title: Phenotypic- and Genotypic-Resistance Detection for Adaptive Resistance Management in Tetranychus urticae Koch.
abstract: Rapid resistance detection is necessary for the adaptive management of acaricide-resistant populations of Tetranychus urticae. Detection of phenotypic and genotypic resistance was conducted by employing residual contact vial bioassay (RCV) and quantitative sequencing (QS) methods, respectively. RCV was useful for detecting the acaricide resistance levels of T. urticae, particularly for on-site resistance detection; however, it was only applicable for rapid-acting acaricides (12 out of 19 tested acaricides). QS was effective for determining the frequencies of resistance alleles on a population basis, which corresponded to 12 nonsynonymous point mutations associated with target-site resistance to five types of acaricides [organophosphates (monocrotophos, pirimiphos-methyl, dimethoate and chlorpyrifos), pyrethroids (fenpropathrin and bifenthrin), abamectin, bifenazate and etoxazole]. Most field-collected mites exhibited high levels of multiple resistance, as determined by RCV and QS data, suggesting the seriousness of their current acaricide resistance status in rose cultivation areas in Korea. The correlation analyses revealed moderate to high levels of positive relationships between the resistance allele frequencies and the actual resistance levels in only five of the acaricides evaluated, which limits the general application of allele frequency as a direct indicator for estimating actual resistance levels. Nevertheless, the resistance allele frequency data alone allowed for the evaluation of the genetic resistance potential and background of test mite populations. The combined use of RCV and QS provides basic information on resistance levels, which is essential for choosing appropriate acaricides for the management of resistant T. urticae.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Deok Ho
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticultural Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Jeonju 565-852, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Taek-Jun
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea.|Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Si Hyeock
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D010641:Phenotype; D027826:Rosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology; D040102:Tetranychidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D007306:Insecticides