title: The Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 strain shows protective effects against the B. anthracis LT toxin.
abstract: The probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) has been prescribed for the prophylaxis and treatment of several infectious diarrheal diseases. Gastrointestinal anthrax causes fatal systemic disease. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects conferred by Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 strain on polarized T84 columnar epithelial cells intoxicated by the lethal toxin (LT) of Bacillus anthracis. Exposure of polarized T84 cells to LT affected cell monolayer integrity, modified the morphology of tight junctions and induced the formation of actin stress fibers. Overnight treatment of cells with S. boulardii before incubation with LT maintained the integrity of the monolayers, prevented morphological modification of tight junctions, restricted the effects of LT on actin remodeling and delayed LT-induced MEK-2 cleavage. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that in the presence of S. boulardii, the medium is depleted of both LF and PA sub-units of LT and the appearance of a cleaved form of PA. Our study highlights the potential of the S. boulardii CNCM I-745 strain as a prophylactic agent against the gastrointestinal form of anthrax.
authors.affiliation: Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco 98000, Monaco.
authors.forename: Rodolphe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pontier-Bres
authors.affiliation: Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco 98000, Monaco. rampal@chpg.mc.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rampal
authors.affiliation: Team Inflammation, Cancer, Cancer Stem Cells, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), INSERM, U1065, Nice 06204, France. jean-francois.peyron@unice.fr.|Faculté de Médecine, UFR Médecine, IFR50, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UNSA, Nice 06204, France. jean-francois.peyron@unice.fr.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Peyron
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Médecine, UFR Médecine, IFR50, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UNSA, Nice 06204, France. patrick.munro@unice.fr.|Team Microbial Toxins in Host Pathogen Interactions, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), INSERM, U1065, Nice 06204, France. patrick.munro@unice.fr.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Munro
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Médecine, UFR Médecine, IFR50, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UNSA, Nice 06204, France. emmanuel.lemichez@unice.fr.|Team Microbial Toxins in Host Pathogen Interactions, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), INSERM, U1065, Nice 06204, France. emmanuel.lemichez@unice.fr.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lemichez
authors.affiliation: Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco 98000, Monaco. dczerucka@centrescientifique.mc.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Czerucka
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000737:chemistry; D000881:Anthrax / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000737:chemistry*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D048730:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 2 / Q000737:chemistry; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012440:Saccharomyces; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D048730:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 2
keywords: Saccharomyces boulardii; anthrax toxins; probiotics