title: Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Residual Smear Layer Following Preparation of Curved Root Canals Using Hand Instrumentation or Two Engine-Driven Systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this experimental study, the amount of smear layer (SL) remnants in curved root canals after chemomechanical instrumentation with two engine-driven systems or hand instrumentation was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight mesiobuccal roots of mandibular first molars with curvatures ranging between 25 and 35 degrees (according to Schneider's method) were divided into three groups (n=16) which were prepared by either the ProTaper Universal file series, Reciproc single file system or hand instrumentation. The canals were intermittently irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl and 17% (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) EDTA, followed by distilled water as the final rinse. The roots were split longitudinally and the apical third of the specimens were evaluated under 2500× magnification with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mean scores of the SL were calculated and analyzed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean scores of the SL were 2.00±0.73, 1.94±0.68 and 1.44±0.63 µm for the ProTaper Universal, Reciproc and hand instrumentation, respectively. Mean score of SL was significantly less in the hand instrumentation group than the ProTaper (P=0.027) and Reciproc (P=0.035) groups. The difference between the two engine-driven systems, however, was not significant (P=0.803).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amount of smear layer in the apical third of curved root canals prepared with both engine-driven systems was similar and greater than the hand instrumentation technique. Complete cleanliness was not attained.
authors.affiliation: Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran;
authors.forename: Abbasali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khademi
authors.affiliation: Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran;
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saatchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Mehdi
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Shokouhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Badri
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baghaei
keywords: Canal Preparation; Endodontics; Irrigants; Scanning Electron Microscopy; Smear layer