title: Spatiotemporal patterns of livestock manure nutrient production in the conterminous United States from 1930 to 2012.
abstract: Manure nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from livestock husbandry are important components of terrestrial biogeochemical cycling. Assessment of the impacts of livestock manure on terrestrial biogeochemistry requires a compilation and analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of manure nutrients. In this study, we reconstructed county-level manure nutrient data of the conterminous United States (U.S.) in 4- to 5-year increments from 1930 to 2012. Manure N and P were 5.8 9 ± 0.64 Tg N yr.(-1) (Mean ± Standard Deviation) and 1.73 ± 0.29 Tg Pyr.(-1) (1 Tg = 10(12)g), and increased by 46% and 92% from 1930 to 2012, respectively. Prior to 1970, manure provided more N to the U.S. lands than chemical fertilizer use. Since 1970, however, increasing chemical N fertilizer use has exceeded manure N production. Manure was the primary P source in the U.S. during 1930-1969 and 1987-2012, but was lower than P fertilizer use in 1974, 1978, and 1982. High-nutrient-production regions shifted towards eastern and western areas of the U.S. Decreasing small farms and increasing Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) induced concentrated spatial patterns in manure nutrient loads. Counties with cattle or poultry as the primary manure nutrient contributors expanded significantly from 1930 to 2012, whereas regions with sheep and hog as the primary contributors decreased. We identified regions facing environmental threats associated with livestock farming. Effective management of manure should consider the impacts of CAFOs in manure production, and changes in livestock population structure. The long-term county-level manure nutrient dataset provides improved spatial and temporal information on manure nutrients in the U.S. This dataset is expected to help advance research on nutrient cycling, ammonia volatilization, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock husbandry, recovery and reuse of manure nutrients, and impacts of livestock feeding on human health in the context of global change.
authors.affiliation: International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Lab, College Park, MD 20740, USA. Electronic address: qichun.yang@pnnl.gov.
authors.forename: Qichun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. Electronic address: tianhan@auburn.edu.
authors.forename: Hanqin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
authors.forename: Bowen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Xuesong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Lab, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D058751:Livestock; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D008372:Manure; D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Livestock; Manure nutrients; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; United States