title: Synthesis of novel benzohydrazone-oxadiazole hybrids as β-glucuronidase inhibitors and molecular modeling studies.
abstract: A series of compounds consisting of 25 novel oxadiazole-benzohydrazone hybrids (6-30) were synthesized through a five-step reaction sequence and evaluated for their β-glucuronidase inhibitory potential. The IC50 values of compounds 6-30 were found to be in the range of 7.14-44.16μM. Compounds 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 18, and 25 were found to be more potent than d-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (48.4±1.25μM). These compounds were further subjected for molecular docking studies to confirm the binding mode towards human β-d-glucuronidase active site. Docking study for compound 13 (IC50=7.14±0.30μM) revealed that it adopts a binding mode that fits within the entire pocket of the binding site of β-d-glucuronidase. Compound 13 has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the residues of the active site as compared to the other compounds, that is, the ortho-hydroxyl group forms hydrogen bond with carboxyl side chain of Asp207 (2.1Å) and with hydroxyl group of Tyr508 (2.6Å). The other hydroxyl group forms hydrogen bond with His385 side chain (2.8Å), side chain carboxyl oxygen of Glu540 (2.2Å) and Asn450 side-chain's carboxamide NH (2.1Å).
authors.affiliation: Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: taha_hej@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taha
authors.affiliation: Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nor Hadiani
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Syahrul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imran
authors.affiliation: Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Manikandan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Selvaraj
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahim
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, KPK, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, 21300 Mansehra, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Fazal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rahim
authors.affiliation: H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Khalid Mohammed
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D020134:Catalytic Domain; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D006835:Hydrazones / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D010069:Oxadiazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D006835:Hydrazones; D010069:Oxadiazoles; D005966:Glucuronidase
keywords: Benzohydrazone; Hybrids; Molecular docking; Oxadiazole; β-Glucuronidase inhibition