title: A Variable Oscillator Underlies the Measurement of Time Intervals in the Rostral Medial Prefrontal Cortex during Classical Eyeblink Conditioning in Rabbits.
abstract: We were interested in determining whether rostral medial prefrontal cortex (rmPFC) neurons participate in the measurement of conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus (CS-US) time intervals during classical eyeblink conditioning. Rabbits were conditioned with a delay paradigm consisting of a tone as CS. The CS started 50, 250, 500, 1000, or 2000 ms before and coterminated with an air puff (100 ms) directed at the cornea as the US. Eyelid movements were recorded with the magnetic search coil technique and the EMG activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Firing activities of rmPFC neurons were recorded across conditioning sessions. Reflex and conditioned eyelid responses presented a dominant oscillatory frequency of ≈12 Hz. The firing rate of each recorded neuron presented a single peak of activity with a frequency dependent on the CS-US interval (i.e., ≈12 Hz for 250 ms, ≈6 Hz for 500 ms, and≈3 Hz for 1000 ms). Interestingly, rmPFC neurons presented their dominant firing peaks at three precise times evenly distributed with respect to CS start and also depending on the duration of the CS-US interval (only for intervals of 250, 500, and 1000 ms). No significant neural responses were recorded at very short (50 ms) or long (2000 ms) CS-US intervals. rmPFC neurons seem not to encode the oscillatory properties characterizing conditioned eyelid responses in rabbits, but are probably involved in the determination of CS-US intervals of an intermediate range (250-1000 ms). We propose that a variable oscillator underlies the generation of working memories in rabbits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The way in which brains generate working memories (those used for the transient processing and storage of newly acquired information) is still an intriguing question. Here, we report that the firing activities of neurons located in the rostromedial prefrontal cortex recorded in alert behaving rabbits are controlled by a dynamic oscillator. This oscillator generated firing frequencies in a variable band of 3-12 Hz depending on the conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus intervals (1 s, 500 ms, 250 ms) selected for classical eyeblink conditioning of behaving rabbits. Shorter (50 ms) and longer (2 s) intervals failed to activate the oscillator and prevented the acquisition of conditioned eyelid responses. This is an unexpected mechanism to generate sustained firing activities in neural circuits generating working memories.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville-41013, Spain.
authors.forename: C Rocío
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Caro-Martín
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville-41013, Spain.
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leal-Campanario
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville-41013, Spain.
authors.forename: Raudel
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3132-2769
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Campusano
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville-41013, Spain.
authors.forename: José M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7369-4195
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Delgado-García
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville-41013, Spain agrumas@upo.es.
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gruart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology*; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology*; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology*; D003215:Conditioning, Eyelid / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011817:Rabbits; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: delay conditioning; neural oscillators; prefrontal cortex; rabbits; unitary recordings