title: Neurophysiological differences between patients clinically at high risk for schizophrenia and neurotypical controls--first steps in development of a biomarker.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schizophrenia is a severe, disabling and prevalent mental disorder without cure and with a variable, incomplete pharmacotherapeutic response. Prior to onset in adolescence or young adulthood a prodromal period of abnormal symptoms lasting weeks to years has been identified and operationalized as clinically high risk (CHR) for schizophrenia. However, only a minority of subjects prospectively identified with CHR convert to schizophrenia, thereby limiting enthusiasm for early intervention(s). This study utilized objective resting electroencephalogram (EEG) quantification to determine whether CHR constitutes a cohesive entity and an evoked potential to assess CHR cortical auditory processing.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study constitutes an EEG-based quantitative neurophysiological comparison between two unmedicated subject groups: 35 neurotypical controls (CON) and 22 CHR patients. After artifact management, principal component analysis (PCA) identified EEG spectral and spectral coherence factors described by associated loading patterns. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) determined factors' discrimination success between subjects in the CON and CHR groups. Loading patterns on DFA-selected factors described CHR-specific spectral and coherence differences when compared to controls. The frequency modulated auditory evoked response (FMAER) explored functional CON-CHR differences within the superior temporal gyri.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Variable reduction by PCA identified 40 coherence-based factors explaining 77.8% of the total variance and 40 spectral factors explaining 95.9% of the variance. DFA demonstrated significant CON-CHR group difference (P <0.00001) and successful jackknifed subject classification (CON, 85.7%; CHR, 86.4% correct). The population distribution plotted along the canonical discriminant variable was clearly bimodal. Coherence factors delineated loading patterns of altered connectivity primarily involving the bilateral posterior temporal electrodes. However, FMAER analysis showed no CON-CHR group differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CHR subjects form a cohesive group, significantly separable from CON subjects by EEG-derived indices. Symptoms of CHR may relate to altered connectivity with the posterior temporal regions but not to primary auditory processing abnormalities within these regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA. fhd@sover.net.
authors.forename: Frank H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA. eugene.dangelo@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA. alexander.rotenberg@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rotenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA. joseph.gonzalez-heydrich@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Heydrich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000737:chemistry*; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009482:Neurophysiology / Q000379:methods*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers