title: Effects of skim milk powder intake and treadmill training exercise on renal, bone and metabolic parameters in aged obese rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  we aim to examine whether adding exercise has impact on obesity prevention and bone metabolism in senior rats, to which dietary obesity was induced through skim milk intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 47, 14-week old Sprague -Dawley (SD) female rats (CLEA Japan, Inc.). The Rats were separated into four random groups: 1) a Non-Ex group with a normal diet (n = 12), 2) an Ex group with a normal diet (n = 12), 3) a Non-Ex group with a skim milk diet (n = 11), and 4) an Ex group with a skim milk diet (n = 12). As the exercise for each Ex group, rats ran on a treadmill starting at 27-week old (TREADMILL CONTROL LE8710 and TREADMILL CONTROL LE8700, Harvard Bioscience). Training protocol stipulated a frequency of five times a week for 12 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The leptin concentration differed with dietary content: compared to the Ex group with a skim milk diet, Non-Ex and Ex groups with a normal diet showed significantly higher values (p < 0.05). The Ex group had significantly lower values in both the normal diet and skim milk diet groups with or without exercise (p < 0.05). Compared to the Non-Ex group with a normal diet, BS/BV (mm(2)/mm(3)), BV/TV (%), Tb.Th (μm), TBPf (/mm) and Tb.N (/mm) had significantly lower in the Ex group, the Ex and Non-Ex groups with a whey protein diet, and the Ex group with a skim milk protein diet (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that senior female rats fed SMP would have higher bone structural and strength parameters than rats fed a normal diet.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health Science, Matsumoto University, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: Tae-Woong
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Nutrition, Nippon Sport Science University, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Igawa
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naka
keywords: Skim milk; aged; bone; exercise; metabolic parameters; rat