title: Factors associated with major structural birth defects among newborns delivered at Muhimbili National Hospital and Municipal Hospitals in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania 2011 - 2012.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ninety-four percent of all birth defects and 95% of deaths due to the birth defects occur in low and middle income countries, Tanzania among them. In Tanzania there are currently limited birth defects prevention strategies in place due to limited information on factors associated with the occurrence of birth defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case control study that included newborns born from October, 2011 through February, 2012 at 4 participating hospitals. A case was defined as any newborn of a Dar es salaam resident with a neural tube defect, orofacial clefts, limb reduction defects or musculo-skeletal defects (SBD) born during the study period. A control was defined as the next three newborns (delivered after the case) without birth defects. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis were done using Epi Info version 3.5.1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 400 newborns participated in the study, 100 cases and 300 controls. Factors associated with higher odds of a SBD included maternal fever (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.99; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14-3.52), maternal hypertension (AOR = 3.99; 95% CI: 1.67-9.54), and low birth weight (AOR = 3.48; 95% CI: 1.77-6.85). Antimalarial use during pregnancy was protective (AOR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.28-0.84). Folic acid supplementation was protective only in bivariate analysis (OR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.32-0.96).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal fever, hypertension, and low birth weight are associated with higher odds of SBD. Antimalarial use during pregnancy was associated with lower odds of SBD. Early screening of pregnant mothers for hypertension and other causes of low birth weight may reduce SBD in Dar Es Salaam.
authors.affiliation: Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (FELTP), Tanzania ; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Rogath Saika
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kishimba
authors.affiliation: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Tanzania.
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mpembeni
authors.affiliation: Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (FELTP), Tanzania ; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Janneth
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mghamba
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006773:Hospitals, Municipal; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D005492:Folic Acid
keywords: Birth defects; Tanzania; mortality; mothers; newborns; risk factors