title: Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) and CDPK-related kinase (CRK) gene families in tomato: genome-wide identification and functional analyses in disease resistance.
abstract: Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and CDPK-related kinases (CRKs) play multiple roles in plant. Nevertheless, genome-wide identification of these two families is limited to several plant species, and role of CRKs in disease resistance remains unclear. In this study, we identified the CDPK and CRK gene families in genome of the economically important crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and analyzed their function in resistance to various pathogens. Twenty-nine CDPK and six CRK genes were identified in tomato genome. Both SlCDPK and SlCRK proteins harbored an STKc_CAMK type protein kinase domain, while only SlCDPKs contained EF-hand type Ca(2+) binding domain(s). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that plant CRK family diverged early from CDPKs, and shared a common ancestor gene with subgroup IV CDPKs. Subgroup IV SlCDPK proteins were basic and their genes contained 11 introns, which were distinguished from other subgroups but similar to CRKs. Subgroup I SlCDPKs generally did not carry an N-terminal myristoylation motif while those of the remaining subgroups and SlCRKs universally did. SlCDPK and SlCRK genes were differently responsive to pathogenic stimuli. Furthermore, silencing analyses demonstrated that SlCDPK18 and SlCDPK10 positively regulated nonhost resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and host resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, respectively, while SlCRK6 positively regulated resistance to both Pst DC3000 and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in tomato. In conclusion, CRKs apparently evolved from CDPK lineage, SlCDPK and SlCRK genes regulate a wide range of resistance and SlCRK6 is the first CRK gene proved to function in plant disease resistance.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Ji-Peng
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: You-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Munyampundu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Tian-Yu
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China. xzhcai@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xin-Zhong
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002148:Calmodulin-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018745:Genome, Plant; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D044224:Pseudomonas syringae / Q000472:pathogenicity; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D002148:Calmodulin-Binding Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases
keywords: CDPK-related kinase (CRK); Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK); Genome-wide identification; Phylogeny; Resistance; Tomato