title: Virulence of Hymenoscyphus albidus and H. fraxineus on Fraxinus excelsior and F. pennsylvanica.
abstract: European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is currently battling an onslaught of ash dieback, a disease emerging in the greater part of its native area, brought about by the introduction of the ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (= Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus). The closely-related fungus Hymenoscyphus albidus, which is indigenous to Europe, is non-pathogenic when in contact with F. excelsior, but could pose a potential risk to exotic Fraxinus species. The North American green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) is planted widely throughout Europe and regenerates naturally within this environment but little is known about the susceptibility of this species to ash dieback. We performed wound inoculations with both fungi (nine strains of H. fraxineus and three strains of H. albidus) on rachises and stems of F. excelsior and F. pennsylvanica under field conditions in Southern Poland. Necrosis formation was evaluated after two months on the rachises and after 12 months on the stems. After inoculation of H. albidus, only small lesions (of up to 1.3 cm in length) developed on the F. excelsior and F. pennsylvanica rachises, but with no significant distinction from the controls. Hymenoscyphus albidus did not cause necrotic lesions on the stems of either Fraxinus species. In contrast, H. fraxineus induced necroses on all inoculated rachises of both ash species with mean lengths of 8.4 cm (F. excelsior) and 1.9 cm (F. pennsylvanica). Necroses also developed on all of the inoculated F. excelsior stems (mean length 18.0 cm), whereas on F. pennsylvanica such lesions only occurred on about 5% of the stems (mean length 1.9 cm). The differences between strains were negligible. No necroses were observed on the control plants. Reisolations of H. albidus were only successful in around 8-11% of the cases, while H. fraxineus was reisolated from 50-70% of the inoculated organs showing necrotic lesions. None of the Hymenoscyphus species were isolated from the control plants. Our data confirm H. fraxineus' high virulence with regards to F. excelsior and demonstrate a low virulence in relation to F. pennsylvanica under field conditions in Poland. Hymenoscyphus albidus did not express any perceivable pathogenicity on both host species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Pathology, Mycology and Tree Physiology, University of Agriculture, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Protection, Forest Entomology and Climatology, University of Agriculture, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bilański
authors.affiliation: Forest Pathology and Dendrology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ottmar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Holdenrieder
mesh_terms: D031661:Fraxinus / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology*; D058507:Host Specificity; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000382:microbiology; D011044:Poland; D004718:Saccharomycetales / Q000145:classification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014774:Virulence