title: A review of impedance measurements of whole cells.
abstract: Impedance measurement of live biological cells is widely accepted as a label free, non-invasive and quantitative analytical method to assess cell status. This method is easy-to-use and flexible for device design and fabrication. In this review, three typical techniques for impedance measurement, i.e., electric cell-substrate impedance sensing, Impedance flow cytometry and electric impedance spectroscopy, are reviewed from the aspects of theory, to electrode design and fabrication, and applications. Benefiting from the integration of microelectronic and microfluidic techniques, impedance sensing methods have expanded their applications to nearly all aspects of biology, including living cell counting and analysis, cell biology research, cancer research, drug screening, and food and environmental safety monitoring. The integration with other techniques, the fabrication of devices for certain biological assays, and the development of point-of-need diagnosis devices is predicted to be future trend for impedance sensing techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Youchun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China; Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xinwu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: The Department of Medical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China; National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, China. Electronic address: jcheng@tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002468:Cell Physiological Phenomena; D058266:Dielectric Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices