title: Effect of probucol on insulin resistance in patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin resistance (IR) is present at all stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with CKD progression. Probucol can improve the prognosis of IR in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. This study aimed to observe the effect of probucol on IR and kidney protection in non-diabetic CKD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an open-label, non-placebo-controlled, randomized study. A total of 59 patients were randomized to the probucol group (0.5 g, twice daily) or the control group using a 1: 1 treatment ratio. IR was determined using a homeostatic model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) index. An Excel database was established to analyze follow-up data at weeks 0, 12, and 24. The primary outcome of interest was changes in the HOMA-IR, and the secondary outcomes of interest were changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), body mass index (BMI), cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and 24-h urinary protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HOMA-IR index of the probucol group after 24 weeks was significantly decreased (P < 0.001) compared to the value before treatment (average decrease: 1.45; range: -2.90 to -0.43). The HOMA-IR index in the control group increased (average increase: 0.54; range: -0.38 to 1.87). For the secondary outcomes of interest, the changes between these two groups also exhibited significant differences in eGFR (P = 0.041), cholesterol (P = 0.001), fasting insulin (P < 0.001), and fasting C-peptide (P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to angiotensin receptor blockers alone, the combination with probucol ameliorates IR in non-diabetic CKD patients and delays disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ri-Bao
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Meng-Jie
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Cui-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zi-Cheng
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Guang-Yan
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Chen
keywords: Chronic kidney disease; Insulin resistance; Probucol