title: An Analysis of the Stress Induced in the Periodontal Ligament during Extrusion and Rotation Movements: A Finite Element Method Linear Study Part I.
abstract: Orthodontic tooth movement occurs due to various biomechanical changes in the periodontium. Forces within the optimal range yield maximum tooth movement with minimum deleterious effects. Among various types of tooth movements, extrusion and rotational movements are seen to be associated with the least amount of root resorption and have not been studied in detail. Therefore in this study, the stress patterns in the periodontal ligament (PDL) were evaluated with extrusion and rotational movements using the finite element method FEM.
  
  
  
  A three-dimensional (3D) FEM model of the maxillary incisors was generated using SOLIDWORKS modeling software. Stresses in the PDL were evaluated with extrusive and rotational movements by a 3D FEM using ANSYS software with linear material properties.
  
  
  
  It was observed that with the application of extrusive load, the tensile stresses were seen at the apex, whereas the compressive stress was distributed at the cervical margin. With the application of rotational movements, maximum compressive stress was distributed at the apex and cervical third, whereas the tensile stress was distributed on cervical third of the PDL on the lingual surface.
  
  
  
  For extrusive movements, stress values over the periodontal ligament was within the range of optimal stress value as proposed by Lee, with a given force system by Profitt as optimum forces for orthodontic tooth movement using linear properties. During rotation there are stresses concentrated at the apex, hence due to the concentration of the compressive forces at the apex a clinician must avoid placing heavy stresses during tooth movement.
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Science, Bengaluru Karnataka, India, Phone: 09845459666, e-mail: drhemanth@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hemanth
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Raghuveer
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics VS Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rani
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Science, Bengaluru Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Chathura
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hegde
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Science, Bengaluru Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Karthik J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kabbur
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vedavathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Science, Bengaluru Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chaithra
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007180:Incisor / Q000502:physiology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D050793:Orthodontic Extrusion / Q000379:methods*; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000502:physiology; D019237:Tooth Cervix / Q000502:physiology; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Extrusion; Finite element method; Linear analysis; Optimum force; Rotation