title: The cold responsive mechanism of the paper mulberry: decreased photosynthesis capacity and increased starch accumulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most studies on the paper mulberry are mainly focused on the medicated and pharmacology, fiber quality, leaves feed development, little is known about its mechanism of adaptability to abiotic stress. Physiological measurement, transcriptomics and proteomic analysis were employed to understand its response to cold stress in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The second to fourth fully expanded leaves from up to down were harvested at different stress time points forthe transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation. Physiological characteristics measurement included the relative electrolyte leakage (REL), SOD activity assay, soluble sugar content, and Chlorophyll fluorescence parameter measurement. For screening of differentially expressed genes, the expression level of every transcript in each sample was calculated by quantifying the number of Illumina reads. To identify the differentially expressed protein, leaves of plants under 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h cold stress wereharvested for proteomic analysis. Finally, real time PCR was used to verify the DEG results of the RNA-seq and the proteomics data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that at the beginning of cold stress, respiratory metabolism was decreased and the transportation and hydrolysis of photosynthetic products was inhibited, leading to an accumulation of starch in the chloroplasts. Total of 5800 unigenes and 38 proteins were affected, including the repressed expression of photosynthesis and the enhanced expression in signal transduction, stress defense pathway as well as secondary metabolism. Although the transcriptional level of a large number of genes has been restored after 12 h, sustained cold stress brought more serious injury to the leaf cells, including the sharp rise of the relative electrolyte leakage, the declined Fv/Fm value, swelled chloroplast and the disintegrated membrane system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The starch accumulation and the photoinhibition might be the main adaptive mechanism of the paper mulberry responded to cold stress. Most of important, enhancing the transport and hydrolysis of photosynthetic products could be the potential targets for improving the cold tolerance of the paper mulberry.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China. pengxianjun@ibcas.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xianjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China. tenglinhong@126.com.
authors.forename: Linhong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China. yanxueqing621@163.com.
authors.forename: Xueqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China. zml@ibcas.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Meiling
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China. shshen@ibcas.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Shihua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000235:genetics; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003080:Cold Temperature; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D031625:Morus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D040901:Proteomics; D013213:Starch / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D013213:Starch