title: Risk of anastomotic leakage with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs within an enhanced recovery program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anastomotic leakage is a serious complication after colorectal resection. Recent studies suggest that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may increase the risk of anastomotic leakage. We investigated this association in our enhanced recovery population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing an elective colon or rectal resection with primary anastomosis because of malignancy and treated within our enhanced recovery program were included. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to study risk factors for anastomotic leakage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 2006 and 2013, 856 patients were included. The anastomotic leakage rate was significantly higher in the group that received nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs compared to patients who did not: 9.2 vs. 5.3%, p = 0.038. This higher rate was only seen in patients receiving diclofenac: for colonic resections, 11.8 vs. 6.0%, p = 0.016; for rectal resections, 13.1 vs. 0%, p = 0.017. Only male sex (odds ratio 2.20, p = 0.005) was also independently associated with anastomotic leakage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study are in line with other comparable studies in the literature, showing an increased risk for anastomotic leakage with diclofenac. The use of diclofenac in colorectal surgery can no longer be recommended. Alternatives for postoperative analgesia need to be explored within an enhanced recovery program.
authors.affiliation: Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands. nathalie.bakker@mca.nl.|VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. nathalie.bakker@mca.nl.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.affiliation: Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.|VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jort D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Deelder
authors.affiliation: Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.|VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Milan C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Richir
authors.affiliation: Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hamit
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cakir
authors.affiliation: Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hiëronymus J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Doodeman
authors.affiliation: Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wilhelmina H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Schreurs
authors.affiliation: Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.|VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alexander P J
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Houdijk
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D057868:Anastomotic Leak / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003082:Colectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D003106:Colon / Q000601:surgery*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D012007:Rectum / Q000601:surgery*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac
keywords: Anastomotic leak; Colorectal cancer; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents