title: Influence of Time and Frequency of Passive Smoking Exposure on Mucociliary Clearance and the Autonomic Nervous System.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are still gaps in the knowledge regarding the damage to mucociliary and autonomous systems from passive exposure to cigarette smoke. Also, the influence of the frequency and duration of exposure on these systems is still unclear. The objective of this work was to verify the effects of passive smoking on mucociliary clearance and adult autonomic nervous systems and investigate the influence of frequency and time of passive exposure on these systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  44 smokers (smoking group), 38 passive smokers (passive smoking group), and 38 healthy individuals (control group) were evaluated. Evaluation of lung function was performed. To analyze the autonomic nervous system, heart rate variability data were collected. Hemodynamic parameters were collected. Mucociliary clearance was evaluated using the saccharin transit time test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The passive smoking group presented reduced lung function (P = .02). Systolic blood pressure was significantly greater in the passive smoking group when compared with the smoking group (P = .02). The passive smoking group presented significantly slower transportability time than the control group. No differences were observed between the groups for the heart rate variability data. There was a significant correlation (P < .05) between the frequency of exposure and diastolic blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and FEF(25-75%). Correlation analyses also demonstrated a reduction of global autonomic activity according to exposure load, in addition to a reduction in vagal activity and an increase in sympathetic activity according to exposure frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Passive smokers presented worse mucociliary clearance, and there was a correlation between passive exposure load and damage to the hemodynamic response, pulmonary function and autonomic nervous system.
authors.affiliation: postgraduate Physical Therapy Program, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil. anapcff@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana Paula Cf
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Freire
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brasil.
authors.forename: Dionei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: postgraduate Physical Therapy Program, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marceli R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: postgraduate Physical Therapy Program, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna Sa
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: postgraduate Physical Therapy Program, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: David
authors.affiliation: postgraduate Physical Therapy Program, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Uzeloto
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Oeste Paulista University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brasil.
authors.forename: Francis L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Pacagnelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brasil.
authors.forename: Luiz Carlos M
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Vanderlei
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brasil.
authors.forename: Ercy Mara C
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ramos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: heart rate; mucociliary clearance; nervous system; smoking; tobacco smoke pollution