title: Mechanical-chemical analyses and sub-chronic systemic toxicity of chemical treated organic bovine bone.
abstract: Sequentially chemical-treated bovine bone was not only evaluated by mechanical and chemical analyses but also implanted into the gluteal muscles of rats for 12 weeks to investigate potential local pathological effects and systemic toxicities. The test (chemical treated bone) and control (heat treated bone) materials were compared using scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction pattern, inductively coupled plasma analysis, and bending strength test. In the SEM images, the micro-porous structure of heat-treated bone was changed to sintered ceramic-like structure. The structure of bone mineral from test and control materials was analyzed as100% hydroxyapatite. The ratio of calcium (Ca) to potassium (P), the main inorganic elements, was same even though the Ca and P percentages of the control material was relatively higher than the test material. No death or critical symptoms arose from implantation of the test (chemical treated bone) and control (physiological saline) materials during 12 weeks. The implanted sites were macroscopically examined, with all the groups showing non-irritant results. Our results indicate that chemical processed bovine bone has a better mechanical property than the heat treated bone and the implantation of this material does not produce systemic or pathological toxicity.
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Biomaterial and Medical Engineering, Cellumed Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jasonklee77@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kwang-il
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Biomaterial and Medical Engineering, Cellumed Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Biomaterial and Medical Engineering, Cellumed Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Keun-soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Biomaterial and Medical Engineering, Cellumed Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hong-hee
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Biomaterial and Medical Engineering, Cellumed Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chan-min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Biomaterial and Medical Engineering, Cellumed Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Biomaterial and Medical Engineering, Cellumed Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-bock
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Biomaterial and Medical Engineering, Cellumed Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: orienta@empal.com.
authors.forename: Ju-woong
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002081:Buttocks; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle; D017886:Durapatite / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D064593:Heterografts; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000601:surgery*; D016062:Porosity; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis; D011859:Radiography; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D059550:Toxicity Tests, Subchronic; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D017886:Durapatite; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Bending strength; Bone graft; Bovine bone; Sub-chronic; Toxicity; Xenograft