title: Stroke Rehabilitation Using Virtual Environments.
abstract: This review covers the rationale, mechanisms, and availability of commercially available virtual environment-based interventions for stroke rehabilitation. It describes interventions for motor, speech, cognitive, and sensory dysfunction. Also discussed are the important features and mechanisms that allow virtual environments to facilitate motor relearning. A common challenge is the inability to translate success in small trials to efficacy in larger populations. The heterogeneity of stroke pathophysiology has been blamed, and experts advocate for the study of multimodal approaches. Therefore, this article also introduces a framework to help define new therapy combinations that may be necessary to address stroke heterogeneity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, 2123 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Cleveland FES Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10701 East Blvd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; MetroHealth Rehabilitation Institute, MetroHealth System, 4229 Pearl Road, Suite N5, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA. Electronic address: mjf24@case.edu.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Cleveland FES Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10701 East Blvd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; MetroHealth Rehabilitation Institute, MetroHealth System, 4229 Pearl Road, Suite N5, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Case Western Reserve University, 4229 Pearl Road, Suite N2, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA.
authors.forename: Jayme S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Knutson
authors.affiliation: Cleveland FES Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10701 East Blvd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; MetroHealth Rehabilitation Institute, MetroHealth System, 4229 Pearl Road, Suite N5, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Case Western Reserve University, 4229 Pearl Road, Suite N2, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, 309 Wickenden Bldg, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chae
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D006801:Humans; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D018910:Video Games
keywords: Hemiparesis; Motor relearning; Neuroplasticity; Stroke; Virtual reality