title: The staining effect of different mouthwashes containing nanoparticles on dental enamel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to evaluate the effects of several mouthwashes containing nanoparticles on discoloration of dental enamel, and compare the results with that of 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty intact premolars were randomly assigned to six groups. A spectrophotometer was used to measure the color of the teeth (T1) according to the CIELAB system. The specimens in groups 1 to 4 were then immersed in colloidal solutions containing nanoTiO2 (Group 1), nanoZnO (Group 2), nanoAg (Group 3) and nanoCuO (Group 4). In groups 5 and 6, a 0.2% CHX mouthwash and distilled water were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. After 24 hours of immersion, color determination was repeated (T2). The third color assessment was accomplished after brushing (T3). The L, a, and b values were recorded and the color change (?E) between different stages was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ANOVA revealed significant between-group differences in the color change between T1 and T2 stages, as well as between T1 and T3 time points (p<0.05), whereas the color change between T2 and T3 was not significantly different among the study groups (p=0.09). ?ET1-T3 was significantly lower in the specimens immersed in distilled water or CHX as compared to the nanoparticle-containing mouthwashes (p<0.05). The highest ?E value pertained to the specimens immersed in nanoZnO-containing solution. The TiO2 nanoparticles caused the lowest staining among the tested nanoparticles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mouthwashes containing nanoparticles produced comparable or even greater enamel discoloration compared to CHX. Brushing had little effect on removal of induced stains.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Nanoparticle, mouthrinse, mouthwash, staining, enamel, discoloration, chlorhexidine.
authors.affiliation: DDS, MS, Assistant Professor of Orthodontics, Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eslami
authors.affiliation: DDS, MS, Assistant Professor of Orthodontics, Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Farzaneh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahrari
authors.affiliation: DDS, MS, Associate Professor, Department of Drug and Food Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rajabi
authors.affiliation: DDS, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Roya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zamani