title: Integrating care for older people with complex needs: key insights and lessons from a seven-country cross-case analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To address the challenges of caring for a growing number of older people with a mix of both health problems and functional impairment, programmes in different countries have different approaches to integrating health and social service supports.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this analysis is to identify important lessons for policy makers and service providers to enable better design, implementation and spread of successful integrated care models.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper provides a structured cross-case synthesis of seven integrated care programmes in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, the UK and the USA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All seven programmes involved bottom-up innovation driven by local needs and included: (1) a single point of entry, (2) holistic care assessments, (3) comprehensive care planning, (4) care co-ordination and (5) a well-connected provider network. The process of achieving successful integration involves collaboration and, although the specific types of collaboration varied considerably across the seven case studies, all involved a care coordinator or case manager. Most programmes were not systematically evaluated but the two with formal external evaluations showed benefit and have been expanded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Case managers or care coordinators who support patient-centred collaborative care are key to successful integration in all our cases as are policies that provide funds and support for local initiatives that allow for bottom-up innovation. However, more robust and systematic evaluation of these initiatives is needed to clarify the 'business case' for integrated health and social care and to ensure successful generalization of local successes.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto.
authors.forename: Walter P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Wodchis
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ageing Better, London, UK.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto.
authors.forename: Geoff M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: International Foundation for Integrated Care, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goodwin
keywords: case study; community and social care; cross-case synthesis; integrated care; international comparisons