Neurocognitive Deficits in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder With and Without Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder.
Objective:Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is highly prevalent in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and may account for inconsistencies in findings on neurocognitive functioning in ADHD. Our aim was to assess cool and hot executive functioning (EF) and temporal processing in ADHD with and without comorbid ODD to elucidate the effects of comorbid ODD.Method:ADHD-only (n= 82), ADHD + ODD (n= 82), and controls (n= 82), with mean age 16 years (SD =3.1), matched for age, gender, IQ, and ADHD type (clinical groups) were assessed on cool EF (inhibition, working memory), hot EF (reinforcement processing, emotion recognition), and temporal processing (time production and reproduction).Results:Individuals with ADHD + ODD showed abnormalities in inhibition, working memory, facial emotion recognition, and temporal processing, whereas individuals with ADHD-only were solely impaired in working memory and time production.Conclusion:Findings suggest that ODD carries a substantial part of the EF deficits observed in ADHD and contrast with current theories of neurocognitive impairments in ADHD.
VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Siri D S
SDS
Noordermeer
VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Marjolein
M
Luman
Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Jan K
JK
Buitelaar
University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Catharina A
CA
Hartman
University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Pieter J
PJ
Hoekstra
Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Barbara
B
Franke
SUNY Upstate Medical University Center, Syracuse, USA.|University of Bergen, Norway.
Stephen V
SV
Faraone
VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Dirk J
DJ
Heslenfeld
VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Jaap
J
Oosterlaan
D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D056344:Executive Function; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008570:Memory, Short-Term
ADHD; ODD; comorbidity; emotion processing; executive functioning; temporal processing