Moonlighting proteins in cancer.
Since the 1980s, growing evidence suggested that the cellular localization of proteins determined their activity and biological functions. In a classical view, a protein is characterized by the single cellular compartment where it primarily resides and functions. It is now believed that when proteins appear in different subcellular locations, the cells surpass the expected activity of proteins given the same genomic information to fulfill complex biological behavior. Many proteins are recognized for having the potential to exist in multiple locations in cells. Dysregulation of translocation may cause cancer or contribute to poorer cancer prognosis. Thus, quantitative and comprehensive assessment of dynamic proteins and associated protein movements could be a promising indicator in determining cancer prognosis and efficiency of cancer treatment and therapy. This review will summarize these so-called moonlighting proteins, in terms of a coupled intracellular cancer signaling pathway. Determination of the detailed biological intracellular and extracellular transit and regulatory activity of moonlighting proteins permits a better understanding of cancer and identification of potential means of molecular intervention.
Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
Kyung-Won
KW
Min
Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
Seong-Ho
SH
Lee
Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. Electronic address: sbaek2@utk.edu.
Seung Joon
SJ
Baek
D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000502:physiology; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000502:physiology; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011506:Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000502:physiology
D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051785:Smad Proteins; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins
Dynamic proteins; Moonlighting protein; Multi-functional proteins; Translocation