title: X chromosome reactivation in reprogramming and in development.
abstract: Dramatic epigenetic changes take place during mammalian differentiation from the naïve pluripotent state including the silencing of one of the two X chromosomes in female cells through X chromosome inactivation. Conversely, reprogramming of somatic cells to naive pluripotency is coupled to X chromosome reactivation (XCR). Recent studies in the mouse system have shed light on the mechanisms of XCR by uncovering the timing and steps of XCR during reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), allowing the generation of testable hypotheses during embryogenesis. In contrast, analyses of the X chromosome in human iPSCs have revealed important differences between mouse and human reprogramming processes that can partially be explained by the establishment of distinct pluripotent states and impact disease modeling and the application of human pluripotent stem cells. Here, we review recent literature on XCR as a readout and determinant of reprogramming to pluripotency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pasque
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: kplath@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Plath
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D065150:Cellular Reprogramming; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells; D014960:X Chromosome; D049951:X Chromosome Inactivation