title: Cardioprotection by remote ischemic conditioning: Mechanisms and clinical evidences.
abstract: In remote ischemic conditioning (RIC), several cycles of ischemia and reperfusion render distant organ and tissues more resistant to the ischemia-reperfusion injury. The intermittent ischemia can be applied before the ischemic insult in the target site (remote ischemic preconditioning), during the ischemic insult (remote ischemic perconditioning) or at the onset of reperfusion (remote ischemic postconditioning). The mechanisms of RIC have not been completely defined yet; however, these mechanisms must be represented by the release of humoral mediators and/or the activation of a neural reflex. RIC has been discovered in the heart, and has been arising great enthusiasm in the cardiovascular field. Its efficacy has been evaluated in many clinical trials, which provided controversial results. Our incomplete comprehension of the mechanisms underlying the RIC could be impairing the design of clinical trials and the interpretation of their results. In the present review we summarize current knowledge about RIC pathophysiology and the data about its cardioprotective efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Alberto Aimo, Chiara Borrelli, Michele Emdin, Claudio Passino, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aimo
authors.affiliation: Alberto Aimo, Chiara Borrelli, Michele Emdin, Claudio Passino, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borrelli
authors.affiliation: Alberto Aimo, Chiara Borrelli, Michele Emdin, Claudio Passino, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giannoni
authors.affiliation: Alberto Aimo, Chiara Borrelli, Michele Emdin, Claudio Passino, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi Emilio
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Pastormerlo
authors.affiliation: Alberto Aimo, Chiara Borrelli, Michele Emdin, Claudio Passino, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barison
authors.affiliation: Alberto Aimo, Chiara Borrelli, Michele Emdin, Claudio Passino, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mirizzi
authors.affiliation: Alberto Aimo, Chiara Borrelli, Michele Emdin, Claudio Passino, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emdin
authors.affiliation: Alberto Aimo, Chiara Borrelli, Michele Emdin, Claudio Passino, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Passino
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Cardiac surgery; Ischemic heart disease; Percutaneous coronary intervention; Remote ischemic conditioning