title: Sulfation of 6-Gingerol by the Human Cytosolic Sulfotransferases: A Systematic Analysis.
abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of the sulfated form of 6-gingerol, a major pharmacologically active component of ginger, in plasma samples of normal human subjects who were administered 6-gingerol. The current study was designed to systematically identify the major human cytosolic sulfotransferase enzyme(s) capable of mediating the sulfation of 6-gingerol. Of the 13 known human cytosolic sulfotransferases examined, six (SULT1A1, SULT1A2, SULT1A3, SULT1B1, SULT1C4, SULT1E1) displayed significant sulfating activity toward 6-gingerol. Kinetic parameters of SULT1A1, SULT1A3, SULT1C4, and SULT1E1 that showed stronger 6-gingerol-sulfating activity were determined. Of the four human organ samples tested, small intestine and liver cytosols displayed considerably higher 6-gingerol-sulfating activity than those of the lung and kidney. Moreover, sulfation of 6-gingerol was shown to occur in HepG2 human hepatoma cells and Caco-2 human colon adenocarcinoma cells under the metabolic setting. Collectively, these results provided useful information relevant to the metabolism of 6-gingerol through sulfation both in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Yuecheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Chunyang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurogi
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakakibara
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suiko
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Ming-Cheh
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002396:Catechols / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000378:metabolism*; D020939:Zingiber officinale; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism*; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002396:Catechols; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D013431:Sulfates; C007845:gingerol; D015238:Sulfotransferases