title: Nuclear Markers Reveal Predominantly North to South Gene Flow in Ixodes scapularis, the Tick Vector of the Lyme Disease Spirochete.
abstract: Ixodes scapularis, the tick vector of the Lyme disease spirochete, is distributed over most of the eastern United States, but >80% of all Lyme disease cases occur in the northeast. The role that genetic differences between northern and southern tick populations play in explaining this disparate distribution of Lyme disease cases is unclear. The present study was conducted with 1,155 SNP markers in eight nuclear genes; the 16S mitochondrial gene was examined for comparison with earlier studies. We examined 350 I. scapularis from 7 states covering a representative area of the species. A demographic analysis using Bayesian Extended Skyline Analysis suggested that I. scapularis populations in Mississippi and Georgia began expanding 500,000 years ago, those in Florida and North Carolina 200,000 years ago and those from Maryland and New Jersey only during the past 50,000 years with an accompanying bottleneck. Wisconsin populations only began expanding in the last 20,000 years. Analysis of current migration patterns suggests large amounts of gene flow in northern collections and equally high rates of gene flow among southern collections. In contrast there is restricted and unidirectional gene flow between northern and southern collections, mostly occurring from northern into southern populations. Northern populations are characterized by nymphs that quest above the leaf litter, are easy to collect by flagging, frequently feed on mammals such as rodents and shrews, commonly attach to people, and about 25% of which are infected with B. burgdorferi. If there is a genetic basis for these behaviors, then the patterns detected in this study are of concern because they suggest that northern I. scapularis populations with a greater ability to vector B. burgdorferi to humans are expanding south.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, 3150 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, United States of America.
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Zee
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, 3150 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, United States of America.
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Piesman
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, 3150 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, United States of America.
authors.forename: Andrias
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hojgaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States of America.
authors.forename: William Cormack
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Black
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D001096:Arachnid Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D025065:Borrelia burgdorferi / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D051456:Gene Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D018884:Ixodes / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D008193:Lyme Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S