title: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization with a rigid neuroendoscope in infants with hydrocephalus.
abstract: OBJECT Combining endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) with choroid plexus cauterization (CPC) has been shown to improve the success rate compared with ETV alone in infants (less than 24 months) with hydrocephalus who were treated in developing countries. The authors sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this procedure, using a rigid neuroendoscope, in a single North American center, and to assess whether the ETV success score (ETVSS), the CURE Children's Hospital of Uganda ETVSS (CCHU ETVSS), and other pre- and intraoperative variables could predict success. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of consecutive ETV/CPC procedures performed using a rigid neuroendoscope to treat infantile hydrocephalus. The infants underwent the procedure at Miami Children's Hospital between January 2007 and 2014, with at least one postoperative follow-up. Duration of follow-up or time to failure of ETV/CPC, the primary outcome measure, was documented. A repeat CSF diversion procedure or death was considered as a failure of ETV/CPC. The time to event was measured using a Kaplan-Meier analysis. The authors analyzed ETVSS, CCHU ETVSS, and pre- and intraoperative variables to determine their suitability to predict success. RESULTS Eighty-five patients (45 boys) with a mean age of 4.3 months (range 1 day to 20 months) underwent ETV/CPC. Etiology included intraventricular hemorrhage of prematurity in 44 patients (51.7%), myelomeningocele (MMC) in 7 (8.2%), congenital aqueductal stenosis in 12 (14.1%), congenital communicating hydrocephalus in 6 (7.1%), Dandy-Walker complex in 6 (7.1%), postinfectious hydrocephalus in 5 (5.8%), and other cause in 5 (5.8%). Six procedure-related complications occurred in 5 (5.8%) patients, including 2 hygromas, 1 CSF leak, and 3 infections. There were 3 mortalities in this cohort. ETV/CPC was successful in 42.1%, 37.7%, and 36.8% of patients at 6, 12, and 24 months follow-up, respectively. The median (95% CI) time to ETV/CPC failure was 4.0 months (0.9-7.1 months). In univariate analyses, both the ETVSS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.05; p = 0.004) and CCHU ETVSS (HR 1.48; 95% CI 1.04-2.09; p = .028) were predictive of outcome following ETV/CPC. In multivariate analysis, the presence of prepontine scarring was associated with ETV/CPC failure (HR 0.34; 95% CI 0.19-0.63; p < 0.001). Other variables, such as radiological criteria (prepontine interval, prepontine space, aqueductal stenosis, Third Ventricular Morphology Index) and intraoperative findings (ventriculostomy pulsations, extent of CPC), did not predict outcome. CONCLUSIONS ETV/CPC is a feasible alternative to ETV and ventriculoperitoneal shunt in infants with hydrocephalus. Both the ETVSS and CCHU ETVSS predicted success following ETV/CPC in this single-center North American cohort of patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Alexander G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Weil
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Aria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fallah
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Parthasarathi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chamiraju
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ragheb
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Sanjiv
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhatia
keywords: AS = aqueductal stenosis; CCHU = CURE Children’s Hospital of Uganda; CPC = choroid plexus cauterization; ETV = endoscopic third ventriculostomy; ETVSS = ETV success score; FOHR = fronto-occipital horn ratio; IVH = intraventricular hemorrhage; MMC = myelomeningocele; PPI = prepontine interval; PPS = prepontine space; TVMI = Third Ventricular Morphology Index; TVW = third ventricle width; VPS = ventriculoperitoneal shunt; choroid plexus; endoscopic third ventriculostomy; hydrocephalus