title: Sonographic Measurement of the Umbilical Cord and Its Vessels and Their Relation with Fetal Anthropometric Measurements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been established that presence of lean umbilical cord with reduced Wharton's jelly in sonographic scans is a fetal marker for risk of small for gestational age at birth. With improvement of ultrasound techniques, more studies have been investigating the alterations of the umbilical cord on pregnancy outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the reference ranges of the umbilical cord area during pregnancy and to find out the association between umbilical cord morphometry and fetal anthropometric measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional study was carried out on a study population of 278 low-risk pregnant women between 15 and 41 weeks of gestational age. Fetal anthropometric measurements including biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, and femur length were calculated. The measurements of the cross-sectional area (CSA) and circumference of the umbilical cord, vein and arteries were done on an adjacent plane to the insertion of umbilical cord into the fetus's abdomen. The mean and standard deviation of the CSA of the umbilical cord and the 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th, 95th percentiles of it were calculated for each gestational age. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between the measures of the cord and fetal anthropometric measurements. Polynomial regression analysis was performed for curves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The values of the CSA of the umbilical cord, umbilical vein and Wharton's jelly (WJ) increase consistently until 30 weeks of gestation, after which they reach a plateau. There was a significant correlation between anthropometric measurements and umbilical cord measurements especially with the CSA of the umbilical cord, umbilical vein and WJ. The regression equation for the umbilical cord CSA according to gestational age up to 30 weeks was y = -0.2159 x(2) + 23.828x-325.59 (R(2) = 0.6334) and for the WJ area according to gestational age up to 30 weeks, it was y = -0.2124 x (2) +17.613x-221.66 (R(2) = 0.4979).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reference ranges for umbilical cord CSA have been generated. The CSA of the umbilical cord and other components of it increase as a function of gestational age. These measurements correlate with fetal size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mahdieh Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sheida
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rostamzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mahdieh Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mojgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalantari
authors.affiliation: Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahriari
authors.affiliation: Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Madjid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shakiba
keywords: Fetus; Ultrasonography; Umbilical Cord