title: Tuberculosis Containment among the Homeless in Metropolitan Jackson, Mississippi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preventing tuberculosis among the homeless has emerged as an especially difficult challenge.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We assessed a 2008-2009 tuberculosis (TB) outbreak ad subsequent prevention strategies among homeless persons in metropolitan Jackson, Hinds County, Mississippi.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared data about cases and subclinical TB infections (LTBI) among homeless persons during the outbreak and post-outbreak years, interviewed involved homeless persons, compiled observations from visits to Jackson homeless shelters and conducted literature reviews on homelessness and infectious diseases. We reviewed homeless shelter TB prevention methods adopted by other municipalities, guidelines developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and recommendations from other official and ad hoc groups and considered their applicability to metropolitan Jackson.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Mississippi State Department of Health TB Program assisted by the CDC and other agencies, contained the Jackson-area outbreak by the end of 2009 as reflected by progressively lower TB rates among homeless persons thereafter. However, some follow-up activities and enforcement of shelter preventive measures have not been consistently maintained. Resources to prevent further outbreaks continue to be inadequate, and over-reliance on private organizations has continued. In the process, appreciation of the dynamic interaction enhancing TB risk among the homeless and incarcerated persons has emerged.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major outbreak contributors were lack of periodic TB screening among homeless shelter clients, preventive treatment compliance and follow-up difficulties among those with subclinical tuberculosis infections, interrupted preventive measures among infected persons incarcerated in local correctional facilities who disproportionately re-join Jackson's homeless community when released, inadequate attention to shelter environmental preventive strategies such as ultraviolet light germicidal irradiators and proper air-exchange/ventilation, costs of isolation housing for homeless people with full-blown tuberculosis (especially those co-infected with HIV and other infections and those with alcohol and/or other chemical dependencies), lack of adequate transportation which impacts access to evaluation and care, lack of mandated ongoing training among shelter and correctional facility staff, and inadequate attention to the societal problem of homelessness itself.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sustained adherence to local shelter and correctional facility TB prevention measures based on standards and policies proved effective in other settings is most crucial. These include requirements for periodic tuberculosis prevention and awareness training for shelter and correctional facility staff, ongoing tuberculosis screening and follow-up among homeless shelter clients and inmates of local correctional facilities, and attention to shelter and correctional facility environmental sanitation, proper ventilation, ultraviolet light fixtures and capacity/bed alignment standards.
authors.forename: Mario J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Conwill
authors.forename: Shonda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Azad R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bhuiyan
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wilkerson
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beckett
mesh_terms: D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons; D006801:Humans; D008922:Mississippi / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014505:Urban Population