title: Chronic Stroke Outcome Measures for Motor Function Intervention Trials: Expert Panel Recommendations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  About half of survivors with stroke experience severe and significant long-term disability. The purpose of this article is to review the state of the science and to make recommendations for measuring patient-centric outcomes in interventions for motor improvement in the chronic stroke phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 9-member expert panel reviewed evidence to identify measures of upper and lower extremity function used to date as outcomes in trials with patients who experienced a stroke ≥6 months before assessment. Outcome measures were screened using StrokEDGE consensus panel recommendations, and evaluated for availability of a published minimal clinically important difference. Measures meeting these criteria were further evaluated with regard to their level of measurement, psychometric properties, and ability of minimal clinically important difference to capture gains associated with improved function and clinical relevance to patients, to arrive at recommendations. A systematic literature review yielded 115 clinical trials of upper and lower extremity function in chronic stroke that used a total of 34 outcome measures. Seven of these had published minimal clinically important differences and were recommended or highly recommended by StrokEDGE. Those are the Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity and Lower Extremity scales, Wolf Motor Function Test, Action Research Arm Test, Ten-Meter and Six-Minute Walk Tests, and the Stroke Impact Scale. All had evidence for their psychometric performance, although the strength of evidence for validity varied, especially in populations with chronic stroke Fugl-Meyer Upper and Lower Extremity scales showing the strongest evidence for validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The panel recommends that the Fugl-Meyer Upper and Lower Extremity scales be used as primary outcomes in intervention trials targeting motor function in populations with chronic stroke. The other 6 measures are recommended as secondary outcomes.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (C.B.); Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC (J.P.B.); Department of Neurosurgery, Radiology and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey (K.M.C.); Department of Neurology (S.C.C.) and Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Boston, MA (M.O.E., S.M.); Department of Neurology (D.H.) and Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health (G.Y.), Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (I.K.); Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine (Occupational Therapy), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (D.M.N.); RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (T.P.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.R.S.); and South West Advanced Neurological Rehabilitation, LLC, Phoenix, AZ (K.W.).
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bushnell
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (C.B.); Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC (J.P.B.); Department of Neurosurgery, Radiology and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey (K.M.C.); Department of Neurology (S.C.C.) and Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Boston, MA (M.O.E., S.M.); Department of Neurology (D.H.) and Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health (G.Y.), Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (I.K.); Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine (Occupational Therapy), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (D.M.N.); RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (T.P.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.R.S.); and South West Advanced Neurological Rehabilitation, LLC, Phoenix, AZ (K.W.).
authors.forename: Janet Prvu
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bettger
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (C.B.); Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC (J.P.B.); Department of Neurosurgery, Radiology and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey (K.M.C.); Department of Neurology (S.C.C.) and Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Boston, MA (M.O.E., S.M.); Department of Neurology (D.H.) and Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health (G.Y.), Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (I.K.); Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine (Occupational Therapy), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (D.M.N.); RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (T.P.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.R.S.); and South West Advanced Neurological Rehabilitation, LLC, Phoenix, AZ (K.W.).
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cockroft
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (C.B.); Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC (J.P.B.); Department of Neurosurgery, Radiology and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey (K.M.C.); Department of Neurology (S.C.C.) and Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Boston, MA (M.O.E., S.M.); Department of Neurology (D.H.) and Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health (G.Y.), Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (I.K.); Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine (Occupational Therapy), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (D.M.N.); RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (T.P.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.R.S.); and South West Advanced Neurological Rehabilitation, LLC, Phoenix, AZ (K.W.).
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (C.B.); Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC (J.P.B.); Department of Neurosurgery, Radiology and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey (K.M.C.); Department of Neurology (S.C.C.) and Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Boston, MA (M.O.E., S.M.); Department of Neurology (D.H.) and Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health (G.Y.), Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (I.K.); Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine (Occupational Therapy), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (D.M.N.); RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (T.P.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.R.S.); and South West Advanced Neurological Rehabilitation, LLC, Phoenix, AZ (K.W.). maria_edelen@rand.org.
authors.forename: Maria Orlando
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Edelen
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (C.B.); Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC (J.P.B.); Department of Neurosurgery, Radiology and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey (K.M.C.); Department of Neurology (S.C.C.) and Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Boston, MA (M.O.E., S.M.); Department of Neurology (D.H.) and Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health (G.Y.), Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (I.K.); Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine (Occupational Therapy), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (D.M.N.); RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (T.P.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.R.S.); and South West Advanced Neurological Rehabilitation, LLC, Phoenix, AZ (K.W.).
