title: Evaluation of the side effects of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanocapsules containing atrazine toward maize plants.
abstract: Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) nanocapsules have been used as a carrier system for the herbicide atrazine, which is commonly applied to maize. We demonstrated previously that these atrazine containing polymeric nanocapsules were 10-fold more effective in the control of mustard plants (a target species), as compared to a commercial atrazine formulation. Since atrazine can have adverse effects on non-target crops, here we analyzed the effect of encapsulated atrazine on growth, physiological and oxidative stress parameters of soil-grown maize plants (Zea mays L.). One day after the post-emergence treatment with PCL nanocapsules containing atrazine (1 mg mL(-1)), maize plants presented 15 and 21% decreases in maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) and in net CO2 assimilation rate, respectively, as compared to water-sprayed plants. The same treatment led to a 1.8-fold increase in leaf lipid peroxidation in comparison with control plants. However, all of these parameters were unaffected 4 and 8 days after the application of encapsulated atrazine. These results suggested that the negative effects of atrazine were transient, probably due to the ability of maize plants to detoxify the herbicide. When encapsulated atrazine was applied at a 10-fold lower concentration (0.1 mg mL(-1)), a dosage that is still effective for weed control, no effects were detected even shortly after application. Regardless of the herbicide concentration, neither pre- nor post-emergence treatment with the PCL nanocapsules carrying atrazine resulted in the development of any macroscopic symptoms in maize leaves, and there were no impacts on shoot growth. Additionally, no effects were observed when plants were sprayed with PCL nanocapsules without atrazine. Overall, these results suggested that the use of PCL nanocapsules containing atrazine did not lead to persistent side effects in maize plants, and that the technique could offer a safe tool for weed control without affecting crop growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Biology, University of Londrina Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Halley C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Biology, University of Londrina Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stolf-Moreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Londrina Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cláudia B R
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Biology, University of Londrina Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo F M
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.affiliation: International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory Braga, Portugal ; Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidade Estadual Paulista Sorocaba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: de Jesus
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidade Estadual Paulista Sorocaba, Brazil ; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Fraceto
keywords: Zea mays. L; atrazine; nanopesticides; nanotechnology; polymeric nanoparticles