title: The 33-item Hypomania Checklist (HCL-33): A new self-completed screening instrument for bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bipolar disorder (BD) is often misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder (MDD). This study tested the psychometric properties and the accuracy of the Chinese version of the 33-item Hypomania Checklist (HCL-33) to identify BD in Chinese clinical settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 350 depressed patients were consecutively interviewed in a major psychiatric hospital in China. The patients' socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded using standardized protocol and data collection procedures. The HCL-33 was completed by patients to detect symptoms characteristic of mania and hypomania. DSM-IV diagnoses were established using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HCL-33 showed high internal consistency with two-factorial dimensions. The optimal cut-off point on the HCL-33 to differentiate BD from MDD was 15, while cut-off points of 14 and 13 differentiated BD-I and BD-II from MDD, respectively. The maximum sensitivity was 0.62, 0.67 and 0.72 for differentiating BD, BD-I and BD-II from MDD, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HCL-33 is a useful tool for screening for BD in Chinese depressed patients. The routine clinical use of the HCL-33 as a screening instrument for BD in Chinese patients is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Center, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China & China Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China; Center of Depression, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China & Department of Psychiatry, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, 3/F, Building E12, Taipa, Macao SAR, China. Electronic address: xyutly@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yu-Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Center, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China & China Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China; Center of Depression, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China & Department of Psychiatry, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Psychiatry, Harbin First Specialist Hospital, Heilongjiang, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Center, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China & China Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China; Center of Depression, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China & Department of Psychiatry, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Center, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China & China Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China; Center of Depression, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China & Department of Psychiatry, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Center, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China & China Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China; Center of Depression, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China & Department of Psychiatry, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Teng-Fei
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Center, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China & China Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China; Center of Depression, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China & Department of Psychiatry, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.affiliation: The University of Notre Dame Australia / Marian Centre, Perth, Australia; School of Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Gabor S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ungvari
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Helen F K
authors.initials: HFK
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Ada W Y
authors.initials: AWY
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.affiliation: Zurich University Psychiatric Hospital, Lenggstrasse 31, P.O. Box 1931, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: jules.angst@uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Jules
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Angst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D057189:Checklist / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002681:China; D003527:Cyclothymic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Major depressive disorder; Screening