title: Cost-Effectiveness and Cost Thresholds of Generic and Brand Drugs in a National Chronic Hepatitis B Treatment Program in China.
abstract: Chronic liver disease and liver cancer associated with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are leading causes of death among adults in China. Although newborn hepatitis B immunization has successfully reduced the prevalence of CHB in children, about 100 million Chinese adults remain chronically infected. If left unmanaged, 15-25% will die from liver cancer or liver cirrhosis. Antiviral treatment is not necessary for all patients with CHB, but when it is indicated, good response to treatment would prevent disease progression and reduce disease mortality and morbidity, and costly complications. The aim of this study is to analyze the cost-effectiveness of generic and brand antiviral drugs for CHB treatment in China, and assessing various thresholds at which a highly potent, low resistance antiviral drug would be cost-saving and/or cost-effective to introduce in a national treatment program. We developed a Markov simulation model of disease progression using effectiveness and cost data from the medical literature. We measured life-time costs, quality adjusted life years (QALYs), incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), and clinical outcomes. The no treatment strategy incurred the highest health care costs ($12,932-$25,293) per patient, and the worst health outcomes, compared to the antiviral treatment strategies. Monotherapy with either entecavir or tenofovir yielded the most QALYs (14.10-19.02) for both HBeAg-positive and negative patients, with or without cirrhosis. Threshold analysis showed entercavir or tenofovir treatment would be cost saving if the drug price is $32-75 (195-460 RMB) per month, highly cost-effective at $62-110 (379-670 RMB) per month and cost-effective at $63-120 (384-734 RMB) per month. This study can support policy decisions regarding the implementation of a national health program for chronic hepatitis B treatment in China at the population level.
authors.affiliation: Asian Liver Center, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mehlika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toy
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States of America.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hutton
authors.affiliation: Asian Liver Center, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America.
authors.forename: Samuel K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: So
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002681:China; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens / Q000097:blood; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D009313:National Health Programs; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D000068698:Tenofovir / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D016568:Drugs, Generic; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens; C413685:entecavir; D006147:Guanine; D000068698:Tenofovir