title: The effects of neutralized particles on the sampling efficiency of polyurethane foam used to estimate the extrathoracic deposition fraction.
abstract: In addition to chemical composition, the site of deposition of inhaled particles is important for determining the potential health effects from an exposure. As a result, the International Organization for Standardization adopted a particle deposition sampling convention. This includes extrathoracic particle deposition sampling conventions for the anterior nasal passages (ET1) and the posterior nasal and oral passages (ET2). This study assessed how well a polyurethane foam insert placed in an Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) sampler can match an extrathoracic deposition sampling convention, while accounting for possible static buildup in the test particles. In this way, the study aimed to assess whether neutralized particles affected the performance of this sampler for estimating extrathoracic particle deposition. A total of three different particle sizes (4.9, 9.5, and 12.8 µm) were used. For each trial, one particle size was introduced into a low-speed wind tunnel with a wind speed set a 0.2 m/s (∼40 ft/min). This wind speed was chosen to closely match the conditions of most indoor working environments. Each particle size was tested twice either neutralized, using a high voltage neutralizer, or left in its normal (non neutralized) state as standard particles. IOM samplers were fitted with a polyurethane foam insert and placed on a rotating mannequin inside the wind tunnel. Foam sampling efficiencies were calculated for all trials to compare against the normalized ET1 sampling deposition convention. The foam sampling efficiencies matched well to the ET1 deposition convention for the larger particle sizes, but had a general trend of underestimating for all three particle sizes. The results of a Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test also showed that only at 4.9 µm was there a statistically significant difference (p-value = 0.03) between the foam sampling efficiency using the standard particles and the neutralized particles. This is interpreted to mean that static buildup may be occurring and neutralizing the particles that are 4.9 µm diameter in size did affect the performance of the foam sampler when estimating extrathoracic particle deposition.
authors.affiliation: a Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational & Environmental Health , Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah.
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Tomyn
authors.affiliation: a Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational & Environmental Health , Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah.
authors.forename: Darrah K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Sleeth
authors.affiliation: a Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational & Environmental Health , Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Thiese
authors.affiliation: a Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational & Environmental Health , Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah.
authors.forename: Rodney R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D000392:Air Movements; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D008348:Manikins; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D011140:Polyurethanes; D055672:Static Electricity; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D011140:Polyurethanes; C028279:polyurethane foam
keywords: Aerosols; IOM sampler; extrathoracic deposition; neutralizer; polyurethane foam