title: Evolution of Coronary Flow in an Experimental Slow Flow Model in Swines: Angiographic and Pathological Insights.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pathomechanism of coronary slow flow phenomenon remains largely unclear now. Present study observed the pathological and angiographic evolution in a pig model of coronary slow flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coronary slow flow was induced by repeat coronary injection of small doses of 40 µm microspheres in 18 male domestic pigs and angiographic and pathological changes were determined at 3 hours, 7 days, and 28 days after microspheres injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to control group treated with coronary saline injection (n = 6) and baseline level, coronary flow was significantly reduced at 3 hours and 7 days but completely recovered at 28 days after coronary microsphere injection in slow flow group. Despite normal coronary flow at 28 days after microsphere injection, enhanced myocardial cytokine expression, left ventricular dysfunction, adverse remodelling, and ischemia/microembolism related pathological changes still persisted or even progressed from 3 hours to 28 days after coronary microsphere injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that this large animal slow flow model could partly reflect the chronic angiographic, hemodynamic, and pathological changes of coronary slow flow and could be used to test new therapy strategies against the slow flow phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Puai Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
authors.forename: Yupeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Puai Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
authors.forename: Liqun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Puai Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
authors.forename: Delong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Puai Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Puai Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
authors.forename: Xiaogang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Puai Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
authors.forename: Mingjing
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Puai Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D013552:Swine; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery