title: Endurance training in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls: differences and similarities.
abstract: The aims were to examine the feasibility of and adaptations to endurance training in persons diagnosed with schizophrenia and to address the question whether the principles and beneficial effects of endurance training established in the healthy population apply also to patients with schizophrenia. In this controlled interventional study, 22 patients with schizophrenia and 22 healthy controls performed a standardized aerobic endurance training on bicycle ergometers over 12 weeks. Another group of 21 patients with schizophrenia played table soccer. Endurance capacity was measured with incremental cycle ergometry before and after the intervention and 3 months later. A specific set of outcome parameters was defined. The training stimuli can be assumed to be similar in both endurance groups. Endurance capacity improved significantly in the endurance groups, but not in the table soccer group. Patients and healthy controls showed comparable adaptations to endurance training, as assessed by physical working capacity and maximal achieved power. Differences were found in changes of performance at a lactate concentration of 3 mmol/l. Endurance training was feasible and effective in both groups. The principles and types of training that are usually applied to healthy controls need to be verified in patients with schizophrenia. Nevertheless, patients benefited from endurance training in terms of improvement of endurance capacity and reduction in the baseline deficit in comparison with healthy controls. Therefore, endurance training should be implemented in future therapy programs. These programs need to pay special attention to the differences between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nußbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany. katriona.keller-varady@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Katriona
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keller-Varady
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nußbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Alkomiet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nußbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schneider-Axmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Sprangerweg 2, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hillmer-Vogel
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Sprangerweg 2, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adomßent
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.|Centre of Mental Health, County Hospitals Darmstadt-Dieburg, Krankenhausstraße 7, 64823, Groß-Umstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wobrock
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nußbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.|Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, Sao Paulo, SP, 05453-010, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Sprangerweg 2, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andree
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niklas
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nußbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Falkai
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nußbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Berend
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Malchow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015444:Exercise; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: Adaptations; Endurance; Exercise; Psychiatry; Schizophrenia; Sports therapy