title: Risk of gastrointestinal complications in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We performed a meta-analysis of the risk of selected gastrointestinal toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible studies included randomized trials of patients with solid tumors on ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, tremelimumab, pidilizumab and atezolizumab, describing events of diarrhea, vomiting or colitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After exclusion of ineligible studies, a total of ten clinical trials were considered eligible for the meta-analysis. The relative risk of all-grade diarrhea, vomiting and colitis was 1.64 (95% CI: 1.19-2.26; p = 0.002), 0.72 (95% CI: 0.49-1.07; p = 0.1), 10.35 (95% CI: 5.78-18.53; p < 0.00001), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our meta-analysis has demonstrated that immune checkpoint inhibitors are associated with a significantly increased risk of all grade and high-grade colitis.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Abdel-Rahman
authors.affiliation: Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hesham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: ElHalawani
authors.affiliation: Medical Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fouad
mesh_terms: D019138:Antibodies, Blocking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D003092:Colitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D019138:Antibodies, Blocking; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: colitis; diarrhea; ipilimumab; nivolumab