title: Bounding formulas for selection bias.
abstract: Researchers conducting observational studies need to consider 3 types of biases: selection bias, information bias, and confounding bias. A whole arsenal of statistical tools can be used to deal with information and confounding biases. However, methods for addressing selection bias and unmeasured confounding are less developed. In this paper, we propose general bounding formulas for bias, including selection bias and unmeasured confounding. This should help researchers make more prudent interpretations of their (potentially biased) results.
authors.forename: Tzu-Hsuan
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Wen-Chung
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012107:Research Design; D015983:Selection Bias
keywords: confounding; effect modification; epidemiologic methods; selection bias