title: Resistant starch and protein intake enhances fat oxidation and feelings of fullness in lean and overweight/obese women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diets high in either resistant starch or protein have been shown to aid in weight management. We examined the effects of meals high in non-resistant or resistant starch with and without elevated protein intake on substrate utilization, energy expenditure, and satiety in lean and overweight/obese women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women of varying levels of adiposity consumed one of four pancake test meals in a single-blind, randomized crossover design: 1) waxy maize (control) starch (WMS); 2) waxy maize starch and whey protein (WMS+WP); 3) resistant starch (RS); or 4) RS and whey protein (RS+WP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total post-prandial energy expenditure did not differ following any of the four test meals (WMS = 197.9 ± 8.9; WMS+WP = 188 ± 8.1; RS = 191.9 ± 8.9; RS+WP = 195.8 ± 8.7, kcals/180 min), although the combination of RS+WP, but not either intervention alone, significantly increased (P <0.01) fat oxidation (WMS = 89.5 ± 5.4; WMS+WP = 84.5 ± 7.2; RS = 97.4 ± 5.4; RS+WP = 107.8 ± 5.4, kcals/180 min). Measures of fullness increased (125% vs. 45%) and hunger decreased (55% vs. 16%) following WP supplemented versus non-whey conditions (WMS+WP, RS+WP vs. WMS, RS), whereas circulating hunger and satiety factors were not different among any of the test meals. However, peptide YY (PYY) was significantly elevated at 180 min following RS+WP meal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined consumption of dietary resistant starch and protein increases fat oxidation, PYY, and enhances feelings of satiety and fullness to levels that may be clinically relevant if maintained under chronic conditions. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02418429.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. Christopher.gentile@colostate.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Gentile
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA. emeryward@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Emery
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. jjholst@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Jens Juul
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. ast@nexs.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences & Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. mormsbee@fsu.edu.|Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise & Leisure Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. mormsbee@fsu.edu.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ormsbee
authors.affiliation: Scott Connelly Foundation, Corona Del Mar, CA, USA. dr.c@roadrunner.com.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Connelly
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA. parciero@skidmore.edu.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Arciero
mesh_terms: D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000097:blood*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000187:drug effects; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000187:drug effects*; D013213:Starch / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013851:Thinness / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D013213:Starch