title: Tall Man lettering and potential prescription errors: a time series analysis of 42 children's hospitals in the USA over 9 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the widespread implementation of Tall Man lettering, little evidence exists regarding whether this technique has reduced drug errors due to look-alike sound-alike (LA-SA) drug names. This study evaluated rates of potential LA-SA drug errors in the drug management process through to the point of dispensing before and after implementation of Tall Man lettering in 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used detailed pharmacy data for paediatric inpatients (<21 years old) from 42 children's hospitals in 2004-2012. After prespecifying a set of 8 potential LA-SA drug error patterns we searched within each hospitalisation for the occurrence of one of these patterns for a total of 12 LA-SA drug pairs deemed highly relevant to paediatric inpatients. To assess for potential change of error rates before and after Tall Man lettering implementation, we performed segmented regression analyses for each of 11 LA-SA drug pairs (because 1 pair had no detected potential errors) and for the overall total errors of all 11 LA-SA drug pairs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1 676 700 hospitalisations, no statistically significant change was detected for either the intercept or the slope of LA-SA error rate for each of the 11 drug pairs or for the combined error rate. In a sensitivity analysis of the moving average of the potential error rate over the entire study period, no downward trend in potential LA-SA drug error rates was evident over any time period 2004 onwards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of Tall Man lettering in 2007 was not associated with a reduction in the potential LA-SA error rate. Whether Tall Man lettering is effective in clinical practice warrants further study.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Advanced Care Team, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Feinstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Services, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: Neil S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Advanced Care Team, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Dingwei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Chirs
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feudtner
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004348:Drug Labeling / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D061214:Patient Safety; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000592:standards*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs
keywords: Hospital medicine; Medication safety; Paediatrics