Total triterpenoids from Ganoderma Lucidum suppresses prostate cancer cell growth by inducing growth arrest and apoptosis.
In this study, one immortalized human normal prostatic epithelial cell line (BPH) and four human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, 22Rv1, PC-3, and DU-145) were treated with Ganoderma Lucidum triterpenoids (GLT) at different doses and for different time periods. Cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle were analyzed using flow cytometry and chemical assays. Gene expression and binding to DNA were assessed using real-time PCR and Western blotting. It was found that GLT dose-dependently inhibited prostate cancer cell growth through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. GLT-induced apoptosis was due to activation of Caspases-9 and -3 and turning on the downstream apoptotic events. GLT-induced cell cycle arrest (mainly G1 arrest) was due to up-regulation of p21 expression at the early time and down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and E2F1 expression at the late time. These findings demonstrate that GLT suppresses prostate cancer cell growth by inducing growth arrest and apoptosis, which might suggest that GLT or Ganoderma Lucidum could be used as a potential therapeutic drug for prostate cancer.
Department of Urology, Medical Center for Overseas Patients, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.|Department of Urology, Longjiang Hospital of Shunde District in Foshan City, Guangdong, 528318, China.
Tao
T
Wang
Department of Andrology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China.
Zi-Ping
ZP
Xie
Department of Infertility and Sexual Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
Zhan-Sen
ZS
Huang
Department of Infertility and Sexual Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
Hao
H
Li
Department of Urology, Medical Center for Overseas Patients, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. profway@126.com.
An-Yang
AY
Wei
Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China. djm2000@eyou.com.
Jin-Ming
JM
Di
Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China. hjxiao555@126.com.
Heng-Jun
HJ
Xiao
Department of Pathology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China. binglike2000@aliyun.com.
Zhi-Gang
ZG
Zhang
Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China. 4468700-80@qq.com.
Liu-Hong
LH
Cai
Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China. taoxqz@yeah.net.
Xin
X
Tao
Department of Infertility and Sexual Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510631, China. 185630886@qq.com.
Tao
T
Qi
State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China. diling1983@163.com.
Di-Ling
DL
Chen
Department of Infertility and Sexual Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510631, China. jchen121121@hotmail.com.
Jun
J
Chen
D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059585:G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D011467:Prostate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020940:Reishi / Q000737:chemistry*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; C530104:CCND1 protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; D009707:Nucleosomes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014315:Triterpenes; D019938:Cyclin D1; C495900:CDK4 protein, human; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9
Ganoderma Lucidum triterpenoids; apoptosis; cell cycle arrest; prostate cancer