title: Granulomatous amebic encephalitis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) is rare, but often fatal. The infection has been documented predominantly among the immunocompromised population or among those with chronic disease. To date, however, there have only been eight cases regarding the infection following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 62-year-old female with a history of relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, recently underwent peripheral blood autologous stem cell transplant after BEAM conditioning (day 0). On day +15, she began to exhibit worsening fatigue, generalized weakness, and fever. Symptoms progressed to nausea, emesis, somnolence, confusion, and frontal headaches over the next few days. Imaging demonstrated multifocal ill-defined vasogenic edema with patchy enhancement. The patient was started on broad antibiotics, antifungals, and seizure prophylaxis. Evaluation for bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, and viral etiologies was fruitless. Her mental status progressively deteriorated. On day +22, she exhibited severe lethargy and went into pulseless electrical activity arrest, requiring chest compressions. The episode lasted <2 min and her pulse was restored. She was taken to the operating room for a brain biopsy. Postoperatively, her right pupil began to dilate compared to the left; she demonstrated extensor posturing in her upper extremities and withdrawal in her lower extremities. Repeat computed tomography demonstrated progressive edema. Given poor prognosis and poor neurological examination, the family opted for withdrawal of care. Final pathology was consistent with Acanthamoeba GAE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors report the third case of GAE after autologous stem cell transplant, and the ninth case overall after HSCT. This case is unusual due to its rapid clinical presentation after HSCT compared to prior literature. The case highlights the need for high suspicion of Acanthamoeba infection in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Ninh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Doan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rozansky
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Ha Son
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gelsomino
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Saman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shabani
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Wade
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Johnson
keywords: Acanthamoeba; encephalitis; stem cell transplantation