title: Retrospective and Prospective Human Intravenous and Oral Pharmacokinetic Projection of Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV Inhibitors Using Simple Allometric Principles - Case Studies of ABT-279, ABT-341, Alogliptin, Carmegliptin, Sitagliptin and Vildagliptin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this exercise was to explore the utility of allometric scaling approach for the prediction of intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of six dipeptidy peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors viz. ABT-279, ABT-341, alogliptin, carmegliptin, sitagliptin and vildagliptin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The availability of intravenous and oral pharmacokinetic data in animals enabled the allometry scaling of 6 DPP-IV inhibitors. The relationship between the main pharmacokinetic parameters [viz. volume of distribution (Vd) and clearance (CL)] and body weight was studied across three or four mammalian species, using double logarithmic plots to predict the human pharmacokinetic parameters of CL and Vd using simple allometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A simply allometry relationship: Y = aWb was found to be adequate for the prediction of intravenous and oral human clearance/volume of distribution for DPP-IV inhibitors. The allometric equations for alogliptin, carmegliptin, sitagliptin, vildagliptin, ABT-279 and ABT-341 were 1.867W0.780, 1.170W0.756, 2.020W0.529, 1.959 W0.847, 0.672 W1.016, 1.077W 0.649, respectively, to predict intravenous clearance (CL) and the corresponding equations to predict intravenous volume of distribution (Vd) were: 3.313W0.987, 6.096W0.992, 7.140W0.805, 2.742W0.941, 1.299W0.695 and 5.370W0.803. With the exception of a few discordant values the exponent rule appeared to hold for CL (0.75) and Vd (1.0) for the predictions of various DPP-IV inhibitors. Regardless of the routes, the predicted values were within 2-3 fold of observed values and intravenous allometry was better than oral allometry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simple allometry retrospectively predicted with reasonable accuracy the human reported values of gliptins and could be used as a prospective tool for this class of drugs.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Ravindranath R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Gilibili
authors.forename: Ravi Kanth
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Bhamidipati
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mullangi
authors.forename: Nuggehally R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Srinivas
mesh_terms: D000218:Adamantane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004285:Dogs; D000882:Haplorhini; D006801:Humans; D009570:Nitriles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011807:Quinolizines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000068900:Sitagliptin Phosphate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014498:Uracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000077597:Vildagliptin
chemical_list: C515139:2-(4-((2-(2-cyano-5-ethynyl-1-pyrrolidinyl)-2-oxoethyl)amino)-4-methyl-1-piperidinyl)-4-pyridinecarboxylic acid; C515232:ABT 341; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D009570:Nitriles; D010880:Piperidines; D011725:Pyridines; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D011807:Quinolizines; D014230:Triazoles; D014498:Uracil; C552198:carmegliptin; D000077597:Vildagliptin; C520853:alogliptin; D000218:Adamantane; D000068900:Sitagliptin Phosphate