Cancer as a Proinflammatory Environment: Metastasis and Cachexia.
The development of the syndrome of cancer cachexia and that of metastasis are related with a poor prognostic for cancer patients. They are considered multifactorial processes associated with a proinflammatory environment, to which tumour microenvironment and other tissues from the tumour bearing individuals contribute. The aim of the present review is to address the role of ghrelin, myostatin, leptin, HIF, IL-6, TNF-α, and ANGPTL-4 in the regulation of energy balance, tumour development, and tumoural cell invasion. Hypoxia induced factor plays a prominent role in tumour macro- and microenvironment, by modulating the release of proinflammatory cytokines.
Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Nelson
N
Inácio Pinto
Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
June
J
Carnier
Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Lila M
LM
Oyama
Universidade de São Paulo, Clínica Cirúrgica, Hospital Universitário, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Jose Pinhata
JP
Otoch
Universidade de São Paulo, Clínica Cirúrgica, Hospital Universitário, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Paulo Sergio
PS
Alcântara
Universidade de São Paulo, Clínica Cirúrgica, Hospital Universitário, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Flavio
F
Tokeshi
Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Claudia M
CM
Nascimento
D000075803:Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4; D042682:Angiopoietins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002100:Cachexia / Q000473:pathology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D020738:Leptin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D055435:Myostatin / Q000378:metabolism; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D013577:Syndrome; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
C474772:ANGPTL4 protein, human; D000075803:Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4; D042682:Angiopoietins; D016207:Cytokines; D054439:Ghrelin; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin; C525911:MSTN protein, human; D055435:Myostatin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha