title: Adult bone marrow mesenchymal and neural crest stem cells are chemoattractive and accelerate motor recovery in a mouse model of spinal cord injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stem cells from adult tissues were considered for a long time as promising tools for regenerative therapy of neurological diseases, including spinal cord injuries (SCI). Indeed, mesenchymal (MSCs) and neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) together constitute the bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) that were used as therapeutic options in various models of experimental SCI. However, as clinical approaches remained disappointing, we thought that reducing BMSC heterogeneity should be a potential way to improve treatment efficiency and reproducibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the impact of pure populations of MSCs and NCSCs isolated from adult bone marrow in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. We then analyzed the secretome of both MSCs and NCSCs, and its effect on macrophage migration in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We first observed that both cell types induced motor recovery in mice, and modified the inflammatory reaction in the lesion site. We also demonstrated that NCSCs but especially MSCs were able to secrete chemokines and attract macrophages in vitro. Finally, it appears that MSC injection in the spinal cord enhance early inflammatory events in the blood and spinal cord of SCI mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altogether, our results suggest that both cell types have beneficial effects in experimental SCI, and that further investigation should be dedicated to the regulation of the inflammatory reaction following SCI, in the context of stem cell-based therapy but also in the early-phase clinical management of SCI patients.
authors.affiliation: Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Neurosciences Research Center, Unit of Nervous system disorders and treatment, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie 2, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium. Virginie.Neirinckx@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Neirinckx
authors.affiliation: Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Neurosciences Research Center, Unit of Nervous system disorders and treatment, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie 2, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium. g.agirman@student.ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Gulistan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agirman
authors.affiliation: Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Neurosciences Research Center, Unit of Nervous system disorders and treatment, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie 2, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium. Cecile.Coste@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coste
authors.affiliation: Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Neurosciences Research Center, Unit of Nervous system disorders and treatment, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie 2, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium. Alice.Marquet@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marquet
authors.affiliation: Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Neurosciences Research Center, Unit of Nervous system disorders and treatment, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie 2, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium. v.dion@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dion
authors.affiliation: Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Neurosciences Research Center, Unit of Nervous system disorders and treatment, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie 2, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium. Bernard.Rogister@ulg.ac.be.|GIGA, Development, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium. Bernard.Rogister@ulg.ac.be.|Neurology Department, University Hospital, Liège, Belgium. Bernard.Rogister@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rogister
authors.affiliation: Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Neurosciences Research Center, Unit of Nervous system disorders and treatment, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie 2, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium. rfranzen@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Rachelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Franzen
authors.affiliation: Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Neurosciences Research Center, Unit of Nervous system disorders and treatment, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie 2, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium. s.wislet@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wislet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D002633:Chemotaxis; D005260:Female; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009043:Motor Activity; D009416:Nerve Regeneration; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000166:cytology; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D020127:Recovery of Function; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines