title: Functional Imaging Changes in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Adult ADHD.
abstract: Functional imaging studies have found reduced frontal activity, mainly in dorso/ventro-lateral regions and reduced task-related de-activation of the default mode network in childhood ADHD. Adult studies are fewer and inconclusive. We aimed to investigate the potential neural bases of executive function in ADHD adults, examining brain activity during N-back task performance, and to explore the potential corrective effects of long-term methylphenidate treatment.
  
  
  
  We recruited a large adult ADHD-combined sample and a matched control group and obtained functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) images during task. ADHD participants were subdivided in a group under long-term treatment with methylphenidate (washed out for the scan) and a treatment-naive group.
  
  
  
  ADHD participants showed deficient de-activation of the medial prefrontal cortex during 2-back task, implying default mode network dysfunction. We found no relationship between blunted de-activation and treatment history.
  
  
  
  As de-activation failure in the medial frontal cortex is linked to lapses of attention, findings suggest a potential link to ADHD symptomatology.
authors.affiliation: 1 FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.|2 Hospital Sant Rafael, Germanes Hospitalàries, Barcelona, Spain.|3 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salavert
authors.affiliation: 3 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.|4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.|5 Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ramos-Quiroga
authors.affiliation: 1 FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.|4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreno-Alcázar
authors.affiliation: 6 Cardiff University, UK.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Caseras
authors.affiliation: 3 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.|4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.|5 Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palomar
authors.affiliation: 1 FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.|4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.|7 King's College London, UK.|8 Karolinska Institutet, Stokholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Radua
authors.affiliation: 3 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.|4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.|5 Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.affiliation: 1 FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.|4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salvador
authors.affiliation: 1 FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.|4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.affiliation: 3 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.|4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.|5 Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.affiliation: 1 FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.|4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pomarol-Clotet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D056344:Executive Function / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate
keywords: ADHD; default mode network; functional MRI; methylphenidate; prefrontal cortex