title: Pharmacokinetics of Alternative Administration Routes of Melatonin: A Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Melatonin is traditionally administered orally but has a poor and variable bioavailability. This study aims to present an overview of studies investigating the pharmacokinetics of alternative administration routes of melatonin.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was performed and included experimental or clinical studies, investigating pharmacokinetics of alternative administration routes of melatonin in vivo. Alternative administration routes were defined as all administration routes except oral and intravenous.
  
  
  RESULTS
  10 studies were included in the review. Intranasal administration exhibited a quick absorption rate and high bioavailability. Transdermal administration displayed a variable absorption rate and possible deposition of melatonin in the skin. Oral transmucosal administration of melatonin exhibited a high plasma concentration compared to oral administration. Subcutaneous injection of melatonin displayed a rapid absorption rate compared to oral administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intranasal administration of melatonin has a large potential, and more research in humans is warranted. Transdermal application of melatonin has a possible use in a local application, due to slow absorption and deposition in the skin. Oral transmucosal administration may potentially be a clinically relevant due to avoiding first-pass metabolism. Subcutaneous injection of melatonin did not document any advantages compared to other administration routes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Center for Perioperative Optimization, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zetner
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Center for Perioperative Optimization, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: L P H
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Center for Perioperative Optimization, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D058956:Administration, Mucosal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008550:Melatonin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D008550:Melatonin