title: High-fat diet-induced obesity exacerbates kainic acid-induced hippocampal cell death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity has deleterious effects on the brain, and metabolic dysfunction may exacerbate the outcomes of seizures and brain injuries. However, it is unclear whether obesity affects excitotoxicity-induced neuronal cell death. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the hippocampus of kainic acid (KA)-treated mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice were fed with a HFD or normal diet for 8 weeks and then received a systemic injection of KA. HFD-fed mice showed hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. HFD-fed mice showed greater susceptibility to KA-induced seizures, an increased number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, we found that KA treatment increased HFD-induced calpain1, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2, and heme oxygenase-1 expression in the hippocampus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings imply that complex mechanisms affected by obesity-induced systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation, ER stress, calcium overload, and oxidative stress may contribute to neuronal death after brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, 15, Jinju-daero 816 Beon-gil, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea. ns4793@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Dong Ho
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, 15, Jinju-daero 816 Beon-gil, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea. amethyst-22@nate.com.
authors.forename: Rok Won
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, 15, Jinju-daero 816 Beon-gil, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea. enemy1725@nate.com.
authors.forename: Chin-Ok
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, 15, Jinju-daero 816 Beon-gil, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea. hwajin1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hwajin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea. chwachoi@pusan.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Chang Hwa
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, 15, Jinju-daero 816 Beon-gil, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea. anaroh@gnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Gu Seob
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Roh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000209:etiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000209:etiology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D007608:Kainic Acid