title: Vitamin D exposures reported to US poison centers 2000-2014: Temporal trends and outcomes.
abstract: There has been an increased use of vitamin D both by prescription and by the public as a widely available supplement. We evaluated 15 years of single-substance vitamin D exposures to US poison centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of data from the National Poison Data System (NPDS) to evaluate clinical effects, trends, and outcomes of exposures to vitamin D over the period January 1, 2000 through June 30, 2014. Cases were limited to exposures involving vitamin D as a single substance. Multiple vitamin products that may have included vitamin D were not included in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2000 through June 30, 2014, there were 25,397 human exposures to vitamin D reported to NPDS. There was a mean of 196 cases per year from 2000 to 2005, followed by a 1600% increase in exposures between 2005 and 2011 to a new annual mean of 4535 exposures per year. The mean and median ages were 23.4 years and 10 years, respectively. There were no fatalities, but five (0.02%) major effect outcomes. Serious medical outcomes (major or moderate outcome) were infrequent, ranging from 2 patients/year to 22 patients/year. Clinical effects were primarily gastrointestinal (0.7-1.5%) and mild neurological effects (0.2-0.4%). There was a decline in the percentage of patients treated in a health care facility and of patients with serious medical outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the enormous increase in number of exposures, there was not a significant increase in patients with a serious medical outcome. Rare severe outcomes may occur.
authors.affiliation: Central Ohio Poison Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA haspiller5@gmail.com.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Spiller
authors.affiliation: Central Ohio Poison Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Good
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Spiller
authors.affiliation: Florida Poison Information Center - Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aleguas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000639:trends*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000639:trends*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011039:Poison Control Centers; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000633:toxicity*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Vitamin D; poisoning; toxicity