title: Neurodegenerative changes and apoptosis induced by intrauterine and extrauterine exposure of radiofrequency radiation.
abstract: Adverse health effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) on the ongoing developmental stages of children from conception to childhood are scientifically anticipated subject. This study was performed to identify the effects of global system for mobile communications (GSM) modulated mobile phone like RFR in 1800MHz frequency on oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation beside the apoptotic cell formation, using histopathological and immunohistochemical methods in the brain tissue of 1-month-old male and female New Zealand White rabbits that were exposed to these fields at their mother's womb and after the birth. Oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation levels were investigated by measuring the 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, respectively. Histopathological changes were observed using by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Apoptotic cells were detected in the examined organs by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining. For both male and female infants; 8-OHdG levels increased in the group exposed to RFR in both intrauterine and extrauterine periods compared to the infants that were never exposed to RFR and the ones were exposed when they reached one month of age (p<0.05). MDA results were different for male and female rabbits. There was no difference between all female infant groups (p>0.05), while only intrauterine exposure significantly causes MDA level increase for the male infants. HE staining revealed mild lessions in neuronal necrobiosis in brain tissues of female rabbits that had only intaruterine exposure and male rabbits had only extrauterine exposure. Gliosis were mildly positive in brain tissues of rabbits that are exposed only intrauterine period, also the group exposed both intrauterine and extrauterine periods. However, there was no apoptotic change detected by TUNEL staining in the brain tissues of all groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Gazi University School of Medicine and Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center, 06500 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Göknur
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Güler
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Gazi University School of Medicine and Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center, 06500 Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: elcin.ozgur@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Elcin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ozgur
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Afyon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hikmet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Keles
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Gazi University School of Medicine and Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center, 06500 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Arin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomruk
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sevil Atalay
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Vural
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Gazi University School of Medicine and Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center, 06500 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nesrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seyhan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D005260:Female; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D011817:Rabbits; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: 8-OhdG; Apoptosis; DNA damage; Lipid peroxidation; Mobile phone; TUNEL