title: Uptake of azoles by lamb's lettuce (Valerianella locusta L.) grown in hydroponic conditions.
abstract: An uptake and translocation study of azole compounds was performed in lamb's lettuce (Valerianella locusta L.) grown in nutrient solution fortified with different azoles. Three azoles, (clotrimazole, fluconazole and propiconazole), which have different physico-chemical properties and are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, were the compounds selected. An analytical method, based on matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by LC-MS/MS determination, was developed to quantify these compounds in aqueous solution and in roots and leaves. The physicochemical properties of azoles are the main factors governing the uptake and plant accumulation. These azoles were detected in leaves indicating their transport within lamb's lettuce. Translocation from nutrient solution to the aerial part of lamb's lettuce was found to be highly dependent on the hydrophobicity of the azole. Clotrimazole accumulates in roots causing necrosis in roots and leaves, whereas fluconazole was the azole with the highest concentration in leaves without causing apparent phytotoxicity symptoms. The assessment of the levels of these azoles in leaves indicates that the risk for human health is negligible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, INIA, Ctra. de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: aigarcia@inia.es.
authors.forename: Ana I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: García-Valcárcel
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, INIA, Ctra. de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Iñigo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Loureiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, INIA, Ctra. de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Escorial
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, INIA, Ctra. de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Encarnación
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Molero
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, INIA, Ctra. de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tadeo
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003022:Clotrimazole / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D018527:Hydroponics; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014230:Triazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D032406:Valerianella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D014230:Triazoles; C045950:propiconazole; D015725:Fluconazole; D003022:Clotrimazole
keywords: Azoles; Hydroponic culture; Lamb’s lettuce (Valerianella locusta L.); Uptake