title: Drag reduction effects facilitated by microridges inside the mouthparts of honeybee workers and drones.
abstract: The mouthpart of a honeybee is a natural well-designed micropump that uses a reciprocating glossa through a temporary tube comprising a pair of galeae and labial palpi for loading nectar. The shapes and sizes of mouthparts differ among castes of honeybees, but the diversities of the functional microstructures inside the mouthparts of honeybee workers and drones remain poorly understood. Through scanning electron microscopy, we found the dimensional difference of uniformly distributed microridges on the inner galeae walls of Apis mellifera ligustica workers and drones. Subsequently, we recorded the feeding process of live honeybees by using a specially designed high-speed camera system. Considering the microridges and kinematics of the glossa, we constructed a hydrodynamic model to calculate the friction coefficient of the mouthpart. In addition, we test the drag reduction through the dimensional variations of the microridges on the inner walls of mouthparts. Theoretical estimations of the friction coefficient with respect to dipping frequency show that inner microridges can reduce friction during the feeding process of honeybees. The effects of drag reduction regulated by specific microridges were then compared. The friction coefficients of the workers and drones were found to be 0.011±0.007 (mean±s.d.) and 0.045±0.010, respectively. These results indicate that the mouthparts of workers are more capable of drag reduction compared with those of drones. The difference was analyzed by comparing the foraging behavior of the workers and drones. Workers are equipped with well-developed hypopharyngeal, and their dipping frequency is higher than that of drones. Our research establishes a critical link between microridge dimensions and drag reduction capability during the nectar feeding of honeybees. Our results reveal that microridges inside the mouthparts of honeybee workers and drones reflect the caste-related life cycles of honeybees.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences, 100083 Beijing, PR China; Division of Intelligent and Biomechanical Systems, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, PR China. Electronic address: Cugb_lcc@163.com.
authors.forename: Chu-Chu
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Intelligent and Biomechanical Systems, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, PR China. Electronic address: wujn09@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jia-Ning
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences, 100083 Beijing, PR China. Electronic address: meqqy@163.com.
authors.forename: Yun-Qiang
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences, 100083 Beijing, PR China; Division of Intelligent and Biomechanical Systems, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, PR China. Electronic address: zhurengaocn@163.com.
authors.forename: Ren-Gao
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Division of Intelligent and Biomechanical Systems, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, PR China. Electronic address: yansz@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shao-Ze
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D017276:Friction; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009055:Mouth / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D057048:Plant Nectar; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D057048:Plant Nectar
keywords: Drag reduction; Drones; Micropump; Microstructures; Workers