title: Sex-Specific Predictors of Intra-articular Injuries Observed During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Male patients tend to have more meniscal and chondral injuries at the time of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction than females. No studies have examined sex-specific predictors of meniscal and chondral lesions in ACL-injured patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify sex-specific predictors of meniscal and chondral lesions, as well as meniscal tear management, in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected prospectively from 689 patients (56.2% males) undergoing ACL reconstruction between 2005 and 2014. Predictors of meniscal tears, meniscal tear management, and chondral injuries were determined using multivariate logistic regression models stratified by sex. Predictors were age, body mass index (BMI; 25-29.99 and ≥30 vs ≤24.99 kg/m(2)), mechanism (contact vs noncontact) and type (high-impact sports [basketball, football, soccer, and skiing] and other sports vs not sports-related) of injury, interval from injury to surgery (≤6 vs >6 weeks), and instability episodes (vs none). Odds ratios and 95% CIs were reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Males had more lateral (46% vs 27.8%; P < .0001) and medial (40.2% vs 31.5%; P = .01) meniscal tears, as well as more lateral (72.1% vs 27.9%; P < .0001) and medial (61.4% vs 38.6%; P = .01) meniscectomies than females. For males, age predicted chondral injuries and medial meniscectomy; BMI ≥30 kg/m(2) predicted medial meniscal tears; high-impact and other sports predicted medial meniscal tears, medial meniscectomies, and medial meniscal repairs; injuries ≤6 weeks from surgery predicted lateral meniscal repairs; and instability episodes predicted medial meniscal tears, medial tears left in situ, medial meniscectomies, and medial meniscal repairs. For females, age predicted chondral injuries, BMI ≥30 kg/m(2) predicted lateral meniscectomies and repairs, and instability episodes predicted medial meniscectomies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sex differences were observed. For males, predictors included age, BMI, sports-related injuries, injuries ≤6 weeks from surgery, and instability episodes. For females, predictors included age, BMI, and instability episodes.
authors.affiliation: University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kluczynski
authors.affiliation: University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Marzo
authors.affiliation: University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rauh
authors.affiliation: University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Geoffrey A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bernas
authors.affiliation: University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bisson
keywords: ACL; chondral; knee; ligament; meniscus; sex