title: Relating Phthalate and BPA Exposure to Metabolism in Peripubescence: The Role of Exposure Timing, Sex, and Puberty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals during development may play a role in the increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents by interfering with metabolic homeostasis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore associations between in utero and peripubertal urinary phthalate metabolite and bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations and markers of peripubertal metabolic homeostasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT): a longitudinal cohort study of pregnant women in Mexico City and their offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Public maternity hospitals in Mexico City.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women recruited during pregnancy; offspring recruited for follow-up at age 8-14 years (n = 250).
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting serum c-peptide, IGF-1, leptin, and glucose concentrations among children at follow-up; calculated measures of insulin secretion and insulin resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phthalate metabolites and BPA were associated with metabolism biomarkers at age 8-14 years in patterns that varied by sex, pubertal status, and exposure timing. For example, in utero monoethyl phthalate was associated with lower insulin secretion among pubertal boys (P = .02) and higher leptin among girls (P = .04). In utero di-2-ethylhexyl phthlate was associated with higher IGF-1 among pubertal girls; peripubertal di-2-ethylhexyl phthlate was associated with higher IGF-1, insulin secretion, and resistance among prepubertal girls. In contrast, peripubertal dibutyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate, and mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate were associated with lower IGF-1 among pubertal boys. Peripubertal BPA was associated with higher leptin in boys (P = .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the long-term health effects related to metabolic syndrome, additional research on exposure and metabolic outcomes across developmental periods and early adulthood is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences (D.J.W., K.K.F., J.D.M.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutritional Sciences (K.E.P.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Center for Human Growth and Development (K.E.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutrition (K.E.P.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Center for Nutrition and Health Research (A.M.-G., M.T.y.O., A.C., M.M.T.-R.), National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62508 Mexico.
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences (D.J.W., K.K.F., J.D.M.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutritional Sciences (K.E.P.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Center for Human Growth and Development (K.E.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutrition (K.E.P.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Center for Nutrition and Health Research (A.M.-G., M.T.y.O., A.C., M.M.T.-R.), National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62508 Mexico.
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences (D.J.W., K.K.F., J.D.M.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutritional Sciences (K.E.P.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Center for Human Growth and Development (K.E.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutrition (K.E.P.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Center for Nutrition and Health Research (A.M.-G., M.T.y.O., A.C., M.M.T.-R.), National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62508 Mexico.
authors.forename: Kelly K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences (D.J.W., K.K.F., J.D.M.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutritional Sciences (K.E.P.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Center for Human Growth and Development (K.E.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutrition (K.E.P.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Center for Nutrition and Health Research (A.M.-G., M.T.y.O., A.C., M.M.T.-R.), National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62508 Mexico.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mercado-García
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences (D.J.W., K.K.F., J.D.M.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutritional Sciences (K.E.P.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Center for Human Growth and Development (K.E.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutrition (K.E.P.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Center for Nutrition and Health Research (A.M.-G., M.T.y.O., A.C., M.M.T.-R.), National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62508 Mexico.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamayo y Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences (D.J.W., K.K.F., J.D.M.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutritional Sciences (K.E.P.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Center for Human Growth and Development (K.E.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutrition (K.E.P.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Center for Nutrition and Health Research (A.M.-G., M.T.y.O., A.C., M.M.T.-R.), National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62508 Mexico.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cantoral
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences (D.J.W., K.K.F., J.D.M.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutritional Sciences (K.E.P.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Center for Human Growth and Development (K.E.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutrition (K.E.P.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Center for Nutrition and Health Research (A.M.-G., M.T.y.O., A.C., M.M.T.-R.), National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62508 Mexico.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Meeker
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences (D.J.W., K.K.F., J.D.M.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutritional Sciences (K.E.P.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Center for Human Growth and Development (K.E.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Nutrition (K.E.P.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Center for Nutrition and Health Research (A.M.-G., M.T.y.O., A.C., M.M.T.-R.), National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62508 Mexico.
authors.forename: Martha Maria
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Téllez-Rojo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011627:Puberty / Q000378:metabolism*; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D020738:Leptin; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds