title: Salmonella enterica resistant to antimicrobials in wastewater effluents and black-headed gulls in the Czech Republic, 2012.
abstract: We investigated the presence and epidemiological relatedness of Salmonella isolates from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Brno, Czech Republic and from nestlings of black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) at the Nove Mlyny waterworks, situated 35 km downstream from the WWTP. During 2012, we collected 37 wastewater samples and 284 gull cloacal swabs. From wastewater samples, we obtained 89 Salmonella isolates belonging to 19 serotypes. At least one resistant strain was contained in 89% of those samples. Ten different serotypes of Salmonella were detected in 38 young gulls, among which 14 (37%) were resistant to antimicrobials. Wastewater isolates were mostly resistant to sulphonamides and tetracycline, gull isolates to tetracycline and ampicillin. We detected the occurrence of blaTEM-1,tet(A), tet(B), tet(G), sul1, sul2, sul3, floR and strA resistance genes. For the first time, we identified a class 1 integron with the dfrA12-orfF-aadA2 gene cassette in S. Infantis. Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, we confirmed the presence of identical clusters of S. Agona, S. Enteritidis PT8, S. Infantis and S. Senftenberg in wastewater and black-headed gulls, thus indicating the possibility of resistant Salmonella isolates spreading over long distances in the environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU Brno, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: masarikovam@vfu.cz.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masarikova
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU Brno, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Manga
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU Brno, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Alois
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cizek
authors.affiliation: CEITEC VFU Brno, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dolejska
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Oravcova
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Myskova
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karpiskova
authors.affiliation: CEITEC VFU Brno, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Literak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046091:Charadriiformes / Q000382:microbiology*; D018153:Czech Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000235:genetics*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Black-headed gull; PFGE; Salmonella; Wastewater