title: [Shoulder dystocia: Guidelines for clinical practice--Short text].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the available evidence to prevent and treat shoulder dystocia to attempt to decrease its related neonatal and maternal morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed database, the Cochrane Library and the recommendations from the French and foreign obstetrical societies or colleges have been consulted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Shoulder dystocia, defined as a vaginal delivery that requires additional obstetric maneuvers to deliver the fetus after the head has delivered and gentle traction has failed, complicates 0.5-1 % of vaginal deliveries. Risks of brachial plexus birth injury (LE3), clavicle and humeral fracture (LE3), perinatal asphyxia (LE2), hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (LE3) and perinatal mortality (LE2) are increased after shoulder dystocia. Its main risk factors are previous shoulder dystocia and macrosomia, but they are poorly predictive; 50 % to 70 % of shoulder dystocia cases occur in their absence, and the great majority of deliveries when they are present are not associated with shoulder dystocia. No study has proven that the correction of these risk factors (except gestational diabetes) would reduce the risk of shoulder dystocia (SD). Physical activity is recommended before and during pregnancy to reduce the occurrence of some risk factors for shoulder dystocia (grade C). In obese patients, physical activity should be coupled with dietary measures to reduce fetal macrosomia and weight gain during pregnancy (grade A). In case of gestational diabetes, diabetes care is recommended (diabetic diet, glucose monitoring, insulin if needed) (grade A) as it reduces the risk of macrosomia and shoulder dystocia (LE1). In order to avoid shoulder dystocia and its complications, only two measures are proposed. Induction of labor is recommended in case of impending macrosomia if the cervix is favourable and gestational age greater than 39 weeks of gestation (professional consensus). Cesarean delivery is recommended before labor in case of EFW greater than 4500g if associated with maternal diabetes (grade C), EFW greater than 5000g in the absence of maternal diabetes (grade C), history of shoulder dystocia associated with severe neonatal or maternal complications (Professional consensus), and finally during labor, in case of fetal macrosomia and failure to progress in the second stage, when the fetal head is above a +2 station (grade C). In case of shoulder dystocia, it is recommended not to pull excessively on the fetal head (grade C), do not perform uterine expression (grade C) and do not realize inverse rotation of the fetal head (professional consensus). McRoberts' maneuver, with or without a suprapubic pressure, is recommended in the first line (grade C). In case of failure, if the posterior shoulder is engaged, Wood's maneuver should be performed preferentially; if the posterior shoulder is not engaged, delivery of the posterior arm should be performed preferentially (professional consensus). It seems necessary to know at least two maneuvers to perform in case of shoulder dystocia unresolved by the maneuver of McRoberts (professional consensus). Pediatrician should be immediately informed in case of shoulder dystocia. The initial clinical examination should search complications such as brachial plexus birth injury or clavicle fracture (professional consensus). In absence of neonatal complication, monitoring of the neonate is not modified (professional consensus). The implementation of a practical training using simulation and concerning all caregivers of the delivery room is associated with a significant reduction in neonatal (LE3) but not maternal (LE3) injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shoulder dystocia remains a non-predictable obstetrics emergency. All physicians and midwives should know and perform obstetric maneuvers if needed quickly but without precipitation. A training program using simulation for the management of shoulder dystocia is encouraged for the initial and continuing formation of different actors in the delivery room (professional consensus).
authors.affiliation: Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, CHU d'Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49033 Angers cedex 01, France. Electronic address: loicsentilhes@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sentilhes
authors.affiliation: Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, 78, avenue du Général-Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: M-V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Sénat
authors.affiliation: Collège national des sages-femmes, France; Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, hôpital Necker, AP-HP, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: A-I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Boulogne
authors.affiliation: Inserm U1153, ÉPidémiologie Obstétricale, Périnatale et Pédiatrique (équipe EPOPé), CRESS, 75014 Paris, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deneux-Tharaux
authors.affiliation: Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, 78, avenue du Général-Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.affiliation: Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, CHU d'Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49033 Angers cedex 01, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Legendre
authors.affiliation: Maternité Port-Royal, hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 53, avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Le Ray
authors.affiliation: Réanimation néonatale, hôpital Clocheville, CHU de Tours, 49, boulevard Béranger, 37000 Tours, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, 48, boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.affiliation: Gynérisq, 31000 Toulouse, France; Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, centre hospitalier d'Auch-en-Gascogne, allées Marie-Clarac, 32000 Auch, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lejeune-Saada
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D032921:Consensus; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004420:Dystocia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012782:Shoulder
keywords: Brachial plexus palsy; Cesarean; Césarienne; Dystocie des épaules; Déclenchement du travail; Fetal macrosomia; Induction of labor; Macrosomie fœtale; Shoulder dystocia; Élongation du plexus brachial