title: Information maximizing component analysis of left ventricular remodeling due to myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although adverse left ventricular shape changes (remodeling) after myocardial infarction (MI) are predictive of morbidity and mortality, current clinical assessment is limited to simple mass and volume measures, or dimension ratios such as length to width ratio. We hypothesized that information maximizing component analysis (IMCA), a supervised feature extraction method, can provide more efficient and sensitive indices of overall remodeling.
  
  
  METHODS
  IMCA was compared to linear discriminant analysis (LDA), both supervised methods, to extract the most discriminatory global shape changes associated with remodeling after MI. Finite element shape models from 300 patients with myocardial infarction from the DETERMINE study (age 31-86, mean age 63, 20 % women) were compared with 1991 asymptomatic cases from the MESA study (age 44-84, mean age 62, 52 % women) available from the Cardiac Atlas Project. IMCA and LDA were each used to identify a single mode of global remodeling best discriminating the two groups. Logistic regression was employed to determine the association between the remodeling index and MI. Goodness-of-fit results were compared against a baseline logistic model comprising standard clinical indices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single IMCA mode simultaneously describing end-diastolic and end-systolic shapes achieved best results (lowest Deviance, Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion, and the largest area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve). This mode provided a continuous scale where remodeling can be quantified and visualized, showing that MI patients tend to present larger size and more spherical shape, more bulging of the apex, and thinner wall thickness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IMCA enables better characterization of global remodeling than LDA, and can be used to quantify progression of disease and the effect of treatment. These data and results are available from the Cardiac Atlas Project ( http://www.cardiacatlas.org ).
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Grafton Campus, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1148, New Zealand. xingyu.zhang@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Xingyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: The Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA. bambale1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Bharath
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ambale-Venkatesh
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD, USA. bluemked@cc.nih.gov.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bluemke
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Grafton Campus, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1148, New Zealand. b.cowan@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Brett R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA. PFinn@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: J Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.affiliation: Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA. a-kadish@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Alan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kadish
authors.affiliation: Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA. dlee@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: The Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA. jlima@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Joao A C
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiology Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC, USA. ghundley@wakehealth.edu.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Hundley
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Grafton Campus, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1148, New Zealand. a.suinesiaputra@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Avan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suinesiaputra
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Grafton Campus, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1148, New Zealand. a.young@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Alistair A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Grafton Campus, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1148, New Zealand. p.medrano@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Pau
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Medrano-Gracia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D003625:Data Collection; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000503:physiopathology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling