title: A Systematic Review of mHealth-Based Heart Failure Interventions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The popularity of mobile phones and similar mobile devices makes it an ideal medium for delivering interventions. This is especially true with heart failure (HF) interventions, in which mHealth-based HF interventions are rapidly replacing their telephone-based predecessors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review examined the impact of mHealth-based HF management interventions on HF outcomes. The specific aims of the systematic review are to (1) describe current mHealth-based HF interventions and (2) discuss the impact of these interventions on HF outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, CINAHL Plus, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Scopus were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies that tested mHealth interventions in people with HF using the terms Heart Failure, Mobile Health, mHealth, Telemedicine, Text Messaging, Texting, Short Message Service, Mobile Applications, and Mobile Apps.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ten articles, representing 9 studies, were included in this review. The majority of the studies utilized mobile health technology as part of an HF monitoring system, which typically included a blood pressure-measuring device, weighing scale, and an electrocardiogram recorder. The impact of the mHealth interventions on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, HF-related hospitalizations, length of stay, New York Heart Association functional class, left ventricular ejection fraction, quality of life, and self-care were inconsistent at best.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research is needed to conclusively determine the impact of mHealth interventions on HF outcomes. The limitations of the current studies (eg, inadequate sample size, quasi-experimental design, use of older mobile phone models, etc) should be taken into account when designing future studies.
authors.affiliation: Maan Isabella Cajita, BSN, RN-BC PhD Student, School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.Kelly T. Gleason, BSN, RN PhD Student, School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.Hae-Ra Han, PhD, RN, FAAN Associate Professor, School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Maan Isabella
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Cajita
authors.forename: Kelly T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Gleason
authors.forename: Hae-Ra
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D063731:Mobile Applications; D017216:Telemedicine; D060145:Text Messaging