title: 50 μm pixel pitch wafer-scale CMOS active pixel sensor x-ray detector for digital breast tomosynthesis.
abstract: Wafer-scale CMOS active pixel sensors (APSs) have been developed recently for x-ray imaging applications. The small pixel pitch and low noise are very promising properties for medical imaging applications such as digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). In this work, we evaluated experimentally and through modeling the imaging properties of a 50 μm pixel pitch CMOS APS x-ray detector named DynAMITe (Dynamic Range Adjustable for Medical Imaging Technology). A modified cascaded system model was developed for CMOS APS x-ray detectors by taking into account the device nonlinear signal and noise properties. The imaging properties such as modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) were extracted from both measurements and the nonlinear cascaded system analysis. The results show that the DynAMITe x-ray detector achieves a high spatial resolution of 10 mm(-1) and a DQE of around 0.5 at spatial frequencies  <1 mm(-1). In addition, the modeling results were used to calculate the image signal-to-noise ratio (SNRi) of microcalcifications at various mean glandular dose (MGD). For an average breast (5 cm thickness, 50% glandular fraction), 165 μm microcalcifications can be distinguished at a MGD of 27% lower than the clinical value (~1.3 mGy). To detect 100 μm microcalcifications, further optimizations of the CMOS APS x-ray detector, image aquisition geometry and image reconstruction techniques should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Solid-State Electronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Konstantinidis
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anaxagoras
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Speller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kanicki
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012666:Semiconductors; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D014056:Tomography, X-Ray / Q000379:methods*