title: Roles of Arabidopsis PARC6 in Coordination of the Chloroplast Division Complex and Negative Regulation of FtsZ Assembly.
abstract: Chloroplast division is driven by the simultaneous constriction of the inner FtsZ ring (Z ring) and the outer DRP5B ring. The assembly and constriction of these rings in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are coordinated partly through the inner envelope membrane protein ACCUMULATION AND REPLICATION OF CHLOROPLASTS6 (ARC6). Previously, we showed that PARC6 (PARALOG OF ARC6), also in the inner envelope membrane, negatively regulates FtsZ assembly and acts downstream of ARC6 to position the outer envelope membrane protein PLASTID DIVISION1 (PDV1), which functions together with its paralog PDV2 to recruit DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN 5B (DRP5B) from a cytosolic pool to the outer envelope membrane. However, whether PARC6, like ARC6, also functions in coordination of the chloroplast division contractile complexes was unknown. Here, we report a detailed topological analysis of Arabidopsis PARC6, which shows that PARC6 has a single transmembrane domain and a topology resembling that of ARC6. The newly identified stromal region of PARC6 interacts not only with ARC3, a direct inhibitor of Z-ring assembly, but also with the Z-ring protein FtsZ2. Overexpression of PARC6 inhibits FtsZ assembly in Arabidopsis but not in a heterologous yeast system (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), suggesting that the negative regulation of FtsZ assembly by PARC6 is a consequence of its interaction with ARC3. A conserved carboxyl-terminal peptide in FtsZ2 mediates FtsZ2 interaction with both PARC6 and ARC6. Consistent with its role in the positioning of PDV1, the intermembrane space regions of PARC6 and PDV1 interact. These findings provide new insights into the functions of PARC6 and suggest that PARC6 coordinates the inner Z ring and outer DRP5B ring through interaction with FtsZ2 and PDV1 during chloroplast division.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology (M.Z., C.C., A.D.T., K.W.O.), Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (J.E.F.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (J.E.F.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andCollege of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Min
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3716-4565
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology (M.Z., C.C., A.D.T., K.W.O.), Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (J.E.F.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (J.E.F.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andCollege of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology (M.Z., C.C., A.D.T., K.W.O.), Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (J.E.F.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (J.E.F.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andCollege of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Froehlich
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology (M.Z., C.C., A.D.T., K.W.O.), Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (J.E.F.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (J.E.F.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andCollege of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Allan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: TerBush
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology (M.Z., C.C., A.D.T., K.W.O.), Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (J.E.F.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (J.E.F.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andCollege of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China (M.Z.) osteryou@msu.edu.
authors.forename: Katherine W
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0028-2509
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Osteryoung
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034281:Dynamins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary
chemical_list: C493630:ARC3 protein, Arabidopsis; C502272:ARC6 protein, Arabidopsis; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C095113:FTSZ protein, Arabidopsis; C000610955:PARC6 protein, Arabidopsis; C582962:plastid division protein PDV1, Arabidopsis; C473942:ARC5 protein, Arabidopsis; D034281:Dynamins