title: Prenatal maternal psychological stress and childhood asthma and wheezing: a meta-analysis.
abstract: The aim of this study was to systematically review and meta-analyse observational studies on prenatal maternal psychological stress and the subsequent development of asthma and wheezing in early childhood.All available published literature from 1960 until November 2013 was systematically searched through electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo and Web of Science). All observational studies assessing associations between any form of prenatal maternal psychological stress and respiratory morbidity in the child were included. Data extraction, quality assessment and meta-analyses were performed.The overall meta-analysis included 10 studies and showed that the prevalence of wheezing, asthma and other respiratory symptoms is higher in children of mothers who were exposed to or experienced some form of psychological stress during pregnancy than in mothers who did not (pooled OR 1.56 (95% CI 1.36-1.80)). Comparable results were observed in subgroup analyses of stress exposure, perceived stress, asthma and wheezing.This study demonstrates that prenatal maternal psychological stress is associated with respiratory morbidity, including asthma and wheezing in the child. Future studies examining the early origins of asthma and wheezing need to account for the impact of prenatal maternal stress.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Medical Psychology, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Kim.vandeLoo@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Kim F E
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: van de Loo
authors.affiliation: Dept for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marleen M H J
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: van Gelder
authors.affiliation: Dept of Pediatric Pulmonology, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jolt
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roukema
authors.affiliation: Dept for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Dept of Pediatrics, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roeleveld
authors.affiliation: Dept of Pediatric Pulmonology, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Both authors contributed equally.
authors.forename: Peter J F M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Merkus
authors.affiliation: Dept of Medical Psychology, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Both authors contributed equally.
authors.forename: Christianne M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Verhaak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*