title: Measuring Networking as an Outcome Variable in Undergraduate Research Experiences.
abstract: The aim of this paper is to propose, present, and validate a simple survey instrument to measure student conversational networking. The tool consists of five items that cover personal and professional social networks, and its basic principle is the self-reporting of degrees of conversation, with a range of specific discussion partners. The networking instrument was validated in three studies. The basic psychometric characteristics of the scales were established by conducting a factor analysis and evaluating internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. The second study used a known-groups comparison and involved comparing outcomes for networking scales between two different undergraduate laboratory courses (one involving a specific effort to enhance networking). The final study looked at potential relationships between specific networking items and the established psychosocial variable of project ownership through a series of binary logistic regressions. Overall, the data from the three studies indicate that the networking scales have high internal consistency (α = 0.88), consist of a unitary dimension, can significantly differentiate between research experiences with low and high networking designs, and are related to project ownership scales. The ramifications of the networking instrument for student retention, the enhancement of public scientific literacy, and the differentiation of laboratory courses are discussed.
authors.affiliation: *English Department, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 15705-1094 hanauer@iup.edu.
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Hanauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hatfull
mesh_terms: D001690:Biological Science Disciplines / Q000193:education; D003479:Curriculum; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012106:Research / Q000193:education*; D012944:Social Support; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult