title: Sex and Gender Impact Immune Responses to Vaccines Among the Elderly.
abstract: In response to the recommended vaccines in older-aged individuals, sex differences occur in response to those that protect against influenza, tetanus, pertussis, shingles, and pneumococcal infections. The efficacy of vaccines recommended for older-aged adults is consistently greater for females than for males. Gender differences as well as biological sex differences can influence vaccine uptake, responses, and outcome in older-aged individuals, which should influence guidelines, formulations, and dosage recommendations for vaccines in the elderly.
authors.affiliation: The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Ashley L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.affiliation: The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland sklein2@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Sabra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D054796:Drug Dosage Calculations; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014611:Vaccination; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines