title: Probiotics Blunt the Anti-Hypertensive Effect of Blueberry Feeding in Hypertensive Rats without Altering Hippuric Acid Production.
abstract: Previously we showed that feeding polyphenol-rich wild blueberries to hypertensive rats lowered systolic blood pressure. Since probiotic bacteria produce bioactive metabolites from berry polyphenols that enhance the health benefits of berry consumption, we hypothesized that adding probiotics to a blueberry-enriched diet would augment the anti-hypertensive effects of blueberry consumption. Groups (n = 8) of male spontaneously hypertensive rats were fed one of four AIN '93G-based diets for 8 weeks: Control (CON); 3% freeze-dried wild blueberry (BB); 1% probiotic bacteria (PRO); or 3% BB + 1% PRO (BB+PRO). Blood pressure was measured at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 by the tail-cuff method, and urine was collected at weeks 4 and 8 to determine markers of oxidative stress (F2-isoprostanes), nitric oxide synthesis (nitrites), and polyphenol metabolism (hippuric acid). Data were analyzed using mixed models ANOVA with repeated measures. Diet had a significant main effect on diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.046), with significantly lower measurements in the BB- vs. CON-fed rats (p = 0.035). Systolic blood pressure showed a similar but less pronounced response to diet (p = 0.220), again with the largest difference between the BB and CON groups. Absolute increase in blood pressure between weeks 0 and 8 tended to be smaller in the BB and PRO vs. CON and BB+PRO groups (systolic increase, p = 0.074; diastolic increase, p = 0.185). Diet had a significant main effect on hippuric acid excretion (p<0.0001), with 2- and ~1.5-fold higher levels at weeks 4 and 8, respectively, in the BB and BB+PRO vs. PRO and CON groups. Diet did not have a significant main effect on F2-isoprostane (p = 0.159) or nitrite excretion (p = 0.670). Our findings show that adding probiotics to a blueberry-enriched diet does not enhance and actually may impair the anti-hypertensive effect of blueberry consumption. However, probiotic bacteria are not interfering with blueberry polyphenol metabolism into hippuric acid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, United States of America.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blanton
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.
authors.forename: Zhengcheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.
authors.forename: Katherine T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Gottschall-Pass
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.
authors.forename: Marva I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Sweeney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001682:Biological Availability; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D029798:Blueberry Plants / Q000737:chemistry*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D006626:Hippurates / Q000378:metabolism*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota / Q000187:drug effects; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D006626:Hippurates; D059808:Polyphenols; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C030514:hippuric acid