title: Bone health after menopause.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews recent publications (January 2014-June 2015) on bone health and menopause.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent articles suggest that simple instruments, such as the osteoporosis self-assessment tool based on age and weight may identify women age 50-64 for bone mineral density (BMD) testing. Rescreening of women age 50-64 is not recommended because their overall risk of fracture is quite low. A novel risk factor for hip fracture among non-Caucasian women is socioeconomic status. Midlife women with low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (<20 ng/ml) have an increased risk of fracture over the menopausal transition and vitamin D supplementation is warranted. Wrist fractures are the most common fracture in women age 50-64. Women who experience a wrist fracture have an increased risk of subsequent fracture and should have a BMD scan. Results of studies using composite measures of femoral neck strength relative to load emphasize the need for osteoporotic research to move beyond BMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This recent research has provided new and important findings improving our understanding of osteoporosis during the menopausal transition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cauley
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D