Vancomycin dosing and monitoring for patients with end-stage renal disease receiving intermittent hemodialysis.
OBJECTIVE
Vancomycin dosing and monitoring algorithms for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving intermittent hemodialysis are reviewed.


CONCLUSIONS
Vancomycin is one of the most commonly administered antimicrobial agents in adult patients with ESRD receiving intermittent hemodialysis. However, despite the availability of many published studies, the single best method of vancomycin administration in this population remains unclear. Many studies evaluating vancomycin dosing in adult patients with ESRD receiving intermittent hemodialysis were limited by a small sample size, inappropriate therapeutic targets, older hemodialysis modalities (e.g., low-flux intermittent hemodialysis), and inconsistencies in the timing of dosing or therapeutic drug monitoring. Pharmacokinetic variables that must be accounted for include a prolonged distribution phase, a redistribution phase and rebound effect after completion of hemodialysis, patient weight, residual renal function, and nonrenal clearance. Optimal vancomycin dosing recommendations are needed, but clinicians should always consider patient-specific variables, the timing of vancomycin administration, the timing of serum vancomycin concentrations, and technical aspects of the dialysis procedure when creating a dosing regimen.


CONCLUSIONS
Individualized vancomycin dosing regimens and therapeutic drug monitoring are necessary for patients with ESRD receiving intermittent hemodialysis to ensure that goal serum vancomycin levels are reached to adequately treat an infection.
Page Crew, Pharm.D., M.P.H., is Postgraduate Year 1 Pharmacy Resident, Froedtert and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Shannon J. Heintz, Pharm.D., BCPS, is Assistant Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, and Pharmacy Specialist, Critical Care/Surgery, Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City. Brett H. Heintz, Pharm.D., BCPS (AQ-ID), AAHIVE, is Associate Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, and Pharmacy Specialist, Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System.
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Crew
Page Crew, Pharm.D., M.P.H., is Postgraduate Year 1 Pharmacy Resident, Froedtert and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Shannon J. Heintz, Pharm.D., BCPS, is Assistant Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, and Pharmacy Specialist, Critical Care/Surgery, Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City. Brett H. Heintz, Pharm.D., BCPS (AQ-ID), AAHIVE, is Associate Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, and Pharmacy Specialist, Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System.
Shannon J
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Heintz
Page Crew, Pharm.D., M.P.H., is Postgraduate Year 1 Pharmacy Resident, Froedtert and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Shannon J. Heintz, Pharm.D., BCPS, is Assistant Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, and Pharmacy Specialist, Critical Care/Surgery, Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City. Brett H. Heintz, Pharm.D., BCPS (AQ-ID), AAHIVE, is Associate Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, and Pharmacy Specialist, Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. brett-heintz@uiowa.edu.
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Heintz
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods*; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin