Glycosylation-Based Serum Biomarkers for Cancer Diagnostics and Prognostics.
Cancer is the second most common cause of death in developed countries with approximately 14 million newly diagnosed individuals and over 6 million cancer-related deaths in 2012. Many cancers are discovered at a more advanced stage but better survival rates are correlated with earlier detection. Current clinically approved cancer biomarkers are most effective when applied to patients with widespread cancer. Single biomarkers with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity have not been identified for the most common cancers and some biomarkers are ineffective for the detection of early stage cancers. Thus, novel biomarkers with better diagnostic and prognostic performance are required. Aberrant protein glycosylation is well known hallmark of cancer and represents a promising source of potential biomarkers. Glycoproteins enter circulation from tissues or blood cells through active secretion or leakage and patient serum is an attractive option as a source for biomarkers from a clinical and diagnostic perspective. A plethora of technical approaches have been developed to address the challenges of glycosylation structure detection and determination. This review summarises currently utilised glycoprotein biomarkers and novel glycosylation-based biomarkers from the serum glycoproteome under investigation as cancer diagnostics and for monitoring and prognostics and includes details of recent high throughput and other emerging glycoanalytical techniques.
Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
Alan
A
Kirwan
Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
Marta
M
Utratna
Department of Hematology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
Michael E
ME
O'Dwyer
Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
Lokesh
L
Joshi
Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland ; Carbohydrate Signalling Group, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
Michelle
M
Kilcoyne
D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D018394:CA-125 Antigen / Q000097:blood; D018395:CA-19-9 Antigen / Q000097:blood; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000097:blood; D000071451:Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000097:blood; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods; D014943:Global Health; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry; D006031:Glycosylation; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000097:blood; D037102:Lectins / Q000097:blood; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000097:blood; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000097:blood; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D020543:Proteome; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000097:blood; D013954:Thyroglobulin / Q000097:blood; D000081102:WAP Four-Disulfide Core Domain Protein 2; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000097:blood; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000737:chemistry
D054392:Adipokines; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018394:CA-125 Antigen; D018395:CA-19-9 Antigen; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D000071451:Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006242:Haptoglobins; D007610:Kallikreins; D037102:Lectins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D018396:Mucin-1; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D011506:Proteins; D020543:Proteome; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D013954:Thyroglobulin; D000081102:WAP Four-Disulfide Core Domain Protein 2; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; C097353:AFP protein, human; C084533:CHI3L1 protein, human; C485359:HP protein, human; C060192:MUC1 protein, human; C451759:MUC16 protein, human; C043392:SERPINA1 protein, human; C569698:WFDC2 protein, human; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human; C549870:KLK3 protein, human