A comprehensive analysis of membrane and morphology of erythrocytes from patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
Acute hemolytic anemia could be triggered by oxidative stress in the patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. However, the underlying hemolytic mechanism is unknown. To make clear the hemolytic mechanisms, a systematic study on membrane ultrastructure had been undertaken. A comprehensive method was used including atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, flow cytometer and fluorescence microscopy to analyze the membrane ultrastructure, externalized phosphatidylserine (PS), intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, morphology and the distributions of band 3 protein in G6PD deficient red blood cells (RBCs) after tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (t-BHP) oxidation. The results showed that erythrocyte shrinkage, annexin-V binding to externalized PS on the membrane of early-stage apoptotic cells, the increased membrane roughness and intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, as well as the change of distributions of band 3 protein in RBCs. Compared with the control RBCs, as the concentration of t-BHP up to 0.1mM, the membrane roughness of G6PD deficient RBCs showed significant difference (p<0.05) and as the concentration of t-BHP up to 0.3mM, externalized PS showed significant difference (p<0.05). Furthermore, the population types of RBCs showed dramatic difference between control groups and G6PD deficient groups. Oxidative stress induced more serious erythrocyte apoptosis and resulted in increased roughness of erythrocyte membrane and abnormal distributed band 3 protein in G6PD deficient RBCs. Echinocytes are the predominant abnormal erythrocyte shape occurring in the peripheral blood from patients with G6PD deficiency, which may shorten the RBCs lifespan. The results in the present study will give an increased understanding for the hemolytic mechanism of G6PD deficiency.
Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; University and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
Zishui
Z
Fang
Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; University and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
Chengrui
C
Jiang
Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; University and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
Jia
J
Tang
Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; University and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
Ming
M
He
Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; University and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
Xiaoying
X
Lin
Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; University and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
Xiaodan
X
Chen
Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; University and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
Luhao
L
Han
Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; University and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
Zhiqiang
Z
Zhang
Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; University and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
Yi
Y
Feng
Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; University and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
Yibin
Y
Guo
Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; University and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
Hongyi
H
Li
Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; University and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China. Electronic address: jiangwy@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
Weiying
W
Jiang
D001457:Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D048430:Cell Shape; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005955:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency / Q000097:blood*; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000378:metabolism; D020122:tert-Butylhydroperoxide / Q000494:pharmacology
D001457:Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; C454201:SLC4A1 protein, human; D020122:tert-Butylhydroperoxide; D002118:Calcium
G6PD deficiency; Hemolytic mechanism; Morphology; Oxidation; RBCs; Ultrastructure