title: Biceps Tenotomy Versus Tenodesis in Active Patients Younger Than 55 Years: Is There a Difference in Strength and Outcomes?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proximal biceps pathology is a significant factor in shoulder pain. Surgical treatment options include biceps tenotomy and subpectoral biceps tenodesis. Tenotomy is a simple procedure, but it may produce visible deformity, subjective cramping, or loss of supination strength. Tenodesis is a comparatively technical procedure involving a longer recovery, but it has been hypothesized to achieve better outcomes in younger active patients (<55 years).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the outcomes of younger patients who underwent either a biceps tenotomy or tenodesis as part of treatment for shoulder pain. The hypothesis was that, apart from cosmetic deformity, there will be no difference in outcome between the 2 treatment options.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isometric strength and endurance testing of operative and nonoperative shoulders for forearm supination (FS) and elbow flexion (EF) were tested utilizing an isometric dynamometer. Objective physical assessment was also performed. Subjective outcomes using the modified American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score (ASES); Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH); visual analog scale (VAS); and perceived biceps symptoms were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 42 patients (22 tenotomy, 20 tenodesis) with an average follow-up of 3.3 years were studied. The average age at follow-up was 49.9 years. Thirty-five percent (7/20) of tenotomy patients exhibited a "Popeye" deformity, compared with 18.2% (4/22) of tenodesis patients. Strength prior to fatiguing exercise was similar between tenodesis and tenotomy for FS (6.9 vs 7.3 lbs; P < .05), EF in neutral (35.4 vs 35.4 lbs), and EF in supination (33.8 vs 34.2 lbs). Strength was not significantly different between groups for isometric strength and endurance measures. Subjective functional outcome measured by the DASH, ASES, and VAS scores were similar between groups. Frequency of complaints of cramping was higher in the tenotomy group (4/20 vs 1/22), and complaints of pain were higher in the tenodesis group (11/22 vs 5/20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite increased demands and activity placed on biceps function in a younger population, this study showed no differences in functional and subjective outcome measurements. The choice between biceps tenotomy and tenodesis for pathology of the proximal biceps tendon can continue to be based on surgeon and patient preference.
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut Health Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.affiliation: Parkview Orthopedics, Pueblo, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: FitzPatrick
authors.affiliation: Denver VA Medical Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Lucas S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Rylander
authors.affiliation: CU Sports Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: CU Sports Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Armando F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.affiliation: CU Sports Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: McCarty
keywords: biceps tendon; shoulder arthroscopy; tenodesis; tenotomy; younger patients