title: DBSproc: An open source process for DBS electrode localization and tractographic analysis.
abstract: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective surgical treatment for movement disorders. Although stimulation sites for movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease are established, the therapeutic mechanisms of DBS remain controversial. Recent research suggests that specific white-matter tract and circuit activation mediates symptom relief. To investigate these questions, we have developed a patient-specific open-source software pipeline called 'DBSproc' for (1) localizing DBS electrodes and contacts from postoperative CT images, (2) processing structural and diffusion MRI data, (3) registering all images to a common space, (4) estimating DBS activation volume from patient-specific voltage and impedance, and (5) understanding the DBS contact-brain connectivity through probabilistic tractography. In this paper, we explain our methodology and provide validation with anatomical and tractographic data. This method can be used to help investigate mechanisms of action of DBS, inform surgical and clinical assessments, and define new therapeutic targets.
authors.affiliation: Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lauro
authors.affiliation: Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.|Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vanegas-Arroyave
authors.affiliation: Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa.|African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Muizenberg, Western Cape, South Africa.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kareem A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Zaghloul
authors.affiliation: Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Codrin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lungu
authors.affiliation: Statistical and Scientific Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Ziad S
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Silvina G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Horovitz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016880:Anisotropy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D011336:Probability; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Parkinson's disease (PD); deep brain stimulation (DBS); diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); neurostimulation