title: Arctigenin, a Potent Ingredient of Arctium lappa L., Induces Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Attenuates Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Vasospasm through PI3K/Akt Pathway in a Rat Model.
abstract: Upregulation of protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt) is observed within the cerebral arteries of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) animals. This study is of interest to examine Arctigenin, a potent antioxidant, on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and Akt pathways in a SAH in vitro study. Basilar arteries (BAs) were obtained to examine phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), phospho-PI3K, Akt, phospho-Akt (Western blot) and morphological examination. Endothelins (ETs) and eNOS evaluation (Western blot and immunostaining) were also determined. Arctigenin treatment significantly alleviates disrupted endothelial cells and tortured internal elastic layer observed in the SAH groups (p < 0.01). The reduced eNOS protein and phospho-Akt expression in the SAH groups were relieved by the treatment of Arctigenin (p < 0.01). This result confirmed that Arctigenin might exert dural effects in preventing SAH-induced vasospasm through upregulating eNOS expression via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and attenuate endothelins after SAH. Arctigenin shows therapeutic promise in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm following SAH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan ; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan ; Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Zen
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shu-Chuan
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan ; Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Mao
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan ; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Lung
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan ; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Aij-Lie
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kwan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D031170:Arctium / Q000737:chemistry; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D005663:Furans / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D017705:Lignans / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D058539:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase / Q000235:genetics*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics*; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D005663:Furans; D017705:Lignans; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat; D058539:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C071942:arctigenin