title: A Western dietary pattern is associated with higher blood pressure in Iranian adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The dietary determinants of adolescent blood pressure (BP) are not well understood. We determined the association between major dietary patterns and BP in a sample of Iranian adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was conducted among a representative sample (n = 557) of Shirazi adolescents aged 12-19 years. Participants' systolic and diastolic BP was measured using a validated oscillometric BP monitor. Usual dietary intakes during the past 12 months were assessed using a valid and reproducible 168-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. Principal component factor analysis was used to identify major dietary patterns based on a set of 25 predefined food groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, three major dietary patterns were identified, among which only the Western pattern (abundant in soft drinks, sweets and desserts, salt, mayonnaise, tea and coffee, salty snacks, high-fat dairy products, French fries, and red or processed meats) had a significant association with BP. After adjusting for potential confounders in the analysis of covariance models, multivariable adjusted means of the systolic and mean BP of subjects in the highest tertile of the Western pattern score were significantly higher than those in the lowest tertile (for systolic BP: mean difference 6.9 mmHg, P = 0.001; and for mean BP: mean difference 4.2 mmHg, P = 0.003). A similar but statistically insignificant difference was observed in terms of diastolic BP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that a Western dietary pattern is associated with higher BP in Iranian adolescents. However, additional large-scale prospective studies with adequate methodological quality are required to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdollah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hojhabrimanesh
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.|Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Center for Health Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoumeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akhlaghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Center for Health Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rahmani
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Center for Health Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Sasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amanat
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Center for Health Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoumeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atefi
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Center for Health Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Najafi
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Center for Health Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Maral
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashemzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Center for Health Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Saedeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salehi
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Center for Health Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. sh_faghih@sums.ac.ir.|Research Center for Health Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. sh_faghih@sums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Shiva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faghih
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D044466:Asian People; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D066273:Diet, Western / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescent; Blood pressure; Diet; Factor analysis; Iran