Genetic structure in village dogs reveals a Central Asian domestication origin.
Dogs were the first domesticated species, originating at least 15,000 y ago from Eurasian gray wolves. Dogs today consist primarily of two specialized groups--a diverse set of nearly 400 pure breeds and a far more populous group of free-ranging animals adapted to a human commensal lifestyle (village dogs). Village dogs are more genetically diverse and geographically widespread than purebred dogs making them vital for unraveling dog population history. Using a semicustom 185,805-marker genotyping array, we conducted a large-scale survey of autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y chromosome diversity in 4,676 purebred dogs from 161 breeds and 549 village dogs from 38 countries. Geographic structure shows both isolation and gene flow have shaped genetic diversity in village dog populations. Some populations (notably those in the Neotropics and the South Pacific) are almost completely derived from European stock, whereas others are clearly admixed between indigenous and European dogs. Importantly, many populations--including those of Vietnam, India, and Egypt-show minimal evidence of European admixture. These populations exhibit a clear gradient of short--range linkage disequilibrium consistent with a Central Asian domestication origin.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
Laura M
LM
Shannon
Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510;
Ryan H
RH
Boyko
Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
Marta
M
Castelhano
Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
Elizabeth
E
Corey
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
Jessica J
JJ
Hayward
Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA 02142;
Corin
C
McLean
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
Michelle E
ME
White
Biology Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon;
Mounir
M
Abi Said
Honiara Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Honiara, Solomon Islands;
Baddley A
BA
Anita
Département de l'environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Mbandaka, Mbandaka, Democratic Republic of Congo;
Nono Ikombe
NI
Bondjengo
Académico de Arqueologia, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru;
Jorge
J
Calero
Department of Animal Physiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia;
Ana
A
Galov
Microbiology, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia;
Marius
M
Hedimbi
Sanskriti Centre, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand, India 825 301;
Bulu
B
Imam
The INDog Project, Maharashtra, India;
Rajashree
R
Khalap
The Mongolian Bankhar Project, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia;
Douglas
D
Lally
School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Boroko, Port Moresby, National Capital District, 111, Papua New Guinea;
Andrew
A
Masta
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
Kyle C
KC
Oliveira
Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Federal District, Mexico;
Lucía
L
Pérez
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655;
Julia
J
Randall
Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam;
Nguyen Minh
NM
Tam
Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Federal District, Mexico;
Francisco J
FJ
Trujillo-Cornejo
Académico de Arqueologia, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru;
Carlos
C
Valeriano
Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, CA 92505;
Nathan B
NB
Sutter
Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
Rory J
RJ
Todhunter
Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.
Carlos D
CD
Bustamante
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; boyko@cornell.edu.
Adam R
AR
Boyko
D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D001208:Asia; D004285:Dogs / Q000235:genetics*; D005828:Genetics, Population
admixture; domestication; haplotype diversity; introgression; linkage disequilibrium