title: Hospital-based Clostridium difficile infection surveillance reveals high proportions of PCR ribotypes 027 and 176 in different areas of Poland, 2011 to 2013.
abstract: As part of the European Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) surveillance Network (ECDIS-Net), which aims to build capacity for CDI surveillance in Europe, we constructed a new network of hospital-based laboratories in Poland. We performed a survey in 13 randomly selected hospital-laboratories in different sites of the country to determine their annual CDI incidence rates from 2011 to 2013. Information on C. difficile laboratory diagnostic testing and indications for testing was also collected. Moreover, for 2012 and 2013 respectively, participating hospital-laboratories sent all consecutive isolates from CDI patients between February and March to the Anaerobe Laboratory in Warsaw for further molecular characterisation, including the detection of toxin-encoding genes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-ribotyping. Within the network, the mean annual hospital CDI incidence rates were 6.1, 8.6 and 9.6 CDI per 10,000 patient-days in 2011, 2012, and 2013 respectively. Six of the 13 laboratories tested specimens only on the request of a physician, five tested samples of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea or samples from patients who developed diarrhoea more than two days after admission (nosocomial diarrhoea), while two tested all submitted diarrhoeal faecal samples. Most laboratories (9/13) used tests to detect glutamate dehydrogenase and toxin A/B either separately or in combination. In the two periods of molecular surveillance, a total of 166 strains were characterised. Of these, 159 were toxigenic and the majority belonged to two PCR-ribotypes: 027 (n=99; 62%) and the closely related ribotype 176 (n=22; 14%). The annual frequency of PCR-ribotype 027 was not significantly different during the surveillance periods (62.9% in 2012; 61.8% in 2013). Our results indicate that CDIs caused by PCR-ribotype 027 predominate in Polish hospitals participating in the surveillance, with the closely related 176 ribotype being the second most common agent of infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pituch
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Obuch-Woszczatyński
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lachowicz
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wultańska
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karpiński
authors.forename: Grażyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Młynarczyk
authors.forename: Sofie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: van Dorp
authors.forename: Ed J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kuijper
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007755:Laboratories, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011159:Population Surveillance; D021521:Ribotyping
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins
keywords: PCR-ribotype 027 and 176; Polish surveillance programme of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI); incidence of CDI