title: AFM₁ in Milk: Physical, Biological, and Prophylactic Methods to Mitigate Contamination.
abstract: Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic, carcinogenic, immunosuppressive secondary metabolites produced by some Aspergillus species which colonize crops, including many dietary staple foods and feed components. AFB₁ is the prevalent and most toxic among AFs. In the liver, it is biotransformed into AFM₁, which is then excreted into the milk of lactating mammals, including dairy animals. AFM₁ has been shown to be cause of both acute and chronic toxicoses. The presence of AFM₁ in milk and dairy products represents a worldwide concern since even small amounts of this metabolite may be of importance as long-term exposure is concerned. Contamination of milk may be mitigated either directly, decreasing the AFM₁ content in contaminated milk, or indirectly, decreasing AFB₁ contamination in the feed of dairy animals. Current strategies for AFM₁ mitigation include good agricultural practices in pre-harvest and post-harvest management of feed crops (including storage) and physical or chemical decontamination of feed and milk. However, no single strategy offers a complete solution to the issue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Parma, Parma 43125, Italy. laura.giovati@unipr.it.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giovati
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Parma, Parma 43125, Italy. walter.magliani@unipr.it.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Magliani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Parma, Parma 43125, Italy. tecla.ciociola@unipr.it.
authors.forename: Tecla
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ciociola
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Parma, Parma 43125, Italy. claudia.santinoli@studenti.unipr.it.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santinoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Parma, Parma 43125, Italy. stefania.conti@unipr.it.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Parma, Parma 43125, Italy. luciano.polonelli@unipr.it.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Polonelli
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000633:toxicity; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D061046:Biological Control Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000382:microbiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control; D061353:Food Storage / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D061046:Biological Control Agents; D016604:Aflatoxin B1
keywords: aflatoxin; biocontrol; biotransformation; enterosorption; milk; vaccination