Assessing the visual vertical: how many trials are required?
BACKGROUND
The visual vertical (VV) consists of repeated adjustments of a luminous rod to the earth vertical. How many trials are required to reach consistency in this measure? This question has never been addressed despite the widespread clinical use of the measurement in stroke rehabilitation.


METHODS
VV perception was assessed (10 trials) in 117 patients undergoing rehabilitation after a first hemisphere stroke. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM) were calculated for each patient category: with contralesional VV bias (n = 48), ipsilesional VV bias (n = 17) and normal VV (n = 52).


RESULTS
For patients with VV biases, 6 trials were required to reach high inter-trial reliability (contralesional: ICC = 0.9, SEM = 1.36°; ipsilesional: ICC = 0.896, SEM = 0.96°). For patients with normal VV, a minimum of 10 trials was required (ICC =  .728, SEM = 1.13°). A set of 6 trials correctly classified 96 % of patients.


CONCLUSIONS
In the literature, 10 is the most frequently used number of trials used to assess VV orientation. Our study shows that 10 trials are required to adequately measure VV orientation in non-selected subacute stroke patients. For complex protocols imposing a decrease in the number of trials in each condition, 6 trials are needed to identify VV biases in most patients.
Département de Rééducation Neurologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France. CPiscicelli@chu-grenoble.fr.|Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition CNRS UMR 5105, Grenoble Université, Grenoble, France. CPiscicelli@chu-grenoble.fr.
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Piscicelli
École de réadaptation, Université de Montréal and Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation (CRIR), Québec, Canada. sylvie.nadeau@umontreal.ca.
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Nadeau
Laboratoire Vision, Action, Cognition, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, EA7326, France. julien.barra@parisdescartes.fr.
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Département de Rééducation Neurologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France. D.Perennou@chu-grenoble.fr.|Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition CNRS UMR 5105, Grenoble Université, Grenoble, France. D.Perennou@chu-grenoble.fr.
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Pérennou
D000368:Aged; D015982:Bias; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D004856:Postural Balance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*