title: Detecting Burrowing Owl Bloodmeals in Pulex irritans (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae).
abstract: Pulex irritans L. is a cosmopolitan flea species that infests a wide variety of hosts. In North America it generally parasitizes large wild mammals, but in the Pacific Northwest an association has emerged between P. irritans and the western burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia hypugaea). While investigators have recognized this association for decades, it has not been clear if P. irritans feeds on burrowing owls, or if the owls serve exclusively as phoretic hosts. Here we describe using a real-time assay that was originally developed to identify bloodmeals in Ugandan cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis Bouché) to detect burrowing owl DNA in P. irritans collected from burrowing owls in southern Idaho. Of 50 fleas tested, 12 had no detectable vertebrate bloodmeal. The remaining 38 (76%) contained burrowing owl DNA. The assay did not detect vertebrate DNA in unfed fleas exposed to owl or mouse pelts and is therefore unlikely to detect DNA in fleas from vertebrates that have served exclusively as phoretic hosts. We conclude that P. irritans feeds on burrowing owls. We discuss the potential implications of this finding for burrowing owl conservation and enzootic plague dynamics.
authors.affiliation: Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (hyb4@cdc.gov; dyn2@cdc.gov), hyb4@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Christine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (hyb4@cdc.gov; dyn2@cdc.gov).
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Eisen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Raptor Research Center, Boise State University, 1910 University Dr., Boise, ID 83725 (jbeltho@boisestate.edu).
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Belthoff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D005423:Siphonaptera / Q000502:physiology*; D020305:Strigiformes / Q000097:blood / Q000469:parasitology*
keywords: Athene cunicularia; Pulex irritans; bloodmeal identification; burrowing owl; flea