title: Association of Roadway Proximity with Indoor Air Pollution in a Peri-Urban Community in Lima, Peru.
abstract: The influence of traffic-related air pollution on indoor residential exposure is not well characterized in homes with high natural ventilation in low-income countries. Additionally, domestic allergen exposure is unknown in such populations. We conducted a pilot study of 25 homes in peri-urban Lima, Peru to estimate the effects of roadway proximity and season on residential concentrations. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of particulate matter (PM₂.₅), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and black carbon (BC) were measured during two seasons, and allergens were measured in bedroom dust. Allergen levels were highest for dust mite and mouse allergens, with concentrations above clinically relevant thresholds in over a quarter and half of all homes, respectively. Mean indoor and outdoor pollutant concentrations were similar (PM₂.₅: 20.0 vs. 16.9 μg/m³, BC: 7.6 vs. 8.1 μg/m³, NO₂: 7.3 vs. 7.5 ppb), and tended to be higher in the summer compared to the winter. Road proximity was significantly correlated with overall concentrations of outdoor PM₂.₅ (rs = -0.42, p = 0.01) and NO₂ (rs = -0.36, p = 0.03), and outdoor BC concentrations in the winter (rs = -0.51, p = 0.03). Our results suggest that outdoor-sourced pollutants significantly influence indoor air quality in peri-urban Peruvian communities, and homes closer to roadways are particularly vulnerable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA. lju@bu.edu.
authors.forename: Lindsay J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Underhill
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. sbose7@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Sonali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bose
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. dwilli20@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: D'Ann L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Center for Asthma Research, A.B. PRISMA, Lima 32, Peru. kromero@prisma.org.pe.
authors.forename: Karina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru. gary21mg@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malpartida
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. pbreysse@jhsph.edu.
authors.forename: Patrick N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Breysse
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. emklasen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Klasen
authors.affiliation: Center for Asthma Research, A.B. PRISMA, Lima 32, Peru. jmanuelcombe@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Combe
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. wcheckl1@jhmi.edu.|Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. wcheckl1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Checkley
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. nhansel1@jhmi.edu.|Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. nhansel1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Nadia N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Hansel
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D000485:Allergens / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002947:Cities; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008925:Mites; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D010568:Peru; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012621:Seasons; D053260:Soot / Q000032:analysis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000485:Allergens; D004391:Dust; D052638:Particulate Matter; D053260:Soot; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide
keywords: air pollution; allergens; asthma; black carbon; childhood; indoor environment; low-income and vulnerable populations; nitrogen dioxide; particulate matter; traffic