title: Language sampling for children with and without cochlear implant: MLU, NDW, and NTW.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cochlear implants (CIs) can considerably improve the oral language of prelingual hearing-impaired children. However, because most studies have been performed with English speaking children, available information regarding Persian-speaking children is scarce. Therefore, this study compared measures of lexical diversity (numbers of different words and total words), and syntactic complexity (mean length of utterance) in Persian-speaking children with and without CIs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study with 20 children with CIs and 20 typically developing children was conducted. To collect the data, the children's language samples were gathered via picture descriptions. The first 50 utterances were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All measures were significantly different between children with CIs and their typically developing age-matched peers, whereas no differences between children with CIs and their typically developing hearing age-matched peers were detected (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CIs have been recognized to be one of the most beneficial rehabilitation prostheses because they help children to acquire speech and language abilities similar to their typically developing hearing age-matched peers. After implantation, the performance of children with CIs is similar to the performance of normal children with the same hearing experience. The duration of the hearing experience after the implantation is an important factor for determining the development of speech and language abilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahdiye
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tavakoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: jalilevand.n@iums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Nahid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jalilevand
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Management, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.affiliation: Department of Linguistics, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Yahya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Modarresi
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoud Motasaddi
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Zarandy
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D007802:Language; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D013060:Speech; D013067:Speech Perception; D014825:Vocabulary
keywords: Cochlear implant; Lexical diversity; Mean length of utterance; Number of different words; Number of total words; Syntax complexity