Synergism between carvacrol or thymol increases the antimicrobial efficacy of soy sauce with no sensory impact.
Here, we examined the antimicrobial effects of soy sauce containing essential oils (EOs) against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes at 22°C and 4°C. To screen a variety of combined effects, soy sauce was mixed with six different EOs (carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, β-resorcylic acid, and vanillin), each at a concentration of 1mM for 10 min. None of the oils showed bactericidal activity when used alone. Soy sauce combined with carvacrol and thymol induced the greatest antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria; therefore, these oils were further tested at 0.25, 0.5, and 1mM (0.0039%, 0.0078%, and 0.0157%) for 1, 5, and 10 min at 4°C and 22°C. In addition, sensory evaluation of soy sauce containing each EO at 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2mM was performed using the nine point hedonic test. Carvacrol or thymol (1mM) eliminated all the test bacteria (initial population, 7.0-7.5logCFU/ml) in 1-5 min at 22°C and within 10 min at 4°C. L. monocytogenes was slightly more tolerant at 4°C, which may be attributable to the ability of the cell membrane to adapt to low temperatures. The sensory scores for soy sauce containing EOs were not significantly different from that of soy sauce without EOs (P>0.05). The stability of EO efficacy in soy sauce was also verified. These results suggest that carvacrol and thymol act synergistically with other factors present in soy sauce to increase antimicrobial activity against major foodborne pathogens at both 4°C and 22°C. The synergism may be attributable to the combination of factors (mainly high salt concentration and low pH imparted by organic acids) present in soy sauce and the membrane attacking properties of carvacrol and thymol. This method will facilitate the production of microbiologically safe soy sauce, soy sauce-based marinades, and various marinated foods.
Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
Hyeree
H
Moon
Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: rheems@korea.ac.kr.
Min Suk
MS
Rhee
D000171:Acrolein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000081007:Cymenes; D004357:Drug Synergism; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000187:drug effects*; D005054:Eugenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005516:Food Microbiology / Q000379:methods; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects*; D045730:Soy Foods; D013943:Thymol / Q000494:pharmacology*
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000081007:Cymenes; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils; D013943:Thymol; D005054:Eugenol; D000171:Acrolein; C073316:carvacrol; C017704:beta-resorcylic acid; C012843:cinnamaldehyde
Carvacrol; Carvacrol (PubChem CID: 10364); E. coli O157:H7; Eugenol (PubChem CID: 3314); L. monocytogenes; S. Typhimurium; Soy sauce; Thymol; Thymol (PubChem CID: 6989); Trans-cinnamaldehyde (PubChem CID: 637511); Vanillin (PubChem CID: 1183); β-resorcylic acid (PubChem CID: 1491)