title: Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Induced by Oxidative Stress.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). DM can lead to multiple cardiovascular complications, including coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure (HF). HF represents one of the most common causes of death in patients with DM and results from DM-induced CAD and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Oxidative stress is closely associated with the pathogenesis of DM and results from overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS overproduction is associated with hyperglycemia and metabolic disorders, such as impaired antioxidant function in conjunction with impaired antioxidant activity. Long-term exposure to oxidative stress in DM induces chronic inflammation and fibrosis in a range of tissues, leading to formation and progression of disease states in these tissues. Indeed, markers for oxidative stress are overexpressed in patients with DM, suggesting that increased ROS may be primarily responsible for the development of diabetic complications. Therefore, an understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms mediated by oxidative stress is crucial to the prevention and treatment of diabetes-induced CVD. The current review focuses on the relationship between diabetes-induced CVD and oxidative stress, while highlighting the latest insights into this relationship from findings on diabetic heart and vascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. kayama@jikei.ac.jp.|VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. kayama@jikei.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kayama
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. uwe.raaz@googlemail.com.|VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. uwe.raaz@googlemail.com.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Raaz
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. jagger.ann@gmail.com.|VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. jagger.ann@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jagger
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. matti.adam@uk-koeln.de.|VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. matti.adam@uk-koeln.de.
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. isabelschellinger@googlemail.com.|VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. isabelschellinger@googlemail.com.
authors.forename: Isabel N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Schellinger
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minatoku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan. m-sakamoto@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minatoku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan. hiro1020@jikei.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ktoyama@stanford.edu.|VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. ktoyama@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toyama
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. josh.spin@gmail.com.|VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. josh.spin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Joshua M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Spin
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ptsao@stanford.edu.|VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. ptsao@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Tsao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058065:Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress
keywords: cardiovascular disease; diabetes mellitus; diabetic heart; diabetic vascular disease; oxidative stress