title: Indoor Heating Drives Water Bacterial Growth and Community Metabolic Profile Changes in Building Tap Pipes during the Winter Season.
abstract: The growth of the bacterial community harbored in indoor drinking water taps is regulated by external environmental factors, such as indoor temperature. However, the effect of indoor heating on bacterial regrowth associated with indoor drinking water taps is poorly understood. In the present work, flow cytometry and community-level sole-carbon-source utilization techniques were combined to explore the effects of indoor heating on water bacterial cell concentrations and community carbon metabolic profiles in building tap pipes during the winter season. The results showed that the temperature of water stagnated overnight ("before") in the indoor water pipes was 15-17 °C, and the water temperature decreased to 4-6 °C after flushing for 10 min ("flushed"). The highest bacterial cell number was observed in water stagnated overnight, and was 5-11 times higher than that of flushed water. Meanwhile, a significantly higher bacterial community metabolic activity (AWCD590nm) was also found in overnight stagnation water samples. The significant "flushed" and "taps" values indicated that the AWCD590nm, and bacterial cell number varied among the taps within the flushed group (p < 0.01). Heatmap fingerprints and principle component analyses (PCA) revealed a significant discrimination bacterial community functional metabolic profiles in the water stagnated overnight and flushed water. Serine, threonine, glucose-phosphate, ketobutyric acid, phenylethylamine, glycerol, putrescine were significantly used by "before" water samples. The results suggested that water stagnated at higher temperature should be treated before drinking because of bacterial regrowth. The data from this work provides useful information on reasonable utilization of drinking water after stagnation in indoor pipes during indoor heating periods.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, China. zhanghaihan@xauat.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hai-Han
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, China. chenshengnan@xauat.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Sheng-Nan
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, China. huangtinglin@xauat.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ting-Lin
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, China. shangpanlu@xauat.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Pan-Lu
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, China. ichitake@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, China. hs_weixing@163.com.
authors.forename: Wei-Xing
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002681:China; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D006361:Heating; D055442:Metabolome; D012621:Seasons; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water
keywords: BIOLOG; building indoor pipes; flow cytometry; indoor heating