title: Lactic Acid Fermentation, Urea and Lime Addition: Promising Faecal Sludge Sanitizing Methods for Emergency Sanitation.
abstract: In this research, three faecal sludge sanitizing methods-lactic acid fermentation, urea treatment and lime treatment-were studied for application in emergency situations. These methods were investigated by undertaking small scale field trials with pit latrine sludge in Blantyre, Malawi. Hydrated lime was able to reduce the E. coli count in the sludge to below the detectable limit within 1 h applying a pH > 11 (using a dosage from 7% to 17% w/w, depending faecal sludge alkalinity), urea treatment required about 4 days using 2.5% wet weight urea addition, and lactic acid fermentation needed approximately 1 week after being dosed with 10% wet weight molasses (2 g (glucose/fructose)/kg) and 10% wet weight pre-culture (99.8% pasteurised whole milk and 0.02% fermented milk drink containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota). Based on Malawian prices, the cost of sanitizing 1 m³ of faecal sludge was estimated to be €32 for lactic acid fermentation, €20 for urea treatment and €12 for hydrated lime treatment.
authors.affiliation: WASTE advisers on urbane environment and development, Lange Houtstraat, 26, 2511 CW, The Hague, The Netherlands. catherine.anderson85@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: UNESCO-IHE, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands. dmalambo@lwsc.com.zm.
authors.forename: Dennis Hanjalika
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Malambo
authors.affiliation: UNESCO-IHE, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands. eliettegonzalez710@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria Eliette Gonzalez
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.affiliation: UNESCO-IHE, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands. hnobela@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Happiness Ngwanamoseka
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Nobela
authors.affiliation: Delft University of Technology (TUDelft), Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands. lobke.depooter@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lobke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Pooter
authors.affiliation: WASTE advisers on urbane environment and development, Lange Houtstraat, 26, 2511 CW, The Hague, The Netherlands. jspit@waste.nl.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spit
authors.affiliation: UNESCO-IHE, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands. t.hooijmans@unesco-ihe.org.
authors.forename: Christine Maria
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hooijmans
authors.affiliation: UNESCO-IHE, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands. J.vandeVossenberg@unesco-ihe.org.
authors.forename: Jack van
authors.initials: Jv
authors.lastname: de Vossenberg
authors.affiliation: The University of Malawi-The Polytechnic, Ginney Corner, Blantyre 3, Malawi. wilsongreya@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Wilson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Greya
authors.affiliation: The University of Malawi-The Polytechnic, Ginney Corner, Blantyre 3, Malawi. bthole@poly.ac.mw.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thole
authors.affiliation: UNESCO-IHE, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands. lobke.depooter@gmail.com.|Delft University of Technology (TUDelft), Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands. lobke.depooter@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jules B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: van Lier
authors.affiliation: UNESCO-IHE, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands. d.brdjanovic@unesco-ihe.org.
authors.forename: Damir
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brdjanovic
mesh_terms: D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005285:Fermentation; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008295:Malawi; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012499:Sanitation / Q000379:methods*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology*; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D012722:Sewage; D019344:Lactic Acid; D014508:Urea; C016538:lime
keywords: Escherichia coli; ammonia; emergency sanitation; excreta; faecal sludge; lactic acid; lime; urea