title: Recruiting male partners for couple HIV testing and counselling in Malawi's option B+ programme: an unblinded randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Couples HIV testing and counselling (CHTC) is encouraged but is not widely done in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to compare two strategies for recruiting male partners for CHTC in Malawi's option B+ prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme: invitation only versus invitation plus tracing and postulated that invitation plus tracing would be more effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did an unblinded, randomised, controlled trial assessing uptake of CHTC in the antenatal unit at Bwaila District Hospital, a maternity hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. Women were eligible if they were pregnant, had just tested HIV-positive and therefore could initiate antiretroviral therapy, had not yet had CHTC, were older than 18 years or 16-17 years and married, reported a male sex partner in Lilongwe, and intended to remain in Lilongwe for at least 1 month. Women were randomly assigned (1:1) to either the invitation only group or the invitation plus tracing group with block randomisation (block size=4). In the invitation only group, women were provided with an invitation for male partners to present to the antenatal clinic. In the invitation plus tracing group, women were provided with the same invitation, and partners were traced if they did not present. When couples presented they were offered pregnancy information and CHTC. Women were asked to attend a follow-up visit 1 month after enrolment to assess social harms and sexual behaviour. The primary outcome was the proportion of couples who presented to the clinic together and received CHTC during the study period and was assessed in all randomly assigned participants. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02139176.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between March 4, 2014, and Oct 3, 2014, 200 HIV-positive pregnant women were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the invitation only group (n=100) or the invitation plus tracing group (n=100). 74 couples in the invitation plus tracing group and 52 in the invitation only group presented to the clinic and had CHTC (risk difference 22%, 95% CI 9-35; p=0.001) during the 10 month study period. Of 181 women with follow-up data, two reported union dissolution, one reported emotional distress, and none reported intimate partner violence. One male partner, when traced, was confused about which of his sex partners was enrolled in the study. No other adverse events were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An invitation plus tracing strategy was highly effective at increasing CHTC uptake. Invitation plus tracing with CHTC could have many substantial benefits if brought to scale.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  National Institutes of Health.
authors.affiliation: UNC Project, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lilongwe, Malawi; School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Electronic address: nora_rosenberg@unc.edu.
authors.forename: Nora E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.affiliation: UNC Project, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Tiwonge K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Mtande
authors.affiliation: UNC Project, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Friday
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saidi
authors.affiliation: UNC Project, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.affiliation: UNC Project, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jere
authors.affiliation: UNC Project, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Lusubiro
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paile
authors.affiliation: UNC Project, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Kondwani
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumwenda
authors.affiliation: UNC Project, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Innocent
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mofolo
authors.affiliation: Lighthouse Trust, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Wingston
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ng'ambi
authors.affiliation: UNC Project, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lilongwe, Malawi; School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: UNC Project, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lilongwe, Malawi; School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Irving
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosseinipour
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D037001:Directive Counseling; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011247:Pregnancy; D012747:Sexual Partners / Q000523:psychology*