title: The Effect of Incorrect Reliability Information on Expectations, Perceptions, and Use of Automation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined how providing artificially high or low statements about automation reliability affected expectations, perceptions, and use of automation over time.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  One common method of introducing automation is providing explicit statements about the automation's capabilities. Research is needed to understand how expectations from such introductions affect perceptions and use of automation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Explicit-statement introductions were manipulated to set higher-than (90%), same-as (75%), or lower-than (60%) levels of expectations in a dual-task scenario with 75% reliable automation. Two experiments were conducted to assess expectations, perceptions, compliance, reliance, and task performance over (a) 2 days and (b) 4 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The baseline assessments showed initial expectations of automation reliability matched introduced levels of expectation. For the duration of each experiment, the lower-than groups' perceptions were lower than the actual automation reliability. However, the higher-than groups' perceptions were no different from actual automation reliability after Day 1 in either study. There were few differences between groups for automation use, which generally stayed the same or increased with experience using the system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Introductory statements describing artificially low automation reliability have a long-lasting impact on perceptions about automation performance. Statements including incorrect automation reliability do not appear to affect use of automation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Introductions should be designed according to desired outcomes for expectations, perceptions, and use of the automation. Low expectations have long-lasting effects.
authors.affiliation: Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Laura.BargWalkow@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Laura H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Barg-Walkow
authors.affiliation: Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Wendy A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001331:Automation / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: automation; compliance and reliance; dependence; expectations; human–automation interaction; perceived reliability