title: Sex, Diet, and the Social Environment: Factors Influencing Hair Cortisol Concentration in Free-Ranging Black Bears (Ursus americanus).
abstract: Increasingly, measures of glucocorticoid levels (e.g., cortisol), key components of the neuroendocrine stress axis, are being used to measure past hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity to index psychological and physiological stress exhibited by wildlife for assessing individual and population-level well-being. However, many intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect HPA activity in animals. Using American black bears (Ursus americanus; n = 116) as an ecological model and hair cortisol concentration (HCC) as an integrative measure of past HPA activity, we evaluated the influence of diet, sex and the social environment on black bear HCC in a free-ranging population that spanned adjoining ecoregions with differing densities of potential conspecific and heterospecific competitors. HCC varied by sex, with female HCC ranging from 0.6 to 10.7 pg/mg (median = 4.5 ± 1.2 mean absolute deviation [MAD]) and male HCC ranging from 0.5 to 35.1 pg/mg (median = 6.2 ± 2.6 MAD). We also observed a three-way interaction among sex, δ14C and ecoregion, which may indicate that some differences in HCC between female and male black bears results from variability in the nutritional needs of larger-bodied males relative to smaller-bodied females, slight differences in food resources use between ecoregions as well as sex-based differences regarding the social environment. Once we understand what drives sex-specific differences in HCC, HCC may aid our understanding of the physiological responses by bears and other wildlife to diverse environmental challenges.
authors.affiliation: Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America; Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Diana J R
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lafferty
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural Immunology and Endocrinology Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Laudenslager
authors.affiliation: British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Nelson, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Garth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mowat
authors.affiliation: British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heard
authors.affiliation: Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jerrold L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Belant
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000378:metabolism*; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012919:Social Behavior; D001503:Ursidae / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone