Risk Stratification for Primary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease: Roles of C-Reactive Protein and Coronary Artery Calcium.
Risk stratification of individuals at risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) plays an important role in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. In addition to risk scores derived from conventional cardiovascular risk factors, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and coronary artery calcium (CAC) have emerged as two of the widely accepted non traditional risk factors for atherosclerotic disease that have shown incremental prognostic value in predicting cardiovascular events. This review systematically assesses the role of hs-CRP and CAC in various studies and demonstrates meta-analyses of the incremental prognostic value of hs-CRP and CAC in identifying patients at risk of future CVD events. Compared with this, CAC showed better incremental prognostic value and might be a better indicator of ASCVD risk in asymptomatic adults.
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. WQureshi@wakehealth.edu.
Waqas T
WT
Qureshi
Division of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA.|Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.|Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA.
Jamal S
JS
Rana
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
Joseph
J
Yeboah
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
Usama
U
Bin Nasir
Cardiac Imaging King Abdul-Aziz Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.|King Abdullah International Medical research center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Mouaz H
MH
Al-Mallah
D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011322:Primary Prevention; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
D015415:Biomarkers; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
Cholesterol treatment; Coronary artery calcium; Epidemiology; High sensitivity C reactive protein; Review; Risk factors; Statin therapy