title: Social and behavioral predictors of insufficient sleep among African Americans and Caucasians.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have examined the social and behavioral predictors of insufficient sleep.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the social and behavioral predictors of insufficient sleep in the U.S.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were analyzed. Telephone interviews were conducted in six representative states that completed the optional sleep module. A total of 31,059 respondents were included in the present analysis. BRFSS-provided weights were applied to analyses to adjust for the use of complex design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age for the sample was 56 ± 16 years, with 63% of the sample being female; 88% identified as non-Hispanic white and 12% identified as non-Hispanic black; 42% were not married and 8% did not have a high school degree. The prevalence of insufficient sleep (<7 hours) was 37%. Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression revealed associations of four important factors with insufficient sleep, which were: working more than 40 hours per week [OR = 1.65, p < 0.001, 95% CI = 1.65-1.66], black race/ethnicity [OR = 1.37, p < 0.001, 95% CI = 1.37-1.38], history of heart disease [OR = 1.26, p < 0.001, 95% CI = 1.25-1.28], care-giving to family/friends [OR = 1.50, p < 0.001, 95% CI = 1.49-1.51], and lack of social and emotional support [OR = 1.24, p < 0.001, 95% CI = 1. 23-1.25].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Social and behavioral predictors of health uniquely contribute to the report of insufficient sleep and should be considered when developing programs to increase awareness of the adverse effects of insufficient sleep.
authors.affiliation: Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Medical Center, NY, USA. Electronic address: natasha.williams2@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Natasha J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grandner
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Sleep Medicine Division, University of Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.affiliation: Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Medical Center, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Yendelela
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cuffee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Collins
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Airhihenbuwa
authors.affiliation: Program in Health Disparities, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Kolawole
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okuyemi
authors.affiliation: Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Medical Center, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Gbenga
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ogedegbe
authors.affiliation: Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Medical Center, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Girardin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jean-Louis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D040343:Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000208:ethnology*; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People
keywords: Determinants; Insufficient sleep; Race/ethnicity; Sleep duration; Social/behavioral