title: Association of Metabolic Syndrome with Chronic Kidney Disease in Elderly Japanese Women: Comparison by Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate from Creatinine, Cystatin C, and Both.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Associations between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been extensively studied in elderly Asians, who in general have lower body mass index (BMI) than European populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis was conducted including 159 community-living elderly Japanese women. MetS was defined by the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, but using a BMI ≥25 kg/m(2) instead of waist circumference and renal function was assessed according to the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative CKD classification. Creatinine-based and cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the average of the two eGFRS were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of CKD was much higher when creatinine-based eGFR was used than the prevalence obtained when cystatin-C based equations were used (46.5% vs. 12.6%, P < 0.001). Eighteen (11.3%) women met MetS criteria. Both the presence of MetS and the number of MetS components were associated with higher prevalence of CKD using the average eGFR (all P < 0.05) but not using creatinine-based (P = 0.86) and cystatin C-based (P = 0.12) eGFR alone. Lower average eGFR and higher prevalence of CKD using average eGFR were evident in even women with only one MetS component, 89% of whom had elevated blood pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of CKD varied substantially depending on the used equation. In nonobese, elderly Japanese women, both the presence of MetS and the number of MetS components were associated with higher prevalence of CKD and elevated blood pressure may play an important role in these associations. These findings should be confirmed in studies employing more participants with MetS diagnosed using standard criteria (waist circumference instead of BMI).
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan .|2 Research Institutes for Nutrition Sciences, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan .
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurata
authors.affiliation: 2 Research Institutes for Nutrition Sciences, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan .
authors.forename: Ayaka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsuboi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan .
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan .|2 Research Institutes for Nutrition Sciences, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan .|3 Postgraduate School of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan .
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuo
authors.affiliation: 2 Research Institutes for Nutrition Sciences, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan .
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kazumi
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C525030:CST3 protein, human; D055316:Cystatin C; D003404:Creatinine