'You see?' Teaching and learning how to interpret visual cues during surgery.
BACKGROUND
The ability to interpret visual cues is important in many medical specialties, including surgery, in which poor outcomes are largely attributable to errors of perception rather than poor motor skills. However, we know little about how trainee surgeons learn to make judgements in the visual domain.


OBJECTIVE
We explored how trainees learn visual cue interpretation in the operating room.


METHODS
A multiple case study design was used. Participants were postgraduate surgical trainees and their trainers. Data included observer field notes, and integrated video- and audio-recordings from 12 cases representing more than 11 hours of observation. A constant comparative methodology was used to identify dominant themes.


RESULTS
Visual cue interpretation was a recurrent feature of trainer-trainee interactions and was achieved largely through the pedagogic mechanism of co-construction. Co-construction was a dialogic sequence between trainer and trainee in which they explored what they were looking at together to identify and name structures or pathology. Co-construction took two forms: 'guided co-construction', in which the trainer steered the trainee to see what the trainer was seeing, and 'authentic co-construction', in which neither trainer nor trainee appeared certain of what they were seeing and pieced together the information collaboratively. Whether the co-construction activity was guided or authentic appeared to be influenced by case difficulty and trainee seniority. Co-construction was shown to occur verbally, through discussion, and also through non-verbal exchanges in which gestures made with laparoscopic instruments contributed to the co-construction discourse.


CONCLUSIONS
In the training setting, learning visual cue interpretation occurs in part through co-construction. Co-construction is a pedagogic phenomenon that is well recognised in the context of learning to interpret verbal information. In articulating the features of co-construction in the visual domain, this work enables the development of explicit pedagogic strategies for maximising trainees' learning of visual cue interpretation. This is relevant to multiple medical specialties in which judgements must be based on visual information.
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.|Leeds Institute of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Alexandra C
AC
Cope
Department of Culture, Communication and Media, University College London Institute of Education, London, UK.
Jeff
J
Bezemer
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Roger
R
Kneebone
Centre for Education Research & Innovation, Schulich School of medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
Lorelei
L
Lingard
D002983:Clinical Competence; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003463:Cues; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D007858:Learning; D066231:Surgeons / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D014796:Visual Perception