comparisons between 24-hour URE measured in 24-hour urine collection and 24-hour UIE estimated using the alternative sampling methods. No alternative sampling method (spot, timed, or "overnight") was appropriate for estimating 24-hour UIE.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of this systematic review suggest current data on UICs as a means of predicting 24-hour UIE for estimating population sodium intake are inadequate and highlight the need for further methodological investigations.
Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom, f.p.cappuccio@warwick.ac.uk.
Chen
C
Ji
Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Tammy
T
Lu
Nutrition Division, Bureau for Global Health, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, United States of America.
Omar
O
Dary
Area of Health Surveillance and Disease Management, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America.
Branka
B
Legetic
Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Norm R
NR
Campbell
Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom, f.p.cappuccio@warwick.ac.uk.
Francesco P
FP
Cappuccio
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency / Q000652:urine*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012107:Research Design; D013997:Time Factors; D059349:Urine Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods*
D007455:Iodine