title: Evaluation and optimization of the parameters used in multiple-atlas-based segmentation of prostate cancers in radiation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and optimize the parameters used in multiple-atlas-based segmentation of prostate cancers in radiation therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was conducted, and the accuracy of the multiple-atlas-based segmentation was tested on 30 patients. The effect of library size (LS), number of atlases used for contour averaging and the contour averaging strategy were also studied. The autogenerated contours were compared with the manually drawn contours. Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff distance were used to evaluate the segmentation agreement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mixed results were found between simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE) and majority vote (MV) strategies. Multiple-atlas approaches were relatively insensitive to LS. A LS of ten was adequate, and further increase in the LS only showed insignificant gain. Multiple atlas performed better than single atlas for most of the time. Using more atlases did not guarantee better performance, with five atlases performing better than ten atlases. With our recommended setting, the median DSC for the bladder, rectum, prostate, seminal vesicle and femurs was 0.90, 0.77, 0.84, 0.56 and 0.95, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that multiple-atlas-based strategies have better accuracy than single-atlas approach. STAPLE is preferred, and a LS of ten is adequate for prostate cases. Using five atlases for contour averaging is recommended. The contouring accuracy of seminal vesicle still needs improvement, and manual editing is still required for the other structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article provides a better understanding of the influence of the parameters used in multiple-atlas-based segmentation of prostate cancers.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Kwai Chung, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Wicger K H
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Kwai Chung, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Lucullus H T
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Dora L W
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kwong
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated; D012007:Rectum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging