title: Biological responses of Vicia faba seedlings to the imidazolium-based ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride in soil.
abstract: Although there are a few studies on the toxicity of ionic liquids (ILs), relatively little is known about their toxic effects on plants in soil. In the present study, the toxic effects of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Hmim]Cl) in the soil on Vicia faba seedlings and the influences of [Hmim]Cl on the physicochemical properties of the soil were studied. Organic matter content, pH, and conductivity of the tested soil were significantly altered at [Hmim]Cl concentrations greater than 1000 mg kg(-1) . Moreover, shoot length, root length, dry weight, and pigment content of the V. faba seedlings were greatly inhibited when the [Hmim]Cl concentration was greater than 500 mg kg(-1) . The roots were the most seriously affected organ and stopped growing at 3000 mg kg(-1) . In addition, [Hmim]Cl caused an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species at [Hmim]Cl concentrations above 250 mg kg(-1) that resulted in lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and oxidative stress in the V. faba seedlings. The present study provides information that is useful for evaluation of the environmental safety of ILs in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1502-1510. © 2015 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lusheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001881:Borates / Q000633:toxicity*; D002712:Chlorides; D004249:DNA Damage; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D031307:Vicia faba / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C528767:1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium; D001881:Borates; D002712:Chlorides; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride; Glutathione S-transferase; Glutathione peroxidase; Glutathione reductase; Imidazolium-based ionic liquids; Vicia faba