title: The Epidemiology of Injuries in Mixed Martial Arts: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mixed martial arts (MMA) has experienced a surge in popularity since emerging in the 1990s, but the sport has also faced concomitant criticism from public, political, and medical holds. Notwithstanding the polarized discourse concerning the sport, no systematic review of the injury problems in MMA has been published to date.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the epidemiologic data on injuries in MMA and to quantitatively estimate injury incidence and risk factor effect sizes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 4.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic searching of PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, AMED, and SPORTDiscus databases to identify studies reporting on the epidemiology of injuries in MMA. Random-effects models were used to obtain pooled summary estimates of the injury incidence rate per 1000 athlete-exposures (IIRAE) and rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was evaluated with the I (2) statistic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 6 studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. The IIRAE summary estimate was found to be 228.7 (95% CI, 110.4-473.5). No studies reported injury severity. The most commonly injured anatomic region was the head (range, 66.8%-78.0%) followed by the wrist/hand (range, 6.0%-12.0%), while the most frequent injury types were laceration (range, 36.7%-59.4%), fracture (range, 7.4%-43.3%), and concussion (range, 3.8%-20.4%). The most notable risk factors pertained to the outcome of bouts. Losers incurred 3 times as many injuries as winners, and fighters in bouts ending with knockout or technical knockout incurred more than 2 times as many injuries as fighters in bouts ending with submission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Notwithstanding the paucity of data, the injury incidence in MMA appears to be greater than in most, if not all, other popular and commonly practiced combat sports. In general, the injury pattern in MMA is very similar to that in professional boxing but unlike that found in other combat sports such as judo and taekwondo. More epidemiologic research is urgently needed to improve the accuracy of the injury incidence estimate, to determine the injury severity, and to identify more risk factors for injury in MMA.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Reidar P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Lystad
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Kobi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Juno
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilson
keywords: athletic injury; incidence; mixed martial arts; risk factors