title: Internalization and Accumulation in Dendritic Cells of a Small pH-Activatable Glycomimetic Fluorescent Probe as Revealed by Spectral Detection.
abstract: DC-SIGN, an antigen-uptake receptor in dendritic cells (DCs), has a clear role in the immune response but, conversely, can also facilitate infection by providing entry of pathogens into DCs. The key action in both processes is internalization into acidic endosomes and lysosomes. Molecular probes that bind to DC-SIGN could thus provide a useful tool to study internalization and constitute potential antagonists against pathogens. So far, only large molecules have been used to directly observe DC-SIGN-mediated internalization into DCs by fluorescence visualization. We designed and synthesized an appropriate small glycomimetic probe. Two particular properties of the probe were exploited: activation in a low-pH environment and an aggregation-induced spectral shift. Our results indicate that small glycomimetic molecules could compete with antigen/pathogen for binding not only outside but also inside the DC, thus preventing the harmful action of pathogens that are able to intrude into DCs, for example, HIV-1.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.|Center of Excellence NAMASTE, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Arsov
authors.affiliation: Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Urban
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Švajger
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Janez
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mravljak
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.|Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Stane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pajk
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.|Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotar
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Iztok
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Urbančič
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.|Center of Excellence NAMASTE, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Janez
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Štrancar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. marko.anderluh@ffa.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anderluh
mesh_terms: D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008358:Mannose / Q000737:chemistry; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D012235:Rhodamines; C026188:rhodamine 6G; D008358:Mannose
keywords: dendritic cells; fluorescent probes; glycoconjugates; internalization; lectins