Management of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents.
Hypertension in children and adolescents is becoming a greater problem in the developed world. Although traditionally thought of as usually secondary to renal, vascular, or endocrine causes, primary hypertension is becoming the most common form seen in childhood. This changing epidemiology is related to the recent obesity epidemic. The evaluation of high blood pressure in children is more involved than in adults and is aimed both at identifying secondary causes and to identify other co-morbidities of cardiovascular risk. Treatment of hypertension in childhood and adolescence is aimed at reducing cardiovascular risk. While there are a growing number of antihypertensive agents with FDA labeling for children, there remain far fewer options than for adults. This paper reviews the epidemiology, definitions, evaluations, and management of elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents.
Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 3-121, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. Joshua.A.Samuels@uth.tmc.edu.|Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA. Joshua.A.Samuels@uth.tmc.edu.
Joshua
J
Samuels
Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 3-121, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. Cynthia.Bell@uth.tmc.edu.
Cynthia
C
Bell
Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 3-121, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. Joyce.P.Samuel@uth.tmc.edu.|Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA. Joyce.P.Samuel@uth.tmc.edu.
Joyce
J
Samuel
Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 3-121, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. Rita.D.Swinford@uth.tmc.edu.|Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA. Rita.D.Swinford@uth.tmc.edu.
Rita
R
Swinford
D000293:Adolescent; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D015431:Weight Loss
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents
Adolescent; Blood pressure; Hypertension; Pediatric; Pre-hypertension