title: Imaging in childhood urinary tract infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common query in pediatric radiology. Imaging for and after UTI is still a heavily debated topic with different approaches, as thorough evidence to decide upon a definite algorithm is scarce.
  This review article tries to address the clinical rational of the various approaches (general imaging, top-down or bottom-up, selected and individualized imaging concepts…), describes the available imaging modalities and the respective findings in imaging children with UTI, and proposes an imaging algorithm for the work-up of children during and after UTI discussing the "pros and cons" of the different attitudes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, imaging by US is generally considered for all infants and children with a febrile or complicated (upper) UTI, particularly without previously known urinary tract anatomy. The further work-up (searching for renal scarring and assessment of vesico-ureteric reflux) is then decided according to these initial findings as well as the clinical presentation, course, and scenario.
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, Universität Hospital LKH Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 34, 8036, Graz, Austria. michael.riccabona@klinikum-graz.at.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riccabona
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Childhood urinary tract infection; DMSA; Imaging; Pediatrics; Ultrasound; VCUG