title: Case-control study of glucocorticoid receptor and corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptor gene variants and risk of perinatal depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression during pregnancy or after childbirth is the most frequent perinatal illness affecting women of reproductive age. It could result in unfavourable outcomes for both women and their newborns. The incidence of perinatal depression is higher for those with family history of depression and other mental illness, suggesting the contribution of genetic factors. There is postulation that disruption or fluctuation of reproductive hormones could play a part in women who are sensitive to such changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a case-control study comparing the frequencies of candidate gene variants in patients with perinatal depression with controls. Patients of Chinese descent (N = 725) were recruited from the outpatient clinics of the hospital between 2010 and 2013. Controls were patients who came for postnatal consultations at the obstetrics clinics and scored ≤ 7 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at the postnatal screening programme of the hospital. Cases with confirmed diagnosis of clinical (major) depression related to pregnancy/postpartum were recruited from the hospital's outpatient clinic. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples and genotyped for the polymorphisms of interest. Differences between groups were assessed by chi-square analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CRHR1 rs242939 and rs1876828 were not polymorphic in the study population. There was no statistically significant association of perinatal depression for CRHR1 rs242941 and GR rs41423247 (BclI). When all subjects were grouped based on family history of mental illness, there was a statistically significant association of CRHR1 rs242941 with family history regardless of depression status (P = 0.043). There was also a statistically significant difference for GR rs41423247 and regularity of menstrual periods (P < 0.000). Although not statistically significant, women with perinatal depression showed a trend towards higher frequency of self-reported menstrual irregularity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No evidence was found for the association of any of the genetic markers with perinatal depression in this study cohort. Instead, the possible genetic links were found in women with positive family history of mental illness and menstrual irregularity, suggesting these could be identifying risk markers for women.
authors.affiliation: KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore. tanec@bigfoot.com.|Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. tanec@bigfoot.com.
authors.forename: Ene-Choo
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. chua.tze.ern@singhealth.com.sg.|Department of Psychological Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore. chua.tze.ern@singhealth.com.sg.
authors.forename: Tze-Ern
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.affiliation: Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. theresa.lee.m.y@singhealth.com.sg.|Department of Psychological Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore. theresa.lee.m.y@singhealth.com.sg.
authors.forename: Theresa M Y
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore. suzannetan85@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hui-San
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore. joe.ting@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Joe L Y
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.affiliation: Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. helen.chen.y@singhealth.com.sg.|Department of Psychological Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore. helen.chen.y@singhealth.com.sg.
authors.forename: Helen Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011247:Pregnancy; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000235:genetics*; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D000099052:CRF Receptor, Type 1
chemical_list: D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D000099052:CRF Receptor, Type 1