title: Undersized angioplasty and stenting of symptomatic intracranial tight stenosis with Enterprise: Evaluation of clinical and vascular outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe intracranial arterial stenosis results in more than 10% incidence of stroke and transient ischemic attack. Using undersized angioplasty with off-label closed-cell Enterprise stent may be a feasible alternative option for treating patients with intracranial atherosclerotic disease who fail dual-antiplatelet medical therapy. The results of the authors' study are presented in this paper.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2013 and July 2014, 24 symptomatic patients with a total of 30 intracranial arterial stenotic lesions refractory to medical therapy, who underwent undersized angioplasty and Enterprise stenting, were retrospectively reviewed in the authors' institution. The results evaluated include technical success rate, clinical outcome measured as modified Rankin Scale at presentation and follow-up, peri-procedural morbidity within 30 days and 1 year, and follow-up vessel patency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stent deployment was successfully achieved in all stenotic lesions (30/30). Mean pre-stent and post-stent diameter residual stenosis was 81% and 18%, respectively. The peri-procedural complication rate during 30 days after stenting was 10% per lesion (3/30), including intracranial hemorrhage, in-stent thrombosis and ischemic stroke. No further thromboembolic event or complication occurred in any patient more than 30 days after stenting. Modified Rankin scale ≤ 2 was observed in 64% and 83% of patients at initial presentation and follow-up (mean 15.8 months), respectively. Imaging follow-up was available in 17 of 24 patients (70.8%) and 20 of 30 treated lesions (66.6%) with a mean follow-up period of 15.4 months. Only one asymptomatic in-stent restenosis occurred in 20 available lesions (5.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary study suggests that using undersized angioplasty and Enterprise stenting may effectively treat high-degree symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis with favorable clinical and angiographic outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kun-Yu
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
authors.forename: David Yen-Ting
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hui-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan 08889@s.tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Ying-Chi
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Tseng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000379:methods*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002539:Cerebral Arterial Diseases / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Enterprise; Intracranial stent; angioplasty; intracranial arterial stenosis; stroke