title: Calculated Antibiosis of Acute Cholangitis and Cholecystitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this article is to present the most recent suggestions for the therapy of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis based on a review of the current literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic literature search in the Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using the keywords mentioned above. This article is strongly influenced by the publication of the Tokyo Guidelines for the management of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis (TG07, TG13) in 2007 and 2013. These were the first practical guidelines targeting diagnosis and treatment of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. These guidelines are based on the best published evidence and a consensus conference of international experts in the field.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute cholangitis and acute cholecystitis are common conditions that may result in progressively severe infection and death when not treated appropriately. Beside supportive therapy and antiobstructive measures, therapy with antimicrobial agents is an important component in the management of affected patients. Here, we discuss the use of antimicrobial agents that are suitable for the first-line management of these infections. Empirical therapy depends upon the knowledge of local microbial epidemiology and patient-specific factors affecting the selection of appropriate agents.
authors.affiliation: 1. Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Till
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bornscheuer
authors.affiliation: 1. Department of Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmiedel
keywords: Acute cholangitis; Acute cholecystitis; Antibiotic therapy; Antimicrobial therapy; Biliary infection; Calculated antimicrobial therapy; Empirical therapy; Presumptive therapy