title: Reproductive isolation between Zaluzianskya species: the influence of volatiles and flower orientation on hawkmoth foraging choices.
abstract: Floral trait differences between related species may play a key role in reproductive isolation imposed by pollinators. Volatile emissions can influence pollinator choice, but how they act in combination with traits such as flower orientation is rarely studied. We compared flower-opening patterns, morphology, colour, orientation and volatile emissions for two closely related species of Zaluzianskya and their natural hybrids. Hawkmoth pollinators were tested for preference between flowers of the two species, and between flowers with manipulations of volatiles or orientation. Flowers of Z. natalensis and Z. microsiphon open at night and day, respectively, but they overlap during early evening, when hawkmoths showed a strong preference for Z. natalensis. The species have similar flower size and colour, but Z. natalensis emits more floral volatiles in the evening and presents flowers vertically face-up as opposed to horizontally in Z. microsiphon, whereas natural hybrids are intermediate. Adding methyl benzoate and linalool to flowers of Z. microsiphon did not increase hawkmoth attraction, but re-orientation of flowers to face vertically increased attraction when scent cues were present, whereas re-orientation of Z. natalensis flowers to face horizontally decreased attraction. This study highlights the importance of flower orientation in imposing reproductive isolation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Diane R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.|Plant Chemical Ecology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jürgens
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002755:Choice Behavior; D035264:Flowers / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D060434:Herbivory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D009036:Moths / Q000502:physiology*; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D054817:Pollination / Q000187:drug effects; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D060047:Reproductive Isolation; D028083:Scrophulariaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013045:Species Specificity; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: Zaluzianskya; flower orientation; flower volatiles; hawkmoth; hybridization; pollinator choice; reproductive isolation