title: Lymph flow pattern in pleural diaphragmatic lymphatics during intrinsic and extrinsic isotonic contraction.
abstract: Peripheral rat diaphragmatic lymphatic vessels, endowed with intrinsic spontaneous contractility, were in vivo filled with fluorescent dextrans and microspheres and subsequently studied ex vivo in excised diaphragmatic samples. Changes in diameter and lymph velocity were detected, in a vessel segment, during spontaneous lymphatic smooth muscle contraction and upon activation, through electrical whole-field stimulation, of diaphragmatic skeletal muscle fibers. During intrinsic contraction lymph flowed both forward and backward, with a net forward propulsion of 14.1 ± 2.9 μm at an average net forward speed of 18.0 ± 3.6 μm/s. Each skeletal muscle contraction sustained a net forward-lymph displacement of 441.9 ± 159.2 μm at an average velocity of 339.9 ± 122.7 μm/s, values significantly higher than those documented during spontaneous contraction. The flow velocity profile was parabolic during both spontaneous and skeletal muscle contraction, and the shear stress calculated at the vessel wall at the highest instantaneous velocity never exceeded 0.25 dyne/cm(2). Therefore, we propose that the synchronous contraction of diaphragmatic skeletal muscle fibers recruited at every inspiratory act dramatically enhances diaphragmatic lymph propulsion, whereas the spontaneous lymphatic contractility might, at least in the diaphragm, be essential in organizing the pattern of flow redistribution within the diaphragmatic lymphatic circuit. Moreover, the very low shear stress values observed in diaphragmatic lymphatics suggest that, in contrast with other contractile lymphatic networks, a likely interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms be based on a mechanical and/or electrical connection rather than on nitric oxide release.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moriondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Italy.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Solari
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marcozzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Italy daniela.negrini@uninsubria.it.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Negrini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003911:Dextrans / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D001239:Inhalation; D007551:Isotonic Contraction; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008196:Lymph / Q000502:physiology*; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D009038:Motion; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012212:Rheology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C015219:fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
keywords: lymph propulsion; spontaneous lymphatic contractility; tissue stress