title: Plasmid DNA Vaccine Co-Immunisation Modulates Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses Induced by Intranasal Inoculation in Mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An effective HIV vaccine will likely require induction of both mucosal and systemic cellular and humoral immune responses. We investigated whether intramuscular (IM) delivery of electroporated plasmid DNA vaccine and simultaneous protein vaccinations by intranasal (IN) and IM routes could be combined to induce mucosal and systemic cellular and humoral immune responses to a model HIV-1 CN54 gp140 antigen in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Co-immunisation of DNA with intranasal protein successfully elicited both serum and vaginal IgG and IgA responses, whereas DNA and IM protein co-delivery did not induce systemic or mucosal IgA responses. Cellular IFNγ responses were preserved in co-immunisation protocols compared to protein-only vaccination groups. The addition of DNA to IN protein vaccination reduced the strong Th2 bias observed with IN protein vaccination alone. Luminex analysis also revealed that co-immunisation with DNA and IN protein induced expression of cytokines that promote B-cell function, generation of TFH cells and CCR5 ligands that can reduce HIV infectivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that while IN inoculation alone elicits both cellular and humoral responses, co-administration with homologous DNA vaccination can tailor these towards a more balanced Th1/Th2 phenotype modulating the cellular cytokine profile while eliciting high-levels of antigen-specific antibody. This work provides insights on how to generate differential immune responses within the same vaccination visit, and supports co-immunisation with DNA and protein by a mucosal route as a potential delivery strategy for HIV vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Deborah F L
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.affiliation: Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jamie F S
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.affiliation: Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C Bryn
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Robin J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shattock
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology*; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000276:immunology*; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010957:Plasmids; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000276:immunology*; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007376:Interleukin-2; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C097729:gp140 envelope protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1