title: The Potential Application of Pulsed Ultrasound on Bone Defect Repair via Developmental Engineering: An In Vitro Study.
abstract: Repairing bone defect by recapitulation of endochondral bone formation, known as developmental engineering, has been a promising approach in bone tissue engineering. The critical issue in this area is how to effectively construct the hypertrophic cartilaginous template in vitro and enhance in vivo endochondral ossification process after implantation. Pulsed ultrasound stimulation has been widely used in the clinic for accelerating bone healing in fractures and nonunions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ultrasound (US) could accelerate in vitro chondrogenesis and the hypertrophic process in certain microenvironments. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were chondrogenic or hypertrophic differentiated in a three-dimensional pellet culture system with different media, and treated with different intensities of US. US exposure promoted chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells and inhibited their transition into the hypertrophic stage in a chondrogenic-friendly microenvironment. US significantly advanced hypertrophic differentiation of bone marrow stem cell pellets in hypertrophic medium after chondrogenesis. Our data indicated that pulsed US promoted in vitro chondrogenic and hypertrophic differentiation of stem cell pellets in specific culture conditions. The present study proves the potential application of US in the in vitro stage of "developmental engineering" for bone development and repair.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Jue
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: WestChina School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Lixing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Zhihe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000528:radiation effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000528:radiation effects; D004867:Equipment Design; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves
keywords: Bone repair; Cartilage; Developmental engineering; Mesenchymal stem cells; Ultrasound