title: Delayed restraint procedure enhances cognitive recovery of spatial function after fimbria-fornix transection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To i) evaluate the effect of a restraint procedure (7 days, 2 h/day) on place learning after fimbria-fornix transection (FF), ii) investigate effects of early vs. late administration of restraint, and iii) establish effects of the restraint procedure on expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty rats subjected to FF or sham surgery and divided into groups exposed to restraint immediately (early restraint) or 21 days (late restraint) after surgery were trained to acquire an allocentric place learning task. In parallel, 29 animals were subjected to FF or sham surgery and an identical restraint procedure in order to measure concentrations of BDNF and corticosterone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The performance of the sham operated rats was positively affected by the late restraint. In FF-lesioned animals, the late restraint significantly improved task performance compared to the lesioned group with no restraint, while the early restraint was associated with a negative impact on task acquisition. Biochemical analysis after restraint procedure revealed a lesion-induced upregulation of BDNF in FF animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The improved task performance of lesioned animals suggests a therapeutic effect of this manipulation, independent of BDNF. This effect is sensitive to the temporal administration of treatment.
authors.affiliation: The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Marie Gajhede
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gram
authors.affiliation: The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wogensen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Gitta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wörtwein
authors.affiliation: The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mogensen
authors.affiliation: The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Malá
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020712:Fornix, Brain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
keywords: Brain injury; functional recovery; rat; restraint procedure; time