title: The Negative Cone Mosaic: A New Manifestation of the Optical Stiles-Crawford Effect in Normal Eyes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to describe a previously unreported manifestation of the optical Stiles-Crawford effect (oSCE) in normal eyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cohort of 50 normal subjects, the directional reflectance of cones in the retinal periphery was explored by flood-illuminated adaptive optics (FIAO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 32 eyes (64%), off-axis FIAO images of the retinal periphery (∼15-20° from the fovea) showed variably sized patches of hyporeflective dots (called here negative mosaic) coexisting with hyperreflective (positive) cones. In nine cases, shifting the entry pupil toward the optical axis restored the positive cone mosaic, with a point-by-point correspondence between positive and negative mosaics. Rods remained hyperreflective around negative and positive cones. These changes were paralleled by changes of the OCT reflectance of the cone outer segment tips and, to a lesser extent, of the inner/outer segment limit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By en face FIAO imaging of the retina, the contrast of cones over rods may be strongly dependent on the entry pupil to such an extent that their reflectance is lower than that of rods. We hypothesized that the negative cone mosaic aspect results from the differential Stiles-Crawford effect of cones and rods. Cone reflectance by en face FIAO parallels the reflectance from the cone outer segment tip line and to a lesser extent of the inner/outer segment limit by OCT. Taking this into account, the oSCE is of importance for the interpretation of high-resolution images of photoreceptors. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01546181.)
authors.affiliation: Quinze-Vingts Hospital Departement Hospitalo-Universitaire SightMaintain, Institut National de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM)-Direction de l'Hospitalisation et de l'Organisation des Soins CIC 1423, Paris, France 2Alten Corporation, Boulogne Billancourt, F.
authors.forename: Chahira
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miloudi
authors.affiliation: Institut Supérieur d'Electronique de Paris, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rossant
authors.affiliation: Institut Mines Telecom, Telecom ParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l'Information, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bloch
authors.affiliation: Quinze-Vingts Hospital Departement Hospitalo-Universitaire SightMaintain, Institut National de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM)-Direction de l'Hospitalisation et de l'Organisation des Soins CIC 1423, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chaumette
authors.affiliation: Quinze-Vingts Hospital Departement Hospitalo-Universitaire SightMaintain, Institut National de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM)-Direction de l'Hospitalisation et de l'Organisation des Soins CIC 1423, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leseigneur
authors.affiliation: Quinze-Vingts Hospital Departement Hospitalo-Universitaire SightMaintain, Institut National de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM)-Direction de l'Hospitalisation et de l'Organisation des Soins CIC 1423, Paris, France.
authors.forename: José-Alain
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sahel
authors.affiliation: Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aéronautiques, Châtillon, France.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meimon
authors.affiliation: Quinze-Vingts Hospital Departement Hospitalo-Universitaire SightMaintain, Institut National de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM)-Direction de l'Hospitalisation et de l'Organisation des Soins CIC 1423, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mrejen
authors.affiliation: Quinze-Vingts Hospital Departement Hospitalo-Universitaire SightMaintain, Institut National de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM)-Direction de l'Hospitalisation et de l'Organisation des Soins CIC 1423, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paques
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*