title: Off-resonance effects in (14)N NQR signals from the pulsed spin-locking (PSL) and three-pulse echo sequence; a study for monoclinic TNT.
abstract: In NQR detection applications signal averaging by the summation of rapidly regenerated signals from multiple pulse sequences of the pulsed spin-locking (PSL) type is often used to improve sensitivity. It is important to characterise and if possible minimise PSL sequence off-resonance effects since they can make it difficult to optimise detection performance. We illustrate this with measurements of the variation of the decay time T2e and the amplitude of PSL signal trains with pulse spacing and excitation offset frequency for the 870 kHz ν+(14)N NQR line of monoclinic TNT under carefully stabilised temperature conditions. We have also carried out a similar study of signals from monoclinic TNT and 1H-1,2,3-triazole generated by a three-pulse echo sequence and the results are shown to agree well with a theoretical treatment appropriate to polycrystalline NQR samples such as TNT for which spin I=1, asymmetry parameter η≠0 and T1≫T2. Based on this theory we derive simple models for calculating TNT PSL signal trains and hence the pulse spacing and off-resonance dependence of signal amplitude and T2e which we compare to our experimental data. We discuss the influence of PSL echo summation on off-resonance effects in detected signal intensity and show how a phase-alternated multiple pulse sequence can be used in combination with the PSL sequence to eliminate variation in detection performance due to off-resonance effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Informatics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK.
authors.forename: John A S
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Informatics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK. Electronic address: michael.d.rowe@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.affiliation: Department of Informatics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK. Electronic address: k.althoefer@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kaspar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Althoefer
authors.affiliation: Angel House, Marsh Lane, Saundby, Retford DN22 9ES, UK. Electronic address: nqr2004@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Neil F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Peirson
authors.affiliation: Department of Informatics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK. Electronic address: jamie.barras@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barras
keywords: (14)N NQR detection; Excitation offset frequency; Multiple pulse sequence; Narrow pulse spacing; Off-resonance oscillations; Pulsed spin-locking (PSL) sequence; Signal amplitude; Stimulated echo; T(2e); TNT