title: Using health trainers to promote self-management of chronic pain: can it work?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2011, the Sheffield Primary Care Trust piloted a Health Trainer (HT) programme targeted specifically to people with chronic pain. The programme aimed to determine whether patients presenting to primary care with chronic pain would benefit from self-management support, thereby reducing the burden on primary care and secondary care services.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a formative mixed-methods evaluation of the pilot programme, focusing on four aspects of implementation: general practitioner (GP) referral to the programme, HT's ability to use cognitive behavioural (CB) approaches, short-term outcomes for clients and adequacy of resources. Qualitative data were collected via interviews with GPs, HTs and the chronic pain team; supervision sessions with HTs; and client case studies. Quantitative data were collected on satisfaction with training, HT's self-reported confidence to implement CB and clients' self-rated well-being before and after participation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 143 clients with pain for 1 year or more were referred, exceeding the projected 90 referrals by over 50%. A total of 70% of the clients came from the most deprived areas of Sheffield, 40% were listed as permanently sick/disabled and only 20% were working. Qualitative analysis indicated that the CB training was delivered as intended. Clients reported that 75% of their goals were either achieved or partly achieved, and at follow-up 43% of them reported maintaining strategies for self-management. Financial resources were supplemented by indirect resources, including GP 'champions' with a special interest in pain, and a multidisciplinary chronic pain team. The prior history of working with community organizations was critical in ensuring credibility in client communities and addressing client needs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A HT programme promoting self-management of chronic pain can be successfully implemented when supported by community organisations. Preliminary data indicate that the programme can be instrumental in helping clients to actively participate in identifying their own problems, set achievable goals for self-management and successfully manage the challenges of everyday life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Community-based Health Trainer programmes can be successfully established to promote self-management of chronic pain among clients in the deprived areas using multidisciplinary pain management teams. Utilising a community organization infrastructure that has experience of delivering successful programmes was instrumental in ensuring credibility of the initiative and access for clients. Health trainers can integrate cognitive behavioral training with their existing skills to work with clients who have chronic pain.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Sothall Medical Centre, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Sloan Medical Centre, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Ollie
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: Shipshape Health and Wellbeing Centre, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.affiliation: Sheffield City Council, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.affiliation: Sheffield City Council, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Aziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muthana
authors.affiliation: Sheffield City Council, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nield
keywords: Chronic pain; community-based programmes; health trainers; pain management; self-management