title: Emotion regulation and mania risk: Differential responses to implicit and explicit cues to regulate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  People prone to mania use emotion regulation (ER) strategies well when explicitly coached to do so in laboratory settings, but they find these strategies ineffective in daily life. We hypothesized that, compared with control participants, mania-prone people would show ER deficits when they received implicit, but not explicit, cues to use ER.
  
  
  METHODS
  Undergraduates (N = 66) completed the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS) and were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: automatic ER (scrambled sentence primes), deliberate ER (verbal instructions), or control (no priming or instructions to use ER). Then, participants played a videogame designed to evoke anger. Emotion responses were measured with a multi-modal assessment of self-reported affect, psychophysiology, and facial expressions. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was used to index ER.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The videogame effectively elicited subjective anger, angry facial expressions, and heart rate increases when keys malfunctioned. As hypothesized, persons who were more mania prone showed greater RSA increases in the deliberate ER condition than in the automatic or control conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One potential limitation is the use of an analog sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that those at risk for mania require more explicit instruction to engage ER effectively.
authors.affiliation: University of California Berkeley, United States.
authors.forename: Yatrika
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ajaya
authors.affiliation: University of California Berkeley, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Peckham
authors.affiliation: University of California Berkeley, United States. Electronic address: sljohnson@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Sheri L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000786:Anger; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003463:Cues; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D065809:Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia / Q000502:physiology; D018910:Video Games; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Emotion regulation; Heart rate variability; Implicit emotion regulation; Mania risk; Respiratory sinus arrhythmia