title: Evaluation of hemolysis in microcatheter directed blood infusion at different flow rates for transarterial salvage reperfusion: In-vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microcatheter directed blood reperfusion is an endovascular salvage option for acute cerebral artery occlusions. It has not been investigated whether this technique may be associated with hemolysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Analysis of hemolysis during blood infusion through different microcatheters and infusion rates to assess related risks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four microcatheters with different inner diameters were perfused with blood samples at three infusion rates. Hemolytic markers including lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH) and haptoglobin were analyzed. Samples before and after blood infusion were compared using Student's t-test. Flow-related degree of hemolysis was analyzed with regression analysis. Resulting shear stress was calculated and correlated with LDH and haptoglobin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant increase of LDH and decrease of haptoglobin was found after blood reperfusion through small microcatheters at progressive flow rates (p<0.05). No hemolysis was found with larger diameter microcatheters at all flow rates (p>0.05). Correlation between shear stress, LDH and haptoglobin was r=0.86 and r=0.75, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progressive hemolysis occurs during blood perfusion of small lumen microcatheters at increasing flow rates. This phenomenon may be related to turbulent flow, exposure time and increased shear stress. Larger microcatheters did not induce hemolysis and may be the preferred choice for stroke reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
authors.forename: Jens J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Froelich
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Australia.
authors.forename: Udayan
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Monkhorst
authors.affiliation: Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Marwick
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Australia.
authors.forename: Ashutosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hardikar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harle
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D001777:Blood Coagulation; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D062666:Vascular Access Devices / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D006242:Haptoglobins; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase
keywords: Stroke; blood; catheterization; hemolysis; ischemia; reperfusion