title: Joint association of fruit, vegetable, and heterocyclic amine intake with DNA damage levels in a general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess joint effects of heterocyclic amine (HCA), fruit, and vegetable intake on DNA damage in a general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey (ISA-Capital) was performed among adults and older adults in Brazil. We selected 73 participants with high HCA intake and 73 sex- and age-matched participants with non-HCA intake (n = 146) for the present study. Diet was assessed by a 24-h dietary recall and a structured questionnaire with cooking methods and levels of meat doneness. DNA damage was measured by 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). The association between DNA damage and dietary intake was analyzed by linear regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fruit intake showed significantly inverse association with 8-OHdG (β, -0.787; P = 0.035), whereas HCA intake was significantly associated with increased DNA damage (β, 1.621; P = 0.036) after adjusting for covariates, including sex, age, body mass index, energy intake, smoking, physical activity, and C-reactive protein. Vegetable intake was not significantly associated with 8-OHdG. We also found a significant association between joint fruit and HCA intake and DNA damage, and the difference in 8-OHdG levels was significantly higher between participants with the lowest fruit intake and highest HCA intake and those with the highest fruit intake and non-HCA intake (P = 0.049).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower intake of fruits and higher intake of HCAs were associated with higher DNA damage levels and showed an additive effect pattern.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Aline Martins
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio Augusto Ferreira
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Carioca
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Regina Mara
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Fisberg
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: marchioni@usp.br.
authors.forename: Dirce Maria
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Marchioni
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000588:Amines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D001938:Brazil; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003849:Deoxyguanosine
keywords: DNA adducts; DNA damage; Fruit; Heterocyclic amines; Risk of cancer