title: Association between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and progression of coronary artery calcium: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have investigated the association between coronary artery calcium (CAC) progression and arterial stiffness measured by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). We examined the influence of the severity of baseline baPWV on CAC progression in a large prospective cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1600 subjects who voluntarily participated in a comprehensive health-screening program between March 2010 and December 2013 and had baseline baPWV as well as CAC on baseline and serial follow-up computed tomography performed approximately 2.7 ± 0.5 years apart were enrolled in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1124 subjects were included in the analysis (1067 men; mean age, 43.6 ± 5.1 years). An increased CAC score was found in 318 subjects (28.3%) during the follow-up period. Baseline higher baPWV was significantly correlated with CAC progression, especially in subjects with third- and fourth-quartile values (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33-3.15 and OR 2.14; 95% CI 1.34-3.41, respectively) compared with the lowest-quartile values (P for trend <0.001). A similar effect was observed in diabetic subjects. Among the 835 subjects with a baseline CAC score = 0, progression to CAC score >0 was associated with male sex, diabetes, and higher baPWV. However, among the 289 individuals with a baseline CAC score >0, only the presence of CAC itself was predictive of CAC progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher arterial stiffness measured by baPWV could be significantly associated with CAC progression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #108, Pyung Dong, Jongro-Ku, Seoul, 110-746, Republic of Korea. jyleeheart.lee@samsung.com.
authors.forename: Jong-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. sh703.yoo@samsung.com.
authors.forename: Seungho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #108, Pyung Dong, Jongro-Ku, Seoul, 110-746, Republic of Korea. shsh96.lee@samsung.com.
authors.forename: Sung Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #108, Pyung Dong, Jongro-Ku, Seoul, 110-746, Republic of Korea. bjjake.kim@samsung.com.
authors.forename: Byung Jin
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #108, Pyung Dong, Jongro-Ku, Seoul, 110-746, Republic of Korea. bsmed.kim@samsung.com.
authors.forename: Bum-Soo
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #108, Pyung Dong, Jongro-Ku, Seoul, 110-746, Republic of Korea. jinho2.kang@samsung.com.
authors.forename: Jin-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #108, Pyung Dong, Jongro-Ku, Seoul, 110-746, Republic of Korea. eunsun.cheong@samsung.com.
authors.forename: Eun Sun
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Cheong
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea. kimjy@yonsei.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jang-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cheil General Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. mdparkjb@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jeong Bae
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #108, Pyung Dong, Jongro-Ku, Seoul, 110-746, Republic of Korea. kcmd.sung@samsung.com.
authors.forename: Ki-Chul
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D056910:Republic of Korea; D016909:Tibial Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D059289:Vascular Stiffness