title: Systematic review of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) knowledge measurement instruments used on the Arabian Peninsula.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 1984, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) began surveillance for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence and prevalence. However, no culturally-appropriate standardized questionnaire has been developed to measure HIV prevention knowledge in this population. Evidence exists that married Saudi women are especially at higher risk for infection, but lack knowledge of HIV modes of transmission and underestimate their personal risk of becoming infected. The objective of this paper is to present a critical review of existing HIV knowledge measurement tools developed for the KSA and other Arabian Peninsula populations, and to utilize this review to guide the development of a culturally- and gender-sensitive tool. Studies included were in English reporting results of a quantitative survey instrument as either an interview or self-reported questionnaire with questions about knowledge of HIV or AIDS. Surveys must have been given in English or Arabic, and must have been done in a population in the KSA or the Arabian Peninsula. The following data sources were searched for eligible studies: Google Scholar, Google Web, PubMed, PLoS, WHO publications, UN publications, news, and other peer-reviewed publication databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen articles met criteria, and of these, 10 (63 %) were conducted in a KSA population, and a majority of the articles studied students of primary, secondary, or post-secondary schools (n = 9, 56 %). Five studies included only men, while the other 11 included both sexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The KSA's public health goals should more specifically focus on measuring and improving knowledge in high-risk populations such as married women-an option currently limited by commonly available measurement instruments.
authors.affiliation: Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. m.alghabashi@hotmail.com.|Umm al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia. m.alghabashi@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Maram T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Alghabashi
authors.affiliation: Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. b.guthrie@neu.edu.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guthrie
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires