Changes in the expression and protein level of matrix metalloproteinases after exposure to waterpipe tobacco smoke.
Waterpipe smoking has become a worldwide epidemic with health consequences that only now are beginning to be understood fully. Because waterpipe use involves inhaling a large volume of toxicant-laden smoke that can cause inflammation, some health consequences may include inflammation-mediated lung injury. Excess matrix metalloproteinase expression is a key step in the etiology of toxicant exposure-driven inflammation and injury. In this study, changes in the level and mRNA of major matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, -9, and -12) in the lungs of mice following exposure to waterpipe smoke were investigated. Balb/c mice were exposed to waterpipe smoke for one hour daily, over a period of 2 or 8 weeks. Control mice were exposed to fresh air only. ELISA and real-time PCR techniques were used to determine the protein and mRNA levels of MMP-1, -9, and -12 in the lungs. Our findings showed that MMP-1, -9, and -12 levels in the lung significantly increased after both 2 (p < 0.05) and 8 weeks (p < 0.01) exposures. Similarly, RT-PCR findings showed that mRNA of those proteinases significantly increased following 2 (p < 0.01) and 8 weeks (p < 0.001) exposures. In conclusion, waterpipe smoking is associated strongly with lung injury as measured by elevation in the expression of MMPs in the lung tissue.
a Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences .
Omar F
OF
Khabour
b Department of Clinical Pharmacy , Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan .
Karem H
KH
Alzoubi
a Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences .
Tuqa M
TM
Abu Thiab
b Department of Clinical Pharmacy , Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan .
Belal A
BA
Al-Husein
c Department of Psychology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA .|d Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA , and.
Thomas
T
Eissenberg
d Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA , and.|e Department of Mechanical Engineering , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon.
Alan Louis
AL
Shihadeh
D000818:Animals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000201:enzymology; D053508:Matrix Metalloproteinase 12 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D014026:Nicotiana
D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012906:Smoke; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; C507081:Mmp13 protein, mouse; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C501830:Mmp9 protein, mouse; D053508:Matrix Metalloproteinase 12; C000602031:matrix metallopeptidase 12, mouse
Hookah; MMP1; MMP12; MMP9; inflammation; smoking