title: cAMP and cGMP Play an Essential Role in Galvanotaxis of Cell Fragments.
abstract: Cell fragments devoid of the nucleus and major organelles are found in physiology and pathology, for example platelets derived from megakaryocytes, and cell fragments from white blood cells and glioma cells. Platelets exhibit active chemotaxis. Fragments from white blood cells display chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bactericidal functions. Signaling mechanisms underlying migration of cell fragments are poorly understood. Here we used fish keratocyte fragments and demonstrated striking differences in signal transduction in migration of cell fragments and parental cells in a weak electric field. cAMP or cGMP agonists completely abolished directional migration of fragments, but had no effect on parental cells. The inhibition effects were prevented by pre-incubating with cAMP and cGMP antagonists. Blocking cAMP and cGMP downstream signaling by inhibition of PKA and PKG also recovered fragment galvanotaxis. Both perturbations confirmed that the inhibitory effect was mediated by cAMP or cGMP signaling. Inhibition of cathode signaling with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 also prevented the effects of cAMP or cGMP agonists. Our results suggest that cAMP and cGMP are essential for galvanotaxis of cell fragments, in contrast to the signaling mechanisms in parental cells.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.|Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.
authors.forename: Yaohui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.
authors.forename: Anh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.
authors.forename: Bowei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Qunli
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Courant Institute and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mogilner
authors.affiliation: Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D055252:Cell-Derived Microparticles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005399:Fishes; D058539:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D058539:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D006152:Cyclic GMP