[Coercive procedures in forensic psychiatry : Current treatment practice in forensic psychiatric hospitals from a medical ethics perspective].
BACKGROUND
In 2011 the legal foundations of coercive treatment in German forensic psychiatric clinics were declared to be unconstitutional. In the present study we analyzed the frequency of coercive procedures in forensic psychiatric hospitals before and after 2011, the consequences for medical care as well as the ethical assessments by attending chief physicians.


METHODS
By a questionnaire-based survey of views of attending chief physicians in forensic psychiatric clinics in 2013, data on the current state of patient care were collected and analyzed from an ethical perspective. These were compared with treatment data from a large forensic psychiatric clinic collected over the period 2007-2013.


RESULTS
Even after 2011 coercive forms of treatment were applied in forensic psychiatric hospitals. In practice, there is a high degree of legal uncertainty regarding the limits of coercive treatment. Of all patients treated in forensic psychiatric clinics in 2012, on average 13 % had been in isolation at least once, approximately 3 % had been treated under fixation at least once and 2.2 % had been subjected to coercive medical treatment at least once.


CONCLUSIONS
From an ethical perspective an open debate about the practice of coercive treatment is urgently required. Legal regulations, ethical guidelines and treatment standards have to be developed for the special situation of patient care in forensic psychiatric hospitals.
Institut für Ethik und Geschichte der Medizin, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 36, 37073, Göttingen, Deutschland. ajakovl@gwdg.de.
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Jakovljević
Institut für Ethik und Geschichte der Medizin, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 36, 37073, Göttingen, Deutschland.
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Wiesemann
D003068:Coercion; D005555:Forensic Psychiatry / Q000941:ethics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005858:Germany; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric / Q000941:ethics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D010356:Patient Isolation / Q000941:ethics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000941:ethics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000941:ethics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000941:ethics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
Coercive treatment; Forensic psychiatry; Medical ethics; Questionnaire; Refusal of treatment