title: Relationship between change in pain intensity and functional outcomes in patients with chronic pain receiving twice daily extended-release hydrocodone bitartrate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate levels of pain relief achieved in patients with chronic pain treated with hydrocodone-extended release (HC-ER) up to 48 weeks and show that these levels were associated with secondary functional and global outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Post hoc analyses were based on a previously reported study that started with an open-label conversion/titration phase for ≤ 6 weeks followed by an openlabel 48-week treatment phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  Private practice and institutional pain centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred ninety-one opioid-experienced subjects with moderate to severe pain for ≥ 3 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individualized doses (20-300 mg) of extended-release hydrocodone every 12 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Almost 60 percent (232/391) of subjects achieved moderate or substantial levels of pain relief (≥ 30 percent reduction in pain score) during the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects who achieved moderate or substantial pain relief demonstrated significant (p <0.001) improvements in Oswestry Disability Inventory (ODI), all pain interference outcomes, and Subject Global Assessment of Medication. Subjects with substantial pain relief had decreases in ODI, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) anxiety, and HADS depression scores of -13.4 ± 14.92, -1.9 ± 3.37, and -1.7 ± 3.26, respectively. The five most commonly reported treatment-emergent adverse events were constipation (12.5 percent), back pain (11.1 percent), nausea (9.9 percent), vomiting (9.7 percent), and arthralgia (7.8 percent) and are consistent with opioid therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate or substantial levels of pain relief were associated with the greatest functional improvements in patients treated with HC-ER. These results may help define success of opioid therapy and determine if it should be continued or an alternative treatment should be tried.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Argoff
authors.affiliation: Nurse Practitioner Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arnstein
authors.affiliation: Medical Director, Swedish Pain Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stanos
authors.affiliation: Development Department, Zogenix, Inc., Emeryville, California.
authors.forename: Cynthia Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Medical Affairs, Zogenix, Inc., Emeryville, California.
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Galer
authors.affiliation: Director, Medical Affairs, Zogenix, Inc., Emeryville, California.
authors.forename: Errol
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.affiliation: Medical and Scientific Affairs, Zogenix, Inc., Emeryville, California.
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gammaitoni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D018450:Disease Progression; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006853:Hydrocodone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006853:Hydrocodone