title: Black:White disparities in lung cancer mortality in the 50 largest cities in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper presents race-specific lung cancer mortality rates and the corresponding rate ratios for the 50 largest U.S. cities for the 5-year intervals 1990-1994 and 2005-2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 50 largest cities in the U.S. were the units of analysis. Numerator data were abstracted from national death files where the cause was malignant neoplasms of trachea, bronchus, and lung (lung cancer) (ICD-9=162 and ICD-10=C33-C34). Population-based denominators were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau for 1990, 2000, and 2010. To measure the racial disparity, we calculated non-Hispanic Black:non-Hispanic White rate ratios (RRs) and confidence intervals for each 5-year period. We calculated correlation coefficients for 12 ecological variables and the RRs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the final time point (2005-2009), 15RRs were less than 1, but only 8 significantly so while 29RRs were greater than 1, 16 of them significantly so. Of the 45 cities included in the analysis, 21 saw an increase in the Black:White RR between the first and second time points. Measures of socioeconomic status (SES) and inequalities therein were found to be associated with the RRs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis revealed large disparities in Black:White lung cancer mortality in the U.S. and many of its largest cities during the period 1990-2009. The data demonstrate considerable variation in the degree of disparity across cities, even among cities within the same state. These data can inform and motivate local health officials to implement targeted prevention and treatment strategies where they are needed most, ultimately contributing to a reduction in the disparity in lung cancer mortality rates.
authors.affiliation: Sinai Urban Health Institute, Sinai Health System, 1500 S. California Ave, Room K443, Chicago, IL 60608-1797, USA. Electronic address: bijou.hunt@sinai.org.
authors.forename: Bijou
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.affiliation: Rosalind Franklin University, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
authors.forename: Banujan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balachandran
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D002947:Cities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D005006:Ethnicity; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality*; D044469:Racial Groups; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People
keywords: Big cities; Lung cancer; Racial disparities