title: Monitoring Smad Activity In Vivo Using the Xenopus Model System.
abstract: The embryo of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis plays a central role in the field of cell and developmental biology. One of the strengths of Xenopus as model system lies in the high degree of conservation between amphibians and mammals in the molecular mechanisms controlling tissue patterning and differentiation. As such, many signaling cascades were first investigated in frog embryos and then confirmed in mouse and/or human cells. The TGF-β signaling cascade greatly benefited from this model system. Here we review the overall logic and experimental planning for studying Smad activity in vivo in the context of Xenopus embryonic development, and provide a guide for the interpretation of the results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montagner
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Graziano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martello
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy. piccolo@bio.unipd.it.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piccolo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008024:Ligands; D010641:Phenotype; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014981:Xenopus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D051785:Smad Proteins
keywords: Animal cap explants; BMP; Mesoderm and neural induction; Smad; TGF-β; Xenopus laevis