title: Irregular Speech Rate Dissociates Auditory Cortical Entrainment, Evoked Responses, and Frontal Alpha.
abstract: The entrainment of slow rhythmic auditory cortical activity to the temporal regularities in speech is considered to be a central mechanism underlying auditory perception. Previous work has shown that entrainment is reduced when the quality of the acoustic input is degraded, but has also linked rhythmic activity at similar time scales to the encoding of temporal expectations. To understand these bottom-up and top-down contributions to rhythmic entrainment, we manipulated the temporal predictive structure of speech by parametrically altering the distribution of pauses between syllables or words, thereby rendering the local speech rate irregular while preserving intelligibility and the envelope fluctuations of the acoustic signal. Recording EEG activity in human participants, we found that this manipulation did not alter neural processes reflecting the encoding of individual sound transients, such as evoked potentials. However, the manipulation significantly reduced the fidelity of auditory delta (but not theta) band entrainment to the speech envelope. It also reduced left frontal alpha power and this alpha reduction was predictive of the reduced delta entrainment across participants. Our results show that rhythmic auditory entrainment in delta and theta bands reflect functionally distinct processes. Furthermore, they reveal that delta entrainment is under top-down control and likely reflects prefrontal processes that are sensitive to acoustical regularities rather than the bottom-up encoding of acoustic features.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The entrainment of rhythmic auditory cortical activity to the speech envelope is considered to be critical for hearing. Previous work has proposed divergent views in which entrainment reflects either early evoked responses related to sound encoding or high-level processes related to expectation or cognitive selection. Using a manipulation of speech rate, we dissociated auditory entrainment at different time scales. Specifically, our results suggest that delta entrainment is controlled by frontal alpha mechanisms and thus support the notion that rhythmic auditory cortical entrainment is shaped by top-down mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kayser
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Robin A A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8427-0507
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ince
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, United Kingdom christoph.kayser@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7362-5704
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kayser
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000513:Alpha Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013068:Speech Production Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: auditory cortex; delta band; information theory; rhythmic entrainment; speech