title: Localized atrophy of the thalamus and slowed cognitive processing speed in MS patients.
abstract: Deep gray matter (DGM) atrophy is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but no studies have investigated surface-based structure changes over time with respect to healthy controls (HCs). Moreover, the relationship between cognition and the spatio-temporal evolution of DGM atrophy is poorly understood.
  
  
  
  To explore DGM structural differences between MS and HCs over time in relation to neuropsychological (NP) outcomes.
  
  
  
  The participants were 44 relapsing-remitting and 20 secondary progressive MS patients and 22 HCs. All were scanned using 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline and 3-year follow-up. NP examination emphasized consensus standard tests of processing speed and memory. We performed both volumetric and shape analysis of DGM structures and assessed their relationships with cognition.
  
  
  
  Compared to HCs, MS patients presented with significantly smaller DGM volumes. For the thalamus and caudate, differences in shape were mostly localized along the lateral ventricles. NP outcomes were related to both volume and shape of the DGM structures. Over 3 years, decreased cognitive processing speed was related to localized atrophy on the anterior and superior surface of the left thalamus.
  
  
  
  These findings highlight the role of atrophy in the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and its relation to cognitive decline in MS.
authors.affiliation: Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA/IRCCS "S.Maria Nascente," Don Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy/Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy npbergsland@bnac.net.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bergsland
authors.affiliation: Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA/MR Imaging Clinical Translational Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zivadinov
authors.affiliation: Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weinstock-Guttman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ralph Hb
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Benedict
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001284:Atrophy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D020528:Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D013788:Thalamus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology
keywords: MRI; Multiple sclerosis; cognitive impairment; imaging; shape analysis; thalamus