title: Efficient and stable large-area perovskite solar cells with inorganic charge extraction layers.
abstract: The recent dramatic rise in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has triggered intense research worldwide. However, high PCE values have often been reached with poor stability at an illuminated area of typically less than 0.1 square centimeter. We used heavily doped inorganic charge extraction layers in planar PSCs to achieve very rapid carrier extraction, even with 10- to 20-nanometer-thick layers, avoiding pinholes and eliminating local structural defects over large areas. The robust inorganic nature of the layers allowed for the fabrication of PSCs with an aperture area >1 square centimeter that have a PCE >15%, as certified by an accredited photovoltaic calibration laboratory. Hysteresis in the current-voltage characteristics was eliminated; the PSCs were stable, with >90% of the initial PCE remaining after 1000 hours of light soaking.
authors.affiliation: Photovoltaic Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan. Michael Grätzel Centre for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Photovoltaic Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Yongzhen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Photovoltaic Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Youfeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: Photovoltaic Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Michael Grätzel Centre for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Xudong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Enbing
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Photovoltaic Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Islam
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ashraful
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grätzel
authors.affiliation: Photovoltaic Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan. State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Liyuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han