title: Robust Analysis of Network-Based Real-Time Kinematic for GNSS-Derived Heights.
abstract: New guidelines and procedures for real-time (RT) network-based solutions are required in order to support Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) derived heights. Two kinds of experiments were carried out to analyze the performance of the network-based real-time kinematic (RTK) solutions. New test marks were installed in different surrounding environments, and the existing GPS benchmarks were used for analyzing the effect of different factors, such as baseline lengths, antenna types, on the final accuracy and reliability of the height estimation. The RT solutions are categorized into three groups: single-base RTK, multiple-epoch network RTK (mRTN), and single-epoch network RTK (sRTN). The RTK solution can be biased up to 9 mm depending on the surrounding environment, but there was no notable bias for a longer reference base station (about 30 km) In addition, the occupation time for the network RTK was investigated in various cases. There is no explicit bias in the solution for different durations, but smoother results were obtained for longer durations. Further investigation is needed into the effect of changing the occupation time between solutions and into the possibility of using single-epoch solutions in precise determination of heights by GNSS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geoinformation Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea. baezae@sejong.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Tae-Suk
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. grejner-brzezinska.1@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grejner-Brzezinska
authors.affiliation: National Geodetic Survey Department, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. gerald.l.mader@noaa.gov.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mader
authors.affiliation: National Geodetic Survey Department, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. michael.dennis@noaa.gov.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dennis
keywords: GNSS; GNSS-derived heights; GPS benchmarks; network RTK; real-time kinematic (RTK)