title: Unilateral ectopic insertion of the pectoralis minor: Clinical and functional significance.
abstract: During routine dissection of a 70-year-old female, we observed a unilateral ectopic insertion of the left pectoralis minor muscle. The tendon was cord-like and passed through a tendon sheath superior to the coracoid process to insert on the greater tubercle of the humerus. Additionally, an aponeurosis extended from the distal aspect of the muscle's tendon and passed medially to insert near the base of the coracoid process. This is the first report of an additional aponeurosis extending from the tendon of the pectoralis minor and attaching to the coracoid process. We also observed that the pectoralis minor tendon caused an unusually smooth deep indentation on the superior aspect of the coracoid process; considering its insertion on the humerus, we hypothesize that the muscle acted as an abductor of the shoulder along with the supraspinatus. The medial extension of an aponeurotic tendon from the pectoralis minor tendon near its insertion, to the base of the coracoid process further suggests that the muscle provided stability to the glenohumeral joint while acting as an abductor. Pectoralis minor variations have been described since 1897; however, few studies have demonstrated functional or clinical significance. The redundancy of the actions of this muscle along with its long tendon suggests a potential source for autograft.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copper Medical School of Rowan University, 401 South Broadway, Camden, New Jersey 08103, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copper Medical School of Rowan University, 401 South Broadway, Camden, New Jersey 08103, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copper Medical School of Rowan University, 401 South Broadway, Camden, New Jersey 08103, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lopez-Cardona
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copper Medical School of Rowan University, 401 South Broadway, Camden, New Jersey 08103, USA. Electronic address: vasan@rowan.edu.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vasan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D063405:Anatomic Variation; D000070606:Aponeurosis / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002102:Cadaver; D000070597:Coracoid Process / Q000002:abnormalities; D004210:Dissection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000002:abnormalities; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000002:abnormalities; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000002:abnormalities; D013710:Tendons / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Aponeurotic tendon; Ectopic insertion; Insertion ectopique; Muscle petit pectoral; Pathologie de l’épaule; Pectoralis minor; Shoulder pathology; Tendon aponévrotique