title: The relationship between serum urea levels and outcome in acute epistaxis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether, for the patient presenting with epistaxis, there is a relationship between clinical outcome and serum urea levels measured on initial attendance at the accident and emergency (A&E) department.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records were reviewed from all patients attending a single teaching hospital A&E department between 1st January 2010 and 11st February 2011 with a diagnosis of epistaxis. Patients were analysed according to their admission serum urea and creatinine levels and then grouped according to clinical outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 278 patients (145 males, 133 females), 82 of which required hospital admission. Eleven required blood transfusion, and five required surgical arrest of the haemorrhage. No patients died. Serum urea and creatinine levels were measured in 119/278 patients. The mean serum urea level was significantly higher in patients admitted for further management of epistaxis than in patients who were discharged from the A&E department (9.35 mmol/l vs. 6.74 mmol/l, respectively; p = 0.003). There was no significant difference in mean serum urea levels between patients who were transfused and patients who were not, or between patients who went to the operating theatre and patients who did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated serum urea levels on hospital admission are related to more severe clinical outcome in epistaxis.
authors.forename: S J C
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Fishpool
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bul
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Whittet
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014508:Urea