title: Incisor display during speech and smile: Age and gender correlations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate age- and gender-related changes in the soft tissues, incisors, and gingival display during rest, speech, and posed smile.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 265 participants (122 men, 143 women) ranging in age from 19 years to 60 years were recruited for this study. Participants were divided into one of the following four age groups: 19 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years, and 45 to 60 years. Image capture was performed using standardized videographic methods. Each video produced pictures where measurements were performed: rest, speech, and smile positions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistically significant gender dimorphism was apparent in most of the variables. There was a significant increase in the upper lip length and lip commissures height with aging and more markedly in men. A greater exposure of mandibular incisor with increasing age was a feature in both genders. With increasing age there was a significant decrease in maxillary incisor display, especially for men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After 25 years of age there is significant difference in the aging process between men and women. Gingival and maxillary incisor display during speech and smile is a youthful and feminine characteristic.
authors.affiliation: a   Specialist in Orthodontics, Resident, Department of Orthodontics, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Drummond
authors.affiliation: b   Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Capelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor; D008046:Lip; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012904:Smiling; D013060:Speech; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aging; Gender; Orthodontics; Smile; Video recording