title: A fronto-striato-subthalamic-pallidal network for goal-directed and habitual inhibition.
abstract: Classically, the basal ganglia have been considered to have a role in producing habitual and goal-directed behaviours. In this article, we review recent evidence that expands this role, indicating that the basal ganglia are also involved in neural and behavioural inhibition in the motor and non-motor domains. We then distinguish between goal-directed and habitual (also known as automatic) inhibition mediated by fronto-striato-subthalamic-pallido-thalamo-cortical networks. We also suggest that imbalance between goal-directed and habitual action and inhibition contributes to some manifestations of Parkinson's disease, Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Finally, we propose that basal ganglia surgery improves these disorders by restoring a functional balance between facilitation and inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience &Movement Disorders, University College London Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jahanshahi
authors.affiliation: Centro Integral de Neurociencias AC (CINAC), HM Puerta del Sur, Hospitales de Madrid Mostoles, 28938 Madrid, Spain.|CEU San Pablo University, Campus de Moncloa, Calle Julián Romea, 18, 28003 Madrid, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Obeso
authors.affiliation: Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience &Movement Disorders, University College London Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rothwell
authors.affiliation: Centro Integral de Neurociencias AC (CINAC), HM Puerta del Sur, Hospitales de Madrid Mostoles, 28938 Madrid, Spain.|CEU San Pablo University, Campus de Moncloa, Calle Julián Romea, 18, 28003 Madrid, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Obeso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D006040:Goals; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology*