Factors Associated With Change in 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels Over Longitudinal Follow-Up in the ARIC Study.
BACKGROUND
A single measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 [OH] D) may not accurately reflect long-term vitamin D status. Little is known about change in 25(OH)D levels over time, particularly among blacks.


OBJECTIVE
The objective of the study was to determine the longitudinal changes in 25(OH)D levels among Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study participants.


METHODS
This was a longitudinal study.


METHODS
The study was conducted in the general community.


METHODS
A total of 9890 white and 3222 black participants at visit 2 (1990-1992), 888 whites and 876 blacks at visit 3 (1993-1994), and 472 blacks at the brain visit (2004-2006) participated in the study.


METHODS
The 25(OH)D levels were measured, and regression models were used to assess the associations between clinical factors and longitudinal changes in 25(OH)D.


RESULTS
Vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L [<20 ng/mL]) was seen in 23% and 25% of whites at visits 2 and 3, and in 61%, 70%, and 47% of blacks at visits 2, 3, and the brain visit, respectively. The 25(OH)D levels were correlated between visits 2 and 3 (3 y interval) among whites (r = 0.73) and blacks (r = 0.66). Among blacks, the correlation between visit 2 and the brain visit (14 y interval) was 0.33. Overall, increases in 25(OH)D levels over time was associated with male gender, use of vitamin D supplements, greater physical activity, and higher high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P < .001). Decreases in 25(OH)D levels over time were associated with current smoking, higher body mass index, higher education, diabetes, and hypertension (all P < .05).


CONCLUSIONS
Among US blacks and whites, 25(OH)D levels remained relatively stable over time. Certain modifiable lifestyle factors were associated with change in 25(OH)D levels over time.
Department of Medicine (R.A.M., E.D.M.), Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Epidemiology (D.Z., A.L.C.S., E.G., E.D.M.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (P.L.L.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; and Department of Medicine (T.H.M.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216.
Rebeccah A
RA
McKibben
Department of Medicine (R.A.M., E.D.M.), Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Epidemiology (D.Z., A.L.C.S., E.G., E.D.M.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (P.L.L.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; and Department of Medicine (T.H.M.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216.
Di
D
Zhao
Department of Medicine (R.A.M., E.D.M.), Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Epidemiology (D.Z., A.L.C.S., E.G., E.D.M.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (P.L.L.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; and Department of Medicine (T.H.M.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216.
Pamela L
PL
Lutsey
Department of Medicine (R.A.M., E.D.M.), Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Epidemiology (D.Z., A.L.C.S., E.G., E.D.M.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (P.L.L.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; and Department of Medicine (T.H.M.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216.
Andrea L C
AL
Schneider
Department of Medicine (R.A.M., E.D.M.), Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Epidemiology (D.Z., A.L.C.S., E.G., E.D.M.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (P.L.L.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; and Department of Medicine (T.H.M.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216.
Eliseo
E
Guallar
Department of Medicine (R.A.M., E.D.M.), Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Epidemiology (D.Z., A.L.C.S., E.G., E.D.M.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (P.L.L.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; and Department of Medicine (T.H.M.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216.
Thomas H
TH
Mosley
Department of Medicine (R.A.M., E.D.M.), Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Epidemiology (D.Z., A.L.C.S., E.G., E.D.M.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (P.L.L.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; and Department of Medicine (T.H.M.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216.
Erin D
ED
Michos
D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D044383:Black People; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D