title: Relationship of Gingival Pigmentation with Passive Smoking in Women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral mucosal pigmentation is among the most common findings in smokers, affecting smile esthetics. Passive smoking significantly compromises the health of non-smoker individuals particularly women. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of passive smoking with oral pigmentation in non-smoker women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This historical-cohort study was conducted on a case group of 50 married women who were unemployed, not pregnant, non-smoker, had no systemic condition causing cutaneous or mucosal pigmentation, were not taking any medication causing cutaneous or mucosal pigmentation and had a heavy smoker husband. The control group comprised of 50 matched females with no smoker member in the family. Both groups were clinically examined for presence of gingival pigmentation and the results were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gingival pigmentation was found in 27 (54%) passive smokers and 14 (28%) controls (P=0.01). The odds ratio (OR) of gingival pigmentation in women exposed to secondhand smoke of their husbands (adjusted for education and having a smoker parent at childhood) was 3 (95% confidence interval; CI: 1.26 - 7.09). House floor area was correlated with gingival pigmentation in female passive smokers (P=0.025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study was the first to describe the relationship between secondhand smoke and gingival pigmentation in women and this effect was magnified in smaller houses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Elahe
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moravej-Salehi
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental School, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moravej-Salehi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farnaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hajifattahi
keywords: Gingiva; Melanin; Pigmentation; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Women