title: Anti-Inflammation of N-Benzyl-4-Bromobenzamide in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Human Gingival Fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of N-benzyl-4-bromobenzamide (NBBA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-6 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The benzamide compound was synthesized. The condition for IL-6 production of HGFs after induction with LPS was optimized. The HGFs were incubated with NBBA (10 µg/ml) for 30 min before LPS (1 μg/ml) was added. After 24 h of incubation time, the culture media were harvested and their IL-6 and PGE2 contents were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Prednisolone (PDS) and NS-398 were used as positive controls. Statistical analysis of the IL-6 and PGE2 contents was performed using the ANOVA test followed by the Tukey multiple-comparisons test to compare replicate means. p < 0.001 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum IL-6 production was achieved when HGFs were exposed to 1 μg/ml of LPS for 24 h, which was inhibited by the IL-6 immunosuppressant PDS. The benzamide compound, NBBA, exhibited a potent anti-IL-6 activity with inhibition of 35.6 ± 0.5%, significantly different from in the LPS-induced HGFs (p < 0.001). In addition, it inhibited 75.6 ± 0.52% PGE2 production. Cell viability was not significantly affected by treatment with NBBA at a concentration <10 µg/ml (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NBBA exhibited an inhibitory effect on the production of IL-6 and PGE2 in LPS-induced HGFs. It could serve as a compound with inhibiting inflammatory activity in periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Nuntana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aroonrerk
authors.forename: Nattisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Niyomtham
authors.forename: Boon-Ek
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Yingyoungnarongkul
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D013449:Sulfonamides; C080955:N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide; D015232:Dinoprostone