title: A historical perspective on malaria control in Brazil.
abstract: Malaria has always been an important public health problem in Brazil. The early history of Brazilian malaria and its control was powered by colonisation by Europeans and the forced relocation of Africans as slaves. Internal migration brought malaria to many regions in Brazil where, given suitable Anopheles mosquito vectors, it thrived. Almost from the start, officials recognised the problem malaria presented to economic development, but early control efforts were hampered by still developing public health control and ignorance of the underlying biology and ecology of malaria. Multiple regional and national malaria control efforts have been attempted with varying success. At present, the Amazon Basin accounts for 99% of Brazil's reported malaria cases with regional increases in incidence often associated with large scale public works or migration. Here, we provide an exhaustive summary of primary literature in English, Spanish and Portuguese regarding Brazilian malaria control. Our goal was not to interpret the history of Brazilian malaria control from a particular political or theoretical perspective, but rather to provide a straightforward, chronological narrative of the events that have transpired in Brazil over the past 200 years and identify common themes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Sean Michael
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Griffing
authors.affiliation: Centro de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil.
authors.forename: Pedro Luiz
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Tauil
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Venkatachalam
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Udhayakumar
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Silva-Flannery
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D001938:Brazil; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000266:history* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000266:history*; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000266:history; D011634:Public Health / Q000191:economics