title: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells from indoxyl sulfate-induced injury via ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on indoxyl sulfate-induced Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) injury in vitro and study its mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  HUVECs were incubated with indoxyl sulfate at concentrations in the range found in uremic patients. Then we determined the effect of indoxyl sulfate on endothelial phenotype, endothelial function, ROS (reactive oxygen species), cell apoptosis and mitochondrial function. In addition, we detected whether GSPE can suppress the injury of HUVECs induced by indoxyl sulfate and probe the mechanism underlying the protective effects of GSPE by analyzing mitochondrial dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GSPE treatment significantly attenuated indoxyl sulfate-induced HVUECs injury in a dose- and time-dependent manner. GSPE-enhanced eNOS and VE-cadherin expression, inhibited intracellular ROS level and cell apoptosis, adjust mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced 8-hydroxy-desoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level induced by indoxyl sulfate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that GSPE prevents HUVECs from indoxyl sulfate-induced injury by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction and may be a promising agent for treating uremia toxin-induced injury.
authors.affiliation: a National Key Unit of Clinical Research of TCM On Chronic Kidney Diseases, Key Unit of Kidney Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , P.R. China and.
authors.forename: Zhaoyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: a National Key Unit of Clinical Research of TCM On Chronic Kidney Diseases, Key Unit of Kidney Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , P.R. China and.
authors.forename: Fuhua
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: b Medical College of Jinan University , Guangzhou , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yanqun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: a National Key Unit of Clinical Research of TCM On Chronic Kidney Diseases, Key Unit of Kidney Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , P.R. China and.
authors.forename: Yuqun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: a National Key Unit of Clinical Research of TCM On Chronic Kidney Diseases, Key Unit of Kidney Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , P.R. China and.
authors.forename: Chuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: a National Key Unit of Clinical Research of TCM On Chronic Kidney Diseases, Key Unit of Kidney Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , P.R. China and.
authors.forename: Xusheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; D006801:Humans; D007200:Indican; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D027843:Vitis; D000099152:Cadherin 5
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015820:Cadherins; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D007200:Indican; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000099152:Cadherin 5; C511402:Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins; C496314:NOS3 protein, human
keywords: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract; human umbilical vein endothelial cells; indoxyl sulfate; injury; mitochondrial dysfunction