title: A Novel Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Form CRF76_01B Identified by Near Full-Length Genome Analysis.
abstract: HIV-1 CRF01_AE and subtype B (B) have dominated and their different circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) have emerged in East and Southeast Asian countries. Here, we report a novel drug-resistant HIV-1 CRF. Five independent recombinant specimens exhibiting discordant subtype results for the gag, pol, and env sequences were isolated. These recombinants had the CRF01_AE (gag p17)/B (pol PR-RT and IN)/CRF01_AE (env C2-V3) pattern similar to CRF69_01B. Sequence analysis of four near full-length HIV-1 genomes revealed a unique phylogenetic cluster distinct from previously reported CRFs. Of the four recombinants, three shared an identical mosaic structure including seven breakpoints in the gag, pol, vif, and env regions, designated CRF76_01B. The one remaining recombinant had additional recombination breakpoints in the vpu region and exhibited another unique recombinant form composed of CRF76_01B and B. These findings provide important insight into the transmission dynamics of HIV-1 in Asia that may be important for its effective prevention.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Aichi, Japan .|2 Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Aichi, Japan .
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Aichi, Japan .|3 Department of Clinical Research Management, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Aichi, Japan .
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hachiya
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Aichi, Japan .
authors.forename: Masumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosaka
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Aichi, Japan .
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Aichi, Japan .
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ode
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Aichi, Japan .
authors.forename: Urara
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Shigemi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Aichi, Japan .
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Okazaki
authors.affiliation: 4 Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan .
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sadamasu
authors.affiliation: 4 Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan .
authors.forename: Mami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagashima
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Infectious Diseases, Okinawa Prefectural Nanbu Medical Center and Children's Medical Center , Okinawa, Japan .
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyokawa
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Infections, Respiratory and Digestive Medicine Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, University of the Ryukyus , Okinawa, Japan .
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tateyama
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Aichi, Japan .
authors.forename: Yasuhito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Aichi, Japan .
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Aichi, Japan .
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yokomaku
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Aichi, Japan .|7 Division of Basic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya, Aichi, Japan .
authors.forename: Yasumasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwatani
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016679:Genome, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus