title: Hepatitis C virus treatment as prevention in people who inject drugs: testing the evidence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The majority of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in the United Kingdom and many developing countries were acquired through injecting. New clinical guidance suggests that HCV treatment should be offered to people with a transmission risk - such as people who inject drugs (PWID) - irrespective of severity of liver disease. We consider the strength of the evidence base and potential problems in evaluating HCV treatment as prevention among PWID.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is good theoretical evidence from dynamic models that HCV treatment for PWID could reduce HCV chronic prevalence and incidence among PWID. Economic evaluations from high-income settings have suggested HCV treatment for PWID is cost-effective, and that in many settings HCV treatment of PWID could be more cost-effective than treating those at an equivalent stage with no ongoing transmission risk. Epidemiological studies of older interferon treatments have suggested that PWID can achieve similar treatment outcomes to other patient groups treated for chronic HCV. Impact and cost-effectiveness of HCV treatment is driven by the potential 'prevention benefit' of treating PWID. Model projections suggest that more future infections, end stage liver disease, and HCV-related deaths will be averted than lost through reinfection of PWID treated successfully for HCV. However, there is to date no empirical evidence from trials or observational studies that test the model projections and 'prevention benefit' hypothesis. In part this is because of uncertainty in the evidence base but also there is unlikely to have been a change in HCV prevalence due to HCV treatment because PWID HCV treatment rates historically in most sites have been low, and any scale-up and switch to the new direct acting antiviral has not yet occurred. There are a number of key uncertainties in the data available on PWID that need to be improved and addressed to evaluate treatment as prevention. These include estimates of the prevalence of PWID, measurements of HCV chronic prevalence and incidence among PWID, and how to interpret reinfection rates as potential outcome measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eliminating HCV through scaling up treatment is a theoretical possibility. But empirical data are required to demonstrate that HCV treatment can reduce HCV transmission, which will require an improved evidence base and analytic framework for measuring PWID and HCV prevalence.
authors.affiliation: aSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol bMRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge and Public Health England cGlasgow Caledonian University and Health Protection Scotland, UK dDivision of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hickman
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Angelis
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vickerman
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: Natasha Kaleta
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007372:Interferons / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007372:Interferons