title: Age-dependent and -independent changes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during spatial working memory performance.
abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with spatial working memory as well as frontostriatal core deficits. However, it is still unclear how the link between these frontostriatal deficits and working memory function in ADHD differs in children and adults. This study examined spatial working memory in adults and children with ADHD, focussing on identifying regions demonstrating age-invariant or age-dependent abnormalities.
  
  
  
  We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine a group of 26 children and 35 adults to study load manipulated spatial working memory in patients and controls.
  
  
  
  In comparison to healthy controls, patients demonstrated reduced positive parietal and frontostriatal load effects, i.e., less increase in brain activity from low to high load, despite similar task performance. In addition, younger patients showed negative load effects, i.e., a decrease in brain activity from low to high load, in medial prefrontal regions. Load effect differences between ADHD and controls that differed between age groups were found predominantly in prefrontal regions. Age-invariant load effect differences occurred predominantly in frontostriatal regions.
  
  
  
  The age-dependent deviations support the role of prefrontal maturation and compensation in ADHD, while the age-invariant alterations observed in frontostriatal regions provide further evidence that these regions reflect a core pathophysiology in ADHD.
authors.affiliation: a Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland.|b Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|c Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|d Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|e Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bollmann
authors.affiliation: a Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland.|b Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|c Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|f Department of Psychology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ghisleni
authors.affiliation: a Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland.|c Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Simon-Shlomo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Poil
authors.affiliation: a Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland.|b Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: g Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.affiliation: h Psychiatric University Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eich-Höchli
authors.affiliation: a Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland.|b Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|c Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|f Department of Psychology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|i School of Psychology, University of Surrey , Guildford , UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klaver
authors.affiliation: a Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland.|c Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|j Pediatric Research Center, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ruth L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: O'Gorman
authors.affiliation: a Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland.|k Department of Neuroradiology , University Hospital of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Michels
authors.affiliation: b Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|c Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|g Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|l Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brandeis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D065852:Spatial Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ADHD; basal ganglia; functional magnetic resonance imaging; prefrontal cortex; spatial working memory