title: Regulation of energy balance by a gut-brain axis and involvement of the gut microbiota.
abstract: Despite significant progress in understanding the homeostatic regulation of energy balance, successful therapeutic options for curbing obesity remain elusive. One potential target for the treatment of obesity is via manipulation of the gut-brain axis, a complex bidirectional communication system that is crucial in maintaining energy homeostasis. Indeed, ingested nutrients induce secretion of gut peptides that act either via paracrine signaling through vagal and non-vagal neuronal relays, or in an endocrine fashion via entry into circulation, to ultimately signal to the central nervous system where appropriate responses are generated. We review here the current hypotheses of nutrient sensing mechanisms of enteroendocrine cells, including the release of gut peptides, mainly cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, and peptide YY, and subsequent gut-to-brain signaling pathways promoting a reduction of food intake and an increase in energy expenditure. Furthermore, this review highlights recent research suggesting this energy regulating gut-brain axis can be influenced by gut microbiota, potentially contributing to the development of obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Toronto General Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.|Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
authors.forename: Paige V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Toronto General Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.|Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
authors.forename: Sophie C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hamr
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Toronto General Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. duca.frank@gmail.com.|MaRS Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 10-701H, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. duca.frank@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Duca
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001069:Appetite Regulation; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D019894:Peptide YY; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D002766:Cholecystokinin
keywords: CCK; GLP-1; Gut microbiome; PYY; Satiation; Satiety; Short-chain fatty acid; Small intestine