Normative values of EQ-5D-5L: in a Spanish representative population sample from Spanish Health Survey, 2011.
OBJECTIVE
To derive EQ-5D-5L Spanish population norms based on a national representative sample adjusted by age, gender and region.


METHODS
A representative sample of the Spanish general population (n = 21,007) was used in a cross-sectional study. The source of data was the Spanish National Health Survey 2011-2012. All socio-demographic factors and clinical characteristics were carried to a descriptive analysis. All variables were stratified by region, gender and age-group.


RESULTS
The utility value 1 is the most repeated (62%) in this representative population sample. This study showed a deterioration of health states as age increases. Overall, men reported better health status than women. In relation to ceiling effect by regions, there was little difference with the highest scores. Conversely, the lowest score corresponds to Galicia.


CONCLUSIONS
The paper reports EQ-5D-5L normative data for Spanish general population, based on a national representative sample adjusted by region, gender and age-group. These results may serve as reference data of the population health status. A regional difference in health status could be observed, which might suggest that policies aiming to reduce regional inequalities are important.
Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Murcia, Spain. miguelgarciagordillo@gmail.com.|Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain. miguelgarciagordillo@gmail.com.
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Garcia-Gordillo
Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
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JC
Adsuar
Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca, Chile.
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PR
Olivares
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain; D055815:Young Adult
Cross-walk; EQ-5D-5L; HRQoL instrument; Normative values; Spain; Utility