title: Immunomodulation: checkpoint blockade etc.
abstract: The immune microenvironment is considered a major obstacle to generating an effective antitumor immune response. Checkpoint inhibitors manipulate the co-stimulatory response between antigen-presenting cells and immune cells-or between the tumor and immune cells-to elicit an antitumor immune response that would have otherwise been suppressed. Checkpoint inhibitors have shown great promise in the clinics, and some inhibitors such as anti-CTLA-4 antibodies and anti-PD-1 antibodies have gained FDA approval for certain tumors. Here we will discuss the current state of checkpoint inhibitors, biomarker strategies, and management of associated toxicities in glioblastoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.T.C.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.T.C.); Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (M.L.).
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Curry
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.T.C.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.T.C.); Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (M.L.).
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects*; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*
keywords: biomarker; checkpoint blockade; clinical trial; glioblastoma; immunotherapy