title: Rare Causes of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: Genetic and Clinical Characterization of a Large Nationwide Cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is a life-threatening condition that is often due to monogenic causes in children. Although congenital adrenal hyperplasia occurs commonly, several other important molecular causes have been reported, often with overlapping clinical and biochemical features. The relative prevalence of these conditions is not known, but making a specific diagnosis can have important implications for management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to investigate the clinical and molecular genetic characteristics of a nationwide cohort of children with PAI of unknown etiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate clinical, biochemical, and imaging data. Genetic analysis was performed using Haloplex capture and next-generation sequencing. Patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, adrenoleukodystrophy, autoimmune adrenal insufficiency, or obvious syndromic PAI were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in 19 tertiary pediatric endocrinology clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five children (48 females, aged 0-18 y, eight familial) with PAI of unknown etiology participated in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A genetic diagnosis was obtained in 77 patients (81%). The range of etiologies was as follows: MC2R (n = 25), NR0B1 (n = 12), STAR (n = 11), CYP11A1 (n = 9), MRAP (n = 9), NNT (n = 7), ABCD1 (n = 2), NR5A1 (n = 1), and AAAS (n = 1). Recurrent mutations occurred in several genes, such as c.560delT in MC2R, p.R451W in CYP11A1, and c.IVS3ds+1delG in MRAP. Several important clinical and molecular insights emerged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the largest nationwide study of the molecular genetics of childhood PAI undertaken. Achieving a molecular diagnosis in more than 80% of children has important translational impact for counseling families, presymptomatic diagnosis, personalized treatment (eg, mineralocorticoid replacement), predicting comorbidities (eg, neurological, puberty/fertility), and targeting clinical genetic testing in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Tulay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guran
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Buonocore
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Nurcin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saka
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Mehmet Nuri
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ozbek
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Zehra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Aycan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bereket
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Firdevs
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Sukran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darcan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Aysun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bideci
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Ayla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guven
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Korcan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Aysehan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akinci
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Muammer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buyukinan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Banu Kucukemre
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Serap
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Sebahat Yilmaz
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Agladioglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Atay
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Zehra Yavas
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Abali
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tarim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Gonul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Catli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Bilgin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yuksel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Teoman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akcay
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Metin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yildiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Samim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Doger
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Demirbilek
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ucar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Emregul
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Isik
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Bayram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ozhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Semih
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bolu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Ilker Tolga
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Ozgen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: Jenifer P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Suntharalingham
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Achermann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000309:Adrenal Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004247:DNA