title: Growth Trajectories of Health Behaviors from Adolescence through Young Adulthood.
abstract: Based on nine waves of data collected during a period of 17 years (1990-2007), the present study explored different developmental trajectories of the following unhealthy behaviors: regular smoking, lack of regular exercise, lack of daily fruit intake, and drunkenness. A baseline sample of 1195 13-year-old pupils was from 22 randomly selected schools in the Hordaland County in western Norway. Latent class growth analysis revealed three developmental trajectories. The first trajectory was a conventional trajectory, comprising 36.3% of participants, who showed changes in smoking, physical exercise, fruit intake, and drunkenness consistent with the prevailing age specific norms of these behaviors in the Norwegian society at the time. The second trajectory was a passive trajectory, comprising 25.5% of participants, who reported low levels of both healthy and unhealthy behaviors during the 17-year period. The third trajectory was an unhealthy trajectory, comprising 38.2% of participants, who had high levels of unhealthy behaviors over time. Several covariates were examined, but only sex and mother's and father's educational levels were found to be significantly associated with the identified trajectories. While these findings need to be replicated in future studies, the identification of the different trajectories suggests the need to tailor intervention according to specific needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Christiesgate 12, Bergen N-5020, Norway. Nora.Wiium@uib.no.
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wiium
authors.affiliation: Uni Research, Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Krinkelkroken 1, Bergen N-5014, Norway. Kyrre.Breivik@uni.no.
authors.forename: Kyrre
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Breivik
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Christiesgate 13, Bergen N-5020, Norway. Bente.Wold@uib.no.
authors.forename: Bente
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wold
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D041923:Adolescent Development; D000328:Adult; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015444:Exercise; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: drunkenness; fruit intake; latent class growth analysis; physical  activity; smoking