title: High Strain Rate Tensile Testing of Silver Nanowires: Rate-Dependent Brittle-to-Ductile Transition.
abstract: The characterization of nanomaterials under high strain rates is critical to understand their suitability for dynamic applications such as nanoresonators and nanoswitches. It is also of great theoretical importance to explore nanomechanics with dynamic and rate effects. Here, we report in situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) tensile testing of bicrystalline silver nanowires at strain rates up to 2/s, which is 2 orders of magnitude higher than previously reported in the literature. The experiments are enabled by a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) with fast response time. It was identified that the nanowire plastic deformation has a small activation volume (<10b(3)), suggesting dislocation nucleation as the rate controlling mechanism. Also, a remarkable brittle-to-ductile failure mode transition was observed at a threshold strain rate of 0.2/s. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that along the nanowire, dislocation density and spatial distribution of plastic regions increase with increasing strain rate. Furthermore, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations show that deformation mechanisms such as grain boundary migration and dislocation interactions are responsible for such ductility. Finally, the MD and experimental results were interpreted using dislocation nucleation theory. The predicted yield stress values are in agreement with the experimental results for strain rates above 0.2/s when ductility is pronounced. At low strain rates, random imperfections on the nanowire surface trigger localized plasticity, leading to a brittle-like failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3111, United States.|Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3111, United States.
authors.forename: Rajaprakash
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramachandramoorthy
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3111, United States.|Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3111, United States.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3111, United States.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bernal
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3111, United States.|Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3111, United States.
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Espinosa
keywords: bicrystalline; dynamic testing; flexible electronics; nanoscale plasticity; nanostructure; nanoswitches; nanowire; rate effects; tension test