title: An Automatic 3D Facial Landmarking Algorithm Using 2D Gabor Wavelets.
abstract: In this paper, we present a novel approach to automatic 3D facial landmarking using 2D Gabor wavelets. Our algorithm considers the face to be a surface and uses map projections to derive 2D features from raw data. Extracted features include texture, relief map, and transformations thereof. We extend an established 2D landmarking method for simultaneous evaluation of these data. The method is validated by performing landmarking experiments on two data sets using 21 landmarks and compared with an active shape model implementation. On average, landmarking error for our method was 1.9 mm, whereas the active shape model resulted in an average landmarking error of 2.3 mm. A second study investigating facial shape heritability in related individuals concludes that automatic landmarking is on par with manual landmarking for some landmarks. Our algorithm can be trained in 30 min to automatically landmark 3D facial data sets of any size, and allows for fast and robust landmarking of 3D faces.
authors.forename: Markus A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wollstein
authors.forename: Clifford
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruff
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dunaway
authors.forename: Pirro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hysi
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.lastname: Fan Liu
authors.forename: Wiro
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Niessen
authors.forename: Maarten J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Koudstaal
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kayser
authors.forename: Eppo B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Wolvius
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bohringer
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D058067:Wavelet Analysis