title: Detection and monitoring of early caries lesions: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current evidence base of detecting and monitoring early carious lesions in children and adolescents and a rationale proposed to ensure that such lesions are identified and appropriately managed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The systematic literature search identified initially a review by Gomez and co-workers from 2013 and this still represents the current state of the science in relation to caries detection and monitoring. The review described among others, visible detection systems, image-based detection systems and point-measurement approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The current evidence base suggests that while there are numerous devices or technology-enabled detection systems, the use of a careful, methodical visual inspection of clean, dry teeth, supplemented where indicated by radiographic views, remains the standard of care in caries detection and diagnostics. Further, it is possible by means of existing visible and radiographical systems to monitor lesions over time. Using low-cost intra-oral cameras facilitates the recording of lesion appearance in the patient record and may be of significant benefit in monitoring early lesions over time following their detection. This benefit extends to the clinician and the patient for whom it may be a useful educational and motivational tool.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommendations are presented that can be adopted and adapted to local circumstances and that are both substantiated by evidence and promote a clear, simple and consistent approach to caries detection, diagnosis and monitoring in children and adolescents. The diagnoses (initial, active; moderate, active and extensive, active) are linked to appropriate management options within primary care.
authors.affiliation: The Dental Health Unit, School of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Williams House, Manchester Science Park, Manchester, M15 6SE, UK. iain.a.pretty@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Pretty
authors.affiliation: Department of Odontology, Cariology and Endodontics, Faculty of Health and medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Ekstrand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans
keywords: Caries; Detection; Diagnosis; Early lesions; Management