Protective effects of trigonelline against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats and potential underlying mechanisms.
The present study was undertaken to explore gastroprotective effects of trigonelline (TRG) and to determine the potential mechanisms involved in this action. In order to evaluate the gastroprotective efficiency of TRG, an indomethacin-induced ulcer model has been applied. Antioxidants, cytokines, adhesion markers and apoptosis levels have been analyzed for the biochemical mechanism involved in TRG activity. TRG (45 mg kg(-1)) pretreated rats significantly inhibited gastric lesions by 81.71%. Indomethacin administration raises the levels of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) with the significant declines of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) levels. Conversely, TRG (45 mg kg(-1)) pretreated animals showed significant rises in PGE2 and antioxidant levels along with substantial reductions in LTB4, lipid peroxidation and MPO levels. Indomethacin-induced rats also exhibited considerable increases of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels and decreases of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), but these imbalances were normalized through treatment of TRG. The protective activity of TRG against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer has been ascribed to three important mechanisms: (1) anti-inflammatory; (2) antioxidant; (3) anti-apoptotic pathways.
College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 54596 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea. jhkim1@jbnu.ac.kr.
Paulrayer
P
Antonisamy
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Mariadhas Valan
MV
Arasu
Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India.
Muniappan
M
Dhanasekaran
Grassland and forage division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Republic of Korea.
Ki Choon
KC
Choi
College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 54596 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea. jhkim1@jbnu.ac.kr.
Adithan
A
Aravinthan
College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 54596 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea. jhkim1@jbnu.ac.kr.
Nam Soo
NS
Kim
College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 54596 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea. jhkim1@jbnu.ac.kr.
Chang-Won
CW
Kang
College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 54596 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea. jhkim1@jbnu.ac.kr.
Jong-Hoon
JH
Kim
D000470:Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity*; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005033:Ethylmaleimide; D005905:Glyburide; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D011720:Pyrazoles; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control
D000470:Alkaloids; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D011720:Pyrazoles; C115461:SC 560; C009560:trigonelline; D005033:Ethylmaleimide; D005905:Glyburide; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D007213:Indomethacin