title: Phylogeny of the Ampelocissus-Vitis clade in Vitaceae supports the New World origin of the grape genus.
abstract: The grapes and the close allies in Vitaceae are of great agronomic and economic importance. Our previous studies showed that the grape genus Vitis was closely related to three tropical genera, which formed the Ampelocissus-Vitis clade (including Vitis, Ampelocissus, Nothocissus and Pterisanthes). Yet the phylogenetic relationships of the four genera within this clade remain poorly resolved. Furthermore, the geographic origin of Vitis is still controversial, because the sampling of the close relatives of Vitis was too limited in the previous studies. This study reconstructs the phylogenetic relationships within the clade, and hypothesizes the origin of Vitis in a broader phylogenetic framework, using five plastid and two nuclear markers. The Ampelocissus-Vitis clade is supported to be composed of five main lineages. Vitis includes two described subgenera each as a monophyletic group. Ampelocissus is paraphyletic. The New World Ampelocissus does not form a clade and shows a complex phylogenetic relationship, with A. acapulcensis and A. javalensis forming a clade, and A. erdvendbergiana sister to Vitis. The majority of the Asian Ampelocissus species form a clade, within which Pterisanthes is nested. Pterisanthes is polyphyletic, suggesting that the lamellate inflorescence characteristic of the genus represents convergence. Nothocissus is sister to the clade of Asian Ampelocissus and Pterisanthes. The African Ampelocissus forms a clade with several Asian species. Based on the Bayesian dating and both the RASP and Lagrange analyses, Vitis is inferred to have originated in the New World during the late Eocene (39.4Ma, 95% HPD: 32.6-48.6Ma), then migrated to Eurasia in the late Eocene (37.3Ma, 95% HPD: 30.9-45.1Ma). The North Atlantic land bridges (NALB) are hypothesized to be the most plausible route for the Vitis migration from the New World to Eurasia, while intercontinental long distance dispersal (LDD) cannot be eliminated as a likely mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Xiu-Qun
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: UA Museum of the North Herbarium and Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6960, USA.
authors.forename: Stefanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ickert-Bond
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Utilization, College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China.
authors.forename: Ze-Long
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Long-Qing
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. Electronic address: wenj@si.edu.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wen
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D018087:Plastids / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D027844:Vitaceae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D027843:Vitis / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: Ampelocissus; Biogeography; Grapes; Vitaceae; Vitis