title: RISK FACTORS FOR SEVERE HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE.
abstract: We studied risk factors associated with severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enteroviruses among patients aged less than 15 years admitted to King Narai Hospital, Lopburi, Thailand during 2011-2013. Cases were divided into either mild or severe. Severe cases were those with encephalitis, meningitis, myocarditis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema or respiratory failure. Risk factors for severe infection were evaluated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. One hundred eighteen patients met the case definition of HFMD. Of these, 95 (80.5%) were classified as mild cases, and 23 (19.5%) as severe cases; there were 5 deaths (4.2%). Of the 23 severe cases, 9 were infected with coxsackievirus A16 (CA16), 8 with enterovirus 71 (EV71) and 4 with both EV71 and CA16. The most common presentations among the severe caseswere: seizures (74%), pneumonia (39%), encephalitis (39%), and meningitis (13%). The clinical manifestations significantly related to severe HFMD on univariate analysis were highest body temperature 39.00C, duration of fever 23 days, absence of skin lesions, diarrhea, dyspnea, seizures and hyperglycemia. The clinical manifestations significantly related to severe HFMD on both univariate and multivariate analyses were age less than 1 year, absence of oral lesions and drowsiness/lethargy. Clinicians should be aware of these factors. Early recognition of severe cases is important to increase the rates of successful outcomes and reduce mortality.
authors.forename: Somchai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Owatanapanich
authors.forename: Rochana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wutthanarungsan
authors.forename: Wipaporn
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jaksupa
authors.forename: Usa
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Thisyakorn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D004770:Enterovirus; D029821:Enterovirus A, Human; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D006232:Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008587:Meningitis, Viral / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D011024:Pneumonia, Viral / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013785:Thailand