title: Assessing global risk factors for non-fatal injuries from road traffic accidents and falls in adults aged 35-70 years in 17 countries: a cross-sectional analysis of the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess risk factors associated with non-fatal injuries (NFIs) from road traffic accidents (RTAs) or falls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study included 151 609 participants from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological study. Participants reported whether they experienced injuries within the past 12 months that limited normal activities. Additional questions elicited data on risk factors. We employed multivariable logistic regression to analyse data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 5979 participants (3.9% of 151 609) reported at least one NFI. Total number of NFIs was 6300: 1428 were caused by RTAs (22.7%), 1948 by falls (30.9%) and 2924 by other causes (46.4%). Married/common law status was associated with fewer falls, but not with RTA. Age 65-70 years was associated with fewer RTAs, but more falls; age 55-64 years was associated with more falls. Male versus female was associated with more RTAs and fewer falls. In lower-middle-income countries, rural residence was associated with more RTAs and falls; in low-income countries, rural residence was associated with fewer RTAs. Previous alcohol use was associated with more RTAs and falls; current alcohol use was associated with more falls. Education was not associated with either NFI type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study of persons aged 35-70 years found that some risk factors for NFI differ according to whether the injury is related to RTA or falls. Policymakers may use these differences to guide the design of prevention policies for RTA-related or fall-related NFI.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Parminder
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raina
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Nazmul
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sohel
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oremus
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Population Health, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Prem
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mony
authors.affiliation: PGIMER School of Public Health, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular Institute & Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular Institute & Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Hypertension League Institute, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xingyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor and UCSI University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yusoff
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.affiliation: Departments of Community Health Sciences and Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Romaina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szuba
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Istanbul, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aytekin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oguz
authors.affiliation: Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosengren
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Science North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors.forename: Annamarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.affiliation: Physiology Department, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Jephat
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chifamba
authors.affiliation: Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Noushin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohammadifard
authors.affiliation: Family Medicine Department, Dubai Medical College, Dubai, UAE.
authors.forename: Ebtihal Ahmad
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Darwish
authors.affiliation: Laval University Heart and Lungs Institute, Quebec City, Canada.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dagenais
authors.affiliation: Estudios Clinicos Latinoamerica ECLA, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.affiliation: Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avezum
authors.affiliation: Fundacion Oftalmologica de Santander (FOSCAL), Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Floridablanca-Santander, Colombia.
authors.forename: Patricio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lopez-Jaramillo
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seron
authors.affiliation: Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sumathy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rangarajan
authors.affiliation: Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Koon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.affiliation: Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D040343:Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011050:Policy Making; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000458:organization & administration; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011634:Public Health; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*