Protein Beverage vs. Protein Gel on Appetite Control and Subsequent Food Intake in Healthy Adults.
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of food form and physicochemical properties of protein snacks on appetite and subsequent food intake in healthy adults. Twelve healthy subjects received a standardized breakfast and then 2.5 h post-breakfast consumed the following snacks, in randomized order: 0 kcal water (CON) or 96 kcal whey protein snacks as beverages with a pH of either 3.0 (Bev-3.0) or 7.0 (Bev-7.0) or gels as acid (Gel-Acid) or heated (Gel-Heated). In-vitro study showed that Bev-3.0 was more resistant to digestion than Bev-7.0, while Gel-Acid and Gel-Heated had similar digestion pattern. Appetite questionnaires were completed every 20 min until an ad libitum lunch was provided. Post-snack hunger, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption were lower following the beverages and gels vs. CON (all, p < 0.05), and post-snack fullness was greater following the snacks (except for the Bev-3.0) vs. CON (all, p < 0.05). Gel-Heated treatment led to lower prospective food consumption vs. Bev-3.0; however, no other differences were detected. Although all snacks reduced energy intake vs. CON, no differences were observed among treatments. This study suggested that whey protein in either liquid or solid form improves appetite, but the physicochemical property of protein has a minimal effect.
Food Science Program, Division of Food Systems and Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. zhangsha1218@hotmail.com.
Sha
S
Zhang
Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine. leidyh@health.missouri.edu.
Heather J
HJ
Leidy
Food Science Program, Division of Food Systems and Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. vardhanabhutib@missouri.edu.
Bongkosh
B
Vardhanabhuti
D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects*; D001628:Beverages; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects*; D005511:Food Handling; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D062409:Lunch; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000187:drug effects*; D062410:Snacks; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
D005782:Gels; D000067816:Whey Proteins
beverage; food intake.; gel; satiety; whey protein