title: Biomineralization and biocompatibility studies of bone conductive scaffolds containing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS).
abstract: Considering the well-known phenomenon of enhancing bone healing by applying electromagnetic stimulation, manufacturing conductive bone scaffolds is on demand to facilitate the delivery of electromagnetic stimulation to the injured region, which in turn significantly expedites the healing procedure in tissue engineering methods. For this purpose, hybrid conductive scaffolds composed of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (
  PSS), gelatin (Gel), and bioactive glass (BaG) were produced employing freeze drying technique. Concentration of
  PSS were optimized to design the most appropriate conductive scaffold in terms of biocompatibility and cell proliferation. More specifically, scaffolds with four different compositions of 0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.6% (w/w)
  PSS in the mixture of 10% (w/v) Gel and 30% (w/v) BaG were synthesized. Immersing the scaffolds in simulated body fluid (SBF), we evaluated the bioactivity of samples, and the biomineralization were studied in details using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. By performing cytocompatibility analyses for 21 days using adult human mesenchymal stem cells, we concluded that the scaffolds with 0.3% (w/w)
  PSS and conductivity of 170 μS/m has the optimized composition and further increasing the
  PSS content has inverse effect on cell proliferation. Based on our finding, addition of this optimized amount of
  PSS to our composition can increase the cell viability more than 4 times compared to a nonconductive composition.
authors.affiliation: Helmerich Advanced Technology Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, 74106, USA.|School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yazdimamaghani
authors.affiliation: Helmerich Advanced Technology Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, 74106, USA.|BCAST, Institute of Materials and Manufacturing, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, London, UB8 3PH, UK.|Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, London, UB8 3PH, UK.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Razavi
authors.affiliation: Helmerich Advanced Technology Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, 74106, USA.|Bioengineering Research Group, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), P.O. Box 14155-4777, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mozafari
authors.affiliation: Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
authors.forename: Daryoosh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vashaee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, 73034, USA.
authors.forename: Hari
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kotturi
authors.affiliation: Helmerich Advanced Technology Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, 74106, USA. lobat.tayebi@marquette.edu.|Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA. lobat.tayebi@marquette.edu.|Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA. lobat.tayebi@marquette.edu.
authors.forename: Lobat
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tayebi
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000737:chemistry*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D011108:Polymers; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C121383:poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene); C077114:styrenesulfonic acid polymer