title: Leadership in the clinical workplace: what residents report to observe and supervisors report to display: an exploratory questionnaire study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Within the current health care system, leadership is considered important for physicians. leadership is mostly self-taught, through observing and practicing. Does the practice environment offer residents enough opportunities to observe the supervisor leadership behaviours they have to learn? In the current study we investigate which leadership behaviours residents observe throughout their training, which behaviours supervisors report to display and whether residents and supervisors have a need for more formal training.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed two questionnaire studies. Study 1: Residents (n = 117) answered questions about the extent to which they observed four basic and observable Situational Leadership behaviours in their supervisors. Study 2: Supervisors (n = 201) answered questions about the extent to which they perceived to display these Situational Leadership behaviours in medical practice. We asked both groups of participants whether they experienced a need for formal leadership training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-third of the residents did not observe the four basic Situational Leadership behaviours. The same pattern was found among starting, intermediate and experienced residents. Moreover, not all supervisors showed these 4 leadership behaviours. Both supervisors and residents expressed a need for formal leadership training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both findings together suggest that current practice does not offer residents enough opportunities to acquire these leadership behaviours by solely observing their supervisors. Moreover, residents and supervisors both express a need for more formal leadership training. More explicit attention should be paid to leadership development, for example by providing formal leadership training for supervisors and residents.
authors.affiliation: Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions (CEDAR), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. m.a.van.der.wal@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Martha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van der Wal
authors.affiliation: St. Lucas Andreas Hospital (SLAZ), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. f.scheele@slaz.nl.
authors.forename: Fedde
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scheele
authors.affiliation: Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions (CEDAR), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. j.schonrock-adema@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schönrock-Adema
authors.affiliation: Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions (CEDAR), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. a.d.c.jaarsma@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: A Debbie C
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Jaarsma
authors.affiliation: Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions (CEDAR), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. j.cohen-schotanus@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Janke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen-Schotanus
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007857:Leadership; D007858:Learning; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace / Q000458:organization & administration