title: Maternal Alcohol Consumption During the Perinatal and Early Parenting Period: A Longitudinal Analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite potential health risks for women and children, one in five women report alcohol use during pregnancy and a significant proportion of those who quit during pregnancy return to drinking post-delivery. This study seeks to understand the longitudinal patterns of alcohol consumption before, during pregnancy and post-delivery, and the role of maternal characteristics for purposes of informing prevention design.
  
  
  METHODS
  General growth mixture models were used to describe the average developmental patterns of maternal weekly drinking quantity at six time points, from preconception through child entering kindergarten, as well as heterogeneity in these patterns among 9100 mothers from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study representing the 2001 US national birth cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four distinct classes of mothers were defined by their longitudinal alcohol consumption patterns: Low Probability Drinkers (50.3 %), Escalating Risk Drinkers (12.0 %), Escalating Low Risk Drinkers (27.4 %), and Early Parenting Quitters (10.2 %). Heterogeneous covariate associations were observed. For example, mothers who gave birth after age 36 were twice as likely to be Escalating Risk Drinkers and Escalating Low Risk Drinkers (vs Low Probability Drinkers), but not more likely to be Early Parenting Quitters, when compared to mothers who gave birth between the ages of 26 and 35.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is significant heterogeneity in maternal longitudinal alcohol use patterns during the perinatal period. Baseline maternal characteristics and behavior associated with these heterogeneous patterns provide valuable tools to identify potential risky drinkers during this critical time period and may be synthesized to tailor pre- and postnatal clinical counseling protocols.
authors.affiliation: NORC at the University of Chicago, 4350 East-West Highway, Suite 800, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. liu-weiwei@norc.org.
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: NORC at the University of Chicago, 4350 East-West Highway, Suite 800, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mumford
authors.affiliation: American Institutes for Research, Washington, DC, USA.|Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Hanno
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Petras
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008423:Maternal Age; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D009035:Mothers; D016487:Parenting; D036801:Parturition; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol use; ECLS-B; GGMM; Maternal drinking; Pregnancy