title: Concussion-Related Protocols and Preparticipation Assessments Used for Incoming Student-Athletes in National Collegiate Athletic Association Member Institutions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) legislation requires that member institutions have policies to guide the recognition and management of sport-related concussions. Identifying the nature of these policies and the mechanisms of their implementation can help identify areas of needed improvement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the characteristics and prevalence of concussion-related protocols and preparticipation assessments used for incoming NCAA student-athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Web-based survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Head athletic trainers from all 1113 NCAA member institutions were contacted; 327 (29.4%) completed the survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants received an e-mail link to the Web-based survey. Weekly reminders were sent during the 4-week window.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respondents described concussion-related protocols and preparticipation assessments (eg, concussion history, neurocognitive testing, balance testing, symptom checklists). Descriptive statistics were compared by division and football program status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most universities provided concussion education to student-athletes (95.4%), had return-to-play policies (96.6%), and obtained the number of previous concussions sustained by incoming student-athletes (97.9%). Fewer had return-to-learn policies (63.3%). Other concussion-history-related information (e.g., symptoms, hospitalization) was more often collected by Division I universities. Common preparticipation neurocognitive and balance tests were the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT; 77.1%) and Balance Error Scoring System (46.5%). In total, 43.7% complied with recommendations for preparticipation assessments that included concussion history, neurocognitive testing, balance testing, and symptom checklists. This was due to moderate use of balance testing (56.6%); larger proportions used concussion history (99.7%), neurocognitive testing (83.2%), and symptom checklists (91.7%). More Division I universities (55.2%) complied with baseline assessment recommendations than Division II (38.2%, χ2 = 5.49, P = .02) and Division III (36.1%, χ2 = 9.11, P = .002) universities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  National Collegiate Athletic Association member institutions implement numerous strategies to monitor student-athletes. Division II and III universities may need additional assistance to collect in-depth concussion histories and conduct balance testing. Universities should continue developing or adapting (or both) return-to-learn policies.
authors.affiliation: Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN;
authors.forename: Zachary Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.affiliation: Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN;
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Snook
authors.affiliation: Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill;
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Lynall
authors.affiliation: Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN;
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Dompier
authors.affiliation: National Collegiate Athletic Association, Indianapolis, IN.
authors.forename: Latrice
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sales
authors.affiliation: National Collegiate Athletic Association, Indianapolis, IN.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.affiliation: National Collegiate Athletic Association, Indianapolis, IN.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hainline
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D004856:Postural Balance; D000068958:Return to Sport; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000379:methods; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities
keywords: evaluation; return-to-play guidelines; traumatic brain injuries