title: Temporal Genetic Variance and Propagule-Driven Genetic Structure Characterize Naturalized Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from a Patagonian Lake Impacted by Trout Farming.
abstract: Knowledge about the genetic underpinnings of invasions-a theme addressed by invasion genetics as a discipline-is still scarce amid well documented ecological impacts of non-native species on ecosystems of Patagonia in South America. One of the most invasive species in Patagonia's freshwater systems and elsewhere is rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This species was introduced to Chile during the early twentieth century for stocking and promoting recreational fishing; during the late twentieth century was reintroduced for farming purposes and is now naturalized. We used population- and individual-based inference from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to illuminate three objectives related to the establishment and naturalization of Rainbow Trout in Lake Llanquihue. This lake has been intensively used for trout farming during the last three decades. Our results emanate from samples collected from five inlet streams over two seasons, winter and spring. First, we found that significant intra- population (temporal) genetic variance was greater than inter-population (spatial) genetic variance, downplaying the importance of spatial divergence during the process of naturalization. Allele frequency differences between cohorts, consistent with variation in fish length between spring and winter collections, might explain temporal genetic differences. Second, individual-based Bayesian clustering suggested that genetic structure within Lake Llanquihue was largely driven by putative farm propagules found at one single stream during spring, but not in winter. This suggests that farm broodstock might migrate upstream to breed during spring at that particular stream. It is unclear whether interbreeding has occurred between "pure" naturalized and farm trout in this and other streams. Third, estimates of the annual number of breeders (Nb) were below 73 in half of the collections, suggestive of genetically small and recently founded populations that might experience substantial genetic drift. Our results reinforce the notion that naturalized trout originated recently from a small yet genetically diverse source and that farm propagules might have played a significant role in the invasion of Rainbow Trout within a single lake with intensive trout farming. Our results also argue for proficient mitigation measures that include management of escapes and strategies to minimize unintentional releases from farm facilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile.
authors.forename: Javiera N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Benavente
authors.affiliation: School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195-5020, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lisa W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Seeb
authors.affiliation: School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195-5020, United States of America.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Seeb
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, 2820 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arismendi
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile.
authors.forename: Cristián E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Genética, Acuicultura & Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gajardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galleguillos
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile.|Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Barrio Universitario s/n, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Cádiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile.|Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile.
authors.forename: Selim S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Musleh
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile.|Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Barrio Universitario s/n, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gomez-Uchida
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002677:Chile; D017753:Ecosystem; D005838:Genotype; D058865:Introduced Species; D060106:Lakes; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide