title: Social redistribution of pain and money.
abstract: People show empathic responses to others' pain, yet how they choose to apportion pain between themselves and others is not well understood. To address this question, we observed choices to reapportion social allocations of painful stimuli and, for comparison, also elicited equivalent choices with money. On average people sought to equalize allocations of both pain and money, in a manner which indicated that inequality carried an increasing marginal cost. Preferences for pain were more altruistic than for money, with several participants assigning more than half the pain to themselves. Our data indicate that, given concern for others, the fundamental principle of diminishing marginal utility motivates spreading costs across individuals. A model incorporating this assumption outperformed existing models of social utility in explaining the data. By implementing selected allocations for real, we also found that while inequality per se did not influence pain perception, altruistic behavior had an intrinsic analgesic effect for the recipient.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Policy, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, 10th Floor, St. Mary's Hospital, London, W2 1NY, UK.|Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG UK.
authors.forename: Giles W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Story
authors.affiliation: Warwick Business School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vlaev
authors.affiliation: Becker Friedman Institute, University of Chicago, 575 S. University Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, US.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG UK.|Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, 9 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK.
authors.forename: Molly J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Crockett
authors.affiliation: Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, UCL, c/o Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG UK.
authors.forename: Zeb
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kurth-Nelson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Policy, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, 10th Floor, St. Mary's Hospital, London, W2 1NY, UK.
authors.forename: Ara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG UK.
authors.forename: Raymond J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dolan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000533:Altruism; D002755:Choice Behavior; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*