title: Epidural analgesia is superior to local infiltration analgesia in children with cerebral palsy undergoing unilateral hip reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment of postoperative pain in children with cerebral palsy (CP) is a major challenge. We investigated the effect of epidural analgesia, high-volume local infiltration analgesia (LIA), and an approximated placebo control on early postoperative pain in children with CP who were undergoing unilateral hip reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2009 and 2014, we included 18 children with CP. The first part of the study was a randomized double-blind trial with allocation to either LIA or placebo for postoperative pain management, in addition to intravenous or oral analgesia. In the second part of the study, the children were consecutively included for postoperative pain management with epidural analgesia in addition to intravenous or oral analgesia. The primary outcome was postoperative pain 4 h postoperatively using 2 pain assessment tools (r-FLACC and VAS-OBS) ranging from 0 to 10. The secondary outcome was opioid consumption over the 21-h study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean level of pain 4 h postoperatively was lower in the epidural group (r-FLACC: 0.7; VAS-OBS: 0.6) than in both the LIA group (r-FLACC: 4.8, p = 0.01; VAS-OBS: 5.2, p = 0.02) and the placebo group (r-FLACC: 5.2, p = 0.01; VAS-OBS: 6.5, p < 0.001). Corrected for body weight, the mean opioid consumption was lower in the epidural group than in the LIA group and the placebo group (both p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidural analgesia is superior to local infiltration analgesia for early postoperative pain management in children with cerebral palsy who undergo unilateral hip reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Children's Orthopedics ; .|b Orthopaedic Research Laboratory , Department of Orthopedic Surgery ; .
authors.forename: Line
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kjeldgaard Pedersen
authors.affiliation: c Department of Anesthesiology ; .|d Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University Hospital , Denmark.
authors.forename: Lone
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nikolajsen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Children's Orthopedics ; .|b Orthopaedic Research Laboratory , Department of Orthopedic Surgery ; .
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rahbek
authors.affiliation: c Department of Anesthesiology ; .
authors.forename: Birgitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Uldall Duch
authors.affiliation: a Department of Children's Orthopedics ; .|b Orthopaedic Research Laboratory , Department of Orthopedic Surgery ; .
authors.forename: Bjarne
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Møller-Madsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid