title: Cross-cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Validity of the BICAMS in Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the reliability and validity of a Brazilian-Portuguese adaptation of the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A Brazilian sample of 58 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 58 healthy controls (HC) were administered the Brazilian-Portuguese BICAMS test battery, comprising the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), California Verbal Learning Test Second Edition (CVLT2), and the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test Revised (BVMTR). Mean differences between groups on BICAMS tests were assessed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for age, gender, education, anxiety, and depression. Test-retest data were obtained from 49 of the MS patients, two weeks after the initial assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MS patient group scored significantly lower on all BICAMS tests (CVLT2 F1,110 = 28.99, p < .001; BVMTR F1,110 = 7.77, p < .01; SDMT F1,110 = 21.09, p < .001). Mixed-factor ANCOVAs tested differences in learning curves across trials for CVLT2 and BVMTR. HCs had significantly steeper learning curves on both CVLT2 (F1,111 = 10.82, p < .01) and BVMTR (F1,110 = 7.816, p < .01). These findings support diagnostic validity of the Brazilian-Portuguese adaptation. Test-retest reliability was satisfactory for SDMT, CVLT2, and BVMTR (.86, .84, and .77, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that this Brazilian version of the BICAMS will be a valid and reliable measure once complete normative data become available.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience and Behavior Sciences , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP) , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Carina T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Spedo
authors.affiliation: b Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Seth E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Frndak
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience and Behavior Sciences , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP) , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: c Faculty of Philosophy , Languages and Literature, and Human Sciences (FFLCH) of the University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Foss
authors.affiliation: d Brazilian Institute of Neuropsychology and Cognitive Sciences (IBNeuro), Federal District , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Danilo A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: e Department of Psychology , University of São Francisco (USF) , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas de F
authors.initials: Lde F
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience and Behavior Sciences , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP) , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Guerreiro
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience and Behavior Sciences , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP) , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Conde
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience and Behavior Sciences , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP) , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fusco
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience and Behavior Sciences , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP) , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: f Department of Psychology , Federal University of the Recôncavo Baiano (UFRB) , Centro, Cruz das Almas , Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvana B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Gaino
authors.affiliation: c Faculty of Philosophy , Languages and Literature, and Human Sciences (FFLCH) of the University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: b Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Ralph H B
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Benedict
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience and Behavior Sciences , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP) , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Amilton A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Barreira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: BICAMS; Cognitive Assessment; Cultural Adaptation; Multiple Sclerosis; Neuropsychological Testing.