title: Assessment of Injuries During Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Competition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) is a unique style of martial arts with rapid growth in the United States and internationally. Although studies have examined injuries in other martial arts and combat sports, to date, no published medical study has examined injuries in BJJ competitions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To estimate the incidence of injuries in BJJ competitions and (2) to identify and describe the types and mechanisms of injuries associated with competitive BJJ.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive epidemiology study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Injury data were obtained from records of on-site medical coverage at 8 statewide BJJ tournaments in Hawaii, USA, between 2005 and 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The identified injury incidence on the day of matches was 9.2 per 1000 exposures (46 injuries out of 5022 exposures, ie, match participations). Orthopaedic injuries were the most common and accounted for 78% of all injuries (n = 36), followed by costochondral or rib injuries (n = 7) and lacerations requiring medical care (n = 3). The elbow was found to be the joint most commonly injured during BJJ competitions, with the arm bar being the most common mechanism. We propose that this BJJ-specific injury mechanism, the "arm bar," be recognized as another mechanism of hyperextension injury to the elbow in sports.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparison of the BJJ injury data with injury data reported for judo, taekwondo, wrestling, and mixed martial arts showed that BJJ competitors were at substantially lower risk of injury compared with these other sports. With orthopaedic injuries being most common and the elbow being the area most vulnerable to injury in BJJ, it is important that participants, referees, and physicians be properly educated about the unique mechanisms of injury that can occur, particularly to the elbow.
authors.affiliation: Honolulu Sports Medical Clinic, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Scoggin
authors.affiliation: Miami Spine Care, Hialeah, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Georgiy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brusovanik
authors.affiliation: Children's Orthopaedics of Hawaii, Aiea, Hawaii, USA.
authors.forename: Byron H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Izuka
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Eddy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zandee van Rilland
authors.affiliation: PPE Solutions LLC, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Geling
authors.affiliation: Personalized Medicine Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
authors.forename: Seren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tokumura
keywords: Brazilian jiu-jitsu; arm bar; elbow hyperextension; elbow injury; hyperextension injury; jiu-jitsu; jiu-jitsu elbow; martial arts; mixed martial arts