title: Dispersion of atmospheric fine particulate matters in simulated lung fluid and their effects on model cell membranes.
abstract: Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was collected to investigate its dispersion in simulated lung fluid (SLF) and its interaction with model cell membranes. Organic acids, NH4(+), SO4(2-) and NO3(-) were detected in PM2.5 soluble fraction, and heavy metals were detected from the total mass. The insoluble fraction contained kaolinite, CaCO3, aliphatic carbons, aromatic rings, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups reflected by the infrared spectra. Proteins dispersed PM2.5 in SLF, resulted in smaller hydrodynamic diameter (dH) and slower sedimentation rate. Conversely, phospholipids increased dH value and accelerated sedimentation rate. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) were used as model cell membranes. PM2.5 adhered on and disrupted the membrane containing positively-charged lipids but not the membrane containing neutrally- and negatively-charged lipids, which was monitored by microscopy and a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). The cationic sites on membrane were necessary for PM2.5 adhesion, but membrane should be disrupted by the combined action of electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonds between PM2.5 oxygen containing groups and the lipid phosphate groups. Our results specified the roles of proteins and phospholipids in PM2.5 dispersion and transport, highly suggested that the health hazard of PM2.5 was related to the biomolecules in the lung fluid and the particle surface groups.
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Qiuhua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Lixin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Zhaoyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Xuehua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Pingqing
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, China.
authors.forename: Zhenhua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Jingtian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China. Electronic address: ding-lei-sdu@163.com.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China. Electronic address: jiangw@sdu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008954:Models, Biological; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Hydrodynamic diameter; Membrane disruption; Model cell membrane; PM(2.5); Simulated lung fluid