title: A history of spine biomechanics. Focus on 20th century progress.
abstract: The application of mechanical principles to problems of the spine dates to antiquity. Significant developments related to spinal anatomy and biomechanical behaviour made by Renaissance and post-Renaissance scholars through the end of the 19th century laid a strong foundation for the developments since that time. The objective of this article is to provide a historical overview of spine biomechanics with a focus on the developments in the 20th century. The topics of spine loading, spinal posture and stability, spinal kinematics, spinal injury, and surgical strategies were reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Orthopaedics and Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. toxland@icord.org.|International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Room 5460-818 West 10th Ave., V5Z 1M9, Vancouver, BC, Canada. toxland@icord.org.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Oxland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement; D010827:Physiology / Q000266:history*; D011187:Posture; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery*; D013131:Spine / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Functional spinal unit; Kinematics; Posture; Stability; Surgery