title: Current Assessment of Reciprocation in Endodontic Preparation: A Comprehensive Review-Part I: Historic Perspectives and Current Applications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the evolution of mechanical instrumentation in endodontics, an important role has been played by reciprocating stainless steel files using horizontal rotational, vertical translational, or combined movements. These kinds of systems are still in use mainly as an accessory to help in the first phases of the treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature concerning these systems has been analyzed using selected criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The latest evolution of horizontal rotational reciprocating movement brought to the development of a different kind of movement in which the angles are asymmetrical and that appears to be ideal in conjunction with modern nickel-titanium (NiTi) files with a greater taper. Initially, this movement was limited to particular handpieces available on the market that was used with existing NiTi files to complete root canal instrumentation. Later on, specific files and proprietary motors were introduced into the market. The differences between reciprocating motion used for NiTi and stainless steel files are described and critically analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A classification of the different mechanical reciprocating motions used is presented, thus enabling an easier understanding of these systems and anticipated future developments.
authors.affiliation: Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola Maria
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Grande
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hany Mohamed Aly
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Arthur A Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: UFR Odontologie de Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, France; Laboratoire Biologie Santé et Nanosciences, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bukiet
authors.affiliation: Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: endo@gianlucaplotino.com.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Plotino
mesh_terms: D003762:Dental Instruments; D004708:Endodontics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement; D019246:Tooth Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: nickel-titanium instruments; reciprocation; review; root canal preparation; stainless steel instruments