title: Influence of ultrasonic scattering in the calculation of thermal dose in ex-vivo bovine muscular tissues.
abstract: This study explores the effect of ultrasound scattering on the temperature increase in phantoms and in samples of ex-vivo biological tissue through the calculation of the thermal dose (TD). Phantoms with different weight percentages of graphite powder (0-1%w/w, different scattering mean free paths, ℓS) and ex-vivo bovine muscle tissue were isonified by therapeutic ultrasound (1 MHz). The TD values were calculated from the first 4 min of experimental temperature curves obtained at several depths and were compared with those acquired from the numerical solution of the bio-heat transfer equation (simulated with 1 MHz and 0.5-2.0 W cm(-2)). The temperature curves suggested that scattering had an important role because the temperature increments were found to be higher for higher percentages of graphite powder (lower ℓS). For example, at a 30-mm depth and a 4-min therapeutic ultrasound application (0.5 W cm(-2)), the TDs (in equivalent minutes at 43 °C) were 7.2, 17.8, and 58.3 for the phantom with ℓS of 4.35, 3.85, and 3.03 mm, respectively. In tissue, the inclusion of only absorption or full attenuation in the bio-heat transfer equation (BHTE) heat source term of the simulation leads to under- or overestimation of the TD, respectively, as compared to the TD calculated from experimental data. The experiments with phantoms (with different scatterer concentrations) and ex-vivo samples show that the high values of TD were caused by the increase of energy absorption due to the lengthening of the propagation path caused by the changing in the propagation regime.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ultrasound, Physics Institute, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. Electronic address: gcortela@fisica.edu.uy.
authors.forename: Guillermo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Cortela
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Biomedical Engineering Program - COPPE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: von Krüger
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ultrasound, Physics Institute, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Negreira
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Biomedical Engineering Program - COPPE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wagner C A
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D065638:Absorption, Radiation / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002417:Cattle; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves
keywords: Absorption; Biothermic equation; Scattering mean free path; Thermal dose; Ultrasound