Polymicrobial community-acquired pneumonia: An emerging entity.
Polymicrobial aetiology in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is more common than previously recognized. This growing new entity can influence inflammation, host immunity and disease outcomes in CAP patients. However, the true incidence is complicated to determine and probably underestimated due mainly to many cases going undetected, particularly in the outpatient setting, as the diagnostic yield is restricted by the sensitivity of currently available microbiologic tests and the ability to get certain types of clinical specimens. The observed rate of polymicrobial cases may also lead to new antibiotic therapy considerations. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis, microbial interactions in pneumonia, epidemiology, biomarkers and antibiotic therapy for polymicrobial CAP.
Department of Pneumology, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB)-SGR 911-, Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Barcelona, Spain.
Catia
C
Cillóniz
University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 'Dr. Fran Mihaljevic' University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia.
Rok
R
Civljak
Respiratory Diseases Unit, Hospital of Sestri Levante, Italy.
Antonello
A
Nicolini
Department of Pneumology, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB)-SGR 911-, Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Barcelona, Spain.
Antoni
A
Torres
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers; D060085:Coinfection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015415:Biomarkers
community-acquired pneumonia; infection; mixed; pneumonia; polymicrobial