title: Are lifestyle cardiovascular disease risk factors associated with pre-hypertension in 15-18 years rural Nigerian youth? A cross sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a public health concern worldwide. Hypertensive heart disease is predominant in Nigeria. To effectively reduce CVD in Nigeria, the prevalence of, and factors associated with, pre-hypertension in Nigerian youth first need to be established.
  
  
  METHODS
  A locally-validated CVD risk factor survey was completed by 15-18 year olds in a rural setting in south-west Nigeria. Body Mass Index (BMI), waist-hip ratio and systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured. Putative risk factors were tested in gender-specific hypothesized causal pathways for overweight/obesity, and for pre-hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1079 participants, prevalence of systolic pre-hypertension was 33.2 %, diastolic pre-hypertension prevalence approximated 5 %, and hypertension occurred in less than 10 % sample. There were no gender differences in prevalence of pre- hypertension, and significant predictors of systolic pre-hypertension (high BMI and older age) were identified. Considering high BMI, older age was a risk for both genders, whilst fried food preference was female-only risk, and low breakfast cereal intake was a male-only risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rural Nigerian adolescents are at-risk of future CVD because of lifestyle factors, and high prevalence of systolic pre-hypertension. Relevant interventions can now be proposed to reduce BMI and thus ameliorate future rural adult Nigerian CVD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiotherapy, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa. nselaw2000@gmail.com.|Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. nselaw2000@gmail.com.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Odunaiya
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiotherapy, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa. qalouw@sun.ac.za.
authors.forename: Q A
authors.initials: QA
authors.lastname: Louw
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiotherapy, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa. Karen.grimmer@unisa.edu.au.|International Center for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. Karen.grimmer@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Grimmer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D058246:Prehypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio