title: The effects of exercise on the lipoprotein subclass profile: A meta-analysis of 10 interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal was to examine lipoprotein subclass responses to regular exercise as measured in 10 exercise interventions derived from six cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to quantify average particle size, total and subclass concentrations of very low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein particles (VLDL-P, LDL-P, and HDL-P, respectively) before and after an exercise intervention in 1555 adults from six studies, encompassing 10 distinct exercise programs: APOE (N = 106), DREW (N = 385), GERS (N = 79), HERITAGE (N = 715), STRRIDE I (N = 168) and II (N = 102). Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to evaluate the overall estimate of mean change across the unadjusted and adjusted mean change values from each exercise group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Meta-analysis of unadjusted data showed that regular exercise induced significant decreases in the concentration of large VLDL-P, small LDL-P, and medium HDL-P and mean VLDL-P size, with significant increases in the concentration of large LDL-P and large HDL-P and mean LDL-P size. These changes remained significant in meta-analysis with adjustment for age, sex, race, baseline body mass index, and baseline trait value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite differences in exercise programs and study populations, regular exercise produced putatively beneficial changes in the lipoprotein subclass profile across 10 exercise interventions. Further research is needed to examine how exercise-induced changes in lipoprotein subclasses may be associated with (concomitant changes in) cardiovascular disease risk.
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. Electronic address: sarz@mailbox.sc.edu.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sarzynski
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Tuomo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rankinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Steven N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Church
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Després
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hagberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Rian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landers-Ramos
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Arthur S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.affiliation: Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Mikus
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Seip
authors.affiliation: Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.affiliation: Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Cris A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Slentz
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Wilund
authors.affiliation: Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouchard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D053442:High-Density Lipoproteins, Pre-beta / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000145:classification*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification; D008079:Lipoproteins, VLDL / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D010316:Particle Size; D044469:Racial Groups; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053442:High-Density Lipoproteins, Pre-beta; D008074:Lipoproteins; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D008079:Lipoproteins, VLDL
keywords: Exercise training; Lipids; Lipoprotein subfractions; NMR spectroscopy