title: Suckling and non-nutritive sucking habit: what should we know?
abstract: Correct breast feeding can be considered a tool for the post-natal prophylaxis of craniofacial abnormalities, or at least a way of reducing their extent. Inadequate bottle feeding forces the tongue and cheek muscles to develop a compensating and atypical function, in order to obtain the milk. As a result, there can be an adaptation change of the dental and bone structures, leading to malocclusions. Finger-sucking is normal in the first two-three years of life. It gives the child a feeling of relaxation; that is why it is usually practiced before sleeping. The effects of non-nutritive sucking on the developing dentition are minor in the child under 3 years of age and are usually limited to changes in the incisor position. Some upper or lower incisors (depend on how the finger has been sucked) become spontaneously tipped toward the lips, and/or others are prevented from erupting. Normally children abandon this habit between 2 and 4 years of age. If it persists after this age, it will be the cause for some dental-maxillary anomalies: open-bite, narrow maxilla with upper protrusion, cross-bite; all these could be accompanied by retrognathic mandible.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Orthodontics and Dental-Facial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feştilă
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Orthodontics and Dental-Facial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Mircea
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghergie
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Alexandrina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muntean
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Orthodontics and Dental-Facial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Daiana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matiz
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Orthodontics and Dental-Facial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Alin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Şerb Nescu
keywords: adult-type swallowing; infant swallowing; malocclusion; non-nutritive sucking-habit; suckling