A disease resistance locus on potato and tomato chromosome 4 exhibits a conserved multipartite structure displaying different rates of evolution in different lineages.
BACKGROUND
In plant genomes, NB-LRR based resistance (R) genes tend to occur in clusters of variable size in a relatively small number of genomic regions. R-gene sequences mostly differentiate by accumulating point mutations and gene conversion events. Potato and tomato chromosome 4 harbours a syntenic R-gene locus (known as the R2 locus in potato) that has mainly been examined in central American/Mexican wild potato species on the basis of its contribution to resistance to late blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Evidence to date indicates the occurrence of a fast evolutionary mode characterized by gene conversion events at the locus in these genotypes.


RESULTS
A physical map of the R2 locus was developed for three Solanum tuberosum genotypes and used to identify the tomato syntenic sequence. Functional annotation of the locus revealed the presence of numerous resistance gene homologs (RGHs) belonging to the R2 gene family (R2GHs) organized into a total of 4 discrete physical clusters, three of which were conserved across S. tuberosum and tomato. Phylogenetic analysis showed clear orthology/paralogy relationships between S. tuberosum R2GHs but not in R2GHs cloned from Solanum wild species. This study confirmed that, in contrast to the wild species R2GHs, which have evolved through extensive sequence exchanges between paralogs, gene conversion was not a major force for differentiation in S. tuberosum R2GHs, and orthology/paralogy relationships have been maintained via a slow accumulation of point mutations in these genotypes.


CONCLUSIONS
S. tuberosum and Solanum lycopersicum R2GHs evolved mostly through duplication and deletion events, followed by gradual accumulation of mutations. Conversely, widespread gene conversion is the major evolutionary force that has shaped the locus in Mexican wild potato species. We conclude that different selective forces shaped the evolution of the R2 locus in these lineages and that co-evolution with a pathogen steered selection on different evolutionary paths.
Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland. maria.destefanis@agriculture.gov.ie.|Pesticides, Plant Health & Seed Testing Laboratories, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland. maria.destefanis@agriculture.gov.ie.
Marialaura
M
Destefanis
Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland. n.istvan1@gmail.com.|Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark. n.istvan1@gmail.com.
Istvan
I
Nagy
Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland. brian.rigney@teagasc.ie.
Brian
B
Rigney
Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK. glenn.bryan@hutton.ac.uk.
Glenn J
GJ
Bryan
Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK. karen.mclean@hutton.ac.uk.
Karen
K
McLean
Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK. ingo.hein@hutton.ac.uk.
Ingo
I
Hein
Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland. denis.griffin@teagasc.ie.
Denis
D
Griffin
Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland. dan.milbourne@teagasc.ie.
Dan
D
Milbourne
D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D056426:Genetic Loci; D005838:Genotype; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D010802:Phylogeny; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000235:genetics*