title: Enhancing Ecoefficiency in Shrimp Farming through Interconnected Ponds.
abstract: The future development of shrimp farming needs to improve its ecoefficiency. The purpose of this study was to evaluate water quality, flows, and nitrogen balance and production parameters on a farm with interconnected pond design to improve the efficiency of the semi-intensive culture of Litopenaeus vannamei ponds. The study was conducted in 21 commercial culture ponds during 180 days at densities of 30-35 ind m(-2) and daily water exchange <2%. Our study provides evidence that by interconnecting ponds nutrient recycling is favored by promoting the growth of primary producers of the pond as chlorophyll a. Based on the mass balance and flow of nutrients this culture system reduces the flow of solid, particulate organic matter, and nitrogen compounds to the environment and significantly increases the efficiency of water (5 to 6.5 m(3) kg(-1) cycle(-1)), when compared with traditional culture systems. With this culture system it is possible to recover up to 34% of the total nitrogen entering the system, with production in excess of 4,000 kg ha(-1) shrimp. We believe that the production system with interconnected ponds is a technically feasible model to improve ecoefficiency production of shrimp farming.
authors.affiliation: Programa Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON), Bulevar 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, 85000 Ciudad Obregón, SON, Mexico ; Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Sonora (DICTUS), Bulevar Colosio s/n, Edificio 7J, 83000 Hermosillo, SON, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ramón Héctor
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Barraza-Guardado
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C., 85454 Guaymas, SON, Mexico.
authors.forename: José Alfredo
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Arreola-Lizárraga
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Tecnologías de Cultivo de Organismos Acuáticos, Universidad Estatal de Sonora (UES), 85800 Navojoa, SON, Mexico.
authors.forename: Anselmo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miranda-Baeza
authors.affiliation: Instituto Tecnológico Superior Zacatecas Norte, 98400 Río Grande, ZAC, Mexico.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juárez-García
authors.affiliation: Acuícola Polo, S.A. de C.V., Bulevar Lázaro Cárdenas No. 940, Colonia Las Ladrilleras, 83127 Hermosillo, SON, Mexico.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Juvera-Hoyos
authors.affiliation: Programa Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON), Bulevar 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, 85000 Ciudad Obregón, SON, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casillas-Hernández
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D061005:Ponds; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D009584:Nitrogen