title: Clustering of elderly patient subgroups to identify medication-related readmission risks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High Risk Medication Regimen (HRMR) scores are weakly predictive of hospital readmissions for elderly home health care patients. HRMR is composed of three elements related to drug risks: polypharmacy (number of medications); Potentially Inappropriate Medications (PIM) known to be harmful to the elderly; and the Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI) that weighs drugs by the complexity of their dosing and instructions. In this paper, we hypothesized that HRMR scores are more predictive for demographic subgroups of elderly patients. The study used Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) variables to identify subgroups of patients for whom the HRMR measures appeared more predictive for hospital readmissions.
  
  
  METHODS
  OASIS and medication data were reused from a study of 911 patients (355 males, 556 females; mean age 78.9) from 15 Medicare-certified home health care agencies that established the relationship between HRMR and hospital readmissions. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering using the Jaccard distance measure and average-link method identified patient subgroups based on the OASIS data. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analyses evaluated the predictive strength of the HRMR variables for each subgroup. Additional False Discovery Rate (FDR) analyses assessed whether the clustered relationships were chance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clustering of OASIS data for 911 patients identified six subgroups: patients with Good Functional Status (n=382); Females with Moderate to Severe Pain (n=354); patients with poor prognosis needing functional status assistance (n=419); patients with Poor Functional Status (n=287); Males with Adult Children as Caregiver (n=198); adults living alone with spouses as primary caregiver (n=127). ROC results relating these subgroups to HRMR risks were strongest for Males with Adult Children as Caregivers (AUC: polypharmacy, 0.73; PIM, 0.64; MRCI, 0.77). The findings for this subgroup also met the FDR analysis threshold (<=0.20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A risk of medication-related readmissions in elderly men with adult children as caregivers is consistent with research showing problems in medication adherence when seniors are supported by informal caregivers. The results from clustering analysis present a hypothesis for research on HRMR and on the relationship between adult caregivers and their fathers.
authors.affiliation: Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, 330 Diehl Hall, 505 Essex Street SE Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States. Electronic address: hart0110@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Catherine H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.affiliation: Research Assistant, Computer Science and Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, United States. Electronic address: sanjoy@cs.umn.edu.
authors.forename: Sanjoy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.affiliation: Department Head, Computer Science and Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, United States. Electronic address: kumar@cs.umn.edu.
authors.forename: Vipin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, United States. Electronic address: mons0122@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Monsen
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, United States. Electronic address: westr006@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Bonnie L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Westra
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010359:Patient Readmission
keywords: Caregiver; Cluster analysis; High Risk Medication Regimen; Home healthcare; Patient readmission