title: Intelligent navigation to improve obstetrical sonography.
abstract: 'Manual navigation' by the operator is the standard method used to obtain information from two-dimensional and volumetric sonography. Two-dimensional sonography is highly operator dependent and requires extensive training and expertise to assess fetal anatomy properly. Most of the sonographic examination time is devoted to acquisition of images, while 'retrieval' and display of diagnostic planes occurs rapidly (essentially instantaneously). In contrast, volumetric sonography has a rapid acquisition phase, but the retrieval and display of relevant diagnostic planes is often time-consuming, tedious and challenging. We propose the term 'intelligent navigation' to refer to a new method of interrogation of a volume dataset whereby identification and selection of key anatomical landmarks allow the system to: 1) generate a geometrical reconstruction of the organ of interest; and 2) automatically navigate, find, extract and display specific diagnostic planes. This is accomplished using operator-independent algorithms that are both predictable and adaptive. Virtual Intelligent Sonographer Assistance (VIS-Assistance®) is a tool that allows operator-independent sonographic navigation and exploration of the surrounding structures in previously identified diagnostic planes. The advantage of intelligent (over manual) navigation in volumetric sonography is the short time required for both acquisition and retrieval and display of diagnostic planes. Intelligent navigation technology automatically realigns the volume, and reorients and standardizes the anatomical position, so that the fetus and the diagnostic planes are consistently displayed in the same manner each time, regardless of the fetal position or the initial orientation. Automatic labeling of anatomical structures, subject orientation and each of the diagnostic planes is also possible. Intelligent navigation technology can operate on conventional computers, and is not dependent on specific ultrasound platforms or on the use of software to perform manual navigation of volume datasets. Diagnostic planes and VIS-Assistance videoclips can be transmitted by telemedicine so that expert consultants can evaluate the images to provide an opinion. The end result is a user-friendly, simple, fast and consistent method of obtaining sonographic images with decreased operator dependency. Intelligent navigation is one approach to improve obstetrical sonography. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD. lyeo@med.wayne.edu.|Detroit, MI, USA. lyeo@med.wayne.edu.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. lyeo@med.wayne.edu.|Detroit Medical Center, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA. lyeo@med.wayne.edu.
authors.forename: Lami
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD. romeror@mail.nih.gov.|Detroit, MI, USA. romeror@mail.nih.gov.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. romeror@mail.nih.gov.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. romeror@mail.nih.gov.|Department of Molecular Obstetrics and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. romeror@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012984:Software; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*
keywords: 3D; 4D; STIC; VIS-Assistance®; Virtual Intelligent Sonographer  Assistance; fetus; manual navigation; spatiotemporal image correlation; three-dimensional; ultrasound