title: Quantitative analysis of absorption, metabolism, and excretion of benzoxazinoids in humans after the consumption of high- and low-benzoxazinoid diets with similar contents of cereal dietary fibres: a crossover study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Benzoxazinoids (BXs) are a group of wholegrain phytochemicals with potential pharmacological properties; however, limited information exists on their absorption, metabolism, and excretion in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the dose-dependent uptake and excretion of dietary BXs in a healthy population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood and urine were collected from 19 healthy participants from a crossover study after a washout, a LOW BX diet or HIGH BX diet, and analysed for 12 BXs and 4 phenoxazinone derivatives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the plasma BX level peaked approximately 3 h after food intake, whereas BXs in urine were present even at 36 h after consuming a meal. No phenoxazinone derivatives could be detected in either plasma or urine. The dominant BX metabolite in both plasma and urine was 2-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (HBOA-Glc), even though 2-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA-Glc) was the major component in the diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dietary BX treatment correlated well with the plasma and urine levels, illustrating strong dose-dependent BX absorption, which also had a rapid washout, especially from the plasma compartment.
authors.affiliation: Allergy Clinic, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, dept. 22, 1. Floor, Hellerup, 2900, Gentofte, Denmark. bettina.margrethe.jensen@regionh.dk.
authors.forename: Bettina M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark.
authors.forename: Khem B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Adhikari
authors.affiliation: Allergy Clinic, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, dept. 22, 1. Floor, Hellerup, 2900, Gentofte, Denmark.
authors.forename: Heidi J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schnoor
authors.affiliation: Allergy Clinic, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, dept. 22, 1. Floor, Hellerup, 2900, Gentofte, Denmark.
authors.forename: Nanna
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Juel-Berg
authors.affiliation: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark.
authors.forename: Inge S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Fomsgaard
authors.affiliation: Allergy Clinic, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, dept. 22, 1. Floor, Hellerup, 2900, Gentofte, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Poulsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C533011:(2R)-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one; C533012:(2R)-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one; D048588:Benzoxazines; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D064209:Phytochemicals
keywords: Benzoxazinoids; Metabolism; Rye bread; Weight loss; Wholegrain