title: Characterization of Cronobacter spp. isolated from food of plant origin and environmental samples collected from farms and from supermarkets in the Czech Republic.
abstract: The Cronobacter genus (previously known as Enterobacter sakazakii) comprises seven species (Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter universalis and Cronobacter condimenti)which cause serious infections in neonates and immunocompromised people.Most of the documented outbreaks of these bacteria have been associated with consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula. The plant environment is considered to be the natural habitat of these bacteria. Therefore, a total number of 563 samples of vegetables, fruit, water and environmental swabs were collected from local farms and supermarkets in the Czech Republic and investigated for the presence of Cronobacter spp. The obtained 45 isolates (8.0%) were further characterized by phenotyping (antimicrobial resistance, capsule and pigment production) and genotyping (fusA sequencing,MLST, PCR-serotyping) methods. Most of the Cronobacter isolates (42.2%) were identified as C. sakazakii, followed by C. turicensis (31.1%), C. dublinensis (22.2%), C. malonaticus (2.2%) and C. universalis (2.2%). The 25 identified sequence types, out of which 17 were unique for only one strain, indicated a high diversity of strains. C. sakazakii sequence type 4 (ST 4), which has been associated with many cases of meningitis, was isolated only in one case. A strong association of C. turicensis and C. dublinensis with the plant environment can be deduced from our results.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Bacteriology, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: vojkovska@vri.cz.
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vojkovska
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Bacteriology, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: karpiskova@vri.cz.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karpiskova
authors.affiliation: Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, Mlynska dolina 1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Electronic address: orieskova@fns.uniba.sk.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orieskova
authors.affiliation: Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, Mlynska dolina 1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Electronic address: drahovska@fns.uniba.sk.
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Drahovska
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D059126:Cronobacter / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018153:Czech Republic; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005638:Fruit / Q000382:microbiology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000382:microbiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014675:Vegetables / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Cronobacter spp.; Food; MLST; Plants; Serotyping