title: Outcomes associated with adolescent marijuana and alcohol use among urban young adults: A prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study identifies and compares outcomes in young adulthood associated with longitudinal patterns of alcohol and marijuana use during adolescence among urban youth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data come from a cohort of 678 urban, predominantly Black children followed from ages 6-25 (1993-2012). Analyses are based on the 608 children who participated over time (53.6% male). Longitudinal patterning of alcohol and marijuana use were based on annual frequency reports from grades 8-12 and estimated through latent profile analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified four classes of alcohol and marijuana use including Non-Use (47%), Moderate Alcohol Use (28%), Moderate Alcohol/Increasing Marijuana Use (12%) and High Dual Use (13%). A marijuana only class was not identified. Analyses show negative outcomes in adulthood associated with all three adolescent substance use classes. Compared to the non-use class, all use classes had statistically significantly higher rates of substance dependence. Those in the 'High Dual Use' class had the lowest rate of high school graduation. Comparing classes with similar alcohol but different marijuana patterns, the 'Moderate Alcohol/Increasing Marijuana Use' class had a statistically significant increased risk of having a criminal justice record and developing substance use dependence in adulthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among urban youth, heterogeneous patterns of alcohol and marijuana use across adolescence are evident, and these patterns are associated with distinct outcomes in adulthood. These findings suggest a need for targeted education and intervention efforts to address the needs of youth using both marijuana and alcohol, as well as the importance of universal early preventive intervention efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 2387 SPH Building, Valley Drive, College Park, MD 20742, United States. Electronic address: greenkm@umd.edu.
authors.forename: Kerry M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, 8th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
authors.forename: Rashelle J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Musci
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, 8th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
authors.forename: Renee M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 200 N. Wolfe St, Rm 2025, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
authors.forename: Pamela A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Matson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States.
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Reboussin
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, 8th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
authors.forename: Nicholas S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Ialongo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: African Americans; Blacks; Cannabis; Longitudinal latent profile analysis; Longitudinal patterns; Substance use effects