title: Analysis of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity on E. coli, human blood cells and Allium cepa suggests a greater toxic potential of hair dye.
abstract: Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are among the most important emerging environmental contaminants in recent time. PPCPs include wide range of cosmetics, among which hair dyes, are immensely popular in modern society. However, impact of hair dye and its residual discharged to the environment in relation to human health and ecological imbalance have not been widely studied. Based on the result of initial survey among the group of populations of eastern India, three most popular and commonly used permanent hair dyes are selected. Working sample of dye is prepared as recommended on the instructions booklet of the hair dye. The effect of three dyes is studied on Escherichia coli, human red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and Allium cepa bulbs by growth inhibition, hemolysis, 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and A. cepa micronuclei assays respectively. The Lethal dose (LD) demonstrated significant differences among three dyes and the model systems. In vitro hemolytic assays performed on RBC, and MTT assays on WBC show the cytotoxic effects of hair dye. Significant growth inhibition of E. coli has also been noted. In addition, the root tips of A. cepa treated with the dye have shown major chromosomal abnormalities coupled with cell division retardation. Here low mitotic index confirm cell division retardation. Finally, results of in vitro studies of dye-DNA interactions demonstrate electrostatic interaction. Combing all these results it confirms that hair dyes are cytotoxic and may cause mutagenic effect on living cells irrespective of microbes, plant and animal system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, HIT campus, Hatiberia, Purba Medinipur, Haldia 721657, India.
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maiti
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, HIT campus, Hatiberia, Purba Medinipur, Haldia 721657, India.
authors.forename: Kankaayan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sasmal
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 J. R. Lynch Street, P.O. Box 17910, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Sudarson Sekhar
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, HIT campus, Hatiberia, Purba Medinipur, Haldia 721657, India. Electronic address: msingh006@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mukesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000633:toxicity; D004249:DNA Damage; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D006202:Hair Dyes / Q000633:toxicity*; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D018519:Meristem / Q000187:drug effects*; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D008940:Mitotic Index; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D019697:Onions; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D006202:Hair Dyes; D009153:Mutagens
keywords: Chromosomal aberrations; Cytotoxicity; Dye–DNA interaction; Hair dyes