title: Surfactant-free preparation of highly stable zwitterionic poly(amido amine) nanogels with minimal cytotoxicity.
abstract: Narrowly dispersed zwitterionic poly(amido amine) (PAA) nanogels with a diameter of approximately 100nm were prepared by a high-yielding and surfactant-free, inverse nanoprecipitation of PAA polymers. The resulting, negatively charged, nanogels (PAA-NG1) were functionalized with N,N-dimethylethylenediamine via EDC/NHS coupling chemistry. This resulted in nanogels with a positive surface charge (PAA-NG2). Both types of nanogels were fluorescently labelled via isothiocyanate coupling. PAA-NG1 displays high colloidal stability both in PBS and Fetal Bovine Serum solution. Moreover, both nanogels exhibit a distinct zwitterionic swelling profile in response to pH changes. Cellular uptake of FITC-labelled nanogels with RAW 264.7, PC-3 and COS-7 cells was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. These studies showed that nanogel surface charge greatly influences nanogel-cell interactions. The PAA polymer and PAA-NG1 showed minimal cell toxicity as was evaluated by MTT assays. The findings reported here demonstrate that PAA nanogels possess interesting properties for future studies in both drug delivery and imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of polymeric nanoparticles in biomedical applications such as drug delivery and imaging, shows great potential for medical applications. However, these nanoparticles are often not stable in biological environments. Zwitterionic polymers have shown excellent biocompatibility, but these materials are not easily degradable in biological environments. With the aim of developing a nanoparticle for drug delivery and imaging we synthesized a biomimetic and readily biodegradable zwitterionic polymer, which was incorporated into nanogels. These nanogels showed excellent stability in the presence of serum and minimal cytotoxicity, which was tested in three cell lines. Because of their negative surface charge and excellent serum stability, these nanogels are therefore promising carriers for drug delivery and molecular imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Antonie E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ekkelenkamp
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michelle M T
authors.initials: MMT
authors.lastname: Jansman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roelofs
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johan F J
authors.initials: JFJ
authors.lastname: Engbersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.m.j.paulusse@utwente.nl.
authors.forename: Jos M J
authors.initials: JMJ
authors.lastname: Paulusse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002417:Cattle; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D005782:Gels; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D011073:Polyamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D005782:Gels; C531249:Poly(amidoamine); D011073:Polyamines; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine
keywords: Cellular uptake; Inverse nanoprecipitation; Nanogels; Polymer nanoparticles; pH-responsive