title: Long-term effects of discharges of produced water the marine environment from petroleum-related activities at Sonda de Campeche, Gulf of México.
abstract: Produced water from offshore oil platforms is a major source of oil and related chemicals into the sea. The large volume and high salinity of produced water could pose severe environmental impacts upon inadequate disposal. This study is based on direct field sampling of effluents released into the ocean in the years 2003 and 2013 at the Sonda de Campeche located in the southern part of the Gulf of Mexico. Metals and hydrocarbons were characterized in water, sediments, and fish tissues at the discharge site and compared with those obtained at two reference sites. Chemicals that exceeded risk-based concentrations in the discharge included the metals As, Pb, Cd, and Cr, and a variety of compounds polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), including naphthalene, fluorenes, and low molecular weight PAHs. The values of low to high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), and carbon preference index indicate that hydrocarbons in sediments of the discharge zone are originated from the produced water and combustion sources. Fish tissues at the discharge zone and reference site are contaminated with PAHs, dominated by 2- and 3-rings; 4-ring accounted for less than 1% of total PAHs (TPAHs) in 2003, but increased to 7% in 2013. Results suggest that, from 2003 to 2013, discharges of produced water have had a non-negligible impact on ecosystems at a regional level, so the possibility of subtle, cumulative effects from operational discharges should not be ignored.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Dirección de Investigación y Posgrado, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas No. 152, San Bartolo Atepehuacan, 07730, México, DF, México. ishifter@imp.mx.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schifter
authors.affiliation: Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Dirección de Investigación y Posgrado, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas No. 152, San Bartolo Atepehuacan, 07730, México, DF, México.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González-Macías
authors.affiliation: Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Dirección de Investigación y Posgrado, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas No. 152, San Bartolo Atepehuacan, 07730, México, DF, México.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salazar-Coria
authors.affiliation: Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Dirección de Investigación y Posgrado, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas No. 152, San Bartolo Atepehuacan, 07730, México, DF, México.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Reyna
authors.affiliation: Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Dirección de Investigación y Posgrado, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas No. 152, San Bartolo Atepehuacan, 07730, México, DF, México.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González-Lozano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005399:Fishes; D060851:Gulf of America; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D008670:Metals; D008800:Mexico; D000066388:Oil and Gas Industry; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis; D059392:Petroleum Pollution / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D013995:Time; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014867:Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D008670:Metals; D010578:Petroleum; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D062065:Wastewater; D014867:Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Biomarkers; Ocean pollution; Oil platforms; PAHs; Produced water