Associations of chronic conditions, APOE4 allele, stress factors, and health behaviors with self-rated health.
BACKGROUND
Self-rated health (SRH) has been widely used to measure the overall health status of older adults. Research has shown that SRH is determined by a large array of factors, such as chronic disease conditions, genetic markers (e.g., Apolipoprotein E, APOE, NM_000041), stress factors, and health behaviors. However, few studies have incorporated these factors simultaneously in the analytic framework of SRH. The aim of this study is to examine the associations of these four sets of factors with SRH.


METHODS
Using a dataset from a population-based, random-cluster survey of 1,005 elderly respondents aged 54-91 conducted in Taiwan in 2000, we use logistic regressions to examine associations of chronic health conditions, the APOE4 allele stress factors, and health behaviors with SRH. The four disease conditions include diabetes, heart diseases, gastric ulcers, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Stress factors are measured by traumatic events (having an earthquake-damaged house) and chronic life stress (financial difficulty). Health behaviors include smoking, drinking alcohol, vegetable and fruit intake, daily milk intake, and physical exercise.


RESULTS
Diabetes, heart diseases, gastric ulcers, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are found to be associated with 2.63 (95 % CI: 1.75-3.95), 1.72 (95 % CI: 1.15-2.58), 1.94 (95 % CI: 1.35-2.80), and 2.54 (95 % CI: 1.66-3.92) odds ratios of poor SRH. The APOE4 allele is found to be significantly associated with poor SRH with odd ratio of 1.58 (95 % CI: 1.02-2.41). Financial difficulty is associated with increased likelihood of poor SRH, with odds ratios of 1.76 (95 % CI: 1.22-2.54) Doing exercise more than 5 times per week are associated with reduced likelihood of poor SRH by 44 % (odds ratio is 0.56, 95 % CI: 0.39-1.82). The interaction term between gender and gastric ulcer showed that the impact of gastric ulcer on SRH is more pronounced in women than in men, with an odds ratio of 2.63 (95 % CI: 1.24-5.58).


CONCLUSIONS
Chronic conditions and the APOE4 allele are significantly associated with increased likelihood of reporting poor health, and the associations appear differently among women and men. To better understand the mechanism of how people self-assess their overall health, chronic conditions and genetic components should be considered together with conventional factors such as life stress and health behaviors.
Department of Social Work, Zhou Enlai School of Government, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China. huwen1130@126.com.|Department of Sociology, the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. huwen1130@126.com.
Wen
W
Hu
Department of Sociology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. lujiehua@pku.edu.cn.
Jiehua
J
Lu
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000483:Alleles; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015897:Comorbidity; D059026:Diagnostic Self Evaluation; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D000067073:Psychological Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
D053327:Apolipoprotein E4