title: Extractable and non-extractable polyphenols from blueberries modulate LPS-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 in RAW264.7 macrophages via the NF-κB signalling pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plant polyphenols are rich in blueberries that have a wide range of properties beneficial to human health. There are two types, according to the solubility of polyphenols, which were defined as extractable polyphenols (EPP) and non-extractable polyphenols (NEPP), respectively. At present, in most of reports, 'total polyphenol' refers only to EPP excluding NEPP. In this paper, the effects of EPP and NEPP on lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and gene expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in RAW264.7 cells via nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling pathway were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that EPP and NEPP from blueberries significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of NO and gene expression of iNOS and COX-2 in cells. The constitutive level of p65 sub-unit of NF-κB was obviously detected after the treatments with EPP or NEPP. By contrast, the level of phosphorylated p65 (P-p65) was strongly inhibited by EPP or NEPP. EPP had a stronger inhibition on the gene expression of iNOS and COX-2 than that of NEPP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings of inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression through the suppression of NF-κB suggest that EPP and ENPP from blueberries have significant anti-inflammatory effect and may be a potential medicine. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.|Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Deep Processing Technology of Shandong.
authors.forename: Anwei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.|Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Deep Processing Technology of Shandong.
authors.forename: Caijing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Biotechnology Research Center, Jiangsu Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Taizhou, 225300, China.
authors.forename: Xixiu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.|Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Deep Processing Technology of Shandong.
authors.forename: Jinyue
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.|Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Deep Processing Technology of Shandong.
authors.forename: Xiangyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.
authors.forename: Fachun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D029798:Blueberry Plants; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D059808:Polyphenols; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
keywords: cyclooxygenase-2; extractable polyphenols; inducible nitric oxide synthase; non-extractable polyphenols; nuclear factor-κB