title: Digital venography in ruminants--a review.
abstract: Digital venography is a contrast angiography technique used to study digital vascularity. The technique is simple to be carried out and can be performed under field conditions using a standard radiographic unit. The venogram examination is used to complement conventional radiographic examinations in animals affected by foot diseases. Discrepancy in the contrast vascular pattern may be observed before the clinical signs of the foot disease. Digital venography studies in ruminants are in smaller number than those in horses. The herein presented review discusses digital venography techniques used in ruminants as well as the differences and similarities between ruminants (cattle, sheep and goat) and horses.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science , Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) , Botucatu , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: I F C
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: a Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science , Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) , Botucatu , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hussni
authors.affiliation: a Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science , Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) , Botucatu , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: a Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science , Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) , Botucatu , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: a Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science , Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) , Botucatu , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: A L G
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Alves
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006041:Goats; D010690:Phlebography / Q000662:veterinary*; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: Cattle; angiography; foot disease; horse; ruminant; venogram