title: Comparative cardiopulmonary toxicity of exhausts from soy-based biofuels and diesel in healthy and hypertensive rats.
abstract: Increased use of renewable energy sources raise concerns about health effects of new emissions. We analyzed relative cardiopulmonary health effects of exhausts from (1) 100% soy biofuel (B100), (2) 20% soy biofuel + 80% low sulfur petroleum diesel (B20), and (3) 100% petroleum diesel (B0) in rats. Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats were exposed to these three exhausts at 0, 50, 150 and 500 μg/m(3), 4 h/day for 2 days or 4 weeks (5 days/week). In addition, WKY rats were exposed for 1 day and responses were analyzed 0 h, 1 day or 4 days later for time-course assessment. Hematological parameters, in vitro platelet aggregation, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) markers of pulmonary injury and inflammation, ex vivo aortic ring constriction, heart and aorta mRNA markers of vasoconstriction, thrombosis and atherogenesis were analyzed. The presence of pigmented macrophages in the lung alveoli was clearly evident with all three exhausts without apparent pathology. Overall, exposure to all three exhausts produced only modest effects in most endpoints analyzed in both strains. BALF γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity was the most consistent marker and was increased in both strains, primarily with B0 (B0 > B100 > B20). This increase was associated with only modest increases in BALF neutrophils. Small and very acute increases occurred in aorta mRNA markers of vasoconstriction and thrombosis with B100 but not B0 in WKY rats. Our comparative evaluations show modest cardiovascular and pulmonary effects at low concentrations of all exhausts: B0 causing more pulmonary injury and B100 more acute vascular effects. BALF GGT activity could serve as a sensitive biomarker of inhaled pollutants.
authors.affiliation: a Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA .
authors.forename: Virginia L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.affiliation: b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA .
authors.forename: Mette C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Schladweiler
authors.affiliation: c Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Timrat , Israel , and.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nyska
authors.affiliation: b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA .
authors.forename: Ronald F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: d Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Desinia B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA .
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krantz
authors.affiliation: b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA .
authors.forename: Charly
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA .
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ian Gilmour
authors.affiliation: b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA .
authors.forename: Allen D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ledbetter
authors.affiliation: b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA .
authors.forename: Judy E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.affiliation: b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA .
authors.forename: Urmila P
authors.initials: UP
authors.lastname: Kodavanti
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D056804:Biofuels / Q000633:toxicity*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D013025:Glycine max / Q000633:toxicity*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D056804:Biofuels; D001786:Blood Glucose; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: Biodiesel; biomarkers; hypertensive rats; pulmonary toxicity; toxicity