Comparison of the effects of extreme temperatures on daily mortality in Madrid (Spain), by age group: The need for a cold wave prevention plan.
A number of studies have shown that there is a time trend towards a reduction in the effects of heat on mortality. In the case of cold, however, there is practically no research of this type and so there is no clearly defined time trend of the impact of cold on mortality. Furthermore, no other specific studies have yet analysed the time trend of the impact of both thermal extremes by age group. We analysed data on daily mortality due to natural causes (ICD-10: A00-R99) in the city of Madrid across the period 2001-2009 and calculated the impact of extreme temperatures on mortality using Poisson regression models for specific age groups. The groups of age selected coinciding with the pre-existing age-groups analyzed in previous papers. For heat waves the groups of age used were: <10 years, 10-17 years, 18-44 years, 45-64 years, 65-74 years and over-75 years. For cold waves the groups of age used were: <1 year; 1-5 years, 6-17 years, 18-44 years, 45-64 years, 65-74 years and over-75 years. <1, 1-17, 18-44, 45-66, 65-74 and over-75 years. We controlled for confounding variables, such as air pollution, noise, influenza, pollen, pressure and relative humidity, trend of the series, as well as seasonalities and autoregressive components of the series. The results of these models were compared to those obtained for the same city during the period 1986-1997 and published in different studies. Our results show a lightly reduction in the effects of heat, especially in the over-45-year age group. In the case of cold, the behaviour pattern was the opposite, with an increase in its effect. Heat adaptation and socio-economic and public-health prevention and action measures may be behind this amelioration in the effects of heat, whereas the absence of such actions in respect of low temperatures may account for the increase in the effects of cold on mortality. From a public health point of view, the implementation of cold wave prevention plans covering all age groups is thus called for.
National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: j.diaz@isciii.es.
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Díaz
National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
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Carmona
Torrijos Public Health District, Castile-La Mancha Regional Health & Social Affairs Authority (Consejería de Sanidad y Asuntos Sociales de Castilla-La Mancha), Torrijos, Toledo, Spain.
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Mirón
National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
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Ortiz
National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
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Linares
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002947:Cities; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D055873:Extreme Cold / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055874:Extreme Heat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006284:Health Plan Implementation; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011634:Public Health; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
Age groups; Cold waves; Heat waves; Mortality; Prevention plans