title: Residues of neonicotinoids and their metabolites in honey and pollen from sunflower and maize seed dressing crops.
abstract: A study was carried out to evaluate the possible presence of thiamethoxam, clothianidin and imidacloprid, as well as the metabolic breakdown products of these three neonicotinoids in pollen and honey obtained from brood chamber combs of honeybee colonies located next to sunflower and maize crops from coated seeds. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry detector, in combination with accurate mass tools such as diagnostic ions by exact mass, chlorine mass filters, and MS/MS experiments. The presence of thiamethoxam and clothianidin was confirmed in some of the pollen samples analyzed. Moreover, different metabolites of neonicotinoids were tentatively detected in the pollen and honey samples collected. The results suggested that four metabolites were found in the honey samples, while for pollen samples eleven metabolites were identified; among these, five were considered for the first time as metabolic breakdown products in sunflower and maize plants.
authors.affiliation: I.U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Hernández
authors.affiliation: I.U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: Deamelys
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hernández-Domínguez
authors.affiliation: I.U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: María T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.affiliation: I.U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nozal
authors.affiliation: Bee Pathology Laboratory, Consejería de Agricultura, Gobierno de Castilla La Mancha, Centro Apícola Regional (CAR), Marchamalo E-19180, Spain.
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higes
authors.affiliation: I.U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain. Electronic address: jlbernal@qa.uva.es.
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bernal Yagüe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry*; D006146:Guanidines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006368:Helianthus / Q000737:chemistry; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D010078:Oxazines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D007093:Imidazoles; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D013844:Thiazoles; C480342:clothianidin; C082359:imidacloprid; D000077922:Thiamethoxam
keywords: Coated seeds; Honey; Liquid chromatography; Neonicotinoids; Pollen; QTOF MS/MS