title: Assessment of Nonverbal and Verbal Apraxia in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.
abstract: Objective. To assess the presence of nonverbal and verbal apraxia in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and analyze the correlation between these conditions and patient age, education, duration of disease, and PD stage, as well as evaluate the correlation between the two types of apraxia and the frequency and types of verbal apraxic errors made by patients in the sample. Method. This was an observational prevalence study. The sample comprised 45 patients with PD seen at the Movement Disorders Clinic of the Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Patients were evaluated using the Speech Apraxia Assessment Protocol and PD stages were classified according to the Hoehn and Yahr scale. Results. The rate of nonverbal apraxia and verbal apraxia in the present sample was 24.4%. Verbal apraxia was significantly correlated with education (p ≤ 0.05). The most frequent types of verbal apraxic errors were omissions (70.8%). The analysis of manner and place of articulation showed that most errors occurred during the production of trill (57.7%) and dentoalveolar (92%) phonemes, consecutively. Conclusion. Patients with PD presented nonverbal and verbal apraxia and made several verbal apraxic errors. Verbal apraxia was correlated with education levels.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine: Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil.
authors.forename: Monia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Presotto
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech Pathology, UFRGS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maira Rozenfeld
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Olchik
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Group, The Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre (HCPA), Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Artur Francisco
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Shumacher Shuh
authors.affiliation: The Movement Disorders Clinic, The Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre (HCPA), Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil ; The Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos R M
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Rieder