title: Ex Vivo Application of Secreted Metabolites Produced by Soil-Inhabiting Bacillus spp. Efficiently Controls Foliar Diseases Caused by Alternaria spp.
abstract: Bacterial biological control agents (BCAs) are largely used as live products to control plant pathogens. However, due to variable environmental and ecological factors, live BCAs usually fail to produce desirable results against foliar pathogens. In this study, we investigated the potential of cell-free culture filtrates of 12 different bacterial BCAs isolated from flower beds for controlling foliar diseases caused by Alternaria spp. In vitro studies showed that culture filtrates from two isolates belonging to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens displayed strong efficacy and potencies against Alternaria spp. The antimicrobial activity of the culture filtrate of these two biological control agents was effective over a wider range of pH (3.0 to 9.0) and was not affected by autoclaving or proteolysis. Comparative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses showed that a complex mixture of cyclic lipopeptides, primarily of the fengycin A and fengycin B families, was significantly higher in these two BCAs than inactive Bacillus spp. Interaction studies with mixtures of culture filtrates of these two species revealed additive activity, suggesting that they produce similar products, which was confirmed by LC-tandem MS analyses. In in planta pre- and postinoculation trials, foliar application of culture filtrates of B. subtilis reduced lesion sizes and lesion frequencies caused by Alternaria alternata by 68 to 81%. Taken together, our studies suggest that instead of live bacteria, culture filtrates of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens can be applied either individually or in combination for controlling foliar diseases caused by Alternaria species.
authors.affiliation: Mid-Florida Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Apopka, Florida, USA gsali@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Gul Shad
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Mid-Florida Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Apopka, Florida, USA Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ashraf S A
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: El-Sayed
authors.affiliation: Mid-Florida Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Apopka, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Jaimin S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Kari B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Mid-Florida Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Apopka, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Mid-Florida Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Apopka, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.affiliation: Mid-Florida Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Apopka, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Norman
mesh_terms: D000528:Alternaria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001407:Bacillus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D061046:Biological Control Agents