title: The Survival and Resistance of Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1, Halococcus hamelinensis, and Halococcus morrhuae to Simulated Outer Space Solar Radiation.
abstract: Solar radiation is among the most prominent stress factors organisms face during space travel and possibly on other planets. Our analysis of three different halophilic archaea, namely Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1, Halococcus morrhuae, and Halococcus hamelinensis, which were exposed to simulated solar radiation in either dried or liquid state, showed tremendous differences in tolerance and survivability. We found that Hcc. hamelinensis is not able to withstand high fluences of simulated solar radiation compared to the other tested organisms. These results can be correlated to significant differences in genomic integrity following exposure, as visualized by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR. In contrast to the other two tested strains, Hcc. hamelinensis accumulates compatible solutes such as trehalose for osmoprotection. The addition of 100 mM trehalose to the growth medium of Hcc. hamelinensis improved its survivability following exposure. Exposure of cells in liquid at different temperatures suggests that Hbt. salinarum NRC-1 is actively repairing cellular and DNA damage during exposure, whereas Hcc. morrhuae exhibits no difference in survival. For Hcc. morrhuae, the high resistance against simulated solar radiation may be explained with the formation of cell clusters. Our experiments showed that these clusters shield cells on the inside against simulated solar radiation, which results in better survival rates at higher fluences when compared to Hbt. salinarum NRC-1 and Hcc. hamelinensis. Overall, this study shows that some halophilic archaea are highly resistant to simulated solar radiation and that they are of high astrobiological significance.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Halophiles-Solar radiation-Stress resistance-Survival.
authors.affiliation: 1 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin , Abteilung Strahlenbiologie, Arbeitsgruppe Astrobiologie, Köln, Germany .
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leuko
authors.affiliation: 2 Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal .
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Domingos
authors.affiliation: 1 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin , Abteilung Strahlenbiologie, Arbeitsgruppe Astrobiologie, Köln, Germany .
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parpart
authors.affiliation: 1 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin , Abteilung Strahlenbiologie, Arbeitsgruppe Astrobiologie, Köln, Germany .
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reitz
authors.affiliation: 1 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin , Abteilung Strahlenbiologie, Arbeitsgruppe Astrobiologie, Köln, Germany .
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rettberg
mesh_terms: D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D019617:Halobacterium salinarum / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019625:Halococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008954:Models, Biological; D013045:Species Specificity; D013472:Sunlight