title: Learning Upright Standing on a Multiaxial Balance Board.
abstract: Upright stance on a balance board is a skill requiring complex rearrangement of the postural control. Despite the large use of these boards in training the standing posture, a comprehensive analysis of the learning process underlying the control of these devices is lacking. In this paper learning to maintain a stable stance on a multiaxial oscillating board was studied by analyzing performance changes over short and long periods. Healthy participants were asked to keep the board orientation as horizontal as possible for 20 sec, performing two sessions of 8 trials separated by 15-min pause. Memory consolidation was tested one week later. Amplitude and variability of the oscillations around horizontal plane and area and sway path of the board displacement decreased rapidly over the first session. The performance was stable during the second session, and retained after 1 week. A similar behavior was observed in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions for amplitude and variability parameters, with less stable balance in the anterior-posterior direction. Approximate entropy and mean power frequency, assessing temporal dynamics and frequency content of oscillations, changed only in the anterior-posterior direction during the retention test. Overall, the ability to stand on a balance board is rapidly acquired, and retained for long time. The asymmetric stability between anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions replicates a structure observed in other standing stances, suggesting a possible transfer from previous postural experiences. Conversely, changes in the temporal dynamics and the frequency content could be associated with new postural strategies developed later during memory consolidation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.|Gait and Posture Analysis Laboratory, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Stella
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Valle
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.|Gait and Posture Analysis Laboratory, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.|Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residency Program, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casabona
authors.affiliation: Gait and Posture Analysis Laboratory, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.|Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residency Program, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cavallaro
authors.affiliation: Gait and Posture Analysis Laboratory, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castorina
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.|Gait and Posture Analysis Laboratory, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.|Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residency Program, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cioni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D009038:Motion; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis