Does BMI generated by self-reported height and weight measure up in older adults from middle-income countries? Results from the study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE).
BACKGROUND
Self-reported (SR) body mass index (BMI) values are often used to determine obesity prevalence. However, individuals frequently overestimate their height and underestimate their weight, resulting in artificially lower obesity prevalence rates. These patterns are especially apparent among older adults and overweight individuals. The present cross-sectional study uses nationally representative datasets from five countries to assess the accuracy of SR BMI values in diverse settings.


METHODS
Samples of older adults (≥50 years old) and comparative samples of younger adults (18-49 years old) were drawn from five middle-income countries (China, India, Mexico, Russian Federation, and South Africa) in the World Health Organization's Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). Participant-reported and researcher-obtained height and weight measures were used to calculate SR and measured BMI, respectively. Paired t-tests assessed differences between SR and measured BMI values by country. Linear regressions examined the contribution of measured weight and age to differences between SR and measured BMI.


RESULTS
Significant differences between SR and measured BMI values were observed (p < 0.05), but the direction of these discrepancies varied by country, age, and sex. Measured weight significantly contributed to differences between SR and measured BMI in all countries (p < 0.01). Age did not contribute significantly to variation in BMI discrepancy, except in China (p < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that SR BMI may not accurately reflect measured BMI in middle-income countries, but the direction of this discrepancy varies by country. This has considerable implications for obesity-related disease estimates reliant on SR data.
Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 1321 Kincaid Street, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
Theresa E
TE
Gildner
Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 1321 Kincaid Street, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
Tyler M
TM
Barrett
Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 1321 Kincaid Street, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
Melissa A
MA
Liebert
World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211, Geneva, 27 Switzerland ; University of Newcastle Research Centre for Gender, Health and Ageing, HMRI Building Level 4 West Wing, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305 Australia.
Paul
P
Kowal
Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 1321 Kincaid Street, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
J Josh
JJ
Snodgrass
Measured BMI; Obesity; Older adults; SAGE; Self-report BMI