title: An effective approach for modifying carbonaceous materials with niobium single sites to improve their catalytic properties.
abstract: In this paper we show a very simple route for the incorporation of catalytically active niobium species on the surface of carbon materials, such as graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes and activated carbon. Some existing methods of incorporating a transition metal on a support have involved co-precipitation or wet impregnation, to obtain the corresponding oxides. These methods, however, cause reduction in the specific area of the support and can also form large metal oxide particles with loss of metal exposure. Therefore, here we present a novel way to add catalytically active species on the surfaces of different types of carbon through the formation of interaction complexes between the metal precursor and the functional groups of the carbon matrix. Because of the excellent catalytic properties exhibited by the niobium species we choose the NH4[NbO(C2O4)2(H2O)2]·2H2O salt as the model precursor. The characterization by XPS reveals the presence of the niobium species indicated by the displacement of the peaks between 206-212 eV related to the oxalate species according to the spectrum from pure niobium oxalate. Images obtained by TEM and SEM show the typical morphologies of carbonaceous materials without the niobium oxide formation signal, which indicates the presence of niobium complexes as isolated sites on the carbon surfaces. This new class of materials exhibited excellent properties as catalysts for pollutant oxidation. The presence of Nb promotes the catalytic activation of H2O2 generating hydroxyl radicals in situ, which allows their use in the organic compound oxidation processes. Tests for DBT oxidation indicate that Nb significantly improves the removal of such pollutants in biphasic reactions with removal around 90% under the tested conditions. Theoretical calculations showed that the most favorable adsorption model is an ionic complex presenting a ΔG = -108.7 kcal mol(-1) for the whole adsorption process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. luizoliveira@qui.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bozzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. luizoliveira@qui.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Lavall
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. luizoliveira@qui.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Institute of Science, Engineering and Technology, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, 39803-371, Téofilo Otoni, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal Center Technological Education of Minas Gerais, CEFET-MG, Av. Amazonas 5243, 30421-169, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. luizoliveira@qui.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: De Abreu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. luizoliveira@qui.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. luizoliveira@qui.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: P F R
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paniago
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. luizoliveira@qui.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: L C A
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Oliveira