title: AXIN2 Polymorphisms, the β-Catenin Destruction Complex Expression Profile and Breast Cancer Susceptibility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is an important regulator of cellular functions such as proliferation, survival and cell adhesion. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is associated with tumor initiation and progression; β-catenin mutations explain only 30% of aberrant signaling found in breast cancer, indicating that other components and/or regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be involved.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated AXIN2 rs2240308 and rs151279728 polymorphisms, and expression profiles of β-catenin destruction complex genes in breast cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected peripheral blood samples from 102 breast cancer and 102 healthy subjects. The identification of the genetic variation was performed using PCR-RFLPs and DNA sequencing. RT-qPCR was used to determine expression profiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant association of AXIN2 rs151279728 and rs2240308 polymorphisms with breast cancer risk. Significant increase was observed in AXIN2 level expression in breast cancer patients. Further analyses showed APC, β-catenin, CK1α, GSK3β and PP2A gene expression to be associated to clinic-pathological characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated, for the first time, that AXIN2 genetic defects and disturbance of β-catenin destruction complex expression may be found in breast cancer patients, providing additional support for roles of Wnt/β-catenin pathway dysfunction in breast cancer tumorigenesis. However, the functional consequences of the genetic alterations remain to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil E-mail : sagipe07@gmail.com, afaristizabal@usp.br.
authors.forename: Andres Felipe
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Aristizabal-Pachon
authors.forename: Thais Inacio
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Helio Humberto
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Carrara
authors.forename: Jurandyr
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Catarina Satie
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D060466:Axin Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011379:Prognosis; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C491761:AXIN2 protein, human; D060466:Axin Protein; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin