title: Patient-centered outcomes research in appendicitis in children: Bridging the knowledge gap.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patient-centered outcomes research (PCOR) aims to give patients a better understanding of the treatment options to enable optimal decision-making. As nonoperative alternatives are now being evaluated in children for acute appendicitis, we surveyed patients and their families regarding their knowledge of appendicitis and evaluated whether providing basic medical information would affect their perception of the disease and allow them to more rationally consider the treatment alternatives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Families of children aged 5-18 presenting to the Emergency Department with suspected appendicitis were recruited for a tablet-based interactive educational survey. One hundred subjects (caregivers and patients ≥ 15 years) were questioned before and after an education session about their understanding of appendicitis, including questions on three hypothetical treatment options: urgent appendectomy, antibiotics alone, or initial antibiotics followed by elective appendectomy. Subjects were clearly informed that urgent appendectomy is currently the standard of care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 14% of respondents correctly identified the mortality rate of appendicitis (17 deaths/year according to the 2010 US census) when compared with other extremely rare causes of death. Fifty-four and 31% thought it was more common than death from lightning (40/year) and hunting-associated deaths (44/year), respectively. Eighty-two percent of respondents believed it "likely" or "very likely" that the appendix would rupture if operation was at all delayed, and 81% believed that rupture of the appendix would rapidly lead to severe complications and death. In univariate analysis, this perception was significantly more prevalent for mothers (odds ratio, (OR) 5.19, confidence interval (CI) 1.33-21.15), and subjects who knew at least one friend or relative who had a negative experience with appendicitis (OR 5.53, CI 1.40-25.47). Following education, these perceptions changed significantly (53% still believed that immediate operation was necessary, and 47% believed perforation led to great morbidity and potential mortality, P<0.001). In a survey of potential appendicitis treatment options, urgent appendectomy was considered a "good" or "very good" option by 74% of subjects, compared with 68% for antibiotics only without appendectomy and 49% for initial antibiotic therapy followed by elective outpatient appendectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a striking knowledge gap in the participant perception of appendicitis. Appropriate education can correct anecdotally supported misconceptions. Adequate education may empower patients to make better-informed decisions about their medical care and may be important for future studies in alternative treatments for appendicitis in children.
authors.affiliation: Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Danielle B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Sean S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ciullo
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watson-Smith
authors.affiliation: Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI; Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.affiliation: Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Arlet G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kurkchubasche
authors.affiliation: Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI. Electronic address: Francois_Luks@brown.edu.
authors.forename: Francois I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Luks
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001062:Appendectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D001064:Appendicitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antibiotics; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Children; Patient-centered; Survey