The virucidal effects against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus F4 as surrogates for human norovirus by the different additive concentrations of ethanol-based sanitizers.
Since human norovirus is non-cultivable, murine norovirus and feline calicivirus have been used as surrogates. In this study, the virucidal effects of ethanol-based sanitizers with different concentrations of additives (malic acid/sodium malate, glycerin-fatty acid ester) against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus F4 were examined. The ethanol-based sanitizers at pH 7 showed sufficient virucidal effects, but glycerin-fatty acid ester included in ethanol-based sanitizers at pH 4 or 6 reduced the virucidal effects against murine norovirus. The ethanol-based sanitizers containing malic acid/sodium malate inactivated feline calicivirus F4 in shorter time, but there is no difference between ethanol-based sanitizers with and without glycerin-fatty acid ester. Traditionally, feline calicivirus has been used for long time as a surrogate virus for human norovirus. However, this study suggested that murine norovirus and feline calicivirus F4 had different sensitivity with the additive components of ethanol-based sanitizers. Therefore, using feline calicivirus alone as a surrogate for human norovirus may not be sufficient to evaluate the virucidal effect of sanitizers on food-borne infections caused by human norovirus. Sanitizers having virucidal effects against at least both murine norovirus and feline calicivirus may be more suitable to inactivate human norovirus.
Department of Research and Development, Niitaka Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
Tempei
T
Akasaka
Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Yuko
Y
Shimizu-Onda
Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Satoshi
S
Hayakawa
Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: ushijima-hiroshi@jcom.home.ne.jp.
Hiroshi
H
Ushijima
D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017927:Calicivirus, Feline / Q000187:drug effects*; D002415:Cats; D002460:Cell Line; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D014776:Virus Cultivation
D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D000431:Ethanol
Ethanol-based sanitizer; Feline calicivirus; Human norovirus; Murine norovirus; Surrogate; Virucidal effect