title: Trends in hospitalization of preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus in the United States, 2000-2010.
abstract: OBJECT Even with improved prenatal and neonatal care, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) occurs in approximately 25%-30% of preterm infants, with a subset of these patients developing hydrocephalus. This study was undertaken to describe current trends in hospitalization of preterm infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) and the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID). METHODS The KID and NIS were combined to generate data for the years 2000-2010. All neonatal discharges with ICD-9-CM codes for preterm birth with IVH alone or with IVH and hydrocephalus were included. RESULTS There were 147,823 preterm neonates with IVH, and 9% of this group developed hydrocephalus during the same admission. Of patients with Grade 3 and 4 IVH, 25% and 28%, respectively, developed hydrocephalus in comparison with 1% and 4% of patients with Grade 1 and 2 IVH, respectively. Thirty-eight percent of patients with PHH had permanent ventricular shunts inserted. Mortality rates were 4%, 10%, 18%, and 40%, respectively, for Grade 1, 2, 3, and 4 IVH during initial hospitalization. Length of stay has been trending upward for both groups of IVH (49 days in 2000, 56 days in 2010) and PHH (59 days in 2000, 70 days in 2010). The average hospital cost per patient (adjusted for inflation) has also increased, from $201,578 to $353,554 (for IVH) and $260,077 to $495,697 (for PHH) over 11 years. CONCLUSIONS The number of neonates admitted with IVH has increased despite a decrease in the number of preterm births. Rates of hydrocephalus and mortality correlated closely with IVH grade. The incidence of hydrocephalus in preterm infants with IVH remained stable between 8% and 10%. Over an 11-year period, there was a progressive increase in hospital cost and length of stay for preterm neonates with IVH and PHH that may be explained by a concurrent increase in the proportion of patients with congenital cardiac anomalies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and.
authors.forename: Eisha A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and.
authors.forename: Diana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Attenello
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and.|Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Krieger
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and.|Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: J Gordon
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: McComb
mesh_terms: D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000196:embryology*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HCUP = Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project; ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; IVH = intraventricular hemorrhage; KID = Kids’ Inpatient Database; Kids’ Inpatient Database; LBW = low birth weight; LOS = length of stay; NEC = necrotizing enterocolitis; NIS = Nationwide Inpatient Sample; Nationwide Inpatient Sample; PHH = posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus; VLBW = very LBW; intraventricular hemorrhage; posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus; preterm infants; preterm neonates