Assessment of emerging biotoxins (pinnatoxin G and spirolides) at Europe's first marine reserve: Lough Hyne.
Active and passive sampling methods were employed over a four-month period, at a site off the South-West coast of Ireland, to characterise the occurrence of cyclic imines in the water column. The marine toxins 13-desmethyl-SPXC, 20-methyl SPXG toxins and pinnatoxin G were detected using active sampling from Diaion HP-20 resin. Seven water depths were sampled to determine stratification of the toxins in the water column using Solid Phase Adsorption and Toxin Tracking (SPATT). Both 13-desmethyl-SPXC and pinnatoxin G were detected using two different resin types; Diaion HP-20 and Amberlite XAD761. HP-20 proved more effective at accumulating the toxins, with a higher percentage of positive samples and a higher ratio of toxin adsorbed relative to XAD761. No temporal variation in toxin-quantities was detected, indicating that there was no change in density of causative algal species in the water column. Pinnatoxin G was detected more frequently from surface to 30 m depth, with a similar pattern observed for 13-desmethyl-SPXC occurrence using XAD761. No difference in the occurrence of 13-desmethyl-SPXC was observed between depths using HP-20 resin. This is the first reported incidence of pinnatoxin G in Irish waters and highlights cyclic imines as emerging toxins in European waters.
School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, The Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: mc_moira@yahoo.co.uk.
Moira
M
McCarthy
Mass Spectrometry Research Centre (MSRC) Incorporating the PROTEOBIO and Team Elucidate Research Groups, Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology (CIT), Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: vaishali.p.bane@mycit.ie.
Vaishali
V
Bane
IRTA, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain. Electronic address: maria.garciaaltares.perez@gmail.com.
María
M
García-Altares
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: f.vanpelt@ucc.ie.
Frank N A M
FN
van Pelt
Mass Spectrometry Research Centre (MSRC) Incorporating the PROTEOBIO and Team Elucidate Research Groups, Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology (CIT), Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: Ambrose.Furey@cit.ie.
Ambrose
A
Furey
School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, The Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: j.ohalloran@ucc.ie.
John
J
O'Halloran
D000327:Adsorption; D000470:Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007494:Ireland; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
D000470:Alkaloids; D008387:Marine Toxins; D013141:Spiro Compounds; C552840:pinnatoxin G
Biotoxin; HABs; LC-MS; Pinnatoxin; SPATT; Spirolide