title: Fungal dissemination by housefly (Musca domestica L.) and contamination of food commodities in rural areas of South Africa.
abstract: Several insects that act as vectors, including houseflies (Musca domestica L.), are often considered to be an important source of fungal contamination in human foods. Houseflies are also involved in the transmission of bacterial pathogens that may pose a serious hazard to human health. Thus, the rural population of South Africa, as typified by that in the Gauteng Province investigated in this study, is at high risk from fungal exposure disseminated by houseflies and it is therefore important to assess the role of flies in contaminating various food commodities. Eighty four samples of houseflies (captured from households and pit toilets) were studied for their potential to carry fungal spores into food commodities. The fungi occurring in samples of raw maize (15) and porridge (19) were also assessed. Fungal isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics by conventional identification methods. Fifteen genera of fungi were isolated and identified, of which Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Moniliella and Mucor were the most prevalent in all three sample types analysed. The incidence rates of fungal contamination per total fungal count isolated in houseflies, maize and porridge were recorded with mean fungal load of 2×10(8) CFU/ml, 1×10(7)CFU/g and 2×10(7)CFU/g respectively. Additionally, A. flavus, A. parasiticus, F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, P. verrucosum, P. aurantiogriseum and M. suaveolens were the most frequent fungal isolates in houseflies with incidence rate of 34%, 11%, 27%, 21%, 22%, 17% and 32% respectively. F. verticillioides, A. flavus, A. niger and P. oslonii were the most prevalent species contaminating porridge and maize with incidence rate of 23%, 32%, 16% and 28% in maize samples, while incidence rates of 59%, 15% and 29% were recorded in porridge samples with the exception of F. verticillioides. The prevalence of these genera of fungi may pose serious health risks.
authors.affiliation: Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Gauteng, South Africa. Electronic address: j_phoku@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: J Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Phoku
authors.affiliation: Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Gauteng, South Africa. Electronic address: tgbarnard@uj.ac.za.
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health, Domestic Hygiene and Microbial Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa. Electronic address: natasha.potgieter@univen.ac.za.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Potgieter
authors.affiliation: Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Gauteng, South Africa. Electronic address: mdutton@uj.ac.za.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dutton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000382:microbiology; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005670:Fusarium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006793:Houseflies / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D010407:Penicillium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013019:South Africa; D003313:Zea mays / Q000382:microbiology
keywords: Food contamination; Fungi; Isolation; Musca domestica L