title: A mechanistic approach for modulation of chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in human lymphocytes by melatonin, coenzyme Q10, and vinpocetine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chlorpyrifos (CP) is an organophosphorus pesticide that induces oxidative stress through the production of free radicals and depletes intracellular antioxidant reserves. In this study, the efficacy of three antioxidants (melatonin, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), and vinpocetine) on alleviation of toxic effects of CP was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytotoxicity of CP, in the presence or absence of effective doses of melatonin, CoQ10, and vinpocetine, was determined in human peripheral blood lymphocytes after 72-h exposure. The levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity along with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), as inflammatory index, were measured. Further, the viability and oxidative stress markers including cellular mitochondrial activity, cell death modes (apoptosis vs. necrosis), total antioxidant power (TAP), total thiol molecules (TTM), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CoQ10 and also the combination of the three antioxidants were the most notable in opposing toxicity of CP and led to increasing TAP and TTM; improvement of AChE activity; and lowering LPO, MPO, TNF-α, and apoptosis compared to CP alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CP toxicity overwhelms the intracellular antioxidant defense mechanisms. Exogenous supplementation with antioxidants, such as the ones we have investigated, seems to be effective in the prevention of cytotoxicity of CP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghayomi
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navaei-Nigjeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baeeri
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rezvanfar
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran moahammad@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdollahi
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008550:Melatonin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014748:Vinca Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005609:Free Radicals; D014748:Vinca Alkaloids; D014451:Ubiquinone; C013983:vinpocetine; C024989:coenzyme Q10; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D008550:Melatonin
keywords: Organophosphorus; chlorpyrifos; coenzyme Q10; human lymphocytes; melatonin; vinpocetine