Extracellular Nucleic Acids in Urine: Sources, Structure, Diagnostic Potential.
Cell-free nucleic acids (cfNA) may reach the urine through cell necrosis or apoptosis, active secretion of nucleic acids by healthy and tumor cells of the urinary tract, and transport of circulating nucleic acids (cir- NA) from the blood into primary urine. Even though urinary DNA and RNA are fragmented, they can be used to detect marker sequences. MicroRNAs are also of interest as diagnostic probes. The stability of cfNA in the urine is determined by their structure and packaging into supramolecular complexes and by nuclease activity in the urine. This review summarizes current data on the sources of urinary cfNA, their structural features, diagnostic potential and factors affecting their stability.
Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Bryzgunova
Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia ; E.N. Meshalkin Novosibirsk Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, st. Rechkunovskaya 15, 630055, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Laktionov
active secretion; apoptosis; cell-free NA based non-invasive diagnostics; necrosis; urinary cell-free DNA and RNA; urine nucleases