title: The Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Diverse Geographical and Ethnocultural Regions: The COSMIC Collaboration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in criteria and differences in populations studied and methodology have produced a wide range of prevalence estimates for mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Uniform criteria were applied to harmonized data from 11 studies from USA, Europe, Asia and Australia, and MCI prevalence estimates determined using three separate definitions of cognitive impairment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The published range of MCI prevalence estimates was 5.0%-36.7%. This was reduced with all cognitive impairment definitions: performance in the bottom 6.681% (3.2%-10.8%); Clinical Dementia Rating of 0.5 (1.8%-14.9%); Mini-Mental State Examination score of 24-27 (2.1%-20.7%). Prevalences using the first definition were 5.9% overall, and increased with age (P < .001) but were unaffected by sex or the main races/ethnicities investigated (Whites and Chinese). Not completing high school increased the likelihood of MCI (P ≤ .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Applying uniform criteria to harmonized data greatly reduced the variation in MCI prevalence internationally.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.|Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Perminder S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sachdev
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Darren M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lipnicki
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicole A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kochan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Anbupalam
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authors.lastname: Thalamuthu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Gavin
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authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brayne
authors.affiliation: MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, United Kingdom.|Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Fiona E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Blossom C M
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.affiliation: Saul B. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York City, New York, United States of America.|Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York City, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lipton
authors.affiliation: Saul B. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York City, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mindy J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1061 Nervous System Pathologies: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.|Université de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.|Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, St Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1061 Nervous System Pathologies: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.|Université de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Carrière
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1061 Nervous System Pathologies: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.|Université de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Laure
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ancelin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
authors.forename: Linda C W
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tai Po Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
authors.forename: Candy H Y
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
authors.forename: Ada W T
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.affiliation: GolgiCenci Foundation, Abbiategrasso (Milan), Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
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authors.lastname: Guaita
authors.affiliation: GolgiCenci Foundation, Abbiategrasso (Milan), Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
authors.affiliation: GolgiCenci Foundation, Abbiategrasso (Milan), Italy.
authors.forename: Annalisa
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authors.lastname: Davin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.|Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.|Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ganguli
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America.|Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dodge
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Kaarin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Anstey
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cherbuin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Butterworth
authors.affiliation: Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tze Pin
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reppermund
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.|Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brodaty
authors.affiliation: The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America.|The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America.|The Division of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schupf
authors.affiliation: The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America.|The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America.|The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manly
authors.affiliation: The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America.|The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America.|The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yaakov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Ministry of Science and Innovation, Madrid, Spain.|Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Ministry of Science and Innovation, Madrid, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lopez-Anton
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Ministry of Science and Innovation, Madrid, Spain.|Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
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authors.lastname: Santabárbara
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000453:epidemiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015995:Prevalence