title: The effectiveness of powered, active lower limb exoskeletons in neurorehabilitation: A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review examines the utility of current active, powered, wearable lower limb exoskeletons as aids to rehabilitation in paraplegic patients with gait disorders resulting from central nervous system lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PRISMA guidelines were used to review literature on the use of powered and active lower limb exoskeletons for neurorehabilitative training in paraplegic subjects retrieved in a search of the electronic databases PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We reviewed 27 studies published between 2001 and 2014, involving a total of 144 participants from the USA, Japan, Germany, Sweden, Israel, Italy, and Spain. Seventy percent of the studies were experimental tests of safety or efficacy and 29% evaluated rehabilitative effectiveness through uncontrolled (22%) or controlled (7%) clinical trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exoskeletons provide a safe and practical method of neurorehabilitation which is not physically exhausting and makes minimal demands on working memory. It is easy to learn to use an exoskeleton and they increase mobility, improve functioning and reduce the risk of secondary injury by reinstating a more normal gait pattern. A limitation of the field is the lack of experimental methods for demonstrating the relative effectiveness of the exoskeleton in comparison with other rehabilitative techniques and technologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, Social & Human Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Federici
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, Social & Human Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meloni
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, Social & Human Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bracalenti
authors.affiliation: NIHR MindTech Healthcare Technology Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Maria Laura
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: De Filippis
mesh_terms: D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000066530:Neurological Rehabilitation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013030:Spain; D013548:Sweden; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
keywords: PRISMA; Powered active lower limb exoskeleton; central nervous system lesions; gait disorders; neurorehabilitation; paraplegic patients; systematic review