title: Introduction and Establishment of Pissodes castaneus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Andean Patagonia of Argentina.
abstract: The pine weevils that occur in plantations of Pinus spp. in Andean Patagonia of Argentina belong to the species Pissodes castaneus (De Geer), a Eurasian endemic species, according to the identification based on molecular and morphological characters. Sequences of the mitochondrial Cytochrome oxidase subunit I and nuclear genes (28 S rDNA and ITS2) were obtained for individuals of 13 afforestations, covering the entire distribution area of the established populations in the Andean Patagonia of Argentina. Sequence comparison with representative species of the genus (European, North American, and Chinese species) shows that Patagonian specimens are conspecific to those of P. castaneus sequenced from Europe. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that all terminals from Patagonia form a monophyletic unit without evident subclades, eliminating the possibility of existence of more than one species of Pissodes Germar in this area, including cryptic ones. Moreover, the very low genetic divergence between the Patagonian populations suggests that it is plausible that P. castaneus was introduced into Patagonia from just one location. Mitochondrial DNA analysis shows that Patagonian terminals group together with a French haplotype and are clearly separated from other P. castaneus individuals represented in our sample, and reveal that established populations in Andean Patagonia originated via a limited introduction.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas, CCT-CONICET Mendoza, CC 507 5500 Provincia de Mendoza, Argentina (vanipereyra@gmail.com; marvaldi@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar), División Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n 1900 La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina (vanipereyra@gmail.com; alanteri@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar; marvaldi@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar), vanipereyra@gmail.com.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Pereyra
authors.affiliation: LEAI, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede Esquel, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, CP9200, Esquel, Provincia de Chubut, Argentina (ceciligomez@gmail.com; ludmilalm@yahoo.com).
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas, CCT-CONICET Mendoza, CC 507 5500 Provincia de Mendoza, Argentina (vanipereyra@gmail.com; marvaldi@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) (ludmilalm@yahoo.com; alanteri@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar; marvaldi@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar).
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: La Manna
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, F-45075 Orléans, Université d'Orléans, France (geraldine.roux@orleans.inra.fr), and.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roux
authors.affiliation: División Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n 1900 La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina (vanipereyra@gmail.com; alanteri@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar; marvaldi@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) (ludmilalm@yahoo.com; alanteri@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar; marvaldi@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar).
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lanteri
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede Esquel, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, CP9200, Esquel, Provincia de Chubut, Argentina (ncvallejos81@gmail.com).
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Vallejos
authors.affiliation: Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas, CCT-CONICET Mendoza, CC 507 5500 Provincia de Mendoza, Argentina (vanipereyra@gmail.com; marvaldi@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar), LEAI, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede Esquel, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, CP9200, Esquel, Provincia de Chubut, Argentina (ceciligomez@gmail.com; ludmilalm@yahoo.com), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) (ludmilalm@yahoo.com; alanteri@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar; marvaldi@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar).
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Marvaldi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001118:Argentina; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics*; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics*; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D058865:Introduced Species; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D048889:Weevils / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D019476:Insect Proteins; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV
keywords: DNA tracing; Patagonia; Pissodes castaneus; South America; introduced species