title: Human papillomavirus detected in viral warts of renal transplant recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies have been conducted in South America regarding the detection and genotyping of human papillomavirus (HPV) in viral warts of renal transplant recipients (RTRs). The characterization of the population most susceptible to the development of warts and the knowledge of the main HPV types in this environment prompted this study, which focuses on the detection and typing of HPV in RTRs in Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight patients with viral warts from the Hospital São Paulo/Federal University of São Paulo were included in this study. HPV was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using combinations of the following primers: PGMY 09/11, RK 91, CP 65/70, and CP 66/69. Restriction fragment length polymorphism and automated sequencing techniques were used for HPV typing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV was detected by PCR in 89.7% of viral wart samples. The most frequently detected HPV types included 57, 27, 1a, 2a, and 20. Other types of HPV-epidermodysplasia verruciformis were also detected, including 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 36, and 38. Rare HPV types were also detected in our environment, including RTR X1, RTR X7, and 100. The time after transplant was correlated with an increased number of lesions and beta papillomavirus genus infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HPV types detected in the RTR population were similar to those described in immunocompetent populations. However, the diversity of the HPV types identified and the number of lesions were increased in the RTR population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martelli-Marzagão
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychopharmacology/Laboratory Medicine, Association for the Incentive Funding of Psychopharmacology/Laboratory Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Santos Junior
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: M M S S
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Enokihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Porro
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tomimori
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D066027:Transplant Recipients; D014860:Warts / Q000821:virology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: HPV; immunosuppression; papillomavirus; renal transplantation; warts