title: Longitudinal changes of the serum calcium levels and accelerated progression of arterial stiffness with age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The progression of arterial stiffness is accelerated by aging, although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been clarified. This prospective observational study was conducted to clarify whether longitudinal changes in the serum calcium/phosphate levels are associated with the accelerated progression of arterial stiffness with age.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cohort of employees at a construction company (1507 middle-aged Japanese men), the serum calcium/phosphate levels and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) were measured at the start and at the end of a 3-year study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A general linear model multivariate analysis revealed a significant interaction of the 2 factors {age and longitudinal changes of the serum calcium levels (delCa) during the follow-up period} on the longitudinal changes of the baPWV during the study period (delPWV). The delCa was significantly correlated with the delPWV even after adjustments for covariates in subjects aged ≥48 years. The delPWV in subjects aged ≥48 years with the delCa in the upper tertile (69 ± 137 cm/s) was significantly larger than that in the other groups even after adjustments for covariates (e.g., del PWV in subjects aged <48 years with the delCa in the lower tertile = 1 ± 94 cm/s) (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between the arterial stiffness and serum calcium levels differed with age. Pathophysiological abnormalities related to increased serum calcium levels appeared to be associated with accelerated progression of arterial stiffness with age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: lose_kimself@outlook.jp.
authors.forename: Kazutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: tomiyama@tokyo-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: chisamatsumoto@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Chisa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: ma-lee_a.x-mas_eve@ezweb.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Odaira
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: shiina@tokyo-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiina
authors.affiliation: Kajima Corporation, 1-3-1 Motoakasaka, Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: nagata@kajima.co.jp.
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: akyam@tokyo-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamashina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood*; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation; D059289:Vascular Stiffness
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Age; Arterial stiffness; Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; Serum calcium level; Serum phosphate level