title: Rotational assessment of distal femur and its relevance in total knee arthroplasty: analysis by magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the distal femur rotation pattern in a Brazilian population, correlating such pattern with the one suggested by the arthroplasty instruments, and analyzing the variability of each anatomic parameter.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 101 magnetic resonance imaging studies were evaluated in the period between April and June 2012. The epidemiological data collection was performed with the aid of the institution's computed imaging system, and the sample included 52 male and 49 female patients. The measurements were made in the axial plane, with subsequent correlation and triangulation with the other plans. The posterior condylar line was used as a reference for angle measurements. Subsequently, the anatomical and surgical transepicondylar axes and the anteroposterior trochlear line were specified. The angles between the reference line and the studied lines were calculated with the aid of the institution's software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean angle between the anatomical transepicondylar axis and the posterior condylar line was found to be 6.89°, ranging from 0.25° to 12°. For the surgical transepicondylar axis, the mean value was 2.89°, ranging from -2.23° (internal rotation) to 7.86°, and for the axis perpendicular to the anteroposterior trochlear line, the mean value was 4.77°, ranging from -2.09° to 12.2°.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anatomical transepicondylar angle showed mean values corresponding to the measurement observed in the Caucasian population. The utilized instruments are appropriate, but no anatomical parameter proved to be steady enough to be used in isolation.
authors.affiliation: Master, Knee Surgeon, Hospital Santa Teresa, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabricio Bolpato
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Loures
authors.affiliation: Members of Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, MDs, Residents of Knee Surgery at Hospital Santa Teresa, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sebastião
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furtado Neto
authors.affiliation: Members of Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, MDs, Residents of Knee Surgery at Hospital Santa Teresa, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Robson de Lima
authors.initials: Rde L
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Master, MD, Radiologist at Clínica Multimagem, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kinder
authors.affiliation: PhD, MD, Orthopedist, Hospital Santa Teresa, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro José
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Labronici
authors.affiliation: Member of Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia do Joelho, Clinical Chief and Physician in Charge, Knee Group, Service of Orthopedics and Traumatology of Professor Dr. Donato D'Ângelo, Hospital Santa Teresa, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rogério Franco de Araújo
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Góes
authors.affiliation: PhD, Full Professor Emeritus, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Associate Professor, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marchiori
keywords: Alignment; Image; Knee; Magnetic resonance imaging; Prosthesis