Defining Peer-to-Peer Accountability From the Nurse's Perspective.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to define and create a conceptual model for peer-to-peer accountability (P to PA).


BACKGROUND
Many organizations cite the importance of peer accountability (PA) as essential in ensuring patient safety. Professionalism in nursing requires self-regulation of practice and PA. Although discussed in the literature, P to PA is not conceptually defined.


METHODS
A grounded theory study design with constant comparative data collection and analysis was used to explore nurses' definitions of P to PA and their perceptions of motivators and barriers to engaging in P to PA. Transcripts of digital recordings of all interviews were analyzed using line-by-line coding until identified themes emerged.


RESULTS
P to PA was defined as the act of speaking up when one observes a peer not practicing to acceptable standards. A conceptual model illustrates the antecedents, attributes, and consequences of P to PA.


CONCLUSIONS
P to PA is the professional responsibility of every nurse and healthcare provider and is essential for safe patient care. The conceptual definition facilitates actualization of P to PA in practice.
Author Affiliations: Clinical Nurse Specialists (Mss Barkley and Donnelly), Research & Professional Development Consultant (Dr Stichler), Managers (Mss Palomo, Kik, O'Byrne, Willon, and Dr Lockett), Director (Mr Walker), Registered Dietitian (Ms Sanborn), Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, California.
Jacqueline Jansen
JJ
Lockett
Leslie
L
Barkley
Jaynelle
J
Stichler
Jeanne
J
Palomo
Bozena
B
Kik
Christopher
C
Walker
Janet
J
Donnelly
Judy
J
Willon
Julie
J
Sanborn
Noeleen
N
O'Byrne
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002140:California; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016294:Models, Nursing; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D010379:Peer Group; D057184:Practice Patterns, Nurses'; D012941:Social Responsibility; D055815:Young Adult