title: Optical diagnostics study of air flow and powder fluidisation in Nexthaler®--Part I: Studies with lactose placebo formulation.
abstract: Effective drug delivery to the lungs by a DPI device requires the air-stream through the device to have sufficient power to aerosolise the powder. Furthermore, sufficient turbulence must be induced, along with particle-wall and particle-particle collisions, in order to de-aggregate small drug particles from large carrier particles. As a result, the emitted and the fine particle doses produced by many commercially available DPI devices tend to be strongly affected by the natural inter-patient variability of the inhaled air flow. The Nexthaler® is a multi-dose breath-actuated dry-powder inhaler with minimum drug delivery-flow rate dependency and incorporating a dose protector. The actuation mechanism of the dose-protector ensures that the dose is only exposed to the inhaled air flow if the flow has sufficient power to cause complete aerosolisation. For this study, a proprietary lactose placebo powder blend was filled into "transparent" Nexthaler® to allow application of high-speed imaging and particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques to successfully interrogate and reveal details of the powder entrainment and emission processes coupled with characterisation of the flow environment in the vicinity of the mouthpiece exit. The study showed that fluidisation of the bulk of the powder occurs very quickly (∼20ms) after withdrawal of the dose protector followed by powder emission from the device within ∼50ms thereafter. The bulk of the metered placebo dose was emitted within 100-200ms. The visualisation study also revealed that a very small fraction of powder fines is emitted whilst the dose protector still covers the dosing cup as the flow rate through the device accelerates. The PIV results show that the flow exiting the device is highly turbulent with a rotating flow structure, which forces the particles to follow internal paths having a high probability of wall impacts, suggesting that the flow environment inside the Nexthaler® DPI will be very beneficial for carrier-drug de-aggregation.
authors.affiliation: Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pasquali
authors.affiliation: Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Merusi
authors.affiliation: Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.affiliation: Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Hargrave
authors.affiliation: Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom. Electronic address: H.K.Versteeg@Lboro.ac.uk.
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Versteeg
mesh_terms: D058995:Dry Powder Inhalers; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry*; D011208:Powders
chemical_list: D011208:Powders; D007785:Lactose
keywords: Breath-actuated; Dry powder inhaler; High-speed imaging; Optical diagnostics; Particle image velocimetry; Powder emission; Powder fluidization