title: HIV-1 Genetic Diversity and Transmitted Drug Resistance in Antiretroviral Treatment-Naive Individuals from Amapá State, Northern Brazil.
abstract: The pattern of HIV-1 subtype distribution and prevalence of transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRM) is heterogeneous across different Brazilian regions. Little information is available about the molecular epidemiologic profile in Northern Brazil. HIV-1 protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) sequences were obtained from 97 drug-naive HIV-1-infected individuals from Amapá, one of the most isolated Northern Brazilian states, for subtype determination and analysis of drug resistance mutations. The most prevalent HIV-1 clade observed in Amapá was subtype B (74%), followed by subtype F1 (14%), BF1 recombinants (8%), subtype C (1%), CRF31_BC (1%), and CRF02_AG (1%). Only one TDRM (K103N) was detected in a single patient from our study population. This study reveals that the HIV-1 epidemic in Amapá is characterized by a high level of genetic diversity comparable to that observed in major Brazilian cities, but a much lower rate of TDRM (1%).
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratório Central de Saúde Publica do Amapá (LACEN-AP) , Macapá, Brazil .
authors.forename: Lindomar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dos Anjos Silva
authors.affiliation: 2 Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz , FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil .
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Divino
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratório Central de Saúde Publica do Amapá (LACEN-AP) , Macapá, Brazil .
authors.forename: Márlisson Octávio
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: da Silva Rêgo
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratório Central de Saúde Publica do Amapá (LACEN-AP) , Macapá, Brazil .
authors.forename: Ivina Geselle
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Lima Lopes
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratório Central de Saúde Publica do Amapá (LACEN-AP) , Macapá, Brazil .
authors.forename: Cláudia Maria
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nóbrega Costa
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratório Central de Saúde Publica do Amapá (LACEN-AP) , Macapá, Brazil .
authors.forename: Francis Christian
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: da Silva Pereira
authors.affiliation: 3 Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde , FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil .
authors.forename: Ivano
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: de Filippis
authors.affiliation: 2 Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz , FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil .
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bello
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002947:Cities; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C514824:reverse transcriptase, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease; C514803:p16 protease, Human immunodeficiency virus 1