title: Comparing paediatric intravenous phenytoin doses using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling software.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling system to predict the serum levels achieved by two different intravenous loading doses of phenytoin.
  
  
  METHODS
  A phenytoin pharmacokinetic model was used in the Simcyp population-based ADME simulator, simulating 100 children age 2-10 years receiving intravenous phenytoin (18 and 20mg/kg). Visual checks were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the candidate model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Loading with doses of 18 mg/kg, blood levels were sub-therapeutic in 22/100 (concentration at 2h post infusion (C2h) <10 μg/mL), therapeutic in 62/100 (C2h 10-20 μg/mL), and supra-therapeutic in 16/100 (C2h>20 μg/mL). Loading with 20mg/kg, the percentages were 15, 59, and 26, respectively. Increasing from 18 to 20 mg/kg increased the mean C2h from 16.0 to 17.9 μg/mL, and the mean AUC from 145 to 162 μg/mL/h. A C2h>30 μg/mL was predicted in 4% and 8% of children in the 18 and 20 mg/kg doses, with 3% predicted to have a C2h>40 μg/mL following either dose. For maintenance doses, a 1st dose of 2.5 or 5mg/kg (intravenous) given at 12h (after either 18 or 20 mg/kg loading) gives the highest percentages of 10-20 μg/mL serum concentrations. For sub-therapeutic concentrations following intravenous loading (20 mg/kg), a 1st maintenance dose (intravenous) of 10mg/kg will achieve therapeutic concentrations in 93%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of PBPK modelling suggests that children receiving the 20 mg/kg intravenous loading dose are at slightly increased risk of supra-therapeutic blood levels. Ideally, therapeutic drug monitoring is required to monitor serum concentrations, although the dose regime suggested by the BNFc appear appropriate.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy and Therapeutics Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School Building, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Batchelor
authors.affiliation: The Roald Dahl EEG Unit, Paediatric Neurosciences Foundation, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Appleton
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; NIHR Alder Hey Clinical Research Facility, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK. Electronic address: D.hawcutt@liv.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hawcutt
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010372:Pediatrics; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D010672:Phenytoin
keywords: PBPK modelling; Paediatric; Pharmacokinetics; Phenytoin