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (C.B.); Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC (J.P.B.); Department of Neurosurgery, Radiology and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey (K.M.C.); Department of Neurology (S.C.C.) and Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Boston, MA (M.O.E., S.M.); Department of Neurology (D.H.) and Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health (G.Y.), Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (I.K.); Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine (Occupational Therapy), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (D.M.N.); RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (T.P.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.R.S.); and South West Advanced Neurological Rehabilitation, LLC, Phoenix, AZ (K.W.).
authors.forename: Irene L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Katzan
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (C.B.); Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC (J.P.B.); Department of Neurosurgery, Radiology and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey (K.M.C.); Department of Neurology (S.C.C.) and Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Boston, MA (M.O.E., S.M.); Department of Neurology (D.H.) and Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health (G.Y.), Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (I.K.); Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine (Occupational Therapy), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (D.M.N.); RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (T.P.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.R.S.); and South West Advanced Neurological Rehabilitation, LLC, Phoenix, AZ (K.W.).
authors.forename: Soeren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mattke
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (C.B.); Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC (J.P.B.); Department of Neurosurgery, Radiology and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey (K.M.C.); Department of Neurology (S.C.C.) and Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Boston, MA (M.O.E., S.M.); Department of Neurology (D.H.) and Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health (G.Y.), Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (I.K.); Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine (Occupational Therapy), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (D.M.N.); RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (T.P.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.R.S.); and South West Advanced Neurological Rehabilitation, LLC, Phoenix, AZ (K.W.).
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nilsen
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (C.B.); Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC (J.P.B.); Department of Neurosurgery, Radiology and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey (K.M.C.); Department of Neurology (S.C.C.) and Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Boston, MA (M.O.E., S.M.); Department of Neurology (D.H.) and Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health (G.Y.), Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (I.K.); Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine (Occupational Therapy), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (D.M.N.); RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (T.P.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.R.S.); and South West Advanced Neurological Rehabilitation, LLC, Phoenix, AZ (K.W.).
authors.forename: Tepring
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Piquado
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (C.B.); Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC (J.P.B.); Department of Neurosurgery, Radiology and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey (K.M.C.); Department of Neurology (S.C.C.) and Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Boston, MA (M.O.E., S.M.); Department of Neurology (D.H.) and Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health (G.Y.), Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (I.K.); Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine (Occupational Therapy), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (D.M.N.); RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (T.P.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.R.S.); and South West Advanced Neurological Rehabilitation, LLC, Phoenix, AZ (K.W.).
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Skidmore
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (C.B.); Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC (J.P.B.); Department of Neurosurgery, Radiology and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey (K.M.C.); Department of Neurology (S.C.C.) and Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Boston, MA (M.O.E., S.M.); Department of Neurology (D.H.) and Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health (G.Y.), Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (I.K.); Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine (Occupational Therapy), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (D.M.N.); RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (T.P.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.R.S.); and South West Advanced Neurological Rehabilitation, LLC, Phoenix, AZ (K.W.).
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wing
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC (C.B.); Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC (J.P.B.); Department of Neurosurgery, Radiology and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey (K.M.C.); Department of Neurology (S.C.C.) and Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.C.C.), University of California, Irvine; RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Boston, MA (M.O.E., S.M.); Department of Neurology (D.H.) and Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health (G.Y.), Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (I.K.); Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine (Occupational Therapy), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (D.M.N.); RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (T.P.); Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (E.R.S.); and South West Advanced Neurological Rehabilitation, LLC, Phoenix, AZ (K.W.).
authors.forename: Gayane
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yenokyan
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D061345:Early Medical Intervention; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012107:Research Design; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: chronic disease; lower extremity; stroke; suvivors; upper extremity