title: Untangling the effects of tinnitus and hypersensitivity to sound (hyperacusis) in the gap detection test.
abstract: In recent years, there has been increasing use of the gap detection reflex test to demonstrate induction of tinnitus in animals. Animals with tinnitus show weakened gap detection ability for background noise that matches the pitch of the tinnitus. The usual explanation is that the tinnitus 'fills in the gap'. It has recently been shown, however, that tinnitus is commonly associated with hyperacusis-like enhancements of the acoustic startle response, a change which might potentially alter responses in the gap detection test. We hypothesized that such enhancements could lead to an apparent reduction of gap suppression, resembling that caused by tinnitus, by altering responses to the startle stimulus or the background noise. To test this hypothesis, we compared gap detection abilities in 3 subsets of noise-exposed animals with those in unexposed controls. The results showed that exposed animals demonstrated altered gap detection abilities, but these alterations were sometimes explained as consequences of hyper-responsiveness to either the startle stimulus or to the background noise. Two of the three subsets of animals studied, however, displayed weakened gap detection abilities that could not be explained by enhanced responses to these stimuli or by reduced sound sensitivity or a reduction of temporal processing speed, consistent with the induction of tinnitus. These results demonstrate that not only hearing loss but also changes in sensitivity to background noise or to startle stimuli are potential confounds that, when present, can underlie changes in gap detection irrespective of tinnitus. We discuss how such confounds can be recognized and how they can be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Salloum
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandridge
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stillitano
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niforatos
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Electronic address: kaltenj@ccf.org.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kaltenbach
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D006224:Cricetinae; D006309:Hearing; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000150:complications; D012001:Hyperacusis / Q000209:etiology*; D009622:Noise; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects; D055139:Sensory Gating / Q000502:physiology; D013016:Sound; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Acoustic startle; Gap detection test; Gap suppression; Hearing loss; Hyperacusis; Tinnitus