title: CXCL1 is elevated in the urine of bladder cancer patients.
abstract: Chemokines, including chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), regulate tumor epithelial-stromal interactions that facilitate tumor growth and invasion. Recently, several studies have linked CXCL1 expression to bladder cancer (BCa). In this study, we aimed to determine if increased levels of urinary CXCL1 were found in BCa patients. Voided urines from 86 subjects, cancer subjects (n = 43), non-cancer subjects (n = 43) were analyzed. The protein concentration of CXCL1 was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CXCL1 concentration level was normalized using urinary protein and urinary creatinine concentrations. We used the area under the curve of a receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) to investigate the performance of CXCL1 in detecting BCa. Mean urinary concentrations of CXCL1 were significantly higher in subjects with BCa compared to subjects without BCa (179.8 ± 371.7 pg/mg of creatinine vs. 28.2 ± 71.9 pg/mg, respectively p = 0.0009). Urinary CXCL1 possessed a sensitivity of 55.81 %, specificity of 83.72 %, positive predictive value of 77.42 %, negative predictive value of 65.46 %, and an overall accuracy of 69.77 % (AUROC: 0.7015, 95 % CI 0.5903-0.8126). These results indicate that CXCL1 is elevated in BCa when compared to non-cancer subjects, but lacks robustness as a standalone urinary biomarker. Additional studies into CXCL1 may shed more light on the role of CXCL1 in BCa tumorigenesis as well as ramifications of therapeutically targeting CXCL1.
authors.affiliation: John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burnier
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA ; Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
authors.forename: Yunfeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka, Japan ; Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Rosser
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furuya
keywords: Bladder cancer; CXCL1; Sensitivity; Specificity; Urine