title: Early results of displaced supracondylar fractures of humerus in children treated by closed reduction and percutaneous pinning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Displaced supracondylar fractures are notorious for difficulty in reduction, maintenance of reduction and frequent involvement of neurovascular structures. No general agreement on the treatment is evident with controversy prevailing regarding the ideal timing of surgery, method of maintenance of reduction and configuration of the pin fixation. A crossed pin configuration, though believed by some to be mechanically more stable than the lateral pins alone, has the risk of ulnar nerve injury due to the medial pin. Lateral pins alone impart less rotational stability to the fracture although it has been attributed mainly to technical errors of pin placement. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of treatment of this fracture using one lateral and one trans-olecranon K-wires or lateral entry K-wires alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety cases of displaced supracondylar humerus fractures were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 6.7 years (range 3-12 years). The male/female ratio was 5:1 and left side was involved in 70% whereas 30% had right sided injuries. The most common mode of trauma was fall from height with elbow in extension. All the 90 consecutively admitted patients had extension type injury with 73.3% fractures being Gartland type III and 26.7% were type II. Posteromedial displacement was noted in 70% whereas 30% fractures were posterolaterally displaced. In 60 cases, lateral entry wires alone were used whereas, in 30 cases, one lateral and another transolecranon transarticular K-wire was used. K-wires were removed at 3 weeks postoperatively and followup was done at 6 weeks and 12 weeks when they were evaluated according to the criteria described by Flynn. Chi-square test was used as a statistical test of significance to compare results among different variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results were graded according to Flynn's criteria. Excellent results were achieved in 12 (13.3%), good in 54 (60%), fair in 15 (16.7%) while in nine patients (10%) poor results were obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both lateral entry K-wires and lateral-trans-olecranon wire techniques provide stable fixation when observing the guidelines for wire placement and consistently satisfactory results can be obtained, both cosmetically and functionally with both the techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Othopaedics, Government Medical College and Rajindra Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Anmol
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Othopaedics, Government Medical College and Rajindra Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Jaswinder P S
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Walia
authors.affiliation: Department of Othopaedics, Government Medical College and Rajindra Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Bhupinder S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Brar
authors.affiliation: Department of Othopaedics, Government Medical College and Rajindra Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Sudhir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sethi
keywords: Pediatrics; Percutaneous pinning; fracture fixation; humeral fractures; lateral pinning; supracondylar fracture humerus; transolecranon pinning