title: Metabolic syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia: association or coincidence?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) may be prone to developing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), but the direction of causality remains uncertain. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the association between BPH and MetS in men who were referred to surgery for BPH. We were interested in identifying the anthropometric, metabolic, and hormonal factors that potentially influence the risk of both conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted on 128 males with BPH and 141 without BPH (the control group). Fasting glucose, insulin, lipid profiles, total and free testosterone, estradiol, sex-hormone binding protein (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) index, and lipid accumulation product (LAP) were all evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of MetS was higher in patients with BPH than in the controls (58 vs. 41 %; P = 0.007). In comparison to the controls, patients with BPH had higher levels of cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, DHEA-S, insulin, and HOMA-IR, but lower levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), estradiol, and SHBG. The significant predictors of BPH were MetS (OR = 1.961), age (OR = 0.11), HDL (OR = 0.91), insulin (OR = 1.224), SHBG (OR = 0.98), and estradiol (OR = 0.978). Waist circumference and LAP inversely correlated with total and free testosterone and SHBG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirmed the frequent coexistence of MetS and BPH. This association seems to be a consequence of the MetS-related metabolic derangements, changes in the sex-hormone milieu, and lowered SHBG levels.
authors.affiliation: Chair and Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rył
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rotter
authors.affiliation: Department of Hypertension and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miazgowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Słojewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dołęgowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Functional Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lubkowska
authors.affiliation: Chair and Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laszczyńska
keywords: Benign prostatic hyperplasia; Hormones; Metabolic syndrome