title: Ion dynamics during seizures.
abstract: Changes in membrane voltage brought about by ion fluxes through voltage and transmitter-gated channels represent the basis of neural activity. As such, electrochemical gradients across the membrane determine the direction and driving force for the flow of ions and are therefore crucial in setting the properties of synaptic transmission and signal propagation. Ion concentration gradients are established by a variety of mechanisms, including specialized transporter proteins. However, transmembrane gradients can be affected by ionic fluxes through channels during periods of elevated neural activity, which in turn are predicted to influence the properties of on-going synaptic transmission. Such activity-induced changes to ion concentration gradients are a feature of both physiological and pathological neural processes. An epileptic seizure is an example of severely perturbed neural activity, which is accompanied by pronounced changes in intracellular and extracellular ion concentrations. Appreciating the factors that contribute to these ion dynamics is critical if we are to understand how a seizure event evolves and is sustained and terminated by neural tissue. Indeed, this issue is of significant clinical importance as status epilepticus-a type of seizure that does not stop of its own accord-is a life-threatening medical emergency. In this review we explore how the transmembrane concentration gradient of the six major ions (K(+), Na(+), Cl(-), Ca(2+), H(+)and [Formula: see text]) is altered during an epileptic seizure. We will first examine each ion individually, before describing how multiple interacting mechanisms between ions might contribute to concentration changes and whether these act to prolong or terminate epileptic activity. In doing so, we will consider how the availability of experimental techniques has both advanced and restricted our ability to study these phenomena.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa ; UCT/MRC Receptor Biology Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Joseph V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Raimondo
authors.affiliation: UCT/MRC Receptor Biology Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Burman
authors.affiliation: UCT/MRC Receptor Biology Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Arieh A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Colin J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Akerman
keywords: calcium; chloride; epilepsy; ion dynamics; pH; potassium; seizures; sodium