title: Evaluation of a novel portable x-ray fluorescence screening tool for detection of arsenic exposure.
abstract: A new portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) screening tool was evaluated for its effectiveness in arsenic (As) quantification in human finger and toe nails ([Formula: see text]). Nail samples were measured for total As concentration by XRF and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Using concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), kappa, diagnostic sensitivity (Sn) and specificity (Sp), and linear regression analyses, the concentration of As measured by XRF was compared to ICP-MS. The CCC peaked for scaled values of fingernail samples, at 0.424 (95% CI: 0.065-0.784). The largest kappa value, 0.400 (95% CI:  -0.282-1.000), was found at a 1.3 μg g(-1) cut-off concentration, for fingernails only, and the largest kappa at a clinically relevant cut-off concentration of 1.0 μg g(-1) was 0.237 (95% CI:  -0.068-0.543), again in fingernails. Analyses generally showed excellent XRF Sn (up to 100%, 95% CI: 48-100%), but low Sp (up to 30% for the same analysis, 95% CI: 14-50%). Portable XRF shows some potential for use as a screening tool with fingernail samples. The difference between XRF and ICP-MS measurements decreased as sample mass increased to 30 mg. While this novel method of As detection in nails has shown relatively high agreement in some scenarios, this portable XRF is not currently considered suitable as a substitute for ICP-MS.
authors.affiliation: University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada. Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA. Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McIver
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: VanLeeuwen
authors.forename: Anthony L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Knafla
authors.forename: Jillian A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Mihai R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gherase
authors.forename: Judith R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Guernsey
authors.forename: David E B
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Fleming
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D001151:Arsenic