The Effect of Cooled Perches on Immunological Parameters of Caged White Leghorn Hens during the Hot Summer Months.
The objective of this study was to determine if thermally cooled perches improve hen immunity during hot summer. White Leghorn pullets at 16 week of age were randomly assigned to 18 cages of 3 banks at 9 hens per cage. Each bank was assigned to 1 of the 3 treatments up to 32 week of age: 1) thermally cooled perches, 2) perches with ambient air, and 3) cages without perches. Hens were exposed to natural ambient temperatures from June through September 2013 in Indiana with a 4 h acute heat episode at 27.6 week of age. The packed cell volume, heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, plasma concentrations of total IgG, and cytokines of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6, plus lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-α factor were measured at both 27.6 and 32 week of age. The mRNA expressions of these cytokines, toll-like receptor-4, and inducible nitric oxide synthase were also examined in the spleen of 32 week-old hens. Except for H/L ratio, thermally cooled perches did not significantly improve currently measured immunological indicators. These results indicated that the ambient temperature of 2013 summer in Indiana (24°C, 17.1 to 33.1°C) was not high enough and the 4 h heat episode at 33.3°C (32 to 34.6°C) was insufficient in length to evoke severe heat stress in hens. However, cooled perch hens had a lower H/L ratio than both air perch hens and control hens at 27.6 week of age and it was still lower compared to control hens (P < 0.05, respectively) at 32 week of age. The lowered H/L ratio of cooled perch hens may suggest that they were able to cope with acute heat stress more effectively than control hens. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of thermally cooled perches on hen health under higher ambient temperatures.
Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America.
Rebecca A
RA
Strong
Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America.
Patricia Y
PY
Hester
Untied States Department of Agriculture, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America.
Susan D
SD
Eicher
Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America.
Jiaying
J
Hu
Untied States Department of Agriculture, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America.
Heng-Wei
HW
Cheng
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000276:immunology*; D000389:Air Conditioning; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002645:Chickens / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000941:ethics; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007196:Indiana; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D012621:Seasons; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology
D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha