title: Explaining how unexploded ordnance clearance enhances livelihoods in the Lao PDR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Following violent conflict, the continued presence of landmines and unexploded ordnance pose a barrier to rebuilding livelihoods. Mine action removes these explosive remnants of conflict to enable communities to safely return contaminated land to productive use. There is limited understanding, however, of how, why, in what context and in what respects mine action contributes to livelihoods. Yet, such information is required for effective resource allocation, checking underlying program assumptions, understanding benefits and potential harms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The evaluation was undertaken in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. It used an interpretive case study design and applied the principles of realist evaluation. Program staff and local government authorities were interviewed (N=37) and program beneficiaries. In total, 38 individual interviews with program beneficiaries were conducted and eighteen focus group interviews (9 with males, 9 with females), each with 6-9 participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The evaluation identified two main mechanisms through which the program 'worked': (1) communication pre- and post-clearance and (2) the delivery of the product (cleared land).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The realist approach helped to refine the program theory, highlighted the role of self- and task-efficacy and community communication, assisted in identifying contextual factors that influence outcomes and suggested a revision of expected outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia. Electronic address: m.durham@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Durham
authors.affiliation: Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) Office Based in the Lao PDR, University of Bern of Switzerland, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Vong
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nanhthavong
authors.affiliation: University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic.
authors.forename: Vanphanom
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sychareun
mesh_terms: D054042:Bombs; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007812:Laos; D008297:Male; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D014857:Warfare
keywords: Incentive program; Lao PDR; Mine action; Program theory; Realist evaluation; Social and behavioural mechanisms; Theory-driven evaluation; UXO clearance