title: Effect of cocaine dependence on brain connections: clinical implications.
abstract: Cocaine dependence (CD) is associated with several cognitive deficits. Accumulating evidence, based on human and animal studies, has led to models for interpreting the neural basis of cognitive functions as interactions between functionally related brain regions. In this review, we focus on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies using brain connectivity techniques as related to CD. The majority of these brain connectivity studies indicated that cocaine use is associated with altered brain connectivity between different structures, including cortical-striatal regions and default mode network. In cocaine users some of the altered brain connectivity measures are associated with behavioral performance, history of drug use, and treatment outcome. The implications of these brain connectivity findings to the treatment of CD and the pros and cons of the major brain connectivity techniques are discussed. Finally potential future directions in cocaine use disorder research using brain connectivity techniques are briefly described.
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies , Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) , Richmond , VA , USA.|b Department of Radiology , VCU , Richmond , VA , USA.
authors.forename: Liangsuo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies , Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) , Richmond , VA , USA.|c Department of Psychiatry , VCU , Richmond , VA , USA.
authors.forename: Joel L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies , Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) , Richmond , VA , USA.|c Department of Psychiatry , VCU , Richmond , VA , USA.|d Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , VCU , Richmond , VA , USA.|e Department of Neurology , VCU , Richmond , VA , USA.
authors.forename: F Gerard
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies , Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) , Richmond , VA , USA.|c Department of Psychiatry , VCU , Richmond , VA , USA.
authors.forename: Sade E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.affiliation: f Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging , University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Ponnada A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Narayana
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine
keywords: Brain connectivity; cocaine use disorder; effective connectivity; functional connectivity; magnetic resonance imaging