title: Violence against wives: a silent suffering in northern Saudi community.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Violence against women is a worldwide epidemic. It may take different forms depending on history, culture, background, and experiences, but it causes great suffering for women, their families, and the communities in which they live. Despite its high prevalence, no previous studies that have been conducted in Arar, northern area of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), addressing this issue could be traced.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence and determinants of violence experienced by ever-married women attending primary health centers in Arar city, Northern Border, KSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is a cross-sectional study conducted during the period from January to June 2014 in Arar city in the Northern Province of the KSA. Data were collected through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A total of 208 wives (184 currently married, 16 divorced, and eight widowed) attending five randomly selected primary healthcare centers in Arar, KSA, were interviewed. Collected data provided information on both physical and emotional violence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study revealed that the overall prevalence of domestic violence in the studied group was 80.7 and 100.0% for physical and psychological violence, respectively. On studying the reasons for physical violence, half (50%) of the participants reported no clear cause, 19.2% reported failure to adequately care for children (such as cleaning, feeding, and dressing), and 7.8% reported causes related to poor scholastic achievement and couple conflict about appropriate approaches of upbringing of children. Suspicion on wife's fidelity was the most common form of psychological violence (21%). The perpetrator was the husband in 76.9% of cases and the husband's family was the perpetrator in 3.8% of cases. Physical violence was significantly higher during the first 10 years of marriage compared with other durations. University-educated husbands showed significantly lower percentage of physical violence against women compared with those of other educational levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Violence against women was highly prevalent in Arar city. Inadequate care of children and poor scholastic achievement were the most common reasons of physical violence, whereas financial conflicts and suspicion of wife's fidelity were the most common reasons for psychological violence. We recommend awareness programs aiming at educating current and future couples, and proper training of healthcare providers for assisting cases experiencing violence against women.
authors.affiliation: aPublic Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag bPublic Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt cPublic Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Nagah M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Abo-Elfetoh
authors.forename: Mohamed M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Abd El-Mawgod
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002654:Child Care; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult