Update of sleep alterations in depression.
Sleep disturbances in depression are up to 70%. Patients frequently have difficulty in falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night and non-restorative sleep. Sleep abnormalities in depression are mainly characterized by increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and reduced slow wave sleep. Among the mechanisms of sleep disturbances in depression are hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, CLOCK gene polymorphism and primary sleep disorders. The habenula is a structure regulating the activities of monoaminergic neurons in the brain. The hyperactivation of the habenula has also been implicated, together with sleep disturbances, in depression. The presence of depression in primary sleep disorders is common. Sleep disturbances treatment include pharmacotherapy or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
Clinic of Sleep of UAM-Iztapalapa, Federal District, Mexico.
Andrés Barrera
AB
Medina
Clinic of Sleep of UAM-Iztapalapa, Federal District, Mexico.
DeboraYoaly Arana
DA
Lechuga
Clinic of Sleep of UAM-Iztapalapa, Federal District, Mexico.
Oscar Sánchez
OS
Escandón
Department of Reproductive Biology and Neurosciences, UAM-Iztapalapa, Federal District, Mexico.
Javier Velázquez
JV
Moctezuma
Depression; Sleep disturbances