title: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Company Workers: Development of a Two-Step Screening Strategy with a New Questionnaire.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and evaluate a screening questionnaire and a two-step screening strategy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in healthy workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study of 1,861 employees comprising healthy blue- and white-collar workers in two representative plants in the Netherlands from a worldwide consumer electronic company who were approached to participate. Employees were invited to complete various sleep questionnaires, and undergo separate single nasal flow recording and home polysomnography on two separate nights.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1,861 employees, 249 provided informed consent and all nasal flow and polysomnography data were available from 176 (70.7%). OSAS was diagnosed in 65 (36.9%). A combination of age, absence of insomnia, witnessed breathing stops, and three-way scoring of the Berlin and STOPBANG questionnaires best predicted OSAS. Factor analysis identified a six-factor structure of the resulting new questionnaire: snoring, snoring severity, tiredness, witnessed apneas, sleep quality, and daytime well-being. Subsequently, some questions were removed, and the remaining questions were used to construct a new questionnaire. A scoring algorithm, computing individual probabilities of OSAS as high, intermediate, or low risk, was developed. Subsequently, the intermediate risk group was split into low and high probability for OSAS, based on nasal flow recording. This two-step approach showed a sensitivity of 63.1%, and a specificity of 90.1%. Specificity is important for low prevalence populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A two-step screening strategy with a new questionnaire and subsequent nasal flow recording is a promising way to screen for OSAS in a healthy worker population.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Development and validation of a screening instrument for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in healthy workers. Netherlands Trial Register (www.trailregister.nl), number: NTR2675.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente Hospital, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michiel M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Eijsvogel
authors.affiliation: MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology & Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sytske
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiegersma
authors.affiliation: Institute for Pneumology at the University Witten/Herdecke, Clinic for Pneumology and Allergology, Centre of Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Care, Bethanien Hospital, Solingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Randerath
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Centre, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verbraecken
authors.affiliation: Occupational Health Service Provider, HumanCapitalCare B.V., Son, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wegter-Hilbers
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente Hospital, Enschede; Department of Research Methodology, Measurement and Data Analysis, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Job
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Palen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D017286:Polysomnography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: home recording; polysomnography; questionnaire; screening; sleep apnea syndrome