title: Transcriptome-wide analysis supports environmental adaptations of two Pinus pinaster populations from contrasting habitats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton) grows in a range of different climates in the southwestern Mediterranean region and the existence of a variety of latitudinal ecotypes or provenances is well established. In this study, we have conducted a deep analysis of the transcriptome in needles from two P. pinaster provenances, Leiria (Portugal) and Tamrabta (Morocco), which were grown in northern Spain under the same conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An oligonucleotide microarray (PINARRAY3) and RNA-Seq were used for whole-transcriptome analyses, and we found that 90.95% of the data were concordant between the two platforms. Furthermore, the two methods identified very similar percentages of differentially expressed genes with values of 5.5% for PINARRAY3 and 5.7% for RNA-Seq. In total, 6,023 transcripts were shared and 88 differentially expressed genes overlapped in the two platforms. Among the differentially expressed genes, all transport related genes except aquaporins were expressed at higher levels in Tamrabta than in Leiria. In contrast, genes involved in secondary metabolism were expressed at higher levels in Tamrabta, and photosynthesis-related genes were expressed more highly in Leiria. The genes involved in light sensing in plants were well represented in the differentially expressed groups of genes. In addition, increased levels of hormones such as abscisic acid, gibberellins, jasmonic and salicylic acid were observed in Leiria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both transcriptome platforms have proven to be useful resources, showing complementary and reliable results. The results presented here highlight the different abilities of the two maritime pine populations to sense environmental conditions and reveal one type of regulation that can be ascribed to different genetic and epigenetic backgrounds.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain. rcanas@uma.es.
authors.forename: Rafael A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cañas
authors.affiliation: Sección Forestal, SERIDA, Finca Experimental La Mata, 33825, Grado, Principado de Asturias, Spain. ifeito@serida.org.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Feito
authors.affiliation: Sección Forestal, SERIDA, Finca Experimental La Mata, 33825, Grado, Principado de Asturias, Spain. francisco@serida.org.
authors.forename: José Francisco
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Fuente-Maqueda
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain. cavila@uma.es.
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ávila
authors.affiliation: Sección Forestal, SERIDA, Finca Experimental La Mata, 33825, Grado, Principado de Asturias, Spain. jmajada@serida.org.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Majada
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain. canovas@uma.es.
authors.forename: Francisco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Cánovas
mesh_terms: D017753:Ecosystem; D028223:Pinus / Q000235:genetics*; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics