Global Spread of Human Chromoblastomycosis Is Driven by Recombinant Cladophialophora carrionii and Predominantly Clonal Fonsecaea Species.
Global distribution patterns of Cladophialophora carrionii, agent of human chromoblastomycosis in arid climates of Africa, Asia, Australia, Central-and South-America, were compared with similar data of the vicarious Fonsecaea spp., agents of the disease in tropical rain forests. Population diversities among 73 C. carrionii strains and 60 strains of three Fonsecaea species were analyzed for rDNA ITS, partial β-tubulin, and amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprints. Populations differed significantly between continents. Lowest haplotype diversity was found in South American populations, while African strains were the most diverse. Gene flow was noted between the African population and all other continents. The general pattern of Fonsecaea agents of chromoblastomycosis differed significantly from that of C. carrionii and revealed deeper divergence among three differentiated species with smaller numbers of haplotypes, indicating a longer evolutionary history.
Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China; First Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China; CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Shuwen
S
Deng
British Columbia Public Health Microbiology & Reference Laboratory at BCCDC site, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, Canada.
Clement K M
CK
Tsui
CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
A H G
AH
Gerrits van den Ende
CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Liyue
L
Yang
Department of Parasitology and Mycology & Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Mohammad Javad
MJ
Najafzadeh
Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology / Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
Hamid
H
Badali
Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing Medical University, Beijing, China.
Ruoyu
R
Li
Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Ferry
F
Hagen
Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Jacques F
JF
Meis
Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.
Jiufeng
J
Sun
CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
Somayeh
S
Dolatabadi
Institute Pasteur, Paris, France.
Bernard
B
Papierok
Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China.
Weihua
W
Pan
Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China; CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing Medical University, Beijing, China; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
G S
GS
de Hoog
Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China.
Wanqing
W
Liao
D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002862:Chromoblastomycosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D003889:Desert Climate; D051456:Gene Flow; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D014943:Global Health; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D014329:Tropical Climate; D014404:Tubulin / Q000235:genetics
D004271:DNA, Fungal; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D014404:Tubulin