title: Comparison of Olfactory Identification Patterns among Parkinson's Disease Patients from Different Countries.
abstract: Olfactory function assessment is an important screening tool and also may differentiate Parkinson's disease (PD) patients from other parkinsonisms, including nondegenerative ones, such as, normal pressure hydrocephalus, vascular, drug induced, or infectious parkinsonism. Several authors in different countries have reported various sets of odors that best differentiate between these conditions. It is debated if distinctive patterns of "restrictive" or "selective" hyposmia in PD may be affected by cultural aspects. To compare the olfactory identification function in PD across different countries, we analyzed Sniffin' Sticks identification task results between 112 PD patients from Argentina and previously reported data of PD patients from Brazil (106 patients), the Netherlands (400 patients), Germany (40 patients), China (110 patients), and Sri Lanka (89 patients). Categorical principal component analysis (CATPCA) was performed to find components reflecting groups of odors similarly perceived across subjects. CATPCA analysis found 2 components for each group which shared 10 out of 16 odors amongst each other. We found that only the shared items of component 2 (orange, mint, banana, garlic, coffee, cloves, and fish) showed uniform results across all of the included countries, whereas variations in component 1 (licorice, turpentine, and apple) were attributed mostly to differences across control groups.
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), 2325 Montañeses St., Buenos Aires C1428AQK, Argentina.
authors.forename: Patricio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Millar Vernetti
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), 2325 Montañeses St., Buenos Aires C1428AQK, Argentina.
authors.forename: Malco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), 2325 Montañeses St., Buenos Aires C1428AQK, Argentina.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cerquetti
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology Laboratory, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, 1300 Alicia Moreau de Just Ave., Buenos Aires C1107AAZ, Argentina and Argentine National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), 1917 Rivadavia Ave., Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perez Lloret
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), 2325 Montañeses St., Buenos Aires C1428AQK, Argentina, Argentine National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), 1917 Rivadavia Ave., Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina mmerello@fleni.org.ar.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merello
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001118:Argentina; D001938:Brazil; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D009812:Odorants; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D013188:Sri Lanka
keywords: Parkinson’s disease; cultural variation; olfactory dysfunction