title: REST Regulates Non-Cell-Autonomous Neuronal Differentiation and Maturation of Neural Progenitor Cells via Secretogranin II.
abstract: RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), a master negative regulator of neuronal differentiation, controls neurogenesis by preventing the differentiation of neural stem cells. Here we focused on the role of REST in the early steps of differentiation and maturation of adult hippocampal progenitors (AHPs). REST knockdown promoted differentiation and affected the maturation of rat AHPs. Surprisingly, REST knockdown cells enhanced the differentiation of neighboring wild-type AHPs, suggesting that REST may play a non-cell-autonomous role. Gene expression analysis identified Secretogranin II (Scg2) as the major secreted REST target responsible for the non-cell-autonomous phenotype. Loss-of-function of Scg2 inhibited differentiation in vitro, and exogenous SCG2 partially rescued this phenotype. Knockdown of REST in neural progenitors in mice led to precocious maturation into neurons at the expense of mushroom spines in vivo. In summary, we found that, in addition to its cell-autonomous function, REST regulates differentiation and maturation of AHPs non-cell-autonomously via SCG2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results reveal that REST regulates differentiation and maturation of neural progenitor cells in vitro by orchestrating both cell-intrinsic and non-cell-autonomous factors and that Scg2 is a major secretory target of REST with a differentiation-enhancing activity in a paracrine manner. In vivo, REST depletion causes accelerated differentiation of newborn neurons at the expense of spine defects, suggesting a potential role for REST in the timing of the maturation of granule neurons.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, and.
authors.forename: Hyung Joon
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0159-0316
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, and.
authors.forename: Ahmet M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Denli
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, and.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, and.
authors.forename: Tithi D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Baul
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, and.
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Clemenson
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02138.
authors.forename: Ari S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Morcos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, and.
authors.forename: Chunmei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, and.
authors.forename: Simon T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Schafer
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, and gage@salk.edu mnkagalwala@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fred H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0938-4106
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Gage
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, and gage@salk.edu mnkagalwala@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohamedi N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Kagalwala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D053381:Secretogranin II / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099229:RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor
chemical_list: D012097:Repressor Proteins; D053381:Secretogranin II; D000099229:RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor; C506138:secretogranin 2, mouse
keywords: REST/NRSF; SCG2; adult neurogenesis; microfludics; neurosecretory; stem cells