title: Innovations in steelmaking technology and hidden phosphorus flows.
abstract: This article will outline the historical transition in the flow of phosphorus in steelmaking technology, and examine the current and future phosphorus flow in steel production and the peripheral steelmaking processes. History provides many instances of innovative changes in steelmaking processes driven by various issues associated with raw materials which emerged over time, such as supply, quality and cost issues. The major steel countries with a long history, including Sweden and Japan, have shown flexibility in their ability to adapt to the changes in the value of resources and geopolitical conditions over times, and have enacted survival resource utilization measures over many centuries, leading to improvements in their respective steelmaking processes. Considering these success stories, it stands to reason that the ideal state of steelmaking is one with a clear stance with regard to resource policy.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan. Electronic address: matsubae@m.tohoku.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsubae
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Energy Studies, Kyoto University, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yamasue
authors.affiliation: Japan Federation of Engineering Societies, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inazumi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Webeck
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagasaka
keywords: Dephosphorization; Phosphorus removal; Steelmaking slag; Technology innovation