title: Absence or presence? Complexities in the donor narratives of single mothers using sperm donation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  How do single mothers who have conceived a child via anonymous or identity-release sperm donation represent the donor?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the majority of mothers described their anonymous and identity-release donors as symbolically significant to their families, others were more likely to emphasize that their lack of information limited their thoughts about him.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is limited understanding of the factors that impact upon how single mothers represent the donor, and whether or not they are determined by specific donor programmes (anonymous or identity-release).
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative interviews were conducted with 46 women who had treatment at a UK licensed fertility clinic during the years 2003-2009. Twenty mothers (43%) had used an anonymous donor, and 26 (57%) had used an identity-release donor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among the 46 mothers interviewed, all had at least one child conceived via donor insemination who was between the ages of 4 and 9 years. Mothers were heterosexual and were currently without a live-in and/or long-term partner. Interview data were analysed qualitatively according to the principles of thematic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings indicated marked diversity in single mothers' representations of the donor. Most (n = 27) mothers talked about the donor as symbolically significant to family life and were likely to describe the donor as (i) a gift-giver, (ii) a gene-giver and (iii) a potential partner. Others (n = 16) talked about the donor as (i) unknown, (ii) part of a process and (iii) out of sight and out of mind. There were mothers with anonymous and identity-release donors in each group. Several mothers explained that their feelings about the donor had changed over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All mothers conceived at a licensed fertility clinic in the UK. Findings are limited to individuals willing and able to take part in research on donor conception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study offers greater insight into the factors influencing the donor narratives produced in single-mother families. It has implications for the counselling and treatment of single women seeking fertility treatment with donor gametes in both anonymous and identity-release programmes. Given that the number of clinics offering identity-release programmes worldwide seems to be increasing, the finding that single women may have varying preferences with regard to donor type, and varying interest levels with regard to donor information, is important. It is recommended that clinicians and other fertility clinic staff guard against making assumptions about such preferences and any thoughts and feelings about the donor or donor information on the basis of marital status.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study was funded by the Wellcome Trust [097857/Z/11/Z]. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK sz255@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zadeh
authors.affiliation: Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Golombok
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D063545:Personal Narratives as Topic; D036301:Qualitative Research; D015406:Single Parent / Q000523:psychology*; D013094:Spermatozoa; D014019:Tissue Donors; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Single motherhood; family narratives; identity-release donation; information provision; sperm donation