title: Amniotic fluid levels of phospholipase A2 in fetal rats with retinoic acid induced myelomeningocele: the potential "second hit" in neurologic damage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is growing evidence of ongoing, in utero neurological damage in fetuses with myelomeningocele (MMC). Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has known neurotoxic properties and is predominantly present in its secretory isoform (sPLA2) in meconium, the passage of which is increased in MMC fetuses. The objective of this study was to determine if amniotic fluid (AF) levels of PLA2 are elevated in a rat model of MMC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Timed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were gavage fed 60 mg/kg/bodyweight retinoic acid (RA) in olive oil at embryonic day 10 (E10). Amniocentesis was performed at multiple gestational time points on MMC fetuses, RA-exposed fetuses without MMC and control fetuses. AF PLA2 levels were analyzed by a fluorescent enzyme activity assay. PLA2 isoforms were determined by measuring activity in the presence of specific inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in AF PLA2 activity between groups on E15. PLA2 activity was significantly increased in MMC fetuses on E17, E19 and E21 (p < 0.001). Secretory PLA2 primarily accounted for the overall greater activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PLA2 levels are elevated in the AF of fetal rats with MMC and may contribute to ongoing neural injury. This pathway may be a useful drug target to limit ongoing damage and better preserve neurologic function.
authors.affiliation: a Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA .
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: b Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine , Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA , and.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.affiliation: c Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes , Pasadena , CA , USA.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Fonteh
authors.affiliation: c Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes , Pasadena , CA , USA.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.affiliation: b Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine , Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA , and.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Chmait
authors.affiliation: b Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine , Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA , and.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Grubbs
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000201:enzymology*; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology*; D054497:Phospholipases A2, Secretory / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014212:Tretinoin
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D014212:Tretinoin; D054497:Phospholipases A2, Secretory
keywords: Amniotic fluid; meconium; myelomeningocele; phospholipase A2