title: Synergic Effects of Doxorubicin and Melatonin on Apoptosis and Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells: Involvement of TRPV1 Channels.
abstract: Transient receptor transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a Ca(2+)-permeable channel gated by oxidative stress and capsaicin (CAP) and modulated by melatonin (MEL) and capsazepine (CPZ). A combination of doxorubicin (DOX) and MEL may offer a potential therapy for breast cancer by exerting antitumor and anti-apoptotic effects and modulating Ca(2+) influx and TRPV1 activity. We aimed to investigate the effects of MEL and DOX on the oxidative toxicity of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, in addition to the activity of the TRPV1 channel and apoptosis. The MCF-7 cells were divided into the following six treatment groups: control, incubated with MEL (0.3 mM), incubated with 0.5 μM DOX, incubated with 1 μM DOX, incubated with MEL + 0.5 μM DOX, or incubated with MEL + 1 μM DOX. The intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration was higher in the DOX groups than in the control, and the concentration was decreased by MEL. The intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration was further increased by treatment with the TRPV1 channel activator CAP (0.01 mM), and it was decreased by the CPZ (0.1 mM). The intracellular production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, apoptosis level, procaspase 9 and PARP activities, and caspase 3 and caspase 9 activities were higher in the DOX and MEL groups than in the control. Apoptosis and the activity of caspase 9 were further increased in the DOX plus MEL groups. Taken together, the findings indicate that MEL supported the effects of DOX by activation of TRPV1 and apoptosis, as well as by inducing MCF-7 cell death. As the apoptosis and caspase activity of cancer cells increase because of their elevated metabolism, MEL may be useful in supporting their apoptotic capacity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
authors.forename: Pınar Aslan
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Koşar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey. mustafanaziroglu@sdu.edu.tr.|Neuroscience Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey. mustafanaziroglu@sdu.edu.tr.|Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey. mustafanaziroglu@sdu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nazıroğlu
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.|Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
authors.forename: İshak Suat
authors.initials: İS
authors.lastname: Övey
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.|Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bilal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Çiğ
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D008550:Melatonin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; D004317:Doxorubicin; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D008550:Melatonin; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Apoptosis; Breast cancer cells; Calcium signaling; Doxorubicin; Mitochondria; Oxidative stress