title: Technical Note: Phantom study to evaluate the dose and image quality effects of a computed tomography organ-based tube current modulation technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This technical note quantifies the dose and image quality performance of a clinically available organ-dose-based tube current modulation (ODM) technique, using experimental and simulation phantom studies. The investigated ODM implementation reduces the tube current for the anterior source positions, without increasing current for posterior positions, although such an approach was also evaluated for comparison.
  
  
  METHODS
  Axial CT scans at 120 kV were performed on head and chest phantoms on an ODM-equipped scanner (Optima CT660, GE Healthcare, Chalfont St. Giles, England). Dosimeters quantified dose to breast, lung, heart, spine, eye lens, and brain regions for ODM and 3D-modulation (SmartmA) settings. Monte Carlo simulations, validated with experimental data, were performed on 28 voxelized head phantoms and 10 chest phantoms to quantify organ dose and noise standard deviation. The dose and noise effects of increasing the posterior tube current were also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ODM reduced the dose for all experimental dosimeters with respect to SmartmA, with average dose reductions across dosimeters of 31% (breast), 21% (lung), 24% (heart), 6% (spine), 19% (eye lens), and 11% (brain), with similar results for the simulation validation study. In the phantom library study, the average dose reduction across all phantoms was 34% (breast), 20% (lung), 8% (spine), 20% (eye lens), and 8% (brain). ODM increased the noise standard deviation in reconstructed images by 6%-20%, with generally greater noise increases in anterior regions. Increasing the posterior tube current provided similar dose reduction as ODM for breast and eye lens, increased dose to the spine, with noise effects ranging from 2% noise reduction to 16% noise increase. At noise equal to SmartmA, ODM increased the estimated effective dose by 4% and 8% for chest and head scans, respectively. Increasing the posterior tube current further increased the effective dose by 15% (chest) and 18% (head) relative to SmartmA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ODM reduced dose in all experimental and simulation studies over a range of phantoms, while increasing noise. The results suggest a net dose/noise benefit for breast and eye lens for all studied phantoms, negligible lung dose effects for two phantoms, increased lung dose and/or noise for eight phantoms, and increased dose and/or noise for brain and spine for all studied phantoms compared to the reference protocol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201.
authors.forename: Diksha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin 53188.
authors.forename: Dominic J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Crotty
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin 53188.
authors.forename: Grant M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201.
authors.forename: Taly Gilat
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*