title: Monitoring of Postoperative Bone Healing Using Smart Trauma-Fixation Device With Integrated Self-Powered Piezo-Floating-Gate Sensors.
abstract: Achieving better surgical outcomes in cases of traumatic bone fractures requires postoperative monitoring of changes in the growth and mechanical properties of the tissue and bones during the healing process. While current in-vivo imaging techniques can provide a snapshot of the extent of bone growth, it is unable to provide a history of the healing process, which is important if any corrective surgery is required. Monitoring the time evolution of in-vivo mechanical loads using existing technology is a challenge due to the need for continuous power while maintaining patient mobility and comfort.
  
  
  
  This paper investigates the feasibility of self-powered monitoring of the bone-healing process using our previously reported piezo-floating-gate (PFG) sensors. The sensors are directly integrated with a fixation device and operate by harvesting energy from microscale strain variations in the fixation structure.
  
  
  
  We show that the sensors can record and store the statistics of the strain evolution during the healing process for offline retrieval and analysis. Additionally, we present measurement results using a biomechanical phantom comprising of a femur fracture fixation plate; bone healing is emulated by inserting different materials, with gradually increasing elastic moduli, inside a fracture gap.
  
  
  
  The PFG sensor can effectively sense, compute, and record continuously evolving statistics of mechanical loading over a typical healing period of a bone, and the statistics could be used to differentiate between different bone-healing conditions.
  
  
  
  The proposed sensor presents a reliable objective technique to assess bone-healing progress and help decide on the removal time of the fixation device.
authors.forename: Wassim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Borchani
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aono
authors.forename: Nizar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lajnef
authors.forename: Shantanu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakrabartty
mesh_terms: D001860:Bone Plates; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004867:Equipment Design; D017102:Fracture Healing; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices