title: Creatine and creatinine contents in different diet types for dogs - effects of source and processing.
abstract: The concentrations of creatine and its degradation product creatinine were determined in a variety of unprocessed as well as processed feedstuffs suitable for dogs. Unprocessed feedstuffs were categorised as single feedstuffs, bone and raw food diets (BARF), and small vertebrates, for example prey animals. Processed feedstuffs were categorised as meat/meat and bone meals, complete wet diets and complete dry diets. The feedstuffs were chosen to cover a broad range of each of the three defined processed and unprocessed feed categories available on the market without further subclustering. The creatine content of the samples was compared on a dry matter, protein and energy basis. The relation of creatine to crude protein permitted a rating of the meat quality in terms of muscle tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no difference in creatine concentrations between the three categories of unprocessed feedstuffs (raw single feedstuffs, prey and BARF diets), neither on a dry matter basis nor when expressed relative to crude protein and metabolisable energy respectively. Significantly lower levels were determined in meat/meat and bone meal and commercial dry diets (e.g. 303 mg creatine/MJ ME in unprocessed vs. 6 mg/MJ ME in processed feedstuffs; p < 0.001). We conclude that in relation to ME, the exclusive use of conventionally processed diets for dogs, especially dry diets, leads to considerably lower intake of creatine which is a natural compound of the diet of this carnivorous and omnivorous species.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dobenecker
authors.affiliation: AlzChem AG, Trostberg, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Braun
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry; D003401:Creatine / Q000737:chemistry*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000737:chemistry*; D004285:Dogs; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine; D003401:Creatine
keywords: creatine; dog; feed; processing