title: One-step green synthesis of bimetallic Fe/Pd nanoparticles used to degrade Orange II.
abstract: To reduce cost and enhance reactivity, bimetallic Fe/Pd nanoparticles (NPs) were firstly synthesized using grape leaf aqueous extract to remove Orange II. Green synthesized bimetallic Fe/Pd NPs (98.0%) demonstrated a far higher ability to remove Orange II in 12h compared to Fe NPs (16.0%). Meanwhile, all precursors, e.g., grape leaf extract, Fe(2+) and Pd(2+), had no obvious effect on removing Orange II since less than 2.0% was removed. Kinetics study revealed that the removal rate fitted well to the pseudo-first-order reduction and pseudo-second-order adsorption model, meaning that removing Orange II via Fe/Pd NPs involved both adsorption and catalytic reduction. The remarkable stability of Fe/Pd NPs showed the potential application for removing azo dyes. Furthermore, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the changes in Fe/Pd NPs before and after reaction with Orange II. High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrum (HPLC-MS) identified the degraded products in the removal of Orange II, and finally a removal mechanism was proposed. This one-step strategy using grape leaf aqueous extract to synthesize Fe/Pd NPs is simple, cost-effective and environmentally benign, making possible the large-scale production of Fe/Pd NPs for field remediation.
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Die
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Electronic address: zuliang.chen@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Zuliang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Mallavarapu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Megharaj
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Ravendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naidu
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D004396:Coloring Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D007854:Lead; D007501:Iron; C014722:2-naphthol orange
keywords: Fe/Pd nanoparticles; Grape leaf; Green synthesized; HPLC–MS; Orange II