Twenty years and still counting: including women as participants and studying sex and gender in biomedical research.
BACKGROUND
This paper chronicles attempts in the United States over the past 20 years to fully represent women in clinical trials and ensure the study of sex and gender in biomedical research. We maintain that productive science with the aim of serving the public health requires examining the influence of sex and gender on health outcomes.


CONCLUSIONS
This section provides a historical perspective on the changes in recommendations and requirements of both the National Institutes of Health - the world's largest single funder of biomedical research - and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration - the world's most influential regulator of drugs and medical devices - for the acceptable conduct of research as it relates to sex and gender. We also cite all reports by the U.S. Institute of Medicine and the U.S. Congress' General Accountability Office issued from 1990 to the present on the inclusion of sex and gender in research, and selected high-impact published studies that illustrate and document the paucity of, yet the need for, inclusion of females and consideration of sex and gender in research across an array of biomedical disciplines. The key message of this paper is that it has been 20 years since the first requirements to include women as well as men in clinical trials and analyze results by sex were mandated by a U.S. federal law, yet not nearly enough progress has been made. Recent signs of potential change in both policy and practice of scientific inquiry suggest much more progress may be within reach. However, awaiting a cultural shift to allow the study of sex and gender to be embraced is not seen as an effective strategy for change. Rather, specific instrumental recommendations are offered for how to include the study of sex and gender in research so as to increase our understanding and promotion of health for the benefit of all.
Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. carolyn.mazure@yale.edu.|Women's Health Research at Yale, Yale School of Medicine, 135 College Street, Suite 220, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA. carolyn.mazure@yale.edu.
Carolyn M
CM
Mazure
Women's Health Research at Yale, Yale School of Medicine, 135 College Street, Suite 220, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA. daniel.jones@yale.edu.
Daniel P
DP
Jones
D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014481:United States