title: Observations of backscatter from sand and gravel seafloors between 170 and 250 kHz.
abstract: Interpreting observations of frequency-dependence in backscatter from the seafloor offers many challenges, either because multiple frequencies are used for different observations that will later be merged or simply because seafloor scattering models are not well-understood above 100 kHz. Hindering the understanding of these observations is the paucity of reported, calibrated acoustic measurements above 100 kHz. This manuscript seeks to help elucidate the linkages between seafloor properties and frequency-dependent seafloor backscatter by describing observations of backscatter collected from sand, gravel, and bedrock seafloors at frequencies between 170 and 250 kHz and at a grazing angle of 45°. Overall, the frequency dependence appeared weak for all seafloor types, with a slight increase in seafloor scattering strength with increasing frequency for an area with unimodal, very poorly to moderately well sorted, slightly granular to granular medium sand with significant amounts of shell debris and a slight decrease in all other locations.
authors.affiliation: Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, 24 Colovos Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping and Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 24 Colovos Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA.
authors.forename: Larry G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Ward