title: Immunosuppressive mechanisms in glioblastoma.
abstract: Despite maximal surgical and medical therapy, the treatment of glioblastoma remains a seriously vexing problem, with median survival well under 2 years and few long-term survivors. Targeted therapy has yet to produce significant advances in treatment of these lesions in spite of advanced molecular characterization of glioblastoma and glioblastoma cancer stem cells. Recently, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising mode for some of the hardest to treat tumors, including metastatic melanoma. Although immunotherapy has been evaluated in glioblastoma in the past with limited success, better understanding of the failures of these therapies could lead to more successful treatments in the future. Furthermore, there is a persistent challenge for the use of immune therapy to treat glioblastoma secondary to the existence of redundant mechanisms of tumor-mediated immune suppression. Here we will address these mechanisms of immunosuppression in glioblastoma and therapeutic approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.K.N., A.B.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.).
authors.forename: Edjah K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Nduom
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.K.N., A.B.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.).
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.K.N., A.B.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.).
authors.forename: Amy B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Heimberger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology*; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D019139:Tumor Escape / Q000276:immunology*
keywords: glioblastoma; immunosuppression; immunotherapy