title: Arabidopsis PARG1 is the key factor promoting cell survival among the enzymes regulating post-translational poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.
abstract: Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins, characterized by the addition of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) to proteins by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and removal of PAR by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Three PARPs and two PARGs have been found in Arabidopsis, but their respective roles are not fully understood. In this study, the functions of each PARP and PARG in DNA repair were analyzed based on their mutant phenotypes under genotoxic stresses. Double or triple mutant analysis revealed that PARP1 and PARP2, but not PARP3, play a similar but not critical role in DNA repair in Arabidopsis seedlings. PARG1 and PARG2 play an essential and a minor role, respectively under the same conditions. Mutation of PARG1 results in increased DNA damage level and enhanced cell death in plants after bleomycin treatment. PARG1 expression is induced primarily in root and shoot meristems by bleomycin and induction of PARG1 is dependent on ATM and ATR kinases. PARG1 also antagonistically modulates the DNA repair process by preventing the over-induction of DNA repair genes. Our study determined the contribution of each PARP and PARG member in DNA repair and indicated that PARG1 plays a critical role in this process.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
authors.forename: Hailei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
authors.forename: Zongying
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
authors.forename: Qiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
authors.forename: Lifeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
authors.forename: Caifeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Yiji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
authors.forename: Xiaochun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ge
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000633:toxicity; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000378:metabolism; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000378:metabolism; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D001761:Bleomycin; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; C022407:poly ADP-ribose glycohydrolase