title: Comparing the Levels of Trace Elements in Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy and Healthy Individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD) in developed countries. Several trace elements were reported to be changed in diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate changes in serum levels of zinc, copper and chromium and their association with the incidence of ESRD in patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was performed on 70 patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (macro and micro-albuminuria) and 70 healthy individuals. Samples were collected to survey metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Data was analyzed by SPSS18 using descriptive and inferential analysis methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean ± SD levels of Zn, Cu and Cr were significantly decreased in blood samples of patients compared to healthy subjects (P < 0.01). Also the mean concentrations of Cu, Zn and Cr in drinking water of Sari were lower than the accepted limit. Only in one case, Cu was higher than the accepted limit, which was the possibility of contamination by water supply pipes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cu, Zn and Cr play a specific role in the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy. Meanwhile in these patients, low serum levels of Cu, Zn and Cr were not associated with factors such as drinking water. Possible causes should be sought in other factors like urine, intervention factors in absorption and utilization and individual conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Diabetic Research Center of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Atieh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makhlough
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Animal Research, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makhlough
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari,IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shokrzadeh
authors.affiliation: Amol Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran ; Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mozhdeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohammadian
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sedighi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mansooreh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faghihan
keywords: Atomic Absorption; Chromium; Copper; Diabetic Nephropathies; Zinc