title: Non-thermal plasma for inactivated-vaccine preparation.
abstract: Vaccines are of great importance in controlling the spread of infectious diseases in poultry farming. The safety and efficacy of vaccines are also essential. To explore the feasibility of a novel technology (non-thermal plasma) in inactivated vaccine preparation, an alternating current atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma (NTP) jet with Ar/O2/N2 as the operating gas was used to inactivate a Newcastle disease virus (NDV, LaSota) strain and H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV, A/Chicken/Hebei/WD/98) for vaccine preparation. The results showed that complete inactivation could be achieved with 2 min of NTP treatment for both NDV and AIV. Moreover, a proper NTP treatment time is needed for inactivation of a virus without destruction of the antigenic determinants. Compared to traditional formaldehyde-inactivated vaccine, the vaccine made from NDV treated by NTP for 2 min (NTP-2 min-NDV-vaccine) could induce a higher NDV-specific antibody titer in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, and the results of a chicken challenge experiment showed that NTP-2 min-NDV-vaccine could protect SPF chickens from a lethal NDV challenge. Vaccines made from AIV treated by NTP for 2 min (NTP-2 min-AIV-vaccine) also showed a similar AIV-specific antibody titer compared with traditional AIV vaccines prepared using formaldehyde inactivation. Studies of the morphological changes of the virus, chemical analysis of NDV allantoic fluid and optical emission spectrum analysis of NTP suggested that reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species produced by NTP played an important role in the virus inactivation process. All of these results demonstrated that it could be feasible to use non-thermal NTP as an alternative strategy to prepare inactivated vaccines for Newcastle disease and avian influenza.
authors.affiliation: Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guomin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ruihao
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Licong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kaile
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: byang111@yeah.net.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China; College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: zhangjue@pku.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jue
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China; College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002645:Chickens; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006386:Hemagglutination Tests; D053127:Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009521:Newcastle Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D058626:Plasma Gases; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D038301:Virus Inactivation
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D058626:Plasma Gases; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014765:Viral Vaccines
keywords: Avian influenza virus; Inactivated vaccine preparation; Newcastle disease virus; Non-thermal plasma