Temperatures of the Ocular Surface, Lid, and Periorbital Regions of Sjögren's, Evaporative, and Aqueous-Deficient Dry Eyes Relative to Normals.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the temperatures of the ocular surface, eyelid, and periorbital skin in normal eyes with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) eyes, evaporative dry eyes (EDE), and aqueous deficient dry eyes (ADDE).


METHODS
10 eyes were analyzed in each age-matched group (normal, SS, EDE, and ADDE). A noninvasive infrared thermal camera captured two-dimensional images in three regions of interest (ROI) in each of three areas: the ocular surface, the upper eyelid, and the periorbital skin within a controlled environmental chamber. Mean temperatures in each ROI were calculated from the videos. Ocular surface time-segmented cooling rates were calculated over a 5-s blink interval.


RESULTS
Relative to normal eyes, dry eyes had lower initial central OSTs (SS -0.71°C, EDE -0.55°C, ADDE -0.95°C, KW P<.0001) and lower central upper lid temperatures (SS -0.24°C, ADDE -0.51°C, and EDE -0.54°C, KW P<.0001). ADDE eyes had the lowest initial central OST (P<.0001), while EDE eyes had the lowest central lid temperature and lower periorbital temperatures (P<.0001). Over the 5-s interblink interval, the greatest rate of temperature loss occurred following eyelid opening, but varied by group (normals -0.52, SS -0.73, EDE -0.63, and ADDE -0.75°C/s). The ADDE group also had the most substantial heat loss over the 5-s interblink interval (-0.97°C).


CONCLUSIONS
Differences in OST may be related to thermal differences in lids and periorbita along with an altered tear film. Thermography of the ocular surface, lids, and surrounding tissues may help to differentiate between different etiologies of dry eye.
The Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Kerstin
K
Abreau
The Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Christine
C
Callan
The Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Ranjini
R
Kottaiyan
The Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Aizhong
A
Zhang
The Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Geunyoung
G
Yoon
The Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
James V
JV
Aquavella
The Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
James
J
Zavislan
The Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. Electronic address: holly_hindman@urmc.rochester.edu.
Holly B
HB
Hindman
D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology*; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry*; D013817:Thermography
dry eye; eye lid temperature; infrared thermography; ocular surface temperature; periorbital temperature; thermal measurements