title: Seasonal Variations of Complete Blood Count and Inflammatory Biomarkers in the US Population - Analysis of NHANES Data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies reported seasonal differences in gene expression in white blood cells, adipose tissue, and inflammatory biomarkers of the immune system. There is no data on the seasonal variations of these biomarkers in the US general population of both children and adults. Then aim of this study is to explore the seasonal trends in complete blood count (CBC), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in a large non-institutionalized US population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven cross-sectional data collected in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 1999-2012 were aggregated; participants reporting recent use of prescribed steroids, chemotherapy, immunomodulators and antibiotics were excluded. Linear regression models were used to compare levels of CBC and CRP between winter-spring (November-April) and summer-fall (May-October), adjusting for demographics, personal behavioral factors, and chronic disease conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 27,478 children and 36,644 adults (≥18 years) were included in the study. Levels of neutrophils, white blood cell count (WBC), and CRP were higher in winter-spring than summer-fall (p≤0.05). Red blood cell components were lower in winter-spring than in summer-fall, while the opposite was seen for platelets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This large population-based study found notable seasonal variations in blood cell composition and inflammatory biomarkers, with a more pro-inflammatory immune system seen in winter-spring than summer-fall. The red blood cell patterns could have implications for the observed cardio-vascular seasonality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Bian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taioli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012621:Seasons; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein