title: A European Concern? Genetic Structure and Expansion of Golden Jackals (Canis aureus) in Europe and the Caucasus.
abstract: In the first continent-wide study of the golden jackal (Canis aureus), we characterised its population genetic structure and attempted to identify the origin of European populations. This provided a unique insight into genetic characteristics of a native carnivore population with rapid large-scale expansion. We analysed 15 microsatellite markers and a 406 base-pair fragment of the mitochondrial control region. Bayesian-based and principal components methods were applied to evaluate whether the geographical grouping of samples corresponded with genetic groups. Our analysis revealed low levels of genetic diversity, reflecting the unique history of the golden jackal among Europe's native carnivores. The results suggest ongoing gene flow between south-eastern Europe and the Caucasus, with both contributing to the Baltic population, which appeared only recently. The population from the Peloponnese Peninsula in southern Greece forms a common genetic cluster with samples from south-eastern Europe (ΔK approach in STRUCTURE, Principal Components Analysis [PCA]), although the results based on BAPS and the estimated likelihood in STRUCTURE indicate that Peloponnesian jackals may represent a distinct population. Moreover, analyses of population structure also suggest either genetic distinctiveness of the island population from Samos near the coast of Asia Minor (BAPS, most STRUCTURE, PCA), or possibly its connection with the Caucasus population (one analysis in STRUCTURE). We speculate from our results that ancient Mediterranean jackal populations have persisted to the present day, and have merged with jackals colonising from Asia. These data also suggest that new populations of the golden jackal may be founded by long-distance dispersal, and thus should not be treated as an invasive alien species, i.e. an organism that is "non-native to an ecosystem, and which may cause economic or environmental harm or adversely affect human health". These insights into the genetic structure and ancestry of Baltic jackals have important implications for management and conservation of jackals in Europe. The golden jackal is listed as an Annex V species in the EU Habitats Directive and as such, considering also the results presented here, should be legally protected in all EU member states.
authors.affiliation: Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rutkowski
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Ecology Research Group, Department of Forestry, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Miha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krofel
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology - Marine Biology, School of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Giorgos
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giannatos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Duško
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ćirović
authors.affiliation: Estonian Environment Agency, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Peep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Männil
authors.affiliation: Tauride Agrotechnology State University, Melitopol', Ukraine.
authors.forename: Anatoliy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Volokh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nature Conservation, University of Kaposvár, Kaposvár, Hungary.
authors.forename: József
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lanszki
authors.affiliation: Institute for Wildlife Conservation, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary.
authors.forename: Miklós
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heltai
authors.affiliation: Institute for Wildlife Conservation, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary.
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Szabó
authors.affiliation: Ecology Department of Crispus NGO Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania.
authors.forename: Ovidiu C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Banea
authors.affiliation: Scientific Centre of Zoology and Hydroecology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia.
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yavruyan
authors.affiliation: Stepanakert Branch of the Armenian National Agrarian University, Stepanakert, Armenia.
authors.forename: Vahram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hayrapetyan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.forename: Natia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kopaliani
authors.affiliation: Archipelagos Institute of Marine Conservation, Mesokampos, Pythagorio, Samos, Greece.
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miliou
authors.affiliation: Management Body of Mount Parnon & Moustos Wetland, Arkadia, Astros, Greece.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Tryfonopoulos
authors.affiliation: Natural History Museum of Crete, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lymberakis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Penezić
authors.affiliation: Kaunas T. Ivanauskas Zoological Museum, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Giedrė
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pakeltytė
authors.affiliation: Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suchecka
authors.affiliation: Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.
authors.forename: Wiesław
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bogdanowicz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D003710:Demography; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D046030:Jackals / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D008967:Molecular Biology; D011158:Population Growth
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial