title: Chemical characterization and in vitro toxicity of diesel exhaust particulate matter generated under varying conditions.
abstract: Epidemiologic studies have linked diesel exhaust (DE) to cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality, as well as lung cancer. DE composition is known to vary with many factors, although it is unclear how this influences toxicity. We generated eight DE atmospheres by applying a 2×2×2 factorial design and altering three parameters in a controlled exposure facility: (1) engine load (27 vs 82 %), (2) particle aging (residence time ~5 s vs ~5 min prior to particle collection), and (3) oxidation (with or without ozonation during dilution). Selected exposure concentrations of both diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) and DE gases, DEP oxidative reactivity via DTT activity, and in vitro DEP toxicity in murine endothelial cells were measured for each DE atmosphere. Cell toxicity was assessed via measurement of cell proliferation (colony formation assay), cell viability (MTT assay), and wound healing (scratch assay). Differences in DE composition were observed as a function of engine load. The mean 1-nitropyrene concentration was 15 times higher and oxidative reactivity was two times higher for low engine load versus high load. There were no substantial differences in measured toxicity among the three DE exposure parameters. These results indicate that alteration of applied engine load shifts the composition and can modify the biological reactivity of DE. While engine conditions did not affect the selected in vitro toxicity measures, the change in oxidative reactivity suggests that toxicological studies with DE need to take into account engine conditions in characterizing biological effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Julie Richman
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Bertram E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Drury
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Terrance J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Lianne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sheppard
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Joel D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kaufman
keywords: Air pollution; Diesel exhaust; In vitro toxicity; Physicochemical properties; Varying exposure conditions