title: Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and the risk for incident heart failure: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental studies in animals suggest that circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) decrease oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. The association between sRAGE and incident heart failure has not been systematically examined in a prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective analysis of a subsample of 1,086 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study who attended visit 2 (1990-1992) without a history of coronary heart disease, stroke, or heart failure and with measured plasma sRAGE levels. Incident heart failure was defined as death from heart failure or hospitalization due to heart failure during a median of 20 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this sample of a community-based population (mean age 63 years, 60% women, 78% white), there were 126 incident cases of heart failure. Lower levels of sRAGE were significantly associated with an increased risk of heart failure; the adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) of heart failure were 1.0 (reference), 1.81 (0.94-3.49), 1.57 (0.80-3.08), and 3.37 (1.75-6.50), for fourth, third, second, and first quartiles, respectively (P for trend = .001). We did not observe significant interactions by diabetes status or by race or obesity status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower circulating levels of sRAGE are independently associated with the development of heart failure in a community-based population. Our results add to the growing evidence that sRAGE is a valuable predictor of cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: mlazo@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Marc K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Halushka
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Nisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maruthur
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Casey M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rebholz
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Andreea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rawlings
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Ron C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hoogeveen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Tina E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Brinkley
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Christie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ballantyne
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: Brad C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Astor
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Selvin
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005544:Forecasting; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products / Q000097:blood*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products