Fluoroscopy-assisted epidural catheter placement: an exploratory analysis of 303 pre-operative epidurograms.
BACKGROUND
Epidural catheters that are placed for post-operative analgesia have a significant failure rate in the first 24 hours. Beginning in 2011, we have used fluoroscopic guidance to place all non-obstetrical epidural catheters. In this retrospective analysis, we hypothesized that the characteristics of dye distribution on an epidurogram obtained immediately after catheter placement would predict clinical catheter function after surgery.


METHODS
The epidurograms and medical records of 303 consecutive patients who had epidural catheters placed for post-operative analgesia were reviewed. We extracted data on epidural dye distribution on the epidurograms and compared these results to the clinical function of the epidural catheters assessed on post-operative day 1 (POD1).


RESULTS
The three-dimensional pattern of epidural dye distribution (cephalad-caudad, right-left, anterior-posterior) had significant correlations with clinical function of an epidural catheter after surgery. Increased cephalad-caudad and anterior dye spread both correlated with decreased epidural solution infusion rates on POD1, whereas right- or left-sided dye distribution correlated with unilateral sensory deficits. A higher catheter placement on the neuraxis correlated with lower pain scores after thoracic surgery.


CONCLUSIONS
An epidurogram obtained immediately after epidural catheter placement may have clinical utility for predicting clinical function of the catheter after surgery.
Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
M P
MP
Yeager
Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
E E
EE
Bae
Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
M C
MC
Parra
Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
P A
PA
Barr
Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
A K
AK
Bonham
Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
B D
BD
Sites
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies