title: Effects of Wind Turbine Noise on Self-Reported and Objective Measures of Sleep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between self-reported and objective measures of sleep and wind turbine noise (WTN) exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Community Noise and Health Study, a cross-sectional epidemiological study, included an in-house computer-assisted interview and sleep pattern monitoring over a 7 d period. Outdoor WTN levels were calculated following international standards for conditions that typically approximate the highest long-term average levels at each dwelling. Study data were collected between May and September 2013 from adults, aged 18-79 y (606 males, 632 females) randomly selected from each household and living between 0.25 and 11.22 kilometers from operational wind turbines in two Canadian provinces. Self-reported sleep quality over the past 30 d was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Additional questions assessed the prevalence of diagnosed sleep disorders and the magnitude of sleep disturbance over the previous year. Objective measures for sleep latency, sleep efficiency, total sleep time, rate of awakening bouts, and wake duration after sleep onset were recorded using the wrist worn Actiwatch2® from a subsample of 654 participants (289 males, 365 females) for a total of 3,772 sleep nights.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participant response rate for the interview was 78.9%. Outdoor WTN levels reached 46 dB(A) with an arithmetic mean of 35.6 and a standard deviation of 7.4. Self-reported and objectively measured sleep outcomes consistently revealed no apparent pattern or statistically significant relationship to WTN levels. However, sleep was significantly influenced by other factors, including, but not limited to, the use of sleep medication, other health conditions (including sleep disorders), caffeine consumption, and annoyance with blinking lights on wind turbines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study results do not support an association between exposure to outdoor WTN up to 46 dB(A) and an increase in the prevalence of disturbed sleep. Conclusions are based on WTN levels averaged over 1 y and, in some cases, may be strengthened with an analysis that examines sleep quality in relation to WTN levels calculated during the precise sleep period time.
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Consumer & Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Consumer & Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Katya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Feder
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Consumer & Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Keith
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Consumer & Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sonia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Voicescu
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Population Studies Division, Biostatistics Section, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Leonora
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marro
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Population Studies Division, Biostatistics Section, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Than
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Population Studies Division, Biostatistics Section, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mireille
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guay
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Environmental Health Program, Health Programs Branch, Regions and Programs Bureau, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Denning
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto.
authors.forename: Shelly K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Villeneuve
authors.affiliation: GGD Amsterdam Public Health Service, Environmental Health Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frits
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Office of Science Policy, Liaison and Coordination, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bower
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D002170:Canada; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D057566:Self Report; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000068776:Sleep Aids, Pharmaceutical / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology; D014919:Wind; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D000068776:Sleep Aids, Pharmaceutical; D002110:Caffeine
keywords: PSQI; actigraphy; annoyance; multiple regression models; sleep; wind turbine noise