title: 3-D bone models to improve treatment initiation among patients with osteoporosis: A randomised controlled pilot trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the efficacy of 3-D printed bone models as a tool to facilitate initiation of bisphosphonate treatment among individuals who were newly diagnosed with osteoporosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty eight participants with estimated fracture risk above that at which guidelines recommend pharmacological intervention were randomised to receive either a standard physician interview or an interview augmented by the presentation of 3-D bone models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants' beliefs about osteoporosis and bisphosphonate treatment, initiation of bisphosphonate therapy assessed at two months using self-report and pharmacy dispensing data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals in the 3-D bone model intervention condition were more emotionally affected by osteoporosis immediately after the interview (p = .04) and reported a greater understanding of osteoporosis at follow-up (p = .04), than the control group. While a greater proportion of the intervention group initiated an oral bisphosphonate regimen (alendronate) (52%) in comparison with the control group (21%), the overall initiation of medication for osteoporosis, including infusion (zoledronate), did not differ significantly (intervention group 62%, control group 45%, p = .19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presentation of 3-D bone models during a medical consultation can modify cognitive and emotional representations relevant to treatment initiation among people with osteoporosis and might facilitate commencement of bisphosphonate treatment.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychological Medicine , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Melika H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medicine , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grey
authors.affiliation: c Auckland Bioengineering Institute , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medicine , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ramanamma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kalluru
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychological Medicine , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Faasse
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medicine , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horne
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychological Medicine , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.|d Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Psychological Medicine , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Keith J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Petrie
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019386:Alendronate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D000077211:Zoledronic Acid
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D007093:Imidazoles; D000077211:Zoledronic Acid; D019386:Alendronate
keywords: 3-D printing; bone models; illness perceptions; treatment initiation; visualisation;  risk perceptions