title: Detoxification of Aflatoxin-Contaminated Maize by Neutral Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water.
abstract: Aflatoxins, a group of extremely toxic mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius, can occur as natural contaminants of certain agricultural commodities, particularly maize. These toxins have been shown to be hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and cause severe human and animal diseases. The effectiveness of neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water (NEW) on aflatoxin detoxification was investigated in HepG2 cells using several validation methodologies such as the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, the induction of lipid peroxidation, the oxidative damage by means of glutathione modulation, the Ames test and the alkaline Comet assay. Our results showed that, after the aflatoxin-contaminated maize containing 360 ng/g was soaked in NEW (60 mg/L available chlorine, pH 7.01) during 15 min at room temperature, the aflatoxin content did not decrease as confirmed by the immunoaffinity column and ultra performance liquid chromatography methods. Aflatoxin fluorescence strength of detoxified samples was similar to untreated samples. However, aflatoxin-associated cytotoxicity and OPEN ACCESS Toxins 2015, 7 4295 genotoxicity effects were markedly reduced upon treatment. According to these results, NEW can be effectively used to detoxify aflatoxin-contaminated maize.
authors.affiliation: UNAM-FESC. Campus 4. Multidisciplinary Research Unit L14 (Food, Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicosis), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico. mvz.jardon@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jardon-Xicotencatl
authors.affiliation: UNAM-FESC. Campus 4. Multidisciplinary Research Unit L9 (Toxicology and Genetics), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico. diaztorres_r@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Díaz-Torres
authors.affiliation: UANL-FMVZ. Agropecuary Sciences Campus, General Escobedo 66050, Mexico. aliciamarroquin@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marroquín-Cardona
authors.affiliation: Esteripharma SA de CV. Atlacomulco 50450, Mexico. tvillarreal@esteripharma.com.mx.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Villarreal-Barajas
authors.affiliation: UNAM-FESC. Campus 4. Multidisciplinary Research Unit L14 (Food, Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicosis), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico. albores@unam.mx.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Méndez-Albores
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004572:Electrolysis / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D016877:Oxidants; D014867:Water
keywords: aflatoxins; detoxification; maize; neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water