title: In vitro nematicidal activity of aryl hydrazones and comparative GC-MS metabolomics analysis.
abstract: A series of aryl hydrazones were synthesized and in vitro assayed for their activity on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. The phenylhydrazones of thiophene-2-carboxyaldehyde 5, 3-methyl-2-thiophenecarboxyaldehyde, 6, and salicylaldehyde, 2, were the most potent with EC50/48h values of 16.6 ± 2.2, 23.2 ± 2.7, and 24.3 ± 1.4 mg/L, respectively. A GC-MS metabolomics analysis, after in vitro nematode treatment with hydrazone 6 at 100 mg/L for 12 h, revealed elevated levels of fatty acids such as lauric acid, stearic acid, 2-octenoic acid, and palmitic acid. Whereas control samples showed the highest levels of monoacylglycerols such as monostearin and 2-monostearin, surprisingly, 2 h after treatment with hydrazone 6, nematodes excreted 3 times the levels of ammonia eliminated in the same conditions by controls. Thus, phenylhydrazones may represent a good scaffold in the discovery and synthesis of new nematicidal compounds, and a metabolomics approach may be helpful in understanding their mechanisms of toxicity and mode of action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Kodjo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eloh
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Demurtas
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deplano
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Alvine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ngoutane Mfopa
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murgia
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maxia
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Onnis
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caboni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006835:Hydrazones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055432:Metabolomics; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D005227:Fatty Acids; D006835:Hydrazones
keywords: 2-octenoic acid; M. incognita; ammonia; fatty acid; monoacylglycerols