title: A checklist for endonasal transsphenoidal anterior skull base surgery.
abstract: OBJECT Approximately 250 million surgical procedures are performed annually worldwide, and data suggest that major complications occur in 3%-17% of them. Many of these complications can be classified as avoidable, and previous studies have demonstrated that preoperative checklists improve operating room teamwork and decrease complication rates. Although the authors' institution has instituted a general preoperative "time-out" designed to streamline communication, flatten vertical authority gradients, and decrease procedural errors, there is no specific checklist for transnasal transsphenoidal anterior skull base surgery, with or without endoscopy. Such minimally invasive cranial surgery uses a completely different conceptual approach, set-up, instrumentation, and operative procedure. Therefore, it can be associated with different types of complications as compared with open cranial surgery. The authors hypothesized that a detailed, procedure-specific, preoperative checklist would be useful to reduce errors, improve outcomes, decrease delays, and maximize both teambuilding and operational efficiency. Thus, the object of this study was to develop such a checklist for endonasal transsphenoidal anterior skull base surgery. METHODS An expert panel was convened that consisted of all members of the typical surgical team for transsphenoidal endoscopic cases: neurosurgeons, anesthesiologists, circulating nurses, scrub technicians, surgical operations managers, and technical assistants. Beginning with a general checklist, procedure-specific items were added and categorized into 4 pauses: Anesthesia Pause, Surgical Pause, Equipment Pause, and Closure Pause. RESULTS The final endonasal transsphenoidal anterior skull base surgery checklist is composed of the following 4 pauses. The Anesthesia Pause consists of patient identification, diagnosis, pertinent laboratory studies, medications, surgical preparation, patient positioning, intravenous/arterial access, fluid management, monitoring, and other special considerations (e.g., Valsalva, jugular compression, lumbar drain, and so on). The Surgical Pause is composed of personnel introductions, planned procedural elements, estimation of duration of surgery, anticipated blood loss and fluid management, imaging, specimen collection, and questions of a surgical nature. The Equipment Pause assures proper function and availability of the microscope, endoscope, cameras and recorders, guidance systems, special instruments, ultrasonic microdoppler, microdebrider, drills, and other adjunctive supplies (e.g., Avitene, cotton balls, nasal packs, and so on). The Closure Pause is dedicated to issues of immediate postoperative patient disposition, orders, and management. CONCLUSIONS Surgical complications are a considerable cause of death and disability worldwide. Checklists have been shown to be an effective tool for reducing preventable errors surrounding surgery and decreasing associated complications. Although general checklists are already in place in most institutions, a specific checklist for endonasal transsphenoidal anterior skull base surgery was developed to help safeguard patients, improve outcomes, and enhance teambuilding.
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurosurgery.
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Laws
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles;
authors.forename: Judith M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurosurgery.
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California;
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Los Reyes
authors.affiliation: Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, and.
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Aglio
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurosurgery.
authors.forename: Alison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurosurgery.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cote
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Messina, Italy; and.
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cappabianca
authors.affiliation: Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;
authors.forename: Atul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gawande
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods; D057189:Checklist / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009666:Nose; D010348:Patient Care Team; D019291:Skull Base / Q000601:surgery*; D013100:Sphenoid Bone
keywords: SSC = Surgical Safety Checklist; checklist; endonasal; endoscopic; microscopic; pituitary surgery; skull base; transsphenoidal