title: Changes in Levels of Seminal Nitric Oxide Synthase, Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor, Sperm DNA Integrity and Caspase-3 in Fertile Men after Scrotal Heat Stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study observes changes in levels of seminal nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), sperm DNA integrity, chromatin condensation and Caspase-3in adult healthy men after scrotal heat stress (SHS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Exposure of the scrotum of 25 healthy male volunteers locally at 40-43°C SHS belt warming 40 min each day for successive 2 d per week. The course of SHS was continuously 3 months. Routine semen analysis, hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test, Aniline blue (AB) staining, HOS/AB and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d UDP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) were carried out before, during and after SHS. Seminal NO and NOS contents were determined by nitrate reduction method. The activated Caspase-3 levels of spermatozoa and MIF in seminal plasma were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Statistical significance between mean values was determined using statistical ANOVA tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean parameters of sperm concentration, motile and progressive motile sperm and normal morphological sperm were significantly decreased in groups during SHS 1, 2 and 3 months compared with those in groups of pre-SHS (P<0.001). Statistically significant differences of sperm DNA fragmentation, normal sperm membrane, and Caspase-3 activity as well as the level of NO, NOS and MIF in semen were observed between the groups before SHS and after SHS 3 months and the groups during SHS 1, 2 and 3 months (P<0.001). After three months of the SHS, various parameters recovered to the level before SHS. WBC in semen showed a positively significant correlation with the levels of NO, NOS, MIF and Caspase-3 activity. The percentage of abnormal sperm by using the test of HOS showed a positively significant correlation with that of HOS/AB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The continuously constant SHS can impact the semen quality and sperm DNA and chromatin, which may be contributed to the high level of NO, NOS, MIF and Caspase-3 by SHS.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Key Laboratory for Improving Birth Outcome Technique, Shandong Provincial Family Planning Institute of Science and Technology, 69 Yuhan Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250002, China.
authors.forename: Mei-Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Key Laboratory for Improving Birth Outcome Technique, Shandong Provincial Family Planning Institute of Science and Technology, 69 Yuhan Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250002, China.
authors.forename: Ai-Dong
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Key Laboratory for Improving Birth Outcome Technique, Shandong Provincial Family Planning Institute of Science and Technology, 69 Yuhan Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250002, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Da
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Key Laboratory for Improving Birth Outcome Technique, Shandong Provincial Family Planning Institute of Science and Technology, 69 Yuhan Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250002, China.
authors.forename: Lei-Guang
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Key Laboratory for Improving Birth Outcome Technique, Shandong Provincial Family Planning Institute of Science and Technology, 69 Yuhan Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250002, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D012661:Semen / Q000378:metabolism*; D055101:Semen Analysis; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D053148:Caspase 3