title: KCC2 expression supersedes NKCC1 in mature fiber cells in mouse and rabbit lenses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Na-K-Cl cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and K-Cl cotransporter 2 (KCC2) have fundamental roles in neuron differentiation that are integrated with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate receptors, GABA synthesized by GAD25/65/67 encoded by GAD1/GAD2 genes, and GABA transporters (GATs). Cells in the eye lens express at least 13 GABA receptor subunits, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, GAD1/GAD2, GAT1-4 and vGAT, and NKCC1. NKCC1:KCC2 ratios determine the switch in GABA actions from trophic/growth promoting early in development to their classic inhibitory roles in adult neurons. Lens epithelial cells cover the anterior surface and differentiate to elongated fiber cells in the lens interior with comparable morphology and sub-cellular structures as neurons. NKCC1 is expressed before KCC2 in neuron development and increases cell chloride, which stimulates differentiation and process formation. Subsequently, KCC2 increases and extrudes cell chloride linked with maturation. KCC2 has an additional structural moonlighting role interacting with F-actin scaffolding in dendritic spine morphogenesis. We examined KCC2 versus NKCC1 spatial expression in relation to fiber cell developmental status within the lens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunofluorescence and immunoblots were used to detect expression in mouse and rabbit lenses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NKCC1 was restricted to peripheral elongating lens fiber cells in young adult mouse and rabbit lenses. Lens KCC2 expression included the major KCC2b neuronal isoform and was detected in interior fiber cells with decreased NKCC1 expression and localized at the membranes. Lens expression of RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) regulated KCC2 is consistent with GAD1 and GAD2, several GABA and glutamate receptor subunits, miR-124, and other REST-regulated genes expressed in lenses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NKCC1 in peripheral elongating fiber cells is superseded by KCC2 expression in interior mature fiber cells that also express >20 additional integral GABA biology genes, AMPA/NMDA glutamate receptors, and an array of accessory proteins that together underlie morphogenesis in neurons. The present findings provide further evidence that this fundamental neuronal regulation is extensively conserved in lens and identify additional parallels in the morphogenetic programs that underlie lens fiber cell and neuronal differentiation and contribute to the development of visual acuity.
authors.affiliation: Rutgers SDM, Oral Biology, New Jersey, Newark, NJ.
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Frederikse
authors.affiliation: Rutgers SDM, Oral Biology, New Jersey, Newark, NJ.
authors.forename: Chinnaswamy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kasinathan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000502:physiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011817:Rabbits; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D064506:Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D027981:Symporters / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000096922:K Cl- Cotransporters; D000099229:RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor
chemical_list: D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; D035683:MicroRNAs; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D064506:Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 2; D027981:Symporters; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000096922:K Cl- Cotransporters; D000099229:RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor; C540079:Mirn124 microRNA, mouse; C578878:Slc12a2 protein, mouse; C402565:glutamate decarboxylase 1; C401141:glutamate decarboxylase 2