title: Quantifying and correcting for tail vein extravasation in small animal PET scans in cancer research: is there an impact on therapy assessment?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tail vein injection under short anesthesia is the most commonly used route for administering radiopharmaceuticals. However, the small caliber of the vein in rodents may lead to tracer extravasation and thereby compromise quantitative accuracy of PET. We aimed to evaluate a method for correction of interstitial radiotracer leakage in the context of pre-clinical therapeutic response assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two separate studies involving 16 nude rats, a model of human ovarian cancer was xenografted and each was treated with a Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor or used as a control. Tracer injections were performed via the tail vein by a single operator. Two observers qualitatively evaluated the resulting images and if appropriate drew a volume of interest (VOI) over the injection site to record extravasated activities. Uncorrected and corrected tumors' mean standardized uptake value (SUV)mean was computed (corrected injected activity = calibrated activity - decay corrected residual syringe activity - decay corrected tail extravasated activity). Molecular analyses were taken as a gold standard. The frequency and magnitude of extravasation were analyzed, as well as the inter-observer agreement and the impact of the correction method on tumor uptake quantification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extravasation never exceeded 20 % of the injected dose but occurred in more than 50 % of injections. It was independent of groups of animals and protocol time points with p values of 1.00 and 0.61, respectively, in the first experiment and 0.47 and 0.13, respectively, in the second experiment. There was a good inter-observer agreement for qualitative analysis (kappa = 0.72) and a moderate agreement when using quantitative analysis (ρ c = 0.94). In both experiments, there was significant difference between uncorrected and corrected SUVmean. Despite this significant difference, mean percent differences between uncorrected and corrected SUVmean in the first and the second experiments were -3.61 and -1.78, respectively. Concerning therapy assessment, in both experiments, significant differences in median %SUVmean between control and treated groups were observed over all time points with either uncorrected and corrected data (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although extravasation is common and can be reproducibly corrected, this is probably not required for validation of response to drugs that induce large SUV changes. However, further studies are required to evaluate the impact of extravasation in situations where less marked metabolic responses are observed or important extravasations occur.
authors.affiliation: BioTICLA unit, UMR INSERM 1199, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, UNICAEN, Caen, France. lasnon-c@chu-caen.fr.|Normandie University Caen, Caen, France. lasnon-c@chu-caen.fr.|Nuclear Medicine Department, Caen University Hospital, Avenue Côte de Nacre, 14000, Caen, France. lasnon-c@chu-caen.fr.
authors.forename: Charline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lasnon
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics and Clinical Research Department, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France.
authors.forename: Audrey Emmanuelle
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Dugué
authors.affiliation: BioTICLA unit, UMR INSERM 1199, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, UNICAEN, Caen, France.
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Briand
authors.affiliation: BioTICLA unit, UMR INSERM 1199, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, UNICAEN, Caen, France.
authors.forename: Soizic
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dutoit
authors.affiliation: BioTICLA unit, UMR INSERM 1199, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, UNICAEN, Caen, France.|Normandie University Caen, Caen, France.|Nuclear Medicine Department, Caen University Hospital, Avenue Côte de Nacre, 14000, Caen, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aide
keywords: Cancer research; Extravasation; Quantification; Small animal PET; Tail vein injection; Therapy assessment