title: Laccase-syringaldehyde-mediated degradation of trace organic contaminants in an enzymatic membrane reactor: Removal efficiency and effluent toxicity.
abstract: Redox-mediators such as syringaldehyde (SA) can improve laccase-catalyzed degradation of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) but may increase effluent toxicity. The degradation performance of 14 phenolic and 17 non-phenolic TrOCs by a continuous flow enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR) at different TrOC and SA loadings was assessed. A specific emphasis was placed on the investigation of the toxicity of the enzyme (laccase), SA, TrOCs and the treated effluent. Batch tests demonstrated significant individual and interactive toxicity of the laccase and SA preparations. Reduced removal of resistant TrOCs by the EMR was observed for dosages over 50μg/L. SA addition at a concentration of 10μM significantly improved TrOC removal, but no removal improvement was observed at the elevated SA concentrations of 50 and 100μM. The treated effluent showed significant toxicity at SA concentrations beyond 10μM, providing further evidence that higher dosage of SA must be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Strategic Water Infrastructure Lab, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Luong N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia.
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van de Merwe
authors.affiliation: Strategic Water Infrastructure Lab, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. Electronic address: faisal@uow.edu.au.
authors.forename: Faisal I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Hai
authors.affiliation: Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia.
authors.forename: Frederic D L
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Leusch
authors.affiliation: Strategic Water Infrastructure Lab, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Strategic Water Infrastructure Lab, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Jinguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Strategic Water Infrastructure Lab, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
authors.forename: Felicity
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roddick
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Saleh F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Magram
authors.affiliation: Strategic Water Infrastructure Lab, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Long D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Nghiem
mesh_terms: D001236:Aspergillus oryzae; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000737:chemistry*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors; D002384:Catalysis; D003013:Clostridium; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007700:Kinetics; D042845:Laccase / Q000378:metabolism*; D049449:Luminescence; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010776:Photobacterium
chemical_list: D001547:Benzaldehydes; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009930:Organic Chemicals; C069665:syringaldehyde; D042845:Laccase
keywords: Enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR); Laccase; Syringaldehyde; Toxicity; Trace organic contaminants (TrOCs)