Photonic hydrogel sensors.
Analyte-sensitive hydrogels that incorporate optical structures have emerged as sensing platforms for point-of-care diagnostics. The optical properties of the hydrogel sensors can be rationally designed and fabricated through self-assembly, microfabrication or laser writing. The advantages of photonic hydrogel sensors over conventional assay formats include label-free, quantitative, reusable, and continuous measurement capability that can be integrated with equipment-free text or image display. This Review explains the operation principles of photonic hydrogel sensors, presents syntheses of stimuli-responsive polymers, and provides an overview of qualitative and quantitative readout technologies. Applications in clinical samples are discussed, and potential future directions are identified.
Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Electronic address: ayetisen@mgh.harvard.edu.
Ali K
AK
Yetisen
School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
Haider
H
Butt
Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Lisa R
LR
Volpatti
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Ida
I
Pavlichenko
Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Condensed Matter Department, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Matjaž
M
Humar
Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Sheldon J J
SJ
Kwok
Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Heebeom
H
Koo
Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Ki Su
KS
Kim
Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics, College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 8, Ireland.
Izabela
I
Naydenova
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
Ali
A
Khademhosseini
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea.
Sei Kwang
SK
Hahn
Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Electronic address: syun@mgh.harvard.edu.
Seok Hyun
SH
Yun
D004867:Equipment Design; D020100:Hydrogels; D017785:Photons; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems
D020100:Hydrogels
Block copolymers; Bragg stacks; Crystalline colloidal arrays; Holography; Hydrogels; In vitro diagnostics; Inverse opals; Layer-by-layer deposition; Photonic crystals; Plasmonics