title: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in first trimester maternal serum: correlation with pathologic pregnancy outcome.
abstract: To determine correlations between macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) levels in maternal blood during first trimester screening with respect to normal and pathological pregnancies.
  
  
  
  This was a prospective single centre study. First trimester screening was performed according to FMF London certificates. Nuchal translucency, PAPP-A and free β-HCG were obtained as well as M-CSF serum levels in maternal blood. Fetal karyotyping was achieved by chorionic villi sampling.
  
  
  
  125 patients were enrolled in this study. 21 pregnancies had confirmed aberrant karyotypes. Trisomy 21 cases showed significantly elevated M-CSF levels of 270 ± 91 pg/ml (p = 0.032), whereas cases of trisomy 13 (183 ± 68 pg/ml) and trisomy 18 (143 ± 40 pg/ml) had low M-CSF levels. Furthermore M-CSF levels tended to be low in preterm deliveries, placental insufficiency and nicotine consumption. In cases with gestational diabetes M-CSF tended to be elevated. Furthermore we found a positive correlation between high free β-human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) and MCSF values. There was no correlation between pregnancy associated plasma protein (PAPP-A) and M-CSF.
  
  
  
  M-CSF is a cytokine promoting placental growth and differentiation. M-CSF is known to be involved in the process of implantation in pregnancy. The role of M-CSF with respect to disturbed pregnancy outcomes such as placental insufficiency in normal or aberrant karyotypes, for example, is yet subject to further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany. christel.eckmann@uksh.de.
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eckmann-Scholz
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilke
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universtity Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Yahya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Acil
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alkatout
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salmassi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000097:blood; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D025063:Chromosome Disorders / Q000097:blood; D002882:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13; D002887:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D008131:London; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood*; D048208:Nuchal Translucency Measurement; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000097:blood; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A / Q000032:analysis; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000097:blood; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014314:Trisomy; D000073839:Trisomy 13 Syndrome
chemical_list: D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A
keywords: Aberrant karyotype; Cytokines; Placental insufficiency; Preterm delivery; Trisomy 21