title: High Concentration of Red Clay as an Alternative for Antibiotics in Aquaculture.
abstract: The use of antibiotics in aquaculture raises environmental and food safety concerns because chronic exposure of an aquatic ecosystem to antibiotics can result in the spread of antibiotic resistance, bioaccumulation of antibiotics in the organisms, and transfer of antibiotics to humans. In an attempt to overcome these problems, high-concentration red clay was applied as an alternative antibiotic against the following common fish pathogens: Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Streptococcus equinus. The growth of A. salmonicida and V. alginolyticus was retarded by red clay, whereas that of S. equinus was promoted. Phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy analyses confirmed the attachment of red clay on cell surfaces, resulting in rapid gravitational removal and cell surface damage in both A. salmonicida and V. alginolyticus, but not in S. equinus. Different cell wall properties of grampositive species may explain the unharmed cell surface of S. equinus. Significant levels of oxidative stress were generated in only the former two species, whereas significant changes in membrane permeability were found only in S. equinus, probably because of its physiological adaptation. The bacterial communities in water samples from Oncorhynchus mykiss aquacultures supplemented with red clay showed similar structure and diversity as those from oxytetracycline-treated water. Taken together, the antibiotic effects of high concentrations of red clay in aquaculture can be attributed to gravitational removal, cell surface damage, and oxidative stress production, and suggest that red clay may be used as an alternative for antibiotics in aquaculture.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jaejoon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Cheol
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jee
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Suk
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Woojun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D048409:Aeromonas salmonicida / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077215:Clay; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000382:microbiology; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D044149:Vibrio alginolyticus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000077215:Clay
keywords: biosafety; cell membrane; community analysis; oxidative stress; pyrosequencing