title: High-Level Pressure Support Ventilation Attenuates Ventilator-Induced Diaphragm Dysfunction in Rabbits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of different modes of mechanical ventilation in the same ventilatory support level on ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction onset were assessed in healthy rabbits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 5 in each group). Group 1: no mechanical ventilation; group 2: controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) for 24 hours; group 3: assist/control ventilation (A/C) mode for 24 hours; group 4: high-level pressure support ventilation (PSV) mode for 24 hours. Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, PH, partial pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen and partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide were monitored and diaphragm electrical activity was analyzed in the 4 groups. Caspase-3 was evaluated by protein analysis and diaphragm ultra structure was assessed by electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The centroid frequency and the ratio of high frequency to low frequency were significantly reduced in the CMV, A/C and PSV groups (P < 0.001). The percent change in centroid frequency was significantly lower in the PSV group than in the CMV and A/C groups (P = 0.001 and P = 0.028, respectively). Electromyography of diaphragm integral amplitude decreased by 90% ± 1.48%, 67.8% ± 3.13% and 70.2% ± 4.72% in the CMV, A/C and PSV groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Caspase-3 protein activation was attenuated in the PSV group compared with the CMV and A/C groups (P = 0.035 and P = 0.033, respectively). Irregular swelling of mitochondria along with fractured and fuzzy cristae was observed in the CMV group, whereas mitochondrial cristae were dense and rich in the PSV group. The mitochondrial injury scores (Flameng scores) in the PSV group were the lowest among the 3 ventilatory groups (0.93 ± 0.09 in PSV versus 2.69 ± 0.05 in the CMV [P < 0.01] and PSV versus A/C groups [2.02 ± 0.08, P < 0.01]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diaphragm myoelectric activity was reduced in the PSV group, although excessive oxidative stress and ultra-structural changes of diaphragm were found. However, partial diaphragm electrical activity was retained and diaphragm injury was minimized using the PSV mode.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Respiratory Care (HG, PX, YY), Pathology (TZ), Respiratory Medicine (KY), and Department of Critical Care (ZL, JZ), Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Huiqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Peifeng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Zhihua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yuehua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Jiancang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Kejing
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ying
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000295:instrumentation; D011817:Rabbits; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D053148:Caspase 3