title: Conditional risk for posttraumatic stress disorder in an epidemiological study of a Brazilian urban population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conditional risk for PTSD is the risk of developing PTSD after exposure to traumatic events. This epidemiological study of the general urban population from the two largest cities in Brazil reports exposure to traumatic events; conditional risk for PTSD; and proportion/estimated number of PTSD cases secondary to each type of traumatic event.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of general population (15-75 y.o.) from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. PTSD was assessed through Composite International Diagnostic Interview 2.1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our main findings, from 3744 participants, were: 1) high prevalence of traumatic events (86%), urban violence being the most common; 2) conditional risk for PTSD was 11.1%; 3) women (15.9%) have overall conditional risk 3 times higher than men (5.1%); 4) war-related trauma (67.8%), childhood sexual abuse (49.1%) and adult sexual violence (44.1%) had the highest conditional risks; 5) 35% of PTSD cases (estimated 435,970 individuals) were secondary to sudden/unexpected death of a close person, and 40% secondary to interpersonal violence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brazilian urban population is highly exposed to urban violence, and overall conditional risk for PTSD was 11.1%. Violence prevention and enhancement of resilience should be part of public policies, and mental health sequelae of trauma should be better recognized and treated.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ), Av. Venceslau Brás 71 Fundos, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-140, Brazil. Electronic address: mariluz@centroin.com.br.
authors.forename: Mariana Pires
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Luz
authors.affiliation: National School of Public Health (ENSP/FIOCRUZ), Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480/823, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041-210, Brazil.
authors.forename: Evandro S F
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ), Av. Venceslau Brás 71 Fundos, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-140, Brazil.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rua Miguel de Frias 9, Icaraí, Niterói, RJ 24220-008, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauro V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Mendlowicz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ), Av. Venceslau Brás 71 Fundos, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-140, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liliane M P
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Vilete
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry of the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Borges Lagoa, 570, São Paulo, SP 04038-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry of the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Borges Lagoa, 570, São Paulo, SP 04038-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Inês
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Quintana
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry of the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Borges Lagoa, 570, São Paulo, SP 04038-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bressan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry of the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Borges Lagoa, 570, São Paulo, SP 04038-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sérgio B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Andreoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry of the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Borges Lagoa, 570, São Paulo, SP 04038-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jair J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mari
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ), Av. Venceslau Brás 71 Fundos, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-140, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Figueira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014505:Urban Population; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Epidemiologic studies; Post-traumatic; Public health; Stress disorders; Violence