title: Predictors of medication adherence and persistence in Medicaid enrollees with developmental disabilities and type 2 diabetes.
abstract: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is high among patients with developmental disabilities (cerebral palsy, autism, Down's syndrome and cognitive disabilities).
  
  
  
  The purpose of this study was to examine the racial health disparities in medication adherence and medication persistence in developmentally disabled adults with type 2 diabetes enrolled in Medicaid.
  
  
  
  This was a retrospective cohort study using the MarketScan(®) Multi-State Medicaid Database. Adults aged 18-64 years with a prior diagnosis of a developmental disability (cerebral palsy/autism/down's/cognitive disabilities) and a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes enrolled in Medicaid from January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2006, were included. Adults were included if they had a continuous enrollment for at least 12 months and were excluded if they were dual eligible. Anti-diabetes medication adherence and diabetes medication persistence were measured using multivariate logistic regression and the Cox-proportional hazard regression, respectively.
  
  
  
  The study population comprised of 1529 patients. Although overall diabetes medication adherence in this population was optimal, African Americans had significantly lower odds (25%) of adhering to anti-diabetes medications compared to Caucasians (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.58-0.97, P < 0.05). Also, after controlling for other covariates, the rate of discontinuation was higher in African Americans compared to Caucasians (hazard ratio = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.91-1.18, P < 0.629).
  
  
  
  In this study, racial disparities were found in anti-diabetes medication adherence among Medicaid enrollees with developmental disabilities (DD). Studies conducted in the future should examine predictors that impact access to care, availability of primary and specialized care, social support as well as beliefs of racial minority populations with developmental disabilities and chronic conditions like diabetes to optimize medication use outcomes in this especially vulnerable population.
authors.affiliation: Bernard Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, Winchester, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Isha
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Cleopatra H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Woolford
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bagozzi
authors.affiliation: McWhorter College of Pharmacy, Samford University, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Jongwha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. Electronic address: rb9ap@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balkrishnan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015331:Cohort Studies; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000208:ethnology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents
keywords: Developmental disabilities; Medicaid; Medication adherence; Type 2 diabetes mellitus