title: No progressive brain changes during a 1-year follow-up of patients with first-episode psychosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  First-episode psychosis (FEP) patients show structural brain abnormalities. Whether the changes are progressive or not remain under debate, and the results from longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies are mixed. We investigated if FEP patients showed a different pattern of regional brain structural change over a 1-year period compared with healthy controls, and if putative changes correlated with clinical characteristics and outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  MRIs of 79 FEP patients [SCID-I-verified diagnoses: schizophrenia, psychotic bipolar disorder, or other psychoses, mean age 27.6 (s.d. = 7.7) years, 66% male] and 82 healthy controls [age 29.3 (s.d. = 7.2) years, 66% male] were acquired from the same 1.5 T scanner at baseline and 1-year follow-up as part of the Thematically Organized Psychosis (TOP) study, Oslo, Norway. Scans were automatically processed with the longitudinal stream in FreeSurfer that creates an unbiased within-subject template image. General linear models were used to analyse longitudinal change in a wide range of subcortical volumes and detailed thickness and surface area estimates across the entire cortex, and associations with clinical characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FEP patients and controls did not differ significantly in annual percentage change in cortical thickness or area in any cortical region, or in any of the subcortical structures after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Within the FEP group, duration of untreated psychosis, age at illness onset, antipsychotic medication use and remission at follow-up were not related to longitudinal brain change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no significant longitudinal brain changes over a 1-year period in FEP patients. Our results do not support early progressive brain changes in psychotic disorders.
authors.affiliation: NORMENT K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: U K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Haukvik
authors.affiliation: NORMENT K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Hartberg
authors.affiliation: NORMENT K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nerland
authors.affiliation: NORMENT K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.affiliation: NORMENT K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: NORMENT K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.affiliation: NORMENT K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nesvåg
authors.affiliation: NORMENT and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Division of Mental Health and Addiction,Oslo University Hospital,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.affiliation: NORMENT K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.affiliation: NORMENT K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Melle
authors.affiliation: NORMENT K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research,Institute of Clinical Medicine,University of Oslo,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Agartz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
keywords: Bipolar disorder; longitudinal studies; magnetic resonance imaging; schizophrenia