title: Iliopsoas Syndrome in Dancers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coxa saltans refers to a constellation of diagnoses that cause snapping of the hip and is a major cause of anterior hip pain in dancers. When the internal type is accompanied by weakness or pain, it is referred to as iliopsoas syndrome. Iliopsoas syndrome is the result of repetitive active hip flexion in abduction and can be confused with other hip pathology, most commonly of labral etiology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report the incidence, clinical findings, treatment protocol, and results of treatment for iliopsoas syndrome in a population of dancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series; Level of evidence, 4.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective database review of 653 consecutive patients evaluated for musculoskeletal complaints over a 3-year period was completed. The diagnosis of iliopsoas syndrome was made based on anterior hip or groin pain, weakness with resisted hip flexion in abduction, or symptomatic clicking or snapping with a positive iliopsoas test. Patients identified with iliopsoas syndrome were further stratified according to age at time of onset, insidious versus acute onset, duration of symptoms, side of injury, presence of rest pain, pain with activities of daily living, and associated lower back pain. All patients diagnosed with iliopsoas syndrome underwent physical therapy, including hip flexor stretching and strengthening, pelvic mobilization, and modification of dance technique or exposure as required.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 49 dancers were diagnosed and treated for iliopsoas syndrome. Within this injured population of 653 patients, the incidence in female dancers was 9.2%, significantly higher than that in male dancers (3.2%). The mean age at the time of injury was 24.6 years. The incidence of iliopsoas syndrome in dancers younger than 18 years was 12.8%, compared with 7% in dancers older than 18 years. Student dancers had the highest incidence (14%), followed by amateur dancers (7.5%), while professional dancers had the lowest incidence (4.6%). All patients responded to conservative treatment, and no patients required corticosteroid injections or surgical intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the largest series reported to date of iliopsoas syndrome in the dance population, treated noninvasively. This study supports that conservative treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication, activity modification, and a physical therapy regimen specific to the iliopsoas should be the primary treatment for patients with iliopsoas syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports current literature and conservative treatment of iliopsoas syndrome diagnosis. Furthermore, this study gives specific information regarding incidence of iliopsoas syndrome in dance populations and provides a test for diagnosis and an algorithm for treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University-Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laible
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University-Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University-Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Garret
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garofolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University-Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rose
keywords: coxa saltans; dance injury; hip pain; iliopsoas syndrome; snapping hip