title: Cut points for mild, moderate, and severe pain among cancer and non-cancer patients: a literature review.
abstract: Defining cut points (CPs) for varying levels of pain intensity is important for assessing changes in patient's functional status, and guiding the development and evaluation of treatment options. We aimed to summarize CPs identified in the literature for mild, moderate, and severe pain on the numeric rating scale (NRS), and recommend optimal CPs for cancer and non-cancer patients. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE (inception to May 2015) for studies that used CPs to classify pain intensity on the NRS among patients with cancer or non-cancer conditions leading to acute or chronic pain. A CP was defined as the upper bound of a mild or moderate pain category. Of 1,556 identified articles, 27 were included for review. Among patients with cancer pain, mild-moderate pain CPs ranged from 1 to 4 (mean, 3.5±1.08), with CP4 being the most recommended CP (80%). For moderate-severe pain, CPs ranged from 4 to 7 (mean, 6.2±0.92), and CP6 (50%) was the optimal CPs. Among patients with non-cancer pain, mild-moderate pain CPs ranged from 2 to 5 (mean, 3.62±0.78), and CP4 was the most frequently used CP (52.9%). For moderate-severe non-cancer pain, CPs ranged from 4 to 8 (mean, 6.5±0.99), and CP6 (41.2%) was the most frequently recommended CP. A wide range of CPs for mild, moderate, and severe pain categories were identified in the literature among both cancer and non-cancer patient populations. Further studies are needed to delineate more accurate and precise CPs for pain intensity.
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Breanne
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lechner
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Terence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: C Shun
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pulenzas
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Hany
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soliman
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DeAngelis
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Edward.Chow@sunnybrook.ca.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chow
mesh_terms: D059787:Acute Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: Pain severity; cut points (CPs); numeric rating scale (NRS); pain assessment