title: Development and Application of a New Learning Object for Teaching Operative Dentistry Using Augmented Reality.
abstract: Learning objects (LOs) associated with augmented reality have been used as attractive new technologic tools in the educational process. However, the acceptance of new LOs must be verified with the purpose of using these innovations in the learning process in general. The aim of this study was to develop a new LO and investigate the acceptance of gold onlay in teaching preparation design at a dental school in Brazil. Questionnaires were designed to assess, first, the users' computational ability and knowledge of computers (Q1) and, second, the users' acceptance of the new LO (Q2). For both questionnaires, the internal consistency index was calculated to determine whether the questions were measuring the same construct. The reliability of Q2 was measured with a retest procedure. The LO was tested by dental students (n=28), professors and postgraduate students in dentistry and prosthetics (n=30), and dentists participating in a continuing education or remedial course in dentistry and/or prosthetics (n=19). Analyses of internal consistency (Kappa coefficient and Cronbach's alpha) demonstrated a high degree of confidence in the questionnaires. Tests for simple linear regressions were conducted between the response variable (Q2) and the following explanative variables: the Q1 score, age, gender, and group. The results showed wide acceptance regardless of the subjects' computational ability (p=0.99; R2=0), gender (p=0.27; R2=1.6%), age (p=0.27; R2=0.1%), or group (p=0.53; R2=1.9%). The methodology used enabled the development of an LO with a high index of acceptance for all groups.
authors.affiliation: Ms. Espejo-Trung is a Postgraduate Student, Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Dr. Elian is Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Statistics Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and Dr. Luz is in the Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. luespejo@usp.br.
authors.forename: Luciana Cardoso
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Espejo-Trung
authors.affiliation: Ms. Espejo-Trung is a Postgraduate Student, Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Dr. Elian is Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Statistics Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and Dr. Luz is in the Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvia Nagib
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Elian
authors.affiliation: Ms. Espejo-Trung is a Postgraduate Student, Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Dr. Elian is Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Statistics Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and Dr. Luz is in the Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Aparecia Alves De Cerqueira
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Luz
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D003197:Computer Literacy; D003199:Computer Systems; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D003814:Dentistry, Operative / Q000193:education*; D003815:Dentists; D004497:Education, Dental; D004498:Education, Dental, Continuing; D004499:Education, Dental, Graduate; D018961:Educational Technology; D005179:Faculty, Dental; D005260:Female; D006047:Gold Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007284:Inlays; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D003765:Models, Dental; D016730:Program Development; D011476:Prosthodontics / Q000193:education; D013335:Students, Dental; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*; D019231:Tooth Preparation, Prosthodontic; D014584:User-Computer Interface
chemical_list: D006047:Gold Alloys
keywords: computer-assisted instruction; continuing education; dental education; operative dentistry