title: The association of HLA-G and immune markers in recurrent miscarriages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G, CD8, CD16, CD56, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α for recurrent miscarriages in feto-maternal interface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chorion and decidua samples were obtained from 11 women with unwanted pregnancies (healthy pregnancy, HP) and 10 women with missed abortion diagnosis after at least two pregnancy losses (recurrent miscarriage, RM). In addition, endometrial tissues were obtained from 10 non-pregnant women (NonP). The expressions of markers were evaluated using the Western blot analysis. The values obtained between different groups were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest protein expression of CD56 was found in the HP compared to NonP and RM. Meanwhile, the lowest protein expression of CD16 was observed in the NonP compared to HP and RM. The HLA-G expression exhibited the highest level in HP; however, there was no statistically significant difference between groups. CD8 and IFNγ expressions were lowest in the NonP group; however, TNF-α was highest in the RM group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CD56 expression of uterine NK cells may be an indicator of a HP. However, not statistically significant, the increased expression of CD16, CD8, and also significantly increased expression of TNF may be associated with the predominant cytotoxic activity in the maternal immune system in patients with RM. Although there was no change in the expression of HLA-G, this finding may mean that the maternal immune system is unresponsive to HLA-G-mediated immunosuppressive signals originating from the fetus in these cases.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , School of Medicine, Celal Bayar University , Manisa , Turkey .
authors.forename: Fatma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eskicioğlu
authors.affiliation: b Department of Stem Cell , Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University , Izmir , Turkey .
authors.forename: Alper Tunga
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Özdemir
authors.affiliation: c Department of Immunology and Allergy , School of Medicine, Celal Bayar University , Manisa , Turkey .
authors.forename: Rabia Bilge
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Özdemir
authors.affiliation: d Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , School of Medicine, Şifa University , Izmir , Turkey , and.
authors.forename: Gülüzar Arzu
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Turan
authors.affiliation: e Department of Biophysics , School of Medicine, Celal Bayar University , Manisa , Turkey.
authors.forename: Zafer
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Akan
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , School of Medicine, Celal Bayar University , Manisa , Turkey .
authors.forename: Solmaz Pınar
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hasdemir
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019002:CD56 Antigen / Q000032:analysis*; D003656:Decidua; D005260:Female; D059951:HLA-G Antigens / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000737:chemistry*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019002:CD56 Antigen; D059951:HLA-G Antigens; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; HLA-G; natural killer cells; recurrent miscarriages