title: Comparing research investment to United Kingdom institutions and published outputs for tuberculosis, HIV and malaria: a systematic analysis across 1997-2013.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The "Unfinished Agenda" of infectious diseases is of great importance to policymakers and research funding agencies that require ongoing research evidence on their effective management. Journal publications help effectively share and disseminate research results to inform policy and practice. We assess research investments to United Kingdom institutions in HIV, tuberculosis and malaria, and analyse these by numbers of publications and citations and by disease and type of science.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on infection-related research investments awarded to United Kingdom institutions across 1997-2010 were sourced from funding agencies and individually categorised by disease and type of science. Publications were sourced from the Scopus database via keyword searches and filtered to include only publications relating to human disease and containing a United Kingdom-based first and/or last author. Data were matched by disease and type of science categories. Investment (United Kingdom pounds) and publications were compared to generate an 'investment per publication' metric; similarly, an 'investment per citation' metric was also developed as a measure of the usefulness of research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total research investment for all three diseases was £1.4 billion, and was greatest for HIV (£651.4 million), followed by malaria (£518.7 million) and tuberculosis (£239.1 million). There were 17,271 included publications, with 9,322 for HIV, 4,451 for malaria, and 3,498 for tuberculosis. HIV publications received the most citations (254,949), followed by malaria (148,559) and tuberculosis (100,244). According to UK pound per publication, tuberculosis (£50,691) appeared the most productive for investment, compared to HIV (£61,971) and malaria (£94,483). By type of science, public health research was most productive for HIV (£27,296) and tuberculosis (£22,273), while phase I-III trials were most productive for malaria (£60,491). According to UK pound per citation, tuberculosis (£1,797) was the most productive area for investment, compared to HIV (£2,265) and malaria (£2,834). Public health research was the most productive type of science for HIV (£2,265) and tuberculosis (£1,797), whereas phase I-III trials were most productive for malaria (£1,713).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When comparing total publications and citations with research investment to United Kingdom institutions, tuberculosis research appears to perform best in terms of efficiency. There were more public health-related publications and citations for HIV and tuberculosis than other types of science. These findings demonstrate the diversity of research funding and outputs, and provide new evidence to inform research investment strategies for policymakers, funders, academic institutions, and healthcare organizations.
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute for Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, UK. m.head@ucl.ac.uk.|Faculty of Medicine and the Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. m.head@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Head
authors.affiliation: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA. m.head@ucl.ac.uk.|London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. m.head@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fitchett
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University, London, UK. m.head@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Derrick
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute for Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, UK. m.head@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Fatima B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Wurie
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical Sciences, UCL Medical School, University College London, London, UK. m.head@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meldrum
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London, School of Medicine, London, UK. m.head@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumari
authors.affiliation: Northumbria Specialist Emergency Care Hospital, Northumbrian Rd, Cramlington, Northumberland, UK. m.head@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA. m.head@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Counts
authors.affiliation: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA. m.head@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Rifat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Atun
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000191:economics*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007449:Investments; D008288:Malaria / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D011643:Publishing; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D006113:United Kingdom