title: Custom AFM for X-ray beamlines: in situ biological investigations under physiological conditions.
abstract: A fast atomic force microscope (AFM) has been developed that can be installed as a sample holder for grazing-incidence X-ray experiments at solid/gas or solid/liquid interfaces. It allows a wide range of possible investigations, including soft and biological samples under physiological conditions (hydrated specimens). The structural information obtained using the X-rays is combined with the data gathered with the AFM (morphology and mechanical properties), providing a unique characterization of the specimen and its dynamics in situ during an experiment. In this work, lipid monolayers and bilayers in air or liquid environment have been investigated by means of AFM, both with imaging and force spectroscopy, and X-ray reflectivity. In addition, this combination allows the radiation damage induced by the beam on the sample to be studied, as has been observed on DOPC and DPPC supported lipid bilayers under physiological conditions.
authors.affiliation: ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gumí-Audenis
authors.affiliation: ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carlà
authors.affiliation: University of Lisboa, Falculty of Science, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute - BIOISI, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Vitorino
authors.affiliation: ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panzarella
authors.affiliation: Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Porcar
authors.affiliation: ORTEC, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boilot
authors.affiliation: CEA, LETI Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guerber
authors.affiliation: ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.affiliation: University of Lisboa, Falculty of Science, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute - BIOISI, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.affiliation: Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Giannotti
authors.affiliation: ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000737:chemistry*; D008846:Micromanipulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018511:Systems Integration; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D008051:Lipid Bilayers
keywords: grazing-incidence scattering and reflectivity; in situ atomic force microscopy; model lipid membranes; radiation damage