Conscious Sedation Using Midazolam and Sequential Flumazenil in Cirrhotic Patients for Prophylactic Endoscopic Variceal Ligation.
OBJECTIVE
This study investigated the safety of endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) under conscious sedation with midazolam and sequential flumazenil after procedure in these patients.


METHODS
A total of 279 patients who underwent secondary prophylactic EVL at our institution between April 2012 and June 2014, were enrolled. Conscious sedation was achieved using intravenous midazolam, and flumazenil was routinely used as an antidote immediately after EVL. Patients with sleep (n = 165) and non-sleep (n = 55) endoscopy were matched using propensity score analysis (3:1). Frequencies of overt hepatic encephalopathy (HEP) and patient' satisfactions with EVL were compared between the 2 groups.


RESULTS
Of the 279 patients, 155 (55.6%) were of Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class, B or C, and 224 (80.3%) patients underwent sleep endoscopy. After propensity score analysis, overt HEP was observed in 1 (0.4%) of the 165 patients in the sedated group, but not found in any in the non-sedated group. Patient' satisfaction with EVL was better in the sedated group (p < 0.001). Twenty-nine (65.9%) of the 44 patients with CTP class C underwent sleep endoscopy, and only one (3.4%) experienced overt HEP.


CONCLUSIONS
Prophylactic EVL under conscious sedation using midazolam and flumazenil is probably safe in cirrhotic patients without experience of HEP, even in those of CTP class C.
Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea.
Shin Il
SI
Kim
Young-Joo
YJ
Jin
Seung Ho
SH
Lee
Jin-Woo
JW
Lee
Don Haeng
DH
Lee
Daehyung
D
Lee
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000931:Antidotes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000601:surgery; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008026:Ligation; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D065286:Prophylactic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology
D000931:Antidotes; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D005442:Flumazenil; D008874:Midazolam