title: Clinical utility of ultrasound to prospectively monitor distraction of magnetically controlled growing rods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Growing rods are commonly used for surgical treatment of skeletally immature patients with scoliosis, but require repeated surgeries for distractions and are fraught with complications. As an alternative, the use of magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR) allows for more frequent non-invasive distractions to mimic normal growth. However, more plain radiographs are needed to monitor increased distraction frequency, thereby increasing ionizing radiation exposure to the developing child. The use of ultrasound, which emits no radiation, has been found in a cross-sectional study to be reliable in measuring MCGR distractions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study aims to address the prospective clinical utility of ultrasound compared with plain radiographs for assessing MCGR distractions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study includes patients with early-onset scoliosis undergoing distractions after MCGR implant.
  
  
  METHODS
  The distraction length on plain radiographs and ultrasound was measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective study of patients treated with MCGR. Patients with both single- and dual-rod systems were included. Outpatient distractions were performed at monthly intervals, targeting 2 mm of distraction on each occasion. Assessment of distraction length was monitored by ultrasound at each visit; plain radiographs were taken every 6 months and were compared with ultrasound measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine patients (5 female, 4 male), with a mean of 29 distractions (standard deviation [SD] ±14.3), were recruited. The mean distracted length per 6 months was 5.7 mm (SD ±3.6 mm) on plain radiographs and 5.2 mm (SD ±3.9 mm) on ultrasound for the concave rod, and 6.1 mm (SD ±3.6 mm) on plain radiographs and 5.9 mm (SD ±3.8 mm) on ultrasound for the convex rod. Excellent inter- and intra-rater reliabilities were observed for radiographic and ultrasound measurements. An excellent correlation was noted between the two imaging modalities (r=0.93; p<.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first prospective study to validate that ultrasound assessment of MCGR distraction lengths was highly comparable with that of plain radiographs. The present study has verified that ultrasound can be used to document length changes by distraction over time and that it had high clinical utility. Ultrasound can be a reliable alternative to plain radiographs, thereby avoiding radiation exposure and its potential detrimental sequelae in the developing child.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Jason Pui Yin
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Cora
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bow
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Dino
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Samartzis
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Makati Medical Center, Makati City, Philippines.
authors.forename: Anne Kathleen B
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ganal-Antonio
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: cheungmc@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Kenneth Man Chee
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D060489:Prosthesis Retention / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Controlled; Correlation; Distraction; Growing; Magnetically; Rod; Ultrasound