Evaluation of embouchure dysfunction: Experience of 139 patients at a single center.
Our aims are to 1) illustrate the complexity and phenomenological richness of the embouchure; 2) delineate the main clinical features of non-dystonic embouchure problems (NED) versus embouchure dystonia (ED); and 3) provide a practical framework for physicians who may encounter a patient with embouchure dysfunction.



We performed retrospective chart and video review and report 139 instrumentalists with embouchure dysfunction evaluated over a 15-year period.



Included in this group are 109 ED patients (20 newly reported and 89 previously published) and 30 NED patients. Non-dystonic embouchure problems included the overuse syndrome, infraorbital neuropathy, and orbicularis oris tears, among others.



Based on this experience, the largest series presented to date, we propose a practical guide to help evaluate patients with embouchure dysfunction in the office.



4. Laryngoscope, 126:1327-1333, 2016.
Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Division, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, U.S.A.
Pichet
P
Termsarasab
Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Division, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, U.S.A.
Steven J
SJ
Frucht
D000328:Adult; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009146:Music; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
Embouchure; dystonia; musician