title: The Roles of Maternal Depression, Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Treatment, and Concomitant Benzodiazepine Use on Infant Neurobehavioral Functioning Over the First Postnatal Month.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article was to systematically compare the developmental trajectory of neurobehavior over the first postnatal month for infants with prenatal exposure to pharmacologically untreated maternal depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (collectively: SSRIs), SSRIs with concomitant benzodiazepines (SSRI plus benzodiazepine), and no maternal depression or drug treatment (no exposure).
  
  
  METHODS
  Women (N=184) were assessed at two prenatal time points to determine psychiatric diagnoses, symptom severity, and prenatal medication usage. Infants were examined with a structured neurobehavioral assessment (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale) at multiple time points across the first postnatal month. SSRI exposure was confirmed in a subset of participants with plasma SSRI levels. General linear-mixed models were used to examine group differences in neurobehavioral scores over time with adjustment for demographic variables and depression severity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants in the SSRI and SSRI plus benzodiazepine groups had lower motor scores and more CNS stress signs across the first postnatal month, as well as lower self-regulation and higher arousal at day 14. Infants in the depression group had low arousal throughout the newborn period. Infants in all three clinical groups had a widening gap in scores from the no-exposure group at day 30 in their response to visual and auditory stimuli while asleep and awake. Infants in the SSRI plus benzodiazepine group had the least favorable scores on the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neonatal adaptation syndrome was not limited to the first 2 weeks postbirth. The profile of neurobehavioral development was different for SSRI exposure than depression alone. Concomitant benzodiazepine use may exacerbate adverse behavioral effects.
authors.affiliation: From the Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Pediatrics and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Md.; the Center for Women's Behavioral Health, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago; the Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, R.I.; and the Department of Psychology, St. Joseph's College of Maine, Standish, Maine.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Salisbury
authors.affiliation: From the Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Pediatrics and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Md.; the Center for Women's Behavioral Health, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago; the Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, R.I.; and the Department of Psychology, St. Joseph's College of Maine, Standish, Maine.
authors.forename: Kevin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: O'Grady
authors.affiliation: From the Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Pediatrics and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Md.; the Center for Women's Behavioral Health, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago; the Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, R.I.; and the Department of Psychology, St. Joseph's College of Maine, Standish, Maine.
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Battle
authors.affiliation: From the Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Pediatrics and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Md.; the Center for Women's Behavioral Health, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago; the Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, R.I.; and the Department of Psychology, St. Joseph's College of Maine, Standish, Maine.
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wisner
authors.affiliation: From the Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Pediatrics and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Md.; the Center for Women's Behavioral Health, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago; the Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, R.I.; and the Department of Psychology, St. Joseph's College of Maine, Standish, Maine.
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: From the Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Pediatrics and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Md.; the Center for Women's Behavioral Health, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago; the Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, R.I.; and the Department of Psychology, St. Joseph's College of Maine, Standish, Maine.
authors.forename: Laura R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Stroud
authors.affiliation: From the Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Pediatrics and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Md.; the Center for Women's Behavioral Health, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago; the Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, R.I.; and the Department of Psychology, St. Joseph's College of Maine, Standish, Maine.
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Miller-Loncar
authors.affiliation: From the Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Pediatrics and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Md.; the Center for Women's Behavioral Health, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago; the Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, R.I.; and the Department of Psychology, St. Joseph's College of Maine, Standish, Maine.
authors.forename: Marion E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: From the Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Pediatrics and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Md.; the Center for Women's Behavioral Health, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, R.I.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago; the Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, R.I.; and the Department of Psychology, St. Joseph's College of Maine, Standish, Maine.
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lester
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002657:Child Development; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic; D006801:Humans; D018730:Infant Behavior; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009123:Muscle Hypotonia; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014157:Transcription Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C491431:MOVO protein, mouse