title: Comparative evaluation of nickel discharge from brackets in artificial saliva at different time intervals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine and compare the potential difference of nickel release from three different orthodontic brackets, in different artificial pH, in different time intervals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven samples of three different orthodontic brackets were selected and grouped as 1, 2, and 3. Each group was divided into three subgroups depending on the type of orthodontic brackets, salivary pH and the time interval. The Nickel release from each subgroup were analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer, Optima 2100 DV, USA) model. Quantitative analysis of nickel was performed three times, and the mean value was used as result. ANOVA (F-test) was used to test the significant difference among the groups at 0.05 level of significance (P < 0.05). The descriptive method of statistics was used to calculate the mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum. SPSS 18 software ((SPSS.Ltd, Quarry bay, Hong Kong, PASW-statistics 18) was used to analyze the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis shows a significant difference between three groups. The study shows that the nickel releases from the recycled stainless steel brackets have the highest at all 4.2 pH except in 120 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study result shows that the nickel release from the recycled stainless steel brackets is highest. Metal slot ceramic bracket release significantly less nickel. So, recycled stainless steel brackets should not be used for nickel allergic patients. Metal slot ceramic brackets are advisable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Kannur Dental College, Aarakandi, Kannur, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jithesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Panineeya Mahavidhyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences, Kamalanagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Venkataramana
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Salman Bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharjh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Narendravarma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Penumatsa
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Panineeya Mahavidhyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences, Kamalanagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Poornima
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rajasigamani
keywords: Artificial saliva; nickel; orthodontic brackets; recycled bracket