title: The Relation Between Child Versus Parent Report of Chronic Fatigue and Language/Literacy Skills in School-Age Children with Cochlear Implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preliminary evidence suggests that children with hearing loss experience elevated levels of chronic fatigue compared with children with normal hearing. Chronic fatigue is associated with decreased academic performance in many clinical populations. Children with cochlear implants as a group exhibit deficits in language and literacy skills; however, the relation between chronic fatigue and language and literacy skills for children with cochlear implants is unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore subjective ratings of chronic fatigue by children with cochlear implants and their parents, as well as the relation between chronic fatigue and language and literacy skills in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen children with cochlear implants in grades 3 to 6 and one of their parents separately completed a subjective chronic fatigue scale, on which they rated how much the child experienced physical, sleep/rest, and cognitive fatigue over the past month. In addition, children completed an assessment battery that included measures of speech perception, oral language, word reading, and spelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children and parents reported different levels of chronic child physical and sleep/rest fatigue. In both cases, parents reported significantly less fatigue than did children. Children and parents did not report different levels of chronic child cognitive fatigue. Child report of physical fatigue was related to speech perception, language, reading, and spelling. Child report of sleep/rest and cognitive fatigue was related to speech perception and language but not to reading or spelling. Parent report of child fatigue was not related to children's language and literacy skills.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken as a whole, results suggested that parents under-estimate the fatigue experienced by children with cochlear implants. Child report of physical fatigue was robustly related to language and literacy skills. Children with cochlear implants are likely more accurate at reporting physical fatigue than cognitive fatigue. Clinical practice should take fatigue into account when developing treatment plans for children with cochlear implants, and research should continue to develop a comprehensive model of fatigue in children with cochlear implants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Krystal L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Werfel
authors.forename: Alison Eisel
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hendricks
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D005221:Fatigue; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D000067010:Literacy; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D019727:Proxy; D057566:Self Report; D013067:Speech Perception