title: The feasibility and efficacy of multi-channel intraluminal impedance monitoring in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux is currently based on clinical presentation and oesophageal pH monitoring. In recent years, the use of multi-channel intraluminal impedance (MII) monitoring has gained increasing attention in the adult population. However, its use in the paediatric population is still in the developing stage with only limited number of publications. This study aims to review our early experience of MII application in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of all patients who underwent MII monitoring between 2011 and 2014 at a tertiary referral centre was performed. Patients' medical records were reviewed with demographic data extracted. Number of reflux episodes and other MII parameters were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 34 patients were identified during the study period, with 20 males and 14 females. Indication for study included previous aspiration pneumonia (n = 13), persistent reflux or vomiting symptom (n = 10) and as part of routine assessment before gastrostomy (n = 11). At the time of study the average age was 69 months (range 9-216 months). 28 patients showed significant gastro-oesophageal reflux. On average patient has 36.1 acidic and 22.3 non-acidic reflux episodes during the 24 h monitoring period. Non-acidic reflux accounts for 38.1 % of the overall reflux episodes. The sensitivity of MII monitoring to detect reflux was higher compared to conventional pH study (73 vs 50 %, p = 0.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MII monitoring is safe and feasible in children. Non-acid reflux should not be underestimated in paediatric population. MII appears to be more sensitive than conventional pH monitoring in our study, but its true significance is yet to be confirmed by larger study in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Carlile
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China. kkywong@hku.hk.
authors.forename: K K Y
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Children; Gastro-oesophageal reflux; Impedance