Predictive Factors of Postoperative Pain and Postoperative Anxiety in Children Undergoing Elective Circumcision: A Prospective Cohort Study.
BACKGROUND
Although circumcision for phimosis in children is a minor surgical procedure, it is followed by pain and carries the risk of increased postoperative anxiety. This study examined predictive factors of postoperative pain and anxiety in children undergoing circumcision.


METHODS
We conducted a prospective cohort study of children scheduled for elective circumcision. Circumcision was performed applying one of the following surgical techniques: sutureless prepuceplasty (SP), preputial plasty technique (PP), and conventional circumcision (CC). Demographics and base-line clinical characteristics were collected, and assessment of the level of preoperative anxiety was performed. Subsequently, a statistical model was designed in order to examine predictive factors of postoperative pain and postoperative anxiety. Assessment of postoperative pain was performed using the Faces Pain Scale (FPS). The Post Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire study was used to assess negative behavioral manifestations.


RESULTS
A total of 301 children with a mean age of 7.56 ± 2.61 years were included in the study. Predictive factors of postoperative pain measured with the FPS included a) the type of surgical technique, b) the absence of siblings, and c) the presence of postoperative complications. Predictive factors of postoperative anxiety included a) the type of surgical technique, b) the level of education of mothers, c) the presence of preoperative anxiety, and d) a history of previous surgery.


CONCLUSIONS
Although our study was not without its limitations, it expands current knowledge by adding new predictive factors of postoperative pain and postoperative anxiety. Clearly, further randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm its results.
3 Department of Surgery, General University Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece.
Nick
N
Zavras
Penteli General Children's Hospital, Palaia Penteli, Athens, Greece.
Stella
S
Tsamoudaki
3 Department of Surgery, General University Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece.
Vasileia
V
Ntomi
General Hospital of Lamia, Lamia, Greece.
Ioannis
I
Yiannopoulos
Penteli General Children's Hospital, Palaia Penteli, Athens, Greece.
Efstratios
E
Christianakis
1 Department of General Surgery, General University Hospital "LAIKO", Athens, Greece.
Emmanuel
E
Pikoulis
Anxiety, Child; Circumcision; Pain measurement; Phimosis; Postoperative pain; Predictive value of tests; Questionnaires