title: No difference in ad libitum energy intake in healthy men and women consuming beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, or high-fructose corn syrup: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased energy intake is consistently observed in individuals consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), likely mainly because of an inadequate satiety response to liquid calories. However, SSBs have a high content of fructose, the consumption of which acutely fails to trigger responses in key signals involved in energy homeostasis. It is unclear whether the fructose content of SSBs contributes to the increased energy intake in individuals drinking SSBs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether the relative amounts of fructose and glucose in SSBs modifies ad libitum energy intake over 8 d in healthy adults without fructose malabsorption.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted 2 randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover studies to compare the effects of consuming 4 servings/d of a fructose-, glucose-, or aspartame-sweetened beverage (study A; n = 9) or a fructose-, glucose-, or high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened beverage (study B; n = 24) for 8 d on overall energy intake. SSBs were provided at 25% of estimated energy requirement, or an equivalent volume of the aspartame-sweetened beverage, and consumption was mandatory. All solid foods were provided at 125% of estimated energy requirements and were consumed ad libitum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In study A, ad libitum energy intake was 120% ± 10%, 117% ± 12%, and 102% ± 15% of estimated energy requirements when subjects consumed the fructose-, glucose-, and aspartame-sweetened beverages. Energy intake was significantly higher in the fructose and glucose phases than in the aspartame phase (P < 0.003 for each), with no difference between the fructose and glucose phases (P = 0.462). In study B, total energy intake during the fructose, HFCS, and glucose phases was 116% ± 14%, 116% ± 16%, and 116% ± 16% of the subject's estimated total energy requirements (P = 0.880).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In healthy adults, total 8-d ad libitum energy intake was increased in individuals consuming SSBs compared with aspartame-sweetened beverages. The energy overconsumption observed in individuals consuming SSBs occurred independently of the relative amounts of fructose and glucose in the beverages. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00475475 and NCT01424306.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences and Department of Epidemiology.
authors.forename: Jessica N
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0897-3512
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Kuzma
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences and.
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cromer
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences and.
authors.forename: Derek K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2877-2304
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hagman
authors.affiliation: Prevention Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and.
authors.forename: Kara L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Breymeyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, and.
authors.forename: Christian L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8264-8665
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine.
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4937-7621
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Foster-Schubert
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences and.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7569-3700
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Holte
authors.affiliation: Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Holly S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-8540
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Callahan
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Weigle
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, mkratz@fredhutch.org.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2660-8033
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kratz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005947:Glucose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D066248:High Fructose Corn Syrup / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064306:Non-Nutritive Sweeteners / Q000009:adverse effects; D064427:Nutritive Sweeteners / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012306:Risk; D012528:Satiety Response; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D066248:High Fructose Corn Syrup; D064306:Non-Nutritive Sweeteners; D064427:Nutritive Sweeteners; D005632:Fructose; D005947:Glucose
keywords: HFCS; energy intake; fructose; humans; obesity; overweight; sugar-sweetened beverages