title: Can omphalocele ratio predict postnatal outcomes?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical course of patients with omphalocele is challenging to predict. There is no standard method to characterize omphalocele size. Previous studies suggest that the ratio of abdominal circumference to omphalocele defect in-utero is indicative of postnatal outcomes. We hypothesize that omphalocele ratio correlates with outcomes of primary closure versus staged closure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of all neonates diagnosed with omphalocele from 2002 to 2013 with prenatal ultrasounds available (n=30) was conducted. Omphalocele ratio was defined as omphalocele diameter/abdominal circumference (OD/AC). Data collected included primary versus staged closure, time to full feeds, duration of mechanical ventilation, and length of stay (LOS). Long-term outcomes and quality of life were also reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ROC curve analysis generated optimal OD/AC ratio of 0.26. Twenty of 30 patients had a ratio less than this cutoff. Sixty percent (12/20) in the low-ratio group achieved primary closure versus zero (0/10) in the high-ratio group (p=0.001). Time on mechanical ventilation was 15.8 days (low-ratio) versus 79 days (high-ratio) (p=0.05). LOS was 33.8 days (low-ratio) versus 85.6 days (high-ratio) (p=0.119). PedsQL™ mean score was 85.5 ± 11.0 (n=20) at long-term follow-up. Readmission rates yielded no difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The omphalocele ratio is a promising predictor of postnatal outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI, USA; Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI, USA.
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fawley
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI, USA.
authors.forename: Erika L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI, USA; Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rein
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI, USA; Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI, USA. Electronic address: AWagner@chw.org.
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D059685:Herniorrhaphy; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D012372:ROC Curve; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
keywords: Omphalocele; Prenatal; Quality of life; Ratio