title: Suitability for human consumption and agriculture purposes of Sminja aquifer groundwater in Zaghouan (north-east of Tunisia) using GIS and geochemistry techniques.
abstract: In Tunisia, the water resources are limited, partially renewable and unequally distributed between the wet north and the dry south of the country. The Sminja aquifer in Zaghouan city is located in north-east of Tunisia, between latitudes 36°38' and 36°47' and longitudes 9°95' and 10°12'. This aquifer is used to satisfy the population needs for their domestic purposes and agricultural activities. Water analyses results are expressed by many methods, among which are geochemical methods combined with the geographic information system (GIS) (all schematic presentations of the diagram software (Piper, Riverside, Wilcox…), which can be used to assess the suitability of the Sminja aquifer groundwater for human consumption and irrigation purposes. A total of 23 wells were sampled in January 2013, and the concentrations of major cations (Na(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+) and K(+)), major anions (Cl(-), SO4 (2-) and HCO3 (-)), electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were analysed. In the Sminja groundwater, the order of the cations dominance was Na > Ca > Mg > K and that of the anions was Cl > HCO3 > SO4. All of the analysed samples of the study area exceed chemical values recommended by the World Health Organisation guidelines and Tunisian Standards (NT.09.14) for potability but with different percentages. The aquifer spatial distribution of saturation indices reveals that all groundwater samples are under-saturated with gypsum, halite and anhydrite and are over-saturated with respect to calcite and dolomite based on water quality evaluation parameters for irrigation purposes; here, 87 % of samples in Sminja aquifer groundwater are suitable, whereas 13 % are unsuitable for irrigation uses.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Geochemistry and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 University Campus, Farhat Hached, Tunis, Tunisia. meriem_ameur@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Meriem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ameur
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Geochemistry and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 University Campus, Farhat Hached, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Fadoua
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hamzaoui-Azaza
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Geochemistry and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 University Campus, Farhat Hached, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Moncef
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gueddari
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis; D014416:Tunisia; D060753:Water Quality; D062066:Water Resources; D060986:Water Wells
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D008903:Minerals
keywords: Geographic information system; Guideline standards; Irrigation and domestic purposes; Sminja aquifer; Tunisia; Water resources