title: Highly efficient extraction of anthocyanins from grape skin using deep eutectic solvents as green and tunable media.
abstract: Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were investigated as tunable, environmentally benign, yet superior extraction media to enhance the extraction of anthocyanins from grape skin, which is usually discarded as waste. Ten DESs containing choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor combined with different hydrogen bond donors were screened for high extraction efficiencies based on the anthocyanin extraction yields. As a result, citric acid, D-(+)-maltose, and fructose were selected as the effective DES components, and the newly designed DES, CM-6 that is composed of citric acid and D-(+)-maltose at 4:1 molar ratio, exhibited significantly higher levels of anthocyanin extraction yields than conventional extraction solvents such as 80% aqueous methanol. The final extraction method was established based on the ultrasound-assisted extraction under conditions optimized using response surface methodology. Its extraction yields were double or even higher than those of conventional methods that are time-consuming and use volatile organic solvents. Our method is truly a green method for anthocyanin extraction with great extraction efficiency using a minimal amount of time and solvent. Moreover, this study suggested that grape skin, the by-products of grape juice processing, could serve as a valuable source for safe, natural colorants or antioxidants by use of the eco-friendly extraction solvent, CM-6.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seoburo, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seoburo, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seoburo, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Gyeonggi Science High School, 135 Suil-ro, Suwon, 440-800, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong Rok
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seoburo, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Se Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seoburo, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Da Eun
authors.initials: da E
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seoburo, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea. jlee0610@skku.edu.
authors.forename: Jeongmi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D027843:Vitis
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D004396:Coloring Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents
keywords: Anthocyanins; Deep eutectic solvents; Grape skin; Green extraction; Response surface methodology; Tunability