title: Validation of a wireless dry electrode system for electroencephalography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electroencephalography (EEG) is a widely used neuroimaging technique with applications in healthcare, research, assessment, treatment, and neurorehabilitation. Conventional EEG systems require extensive setup time, expensive equipment, and expertise to utilize and therefore are often limited to clinical or laboratory settings. Technological advancements have made it possible to develop wireless EEG systems with dry electrodes to reduce many of these barriers. However, due to the lack of homogeneity in hardware, electrode evaluation, and methodological procedures the clinical acceptance of these systems has been limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this investigation the validity of a wireless dry electrode system compared to a conventional wet electrode system was assessed, while addressing methodological limitations. In Experiment 1, the signal output of both EEG systems was examined at Fz, C3, Cz, C4, and Pz using a conductive head model and generated test signals at 2.5 Hz, 10 Hz, and 39 Hz. In Experiment 2, two-minutes of eyes-closed and eyes-open EEG data was recorded simultaneously with both devices from the adjacent electrode sites in a sample of healthy adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between group effects and frequency*device and electrode*device interactions were assessed using a mixed ANOVA for the simulated and in vivo signal output, producing no significant effects . Bivariate correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the relationship between electrode pairs during the simultaneous in vivo recordings, indicating a significant positive relationship (all p's < .05) and larger correlation coefficients (r > ± 0.5) between the dry and wet electrode signal amplitude were observed for theta, alpha, beta 1, beta 2, beta 3, and gamma in both the eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report demonstrates preliminary but compelling evidence that EEG data recorded from the wireless dry electrode system is comparable to data recorded from a conventional system. Small correlation values in delta activity were discussed in relation to minor differences in hardware filter settings, variation in electrode placement, and participant artifacts observer during the simultaneous EEG recordings. Study limitations and impact of this research on neurorehabilitation were discussed.
authors.affiliation: SenseLabs, Mesa, Arizona, Atascadero, CA, USA. sarah.wyckoff@senselabs.com.
authors.forename: Sarah N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Wyckoff
authors.affiliation: SenseLabs, Mesa, Arizona, Atascadero, CA, USA. leslie.sherlin@senselabs.com.|Department of Psychology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA. leslie.sherlin@senselabs.com.|Department of Mind-Body Medicine, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, AZ, USA. leslie.sherlin@senselabs.com.
authors.forename: Leslie H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Sherlin
authors.affiliation: SenseLabs, Mesa, Arizona, Atascadero, CA, USA. noel.ford@senselabs.com.|Department of Mind-Body Medicine, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, AZ, USA. noel.ford@senselabs.com.
authors.forename: Noel Larson
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: SenseLabs, Mesa, Arizona, Atascadero, CA, USA. dale.dalke@senselabs.com.
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dalke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059015:Wireless Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*