title: Assessing Cognitive Distraction in the Automobile.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to establish a systematic framework for measuring and understanding cognitive distraction in the automobile.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Driver distraction from secondary in-vehicle activities is increasingly recognized as a significant source of injuries and fatalities on the roadway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Across three studies, participants completed eight in-vehicle tasks commonly performed by the driver of an automobile. Primary, secondary, subjective, and physiological measures were collected and integrated into a cognitive distraction scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In-vehicle activities, such as listening to the radio or an audio book, were associated with a low level of cognitive workload; the conversation activities of talking to a passenger in the vehicle or conversing with a friend on a handheld or hands-free cell phone were associated with a moderate level of cognitive workload; and using a speech-to-text interfaced e-mail system involved a high level of cognitive workload.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The research established that there are significant impairments to driving that stem from the diversion of attention from the task of operating a motor vehicle and that the impairments to driving are directly related to the cognitive workload of these in-vehicle activities. Moreover, the adoption of voice-based systems in the vehicle may have unintended consequences that adversely affect traffic safety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings can be used to help inform scientifically based policies on driver distraction, particularly as they relate to cognitive distraction stemming from the diversion of attention to other concurrent activities in the vehicle.
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Salt Lake CityPrecision Driving Research, Salt Lake City, UtahUniversity of Utah, Salt Lake CityUniversity of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignUniversity of Padova, Padova, Italy David.Strayer@utah.edu.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Strayer
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
authors.forename: Jonna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Turrill
authors.affiliation: Precision Driving Research, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Joel M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Medeiros-Ward
authors.affiliation: University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Biondi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: EEG; cognitive distraction; cognitive workload; divided attention; driving; multitasking; visual scanning behavior