Advanced Sodium Ion Battery Anode Constructed via Chemical Bonding between Phosphorus, Carbon Nanotube, and Cross-Linked Polymer Binder.
Maintaining structural stability is a great challenge for high-capacity conversion electrodes with large volume change but is necessary for the development of high-energy-density, long-cycling batteries. Here, we report a stable phosphorus anode for sodium ion batteries by the synergistic use of chemically bonded phosphorus-carbon nanotube (P-CNT) hybrid and cross-linked polymer binder. The P-CNT hybrid was synthesized through ball-milling of red phosphorus and carboxylic group functionalized carbon nanotubes. The P-O-C bonds formed in this process help maintain contact between phosphorus and CNTs, leading to a durable hybrid. In addition, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose-citric acid binder was used to form a robust electrode. As a result, this anode delivers a stable cycling capacity of 1586.2 mAh/g after 100 cycles, along with high initial Coulombic efficiency of 84.7% and subsequent cycling efficiency of ∼99%. The unique electrode framework through chemical bonding strategy reported here is potentially inspirable for other electrode materials with large volume change in use.
Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
Jiangxuan
J
Song
Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
Zhaoxin
Z
Yu
Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
Mikhail L
ML
Gordin
Department of Stationary Energy Storage, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States.
Xiaolin
X
Li
State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University , Shanghai 200438, China.
Huisheng
H
Peng
Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
Donghai
D
Wang
carbon nanotube; chemical bonding; cross-linked binder; phosphorus; sodium ion battery