title: Potentialities of steady-state and transient thermography in breast tumour depth detection: A numerical study.
abstract: Breast thermography still has inherent limitations that prevent it from being fully accepted as a breast screening modality in medicine. The main challenges of breast thermography are to reduce false positive results and to increase the sensitivity of a thermogram. Further, it is still difficult to obtain information about tumour parameters such as metabolic heat, tumour depth and diameter from a thermogram. However, infrared technology and image processing have advanced significantly and recent clinical studies have shown increased sensitivity of thermography in cancer diagnosis. The aim of this paper is to study numerically the possibilities of extracting information about the tumour depth from steady state thermography and transient thermography after cold stress with no need to use any specific inversion technique. Both methods are based on the numerical solution of Pennes bioheat equation for a simple three-dimensional breast model. The effectiveness of two approaches used for depth detection from steady state thermography is assessed. The effect of breast density on the steady state thermal contrast has also been studied. The use of a cold stress test and the recording of transient contrasts during rewarming were found to be potentially suitable for tumour depth detection during the rewarming process. Sensitivity to parameters such as cold stress temperature and cooling time is investigated using the numerical model and simulation results reveal two prominent depth-related characteristic times which do not strongly depend on the temperature of the cold stress or on the cooling period.
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, Algiers, Algeria; Ecole National Préparatoire aux Etudes d'Ingéniorat, Algeria. Electronic address: amri.amina@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Amina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amri
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, University of Hull, UK. Electronic address: s.h.pulko@hull.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Susan Helen
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Pulko
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, University of Hull, UK. Electronic address: a.j.wilkinson@hull.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Anthony James
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008490:Medical Informatics / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008954:Models, Biological; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Cold stress; Depth detection; Full width at half maximum (FWHM); Steady state thermal contrast; Transient thermal contrast