An optimized procedure for stained bloodless anatomic hepatectomy in canines.
BACKGROUND
Poloxamer 407 (P407) is a thermosensitive polymer that can gelatinize at body temperature and dissolve below critical temperature. The aim of this study was to evaluate an optimized procedure for hepatectomy, in which the target liver section was stained with methylene blue, and the blood inflow was occluded with P407.


METHODS
Twelve dogs were randomized into two equal groups. The conventional group (CG) underwent unstained liver resection with the hemi-Pringle maneuver for blood control. After angiography, the optimized group (OG) was cannulated to the target lobar hepatic artery via the femoral artery and to the target segmental portal vein via a branch of the splenic vein. The artery was then occluded with P407, whereas the vein was administered methylene blue and P407 sequentially before excision along the stained border. Blood specimens and necropsy were acquired periodically.


RESULTS
The stained resection margins were clearly visualized and were accompanied by negligible blood loss. The occlusion duration was significantly reduced from 24.5 ± 2.3 min in the conventional group to 18.5 ± 4.9 min in the OG (P < 0.05). The aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were less elevated in the OG postoperatively. No significant evidence of pathology was detected in either group.


CONCLUSIONS
This optimized procedure represents an easy, time-saving and effective approach for stained anatomic hepatectomy with temporary intravascular blood occlusion.
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Research Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Regenerative Medicine and Surgery Engineering Research Center, Xi'an, China.
Jianpeng
J
Li
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Research Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Regenerative Medicine and Surgery Engineering Research Center, Xi'an, China.
Fei
F
Xue
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Research Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Regenerative Medicine and Surgery Engineering Research Center, Xi'an, China.
Xianghua
X
Xu
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Research Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Regenerative Medicine and Surgery Engineering Research Center, Xi'an, China.
Jianwen
J
Lu
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Research Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Regenerative Medicine and Surgery Engineering Research Center, Xi'an, China.
Dinghui
D
Dong
Research Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Regenerative Medicine and Surgery Engineering Research Center, Xi'an, China.
Aihua
A
Shi
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Research Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Regenerative Medicine and Surgery Engineering Research Center, Xi'an, China. Electronic address: luyi169@126.com.
Yi
Y
Lv
D000818:Animals; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D057668:Bloodless Medical and Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004285:Dogs; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue; D020442:Poloxamer / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D004396:Coloring Agents; D006490:Hemostatics; D020442:Poloxamer; D008751:Methylene Blue
Anatomic liver resection; Blood occlusion; Methylene blue; Poloxamer; Thermosensitive reverse gel