title: Performance of chlorination process during nanofiltration of sulfonamide antibiotic.
abstract: The effectiveness of combined nanofiltration and disinfection processes was studied by comparing the pre-disinfection and post-disinfection when in combination with nanofiltration. Four types of sulfonamide (sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfadimethoxine) were chosen as substrates, with sodium hypochlorite as a disinfectant. A laboratory-scale nanofiltration system was used to conduct the following sets of experiment: (1) a pre-chlorination system, where the free active chlorine (FAC) was added to the membrane influent; and (2), a post-chlorination system, where the FAC was added to the membrane effluent. Overall, the pre-disinfection nanofiltration system showed higher sulfonamide removal efficiency compared to the post-chlorination nanofiltration system (>99.5% versus >89.5%). In the case of limited FAC ([FAC]0: [sulfonamide]0≤1), the removal efficiency for the post-chlorination nanofiltration system was higher, due to the prior nanofiltration process that could remove 12.5% to 80% of sulfonamide. The flux of the treated feed system was considerably higher than in the untreated feed system; however, the membrane was observed to be slightly damaged due to residual chlorine attack.
authors.affiliation: Center for Separation Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail: rmredzuan@gmail.com; Shimadzu-UMMC Centre for Xenobiotic Studies (SUCXeS), Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Redzuan
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ramli
authors.affiliation: Center for Separation Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail: rmredzuan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nik Meriam Nik
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
authors.affiliation: Shimadzu-UMMC Centre for Xenobiotic Studies (SUCXeS), Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mustafa Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mohd
authors.affiliation: Center for Separation Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail: rmredzuan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohamad Fairus
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rabuni
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002713:Chlorine; D004202:Disinfectants; D004203:Disinfection; D005374:Filtration; D054879:Halogenation; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002713:Chlorine; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole