title: EEG alpha power during maintenance of information in working memory in adults with ADHD and its plasticity due to working memory training: A randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined whether neural indices of working memory maintenance differ between young adults with ADHD and their healthy peers (Study 1), and whether this neural index would change after working memory training (Study 2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Study 1 involved 136 college students with ADHD and 41 healthy peers (aged 18-35 years) and measured their posterior alpha activity during a visual delayed-match-to-sample task using electroencephalography (EEG). Study 2 involved 99 of the participants with ADHD who were randomized into a standard-length or shortened-length Cogmed working memory training program or a waitlist control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ADHD group tended to be less accurate than the peers. Similarly, the ADHD group exhibited lower posterior alpha power at a trend level compared to their healthy peers. There were no training effects on participants' performance and only marginal increases in posterior alpha power in training groups compared to the waitlist group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering that the training effects were small and there was no load and dose effect, we conclude that the current study provides no convincing evidence for specific effects of Cogmed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide unique insights into neuroplasticity, or lack thereof, with near-transfer tasks in individuals with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada.
authors.forename: Zhong-Xu
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glizer
authors.affiliation: Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Program, SickKids Hospital, Toronto, Ont., Canada.
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tannock
authors.affiliation: Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. Electronic address: swolte@tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woltering
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000513:Alpha Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ADHD; Alpha power; EEG; Training; Working memory