title: Clinical Factors and Perioperative Strategies Associated with Outcome in Preinjury Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Therapy for Patients with Traumatic Brain Injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Long-term oral anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy has been used with increasing frequency in the elderly. These patients are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from expansion of intracranial hemorrhage. We conducted a single-center retrospective case control study to evaluate risk factors associated with outcomes and to identify the differences in outcome in traumatic brain injury between preinjury anticoagulation use and without anticoagulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of patients who underwent craniotomy or craniectomy for acute traumatic cerebral hemorrhage, between January 2005 and December 2014 was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A consecutive series of 50 patients were evaluated. The factors significantly differed between the two groups were initial Prothrombin Time-International Normalized Ratio, initial platelet count, initial Glasgow Coma Scale score, and postoperative intracranial bleeding. Mean Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score were similar between the two groups. In the patient with low-energy trauma only, no significant differences in GOS score, postoperative bleeding and many other factors were observed. The contributing factors to postoperative bleeding was preinjury anticoagulation and its adjusted odds ratio was 12 [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 12.242; p=0.0070]. The contributing factors to low GOS scores, which mean unfavorable neurological outcomes, were age (adjusted OR, 1.073; p=0.039) and Rotterdam scale score for CT scans (adjusted OR, 3.123; p=0.0020).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preinjury anticoagulation therapy contributed significantly to the occurrence of postoperative bleeding. However, preinjury anticoagulation therapy in the patients with low-energy trauma did not contribute to the poor clinical outcomes or total hospital stay. Careful attention should be given to older patients and severity of hemorrhage on initial brain CT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, National Cancer Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Hwan
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, National Cancer Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Eon
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.
authors.forename: Heon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoo
keywords: Anticoagulation therapy; Antiplatelet therapy; Traumatic brain injury