title: Differences in forward angular light scattering distributions between M1 and M2 macrophages.
abstract: The ability to distinguish macrophage subtypes noninvasively could have diagnostic potential in cancer, atherosclerosis, and diabetes, where polarized M1 and M2 macrophages play critical and often opposing roles. Current methods to distinguish macrophage subtypes rely on tissue biopsy. Optical imaging techniques based on light scattering are of interest as they can be translated into biopsy-free strategies. Because mitochondria are relatively strong subcellular light scattering centers, and M2 macrophages are known to have enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis compared to M1, we hypothesized that M1 and M2 macrophages may have different angular light scattering profiles. To test this, we developed an in vitro angle-resolved forward light scattering measurement system. We found that M1 and M2 macrophage monolayers scatter relatively unequal amounts of light in the forward direction between 1.6 deg and 3.2 deg with M2 forward scattering significantly more light than M1 at increasing angles. The ratio of forward scattering can be used to identify the polarization state of macrophage populations in culture.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United StatesbSouth Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 7400 Merton M.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Halaney
authors.affiliation: University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University Station C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.
authors.forename: Aydin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zahedivash
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Phipps
authors.affiliation: University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University Station C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.
authors.forename: Tianyi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 7400 Merton Minter, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United StatescUniversity of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University Station C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, Unit.
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dwelle
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States.
authors.forename: Claude Jourdan Le
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Saux
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Departments of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Biochemistry, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States.
authors.forename: Reto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Asmis
authors.affiliation: University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University Station C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United StatesbSouth Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 7400 Merton M.
authors.forename: Marc D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D008027:Light; D008264:Macrophages / Q000145:classification / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008858:Microscopy, Phase-Contrast / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012031:Refractometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity