title: Symptoms associated with button batteries injuries in children: An epidemiological review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an epidemiological framework of symptoms related to Foreign Body (FB) injuries due to Button Battery (BB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on BB ingestion/inhalation have been obtained from the ButtonBatteryDB. The ButtonBatteryDB is a database collecting information on BB injuries in children (0-18 years of age). Data on 348 BB injures have been derived from the Registry of Foreign Body Injuries "Susy Safe" (269 cases) and from published scientific literature reporting case reports of FB injuries (79 cases).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of injured children were male and BBs were found more often in the mouth/esophagus/stomach (ICD935) and in the nose (ICD932). Analyzing symptoms related to BB located in the esophagus/mouth/stomach, we found that children had higher probability of experiencing dysphagia (30.19%, 95% C.I. 17.83-42.55), fever and cough (26.42%, 95% C.I. 14.55-38.28), compared to the other symptoms. Referring to the probability that symptoms occurred simultaneously, fever and cough are more likely (3.72%, 95% C.I. 1.0-6-43) to jointly showing up in children with BB in mouth/esophagus/stomach (ICD935), followed by fever and dysphagia (2.66%, 95% C.I. 0.36-4.96) and by fever and irritability/crying, fever and drooling, dysphagia and irritability/crying (2.13% C.I. 0.00-4.19, 95% C.I.)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide new insight in clinical presentation of BB injuries: the identification of unique patterns of symptoms related to BB injuries is useful to perform an early diagnosis (and to guarantee a prompt medical reaction), also when the injury is un-witnessed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, San Daniele del Friuli Hospital, Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buttazzoni
authors.affiliation: Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. Electronic address: dario.gregori@unipd.it.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gregori
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Bibiana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Paoli
authors.affiliation: Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soriani
authors.affiliation: Prochild ONLUS, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Solidea
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baldas
authors.affiliation: Hospital De Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lorenzoni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003371:Cough / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003448:Crying; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004435:Eating; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D004947:Esophagus / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D001239:Inhalation; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000293:injuries*; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000293:injuries*; D012042:Registries; D012798:Sialorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013270:Stomach / Q000293:injuries*; D063189:Symptom Assessment
keywords: Button batteries; Children injuries; Choking; Foreign bodies; Ingestion