title: Artepillin C and Other Herbal PAK1-blockers: Effects on Hair Cell Proliferation and Related PAK1-dependent Biological Function in Cell Culture.
abstract: PAK1 (RAC/CDC42-activated kinase 1) is the major oncogenic kinase, and a number of herbal PAK1-blockers such as propolis and curcumin have been shown to be anti-oncogenic and anti-melanogenic as well as anti-alopecia (promoting hair growth). Previously, we found several distinct PAK1-inhibitors in Okinawa plants including Alpinia zerumbet (alpinia). Thus, here, we tested the effects of these herbal compounds and their derivatives on the growth of cancer or normal hair cells, and melanogenesis in cell culture of A549 lung cancer, hair follicle dermal papilla cell, and B16F10 melanoma. Among these herbal PAK1-inhibitors, cucurbitacin I from bitter melon (Goya) turned out to be the most potent to inhibit the growth of human lung cancer cells with the IC50 around 140 nM and to promote the growth of hair cells with the effective dose around 10 nM. Hispidin, a metabolite of 5,6-dehydrokawain from alpinia, inhibited the growth of cancer cells with the IC50 of 25 μM as does artepillin C, the major anti-cancer ingredient in Brazilian green propolis. Mimosine tetrapeptides (MFWY, MFYY, and MFFY) and hispidin derivatives (H1-3) also exhibited a strong anti-cancer activity with the IC50 ranging from 16 to 30 μM. Mimosine tetrapeptides and hispidin derivatives strongly suppressed the melanogenesis in melanoma cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8580, Japan.
authors.forename: Binh Cao Quan
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8580, Japan.
authors.forename: Nozomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taira
authors.affiliation: PAK Research Center, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maruta
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinkichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tawata
mesh_terms: D032429:Alpinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018859:Hair Follicle / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D054461:Lim Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D029777:Momordica charantia / Q000737:chemistry; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011753:Pyrones / Q000494:pharmacology; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D011753:Pyrones; D014315:Triterpenes; C052297:5,6-dehydrokawain; C102259:artepillin C; C515892:LIMK1 protein, human; D054461:Lim Kinases; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases; C038106:cucurbitacin I; C007946:hispidin
keywords: PAK1-blockers; artepillin C; cucurbitacin; hair growth; hispidin; melanogenesis