title: A new principle for the standardization of long paragraphs for reading speed analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the reliability, validity, and statistical comparability of long paragraphs that were developed to be equivalent in construction and difficulty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven long paragraphs were developed that were equal in syntax, morphology, and number and position of words (111), with the same number of syllables (179) and number of characters (660). For validity analyses, the paragraphs were compared with the mean reading speed of a set of seven sentence optotypes of the RADNER Reading Charts (mean of 7 × 14 = 98 words read). Reliability analyses were performed by calculating the Cronbach's alpha value and the corrected total item correlation. Sixty participants (aged 20-77 years) read the paragraphs and the sentences (distance 40 cm; font: Times New Roman 12 pt). Test items were presented randomly; reading length was measured with a stopwatch.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliability analysis yielded a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.988. When the long paragraphs were compared in pairwise fashion, significant differences were found in 13 of the 21 pairs (p < 0.05). In two sequences of three paragraphs each and in eight pairs of paragraphs, the paragraphs did not differ significantly, and these paragraph combinations are therefore suitable for comparative research studies. The mean reading speed was 173.34 ± 24.01 words per minute (wpm) for the long paragraphs and 198.26 ± 28.60 wpm for the sentence optotypes. The maximum difference in reading speed was 5.55 % for the long paragraphs and 2.95 % for the short sentence optotypes. The correlation between long paragraphs and sentence optotypes was high (r = 0.9243).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite good reliability and equivalence in construction and degree of difficulty, a statistically significant difference in reading speed can occur between long paragraphs. Since statistical significance should be dependent only on the persons tested, either standardizing long paragraphs for statistical equality of reading speed measurements or increasing the number of presented paragraphs is recommended for comparative investigations.
authors.affiliation: Austrian Academy of Ophthalmology, Mollgasse 11, A-1180, Vienna, Austria. wolfgang.radner@inode.at.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Radner
authors.affiliation: Austrian Academy of Ophthalmology, Mollgasse 11, A-1180, Vienna, Austria. stephan.radner@gmx.net.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Radner
authors.affiliation: Department of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. gabriela.diendorfer@meduniwien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Diendorfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002387:Cataract Extraction; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019591:Pseudophakia / Q000503:physiopathology; D011932:Reading; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D014825:Vocabulary; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Reading performance; Reading speed; Reading test