title: Determination of lead ion removal from a flowing electrolyte in the presence of a magnetic field using Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors report on the development of a new, noninvasive method to efficiently remove metal ions in aqueous solution flowing in a tube and to quantify the concentrations of those ions. Such a technique could be used to remove toxic ions in the interiors of arteries and veins in patients intoxicated by the ingestion of metal ions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A magnetic field is applied to an aqueous electrolyte flowing in a specially designed rectangular cell in order to deflect the ion trajectories and concentrate them at one side of a cell. Once the ions are concentrated, they can be removed. Raman spectroscopy is used to promptly determine the concentration of the removed lead ions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It is possible to increase, on one side of the cell, the ion concentration by more than 80% with respect to the average concentration; the removed ions were taken from this high concentration region. This approach is a rapid, efficient, and noninvasive method for the removal of ions in aqueous solution. Raman spectroscopy was found to be a suitable technique to determine the amount of removed ions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the ion concentration can be increased more than 80% in a region where they can be removed. The increment in the ion concentration produced by the deflection due to the magnetic field, together with the use of Raman spectroscopy, allows for a rapid analysis of the removed ions without any previous preparation. The proposed method is a potentially useful method for metal ion separation of interest in the medical physics field.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro C.P 76230, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rogelio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro C.P 76230, Mexico.
authors.forename: Domingo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rangel
authors.affiliation: Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro C.P 76230, Mexico.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.affiliation: Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro C.P 76230, Mexico.
authors.forename: Maykel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina, Universidad del Valle de México, Boulevard Villas del Mesón 1000, Provincia Juriquilla, Campus Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro C.P. 76230, Mexico.
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Malagon
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina, Universidad del Valle de México, Boulevard Villas del Mesón 1000, Provincia Juriquilla, Campus Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro C.P. 76230, Mexico.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Quintanilla
mesh_terms: D004573:Electrolytes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000528:radiation effects; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000528:radiation effects; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000528:radiation effects; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D007477:Ions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D007854:Lead