Heparan sulfate proteoglycans: a sugar code for vertebrate development?
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) have long been implicated in a wide range of cell-cell signaling and cell-matrix interactions, both in vitro and in vivo in invertebrate models. Although many of the genes that encode HSPG core proteins and the biosynthetic enzymes that generate and modify HSPG sugar chains have not yet been analyzed by genetics in vertebrates, recent studies have shown that HSPGs do indeed mediate a wide range of functions in early vertebrate development, for example during left-right patterning and in cardiovascular and neural development. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the various roles of HSPGs in these systems and explore the concept of an instructive heparan sulfate sugar code for modulating vertebrate development.
Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
Fabienne E
FE
Poulain
University of Utah, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Department of Pediatrics, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA jyost@genetics.utah.edu.
H Joseph
HJ
Yost
D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology; D019521:Body Patterning; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000196:embryology; D002465:Cell Movement; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017261:Glycosylphosphatidylinositols / Q000737:chemistry; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000737:chemistry*; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009420:Nervous System / Q000196:embryology; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D015027:Zebrafish
D002241:Carbohydrates; D004220:Disulfides; D017261:Glycosylphosphatidylinositols; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; D008024:Ligands
Glycan; Heart; Left/right asymmetry; Nervous system; Patterning; Sugars