title: Seasonal variation in Azumiobodo hoyamushi infection among benthic organisms in the southern coast of Korea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have reported that soft tunic syndrome (STS) in the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi is caused by the kinetoplastid parasite Azumiobodo hoyamushi. In this study, we attempted to detect and quantify the pathogen in benthic animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four species of ascidians, three species of echinoderms, two species of bivalves, one species each of sponge and algae, as well as seawater, were collected in 2014 and 2015 from an ascidian farm on the southern coast of Korea by SCUBA diving. Samples were collected from ascidian hanging culture ropes or the sea bottom. Inhalent siphons were excised for the analysis of ascidians, and soft body tissues were excised from the other species. Membrane filters were used to filter collected seawater. Tissues and membrane filters were analysed using culture testing, PCR testing, and qPCR diagnoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only organisms belonging to Ascidiacea are susceptible to A. hoyamushi infection. The infection rate (% infected of the total number collected) and infection intensity (number of cells infected/g tissue wet weight) varied depending on the seasonal variation in seawater temperatures. Most ascidians examined were infected with A. hoyamushi and showed higher infection intensity in cold water seasons (April 2014 and February 2015), followed by a dramatic drop during warm water seasons (August and November, 2014). In addition, infection intensity of A. hoyamushi during the warm water period was higher in ascidians from the sea bottom than those from the hanging culture rope.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among benthic organisms that inhabit the southern coast of Korea, most ascidians are susceptible to A. hoyamushi infection. Seasonal cycle of infection rates and intensities of the pathogen correspond well with the STS disappearance and onset cycle observed in ascidian farms. The high intensity of A. hoyamushi infection in the ascidians on the sea bottom of ascidian farms during summer suggest further studies on the role of the pathogen in resumption of STS occurrence in late fall or early winter in the southern coast of Korea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakno, Gunsan, 573-701, Republic of Korea. woong@kunsan.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ki-Woong
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: National Fisheries Research Institute, Busan, 619-705, Republic of Korea. yunkshin@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Yun-Kyung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakno, Gunsan, 573-701, Republic of Korea. kipark@kunsan.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kyung-Il
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000469:parasitology*; D056986:Euglenozoa Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D016830:Kinetoplastida / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007723:Korea; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012621:Seasons; D012623:Seawater / Q000469:parasitology*