title: Ir(III)-Based Phosphors with Bipyrazolate Ancillaries; Rational Design, Photophysics, and Applications in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.
abstract: A series of three charge-neutral Ir(III) complexes bearing both neutral chelating ligands 4,4'-di-t-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dtbbpy) and monoanionic cyclometalated ligands derived from 2-phenylpyridine (ppyH), together with either two monoanionic ligands (i.e., chloride and monodentate pyrazolate) or a single dianionic chelate derived from 5,5'-di(trifluoromethyl)-3,3'-bipyrazole (bipzH2) or 5,5'-(1-methylethylidene)-bis-(3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazole) (mepzH2), was successfully synthesized. These complexes are derived from a common, structurally characterized, Ir(III) intermediate complex [Ir(dtbbpy) (ppy)Cl2] (1), from treatment of IrCl3·3H2O with equal amount of the diimine (N^N) and precursor of the cyclometalated (C^N) ligands in a form of one-pot reaction. Treatment of 1 with various functional pyrazoles afforded [Ir(dtbbpy) (ppy) (pz)Cl] (2), [Ir(dtbbpy) (ppy) (bipz)] (3), and [Ir(dtbbpy) (ppy) (mepz)] (4), which display intense room-temperature emission with λmax spanning the region between 532 and 593 nm in both fluid and solid states. The Ir(III) complexes, 3 and 4, showcase rare examples of three distinctive chelates (i.e., neutral, anionic, and dianionic) assembled around the central Ir(III) cation. Hybrid density functional theory (DFT; B3LYP) electronic structure calculations on 1-4 reveal the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital to be π*(bpy) in character for all complexes and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) offering d(Ir)-π(phenyl) character for 1, 2, and 4 and π(bipz) character for 3. The different HOMO composition of 3 and 4 is also predicted by calculations using pure DFT (BLYP) and wave function (MP2) methods. On the basis of time-dependent DFT calculations, the emissive processes are dominated by the phenyl group-to-bipyridine, ligand(ppy)-to-ligand(bpy) charge transfer admixed with metal-to-ligand transition for all Ir(III) complexes. Organic light emitting diodes were successfully fabricated. A double emitting layer design was adopted in the device architecture using Ir(III) metal complexes 3 and 4, attaining peak external quantum efficiencies, luminance efficiencies, and power efficiencies of 18.1% (59.0 cd/A and 38.6 lm/W) and 16.6% (53.3 cd/A and 33.5 lm/W), respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Low Carbon Energy Research Center, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jia-Ling
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Low Carbon Energy Research Center, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: Department of Photonics Engineering, Yuan Ze University , Chungli 32003, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Zong-Ting
authors.initials: ZT
authors.lastname: Sie
authors.affiliation: Department of Photonics Engineering, Yuan Ze University , Chungli 32003, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Hao
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.affiliation: Department of Photonics Engineering, Yuan Ze University , Chungli 32003, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Hao
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Durham University , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Low
authors.affiliation: Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute , Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Meu-Rurng
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.affiliation: Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Gene-Hsiang
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Lee