title: Dose-response behavior of the bacterium Vibrio fischeri exposed to pharmaceuticals and personal care products.
abstract: The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment has become a real and widespread concern in recent years. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to investigate 20 common and widely used PPCPs to assess their individual and combined effect on an important species in one trophic level, i.e., bacteria. The ecotoxicological effects of PPCPs at two different concentration ranges were determined in the bacterium Vibrio fischeri using Microtox(®) and were statistically analyzed using three models in the GraphPad Prism 6 program for Windows, v.6.03. A four-parameter model best fit the majority of the compounds. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of each PPCP was estimated using the best-fitting model and was compared with the results from a recent study. Comparative analysis indicated that most compounds showed the same level of toxicity. Moreover, the stimulatory effects of PPCPs at environmental concentrations (low doses) were assessed. These results indicated that certain compounds have traditional inverted U- or J-shaped dose-response curves, and 55% of them presented a stimulatory effect below the zero effect-concentration point. Effective concentrations of 0 (EC0), 5 (EC5) and 50% (EC50) were calculated for each PPCP as the ecotoxicological points. All compounds that presented narcosis as a mode of toxic action at high doses also exhibited stimulation at low concentrations. The maximum stimulatory effect of a mixture was higher than the highest stimulatory effect of each individually tested compound. Moreover, when the exposure time was increased, the hormetic effect decreased. Hormesis is being increasingly included in dose-response studies because this may have a harmful, beneficial or indifferent effect in an environment. Despite the results obtained in this research, further investigations need to be conducted to elucidate the behavior of PPCPs in aquatic environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Calle Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain. sortizk@uc.edu.ve.|Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Carabobo, Av. Salvador Allende, Campus Bárbula, Valencia, Carabobo State, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. sortizk@uc.edu.ve.
authors.forename: Sheyla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ortiz de García
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Calle Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain. pedro@iq.uva.es.
authors.forename: Pedro A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: García-Encina
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce 59, 47011, Valladolid, Spain. rubiru@eii.uva.es.
authors.forename: Rubén
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Irusta-Mata
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006795:Household Products / Q000633:toxicity*; D008954:Models, Biological; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Bioluminescence; Ecotoxicity; Hormesis; Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products