title: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Significance of the Distal Femoral Physis During Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction in adults often utilizes screw fixation in the distal femur. The aim was to define the safety of similar fixation in young patients, with respect to their open physis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define the age-related relationship between the femoral insertion of the MPFL and the medial aspect of the distal femoral physis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The study investigates whether screw fixation at this point is safe with respect to patient age and screw inclination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of the MRI scans of 159 skeletally immature patients. The femoral insertion of the MPFL was defined with respect to the distal femoral physis. The predicted paths of 2-cm screw fixation were simulated both parallel to the joint line and 45° distally oblique; physeal and joint penetration were noted when present. Results are plotted against age and compared as quartile ranges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The femoral insertion of the MPFL was found to be distal to the distal femoral physis in all patients by an average of 10 mm (range, 2-16 mm). The mean distance increases slightly with age in a nonlinear relationship (r = 0.51, P < .001) from 9 mm at age 10 years to 12 mm by age 16 years. For the classic, parallel screw, the risk of physeal breach is high for all age groups (mean, 64%). For the novel, oblique screw, joint penetration and physeal breach were less prevalent (mean, 13%), and importantly, the vast majority of these breaches were in younger children (age <9 years 9 months). With oblique screws, older children were at significantly lower risk than younger children (<3% vs 48%; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study accurately defines the relationship between the femoral insertion of the MPFL and the distal femoral physis in children and adolescents. A high risk of potentially poor outcomes was found during anatomic reconstruction of the MPFL in children utilizing classic (parallel) screw fixation, irrespective of age. However, in children older than 10 years, a 20-mm screw, from the anatomic MPFL insertion and directed 45° distally oblique, should be safe in 98% of patients.
authors.affiliation: Mater Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. ; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Greenrod
authors.affiliation: Mater Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. ; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: Mater Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. ; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Astori
authors.affiliation: Mater Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. ; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baulch
authors.affiliation: Mater Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. ; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
keywords: MPFL; MRI; adolescent; children; physis; reconstruction