title: Influence of the delivery modus on subpopulations and replication of lymphocytes in mothers and newborns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies reported that the mode of delivery may induce changes to the immune system. Our hypothesis was that the delivery mode may influence mainly the naive T cell subpopulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Particular focus was set on the proportions and peripheral replicative history of naive T cells and cord blood serum concentrations of IL-7, a cytokine involved in peripheral naive T cell homeostasis.
  In a prospective cohort study, proportions of lymphocyte populations were measured in mothers and newborns delivered by spontaneous vaginal delivery (SD), vacuum extraction (VE), primary (PCS) and secondary Cesarean sections (SCS) by flow cytometry. T-cell-receptor-excision-circles (TRECs) and relative telomere lengths (RTLs) were used to estimate the replicative history of peripheral naive T cells. The cytokine profile was assessed by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study demonstrated that leukocytes, neutrophils and NK cells were increased in spontaneously delivered newborns compared to PCS, whereas circulating T cells were relatively lower. TRECs and RTLs were not significantly influenced by the delivery mode. IL-2, IL-8 and IFN-γ were increased in VD. IL-7 production tends to be increased in more stress-associated delivery modes, such as VE and SCS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate proportional changes in newborns delivered by PCS and diminished cytokine production. It has to be proven whether these alterations may be of disadvantage regarding early defense of infectious diseases. Understanding the physiological role of these changes may help to find preventive strategies for neonatal infectious risks and the development of atopy or other immune diseases.
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Almanzar
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schönlaub
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, University Hospital Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hammerer-Lercher
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koppelstaetter
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bernhard
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Wuerzburg, Germany. Electronic address: Prelog_M@ukw.de.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prelog
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Cytokines; Delivery mode; Lymphocytes; TRECs; Telomeres