title: Current and emerging drugs for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interstitial cystitis or bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a debilitating chronic disease characterized by suprapubic pain and lower urinary tract symptoms: however, the etiology is still unknown. Therefore, the long-lasting, effective treatments of IC/BPS are still not established, and the treatment is sometimes empirically selected depending on practitioners' experience and preference.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review we focus on the current treatments, ongoing clinical trials, and several potential new drugs based on the results of basic and clinical research studies. First, we discuss the potential etiologies of IC/BPS that include altered barrier lining, afferent and/or central nervous system abnormalities, possible contribution of inflammation or infection and abnormal urothelial signaling. Then, the current therapies of IC/BPS, either systemic or local, are reviewed by critical evaluation of the efficacy and shortcomings of each treatment. Finally, based on proposed etiologies of the disease, potential emerging drugs and treatments are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current therapies often fail to control the symptoms of IC/BPS. Several interventions including sustained drug release and retaining techniques, and drugs that act on afferent neural pathways are emerging and may be promising. In addition, phenotyping of IC/BPS patients based on cystoscopic findings (e.g., Hunner vs. non-Hunner lesion) or patients' symptoms would be important for further investigation of IC/BPS etiology and the evaluation of efficacy of new treatments.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Urology , University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine , Suite 700 Kaufmann Medical Building, 3471 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh , PA 15213 , USA.|b Department of Urology , School of Medicine, Shinshu University , Matsumoto , Japan.
authors.forename: Teruyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: b Department of Urology , School of Medicine, Shinshu University , Matsumoto , Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ishizuka
authors.affiliation: c Department of Urology , Ueda Clinic , Kyoto , Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: a Department of Urology , University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine , Suite 700 Kaufmann Medical Building, 3471 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh , PA 15213 , USA.
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tyagi
authors.affiliation: d Department of Urology , Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine , Royal Oak , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Chancellor
authors.affiliation: a Department of Urology , University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine , Suite 700 Kaufmann Medical Building, 3471 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh , PA 15213 , USA.|c Department of Urology , Ueda Clinic , Kyoto , Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype
keywords: bladder pain syndrome; clinical trials; current research; interstitial cystitis