title: Changes in Ocean Heat, Carbon Content, and Ventilation: A Review of the First Decade of GO-SHIP Global Repeat Hydrography.
abstract: Global ship-based programs, with highly accurate, full water column physical and biogeochemical observations repeated decadally since the 1970s, provide a crucial resource for documenting ocean change. The ocean, a central component of Earth's climate system, is taking up most of Earth's excess anthropogenic heat, with about 19% of this excess in the abyssal ocean beneath 2,000 m, dominated by Southern Ocean warming. The ocean also has taken up about 27% of anthropogenic carbon, resulting in acidification of the upper ocean. Increased stratification has resulted in a decline in oxygen and increase in nutrients in the Northern Hemisphere thermocline and an expansion of tropical oxygen minimum zones. Southern Hemisphere thermocline oxygen increased in the 2000s owing to stronger wind forcing and ventilation. The most recent decade of global hydrography has mapped dissolved organic carbon, a large, bioactive reservoir, for the first time and quantified its contribution to export production (∼20%) and deep-ocean oxygen utilization. Ship-based measurements also show that vertical diffusivity increases from a minimum in the thermocline to a maximum within the bottom 1,500 m, shifting our physical paradigm of the ocean's overturning circulation.
authors.affiliation: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; email: ltalley@ucsd.edu , jswift@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Talley
authors.affiliation: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98115; email: richard.a.feely@noaa.gov , john.l.bullister@noaa.gov , gregory.c.johnson@noaa.gov , jeremy.mathis@noaa.gov , chris.sabine@noaa.gov.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Feely
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; email: bernadette.sloyan@csiro.au.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Sloyan
authors.affiliation: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, Florida 33149; email: rik.wanninkhof@noaa.gov , molly.baringer@noaa.gov , jia-zhong.zhang@noaa.gov.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wanninkhof
authors.affiliation: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, Florida 33149; email: rik.wanninkhof@noaa.gov , molly.baringer@noaa.gov , jia-zhong.zhang@noaa.gov.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Baringer
authors.affiliation: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98115; email: richard.a.feely@noaa.gov , john.l.bullister@noaa.gov , gregory.c.johnson@noaa.gov , jeremy.mathis@noaa.gov , chris.sabine@noaa.gov.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bullister
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106; email: carlson@lifesci.ucsb.edu.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; email: sdoney@whoi.edu , amacdonald@whoi.edu.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Doney
authors.affiliation: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149; email: rfine@rsmas.miami.edu , dhansell@rsmas.miami.edu , clangdon@rsmas.miami.edu , fmillero@rsmas.miami.edu.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.affiliation: Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; email: efiring@hawaii.edu.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Firing
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland; email: nicolas.gruber@env.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.affiliation: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149; email: rfine@rsmas.miami.edu , dhansell@rsmas.miami.edu , clangdon@rsmas.miami.edu , fmillero@rsmas.miami.edu.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hansell
authors.affiliation: Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba 305-0052, Japan; email: mishii@mri-jma.go.jp.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.affiliation: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98115; email: richard.a.feely@noaa.gov , john.l.bullister@noaa.gov , gregory.c.johnson@noaa.gov , jeremy.mathis@noaa.gov , chris.sabine@noaa.gov.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan; email: k.katsumata@jamstec.go.jp.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katsumata
authors.affiliation: Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; email: key@princeton.edu.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Key
authors.affiliation: JCOMM in-situ Observations Programme Support Center (JCOMMOPS), Technopôle Brest Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France; email: mkramp@jcommops.org.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kramp
authors.affiliation: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149; email: rfine@rsmas.miami.edu , dhansell@rsmas.miami.edu , clangdon@rsmas.miami.edu , fmillero@rsmas.miami.edu.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Langdon
authors.affiliation: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; email: sdoney@whoi.edu , amacdonald@whoi.edu.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.affiliation: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98115; email: richard.a.feely@noaa.gov , john.l.bullister@noaa.gov , gregory.c.johnson@noaa.gov , jeremy.mathis@noaa.gov , chris.sabine@noaa.gov.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Mathis
authors.affiliation: National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; email: e.mcdonagh@noc.ac.uk.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: McDonagh
authors.affiliation: Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105; email: mecking@uw.edu.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mecking
authors.affiliation: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149; email: rfine@rsmas.miami.edu , dhansell@rsmas.miami.edu , clangdon@rsmas.miami.edu , fmillero@rsmas.miami.edu.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Millero
authors.affiliation: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98115; email: richard.a.feely@noaa.gov , john.l.bullister@noaa.gov , gregory.c.johnson@noaa.gov , jeremy.mathis@noaa.gov , chris.sabine@noaa.gov.|Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; email: mordy@uw.edu.
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Mordy
authors.affiliation: Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo 100-8122, Japan; email: nakano_t@met.kishou.go.jp.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.affiliation: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98115; email: richard.a.feely@noaa.gov , john.l.bullister@noaa.gov , gregory.c.johnson@noaa.gov , jeremy.mathis@noaa.gov , chris.sabine@noaa.gov.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sabine
authors.affiliation: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964; email: bsmeth@ldeo.columbia.edu , ant@ldeo.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Smethie
authors.affiliation: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; email: ltalley@ucsd.edu , jswift@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.affiliation: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24015 Kiel, Germany; email: ttanhua@geomar.de.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanhua
authors.affiliation: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964; email: bsmeth@ldeo.columbia.edu , ant@ldeo.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Thurnherr
authors.affiliation: School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; email: warner@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.affiliation: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, Florida 33149; email: rik.wanninkhof@noaa.gov , molly.baringer@noaa.gov , jia-zhong.zhang@noaa.gov.
authors.forename: J-Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis*; D002980:Climate; D009791:Oceanography / Q000295:instrumentation; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D012767:Ships; D013696:Temperature; D014872:Water Movements
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon
keywords: anthropogenic climate change; ocean carbon cycle; ocean chlorofluorocarbons; ocean circulation change; ocean mixing; ocean oxygen and nutrients; ocean temperature change; salinity change