title: Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mortality has been suggested to be increased in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine both all-cause and cause-specific mortality in ASD, as well as investigate moderating role of gender and intellectual ability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for a population-based cohort of ASD probands (n = 27,122, diagnosed between 1987 and 2009) compared with gender-, age- and county of residence-matched controls (n = 2,672,185).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the observed period, 24,358 (0.91%) individuals in the general population died, whereas the corresponding figure for individuals with ASD was 706 (2.60%; OR = 2.56; 95% CI 2.38-2.76). Cause-specific analyses showed elevated mortality in ASD for almost all analysed diagnostic categories. Mortality and patterns for cause-specific mortality were partly moderated by gender and general intellectual ability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premature mortality was markedly increased in ASD owing to a multitude of medical conditions.
authors.affiliation: Tatja Hirvikoski, PhD, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and Habilitation and Health, Stockholm County Council, Sweden; Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz, PhD, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Marcus Boman, BSc, Henrik Larsson, PhD, Paul Lichtenstein, PhD, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sven Bölte, PhD, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm and Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm County Council, Sweden Tatja.Hirvikoski@ki.se.
authors.forename: Tatja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirvikoski
authors.affiliation: Tatja Hirvikoski, PhD, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and Habilitation and Health, Stockholm County Council, Sweden; Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz, PhD, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Marcus Boman, BSc, Henrik Larsson, PhD, Paul Lichtenstein, PhD, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sven Bölte, PhD, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm and Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm County Council, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ellenor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mittendorfer-Rutz
authors.affiliation: Tatja Hirvikoski, PhD, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and Habilitation and Health, Stockholm County Council, Sweden; Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz, PhD, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Marcus Boman, BSc, Henrik Larsson, PhD, Paul Lichtenstein, PhD, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sven Bölte, PhD, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm and Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm County Council, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boman
authors.affiliation: Tatja Hirvikoski, PhD, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and Habilitation and Health, Stockholm County Council, Sweden; Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz, PhD, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Marcus Boman, BSc, Henrik Larsson, PhD, Paul Lichtenstein, PhD, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sven Bölte, PhD, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm and Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm County Council, Sweden.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.affiliation: Tatja Hirvikoski, PhD, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and Habilitation and Health, Stockholm County Council, Sweden; Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz, PhD, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Marcus Boman, BSc, Henrik Larsson, PhD, Paul Lichtenstein, PhD, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sven Bölte, PhD, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm and Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm County Council, Sweden.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.affiliation: Tatja Hirvikoski, PhD, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and Habilitation and Health, Stockholm County Council, Sweden; Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz, PhD, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Marcus Boman, BSc, Henrik Larsson, PhD, Paul Lichtenstein, PhD, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sven Bölte, PhD, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm and Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm County Council, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bölte
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000401:mortality*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061213:Mortality, Premature; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult