title: Screening of environmental contaminants in honey bee wax comb using gas chromatography-high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
abstract: This study reports an analytical approach intended to be used for investigation of non-targeted environmental contaminants and to characterize the organic pollution pattern of bee wax comb samples. The method comprises a generic extraction followed by detection with gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS), operated in electron impact ionization (EI) mode. The screening approach for the investigation of non-targeted contaminants consisted of initial peak detection by deconvolution and matching the first-stage mass spectra EI-MS(1) with a nominal mass spectral library. To gain further confidence in the structural characterization of the contaminants under investigation, the molecular formula of representative ions (molecular ion when present in the EI spectrum) and, for at least other two fragment ions, was provided for those with an accurate mass scoring (mass error < 5 ppm). This methodology was applied for screening environmental contaminants in 50 samples of bee wax comb. This approach has allowed the tentative identification of some GC-amenable contaminants belonging to different chemical groups, among them, phthalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), along with residues of veterinary treatments used in apiculture.
authors.affiliation: European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120, Almería, Spain.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gómez-Ramos
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology-INIA, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: García-Valcárcel
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology-INIA, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tadeo
authors.affiliation: European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120, Almería, Spain.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fernández-Alba
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology-INIA, 28040, Madrid, Spain. hernando.dolores@inia.es.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hernando
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
keywords: Environmental contaminants; GC–EI-TOF-MS; Honeybee; Non-targeted screening; Wax comb