title: Cardiac risk of noncardiac surgery.
abstract: Major perioperative cardiac events are estimated to complicate between 1.4% and 3.9% of surgeries. Because most surgeries are elective, there is the opportunity to implement strategies to reduce this risk. Accurate identification of patients at risk for such events will allow patients to be better informed about the benefit-to-risk ratio of procedures, and guide allotment of limited clinical resources, utilization of preventive interventions, and areas of future research. This review focuses on important features of the initial pre-operative clinical risk assessment, indications for diagnostic testing to quantify cardiac risk, and the methods and indications for pre-emptive therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Samuel and Jean A. Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health System and Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Electronic address: patelakshar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Akshar Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Samuel and Jean A. Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health System and Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Kim A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Eagle
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Samuel and Jean A. Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health System and Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaishnava
mesh_terms: D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: coronary artery disease; myocardial infarction; perioperative care; risk assessment; unstable angina