title: Entomopathogenic and plant pathogenic nematodes as opposing forces in agriculture.
abstract: Plant-parasitic nematodes are responsible for substantial damages within the agriculture industry every year, which is a challenge that has thus far gone largely unimpeded. Chemical nematicides have been employed with varying degrees of success, but their implementation can be cumbersome, and furthermore they could potentially be neutralising an otherwise positive effect from the entomopathogenic nematodes that coexist with plant-parasitic nematodes in soil environments and provide protection for plants against insect pests. Recent research has explored the potential of employing entomopathogenic nematodes to protect plants from plant-parasitic nematodes, while providing their standard degree of protection against insects. The interactions involved are highly complex, due to both the three-organism system and the assortment of variables present in a soil environment, but a strong collection of evidence has accumulated regarding the suppressive capacity of certain entomopathogenic nematodes and their mutualistic bacteria, in the context of limiting the infectivity of plant-parasitic nematodes. Specific factors produced by certain entomopathogenic nematode complexes during the process of insect infection appear to have a selectively nematicidal, or at least repellant, effect on plant-parasitic nematodes. Using this information, an opportunity has formed to adapt this relationship to large-scale, field conditions and potentially relieve the agricultural industry of one of its most substantial burdens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington DC 20052, United States.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kenney
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington DC 20052, United States. Electronic address: ioannise@gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eleftherianos
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000469:parasitology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007313:Insecta / Q000469:parasitology; D009348:Nematoda / Q000502:physiology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*
keywords: Entomopathogenic nematodes; Immunity; Infection; Parasitism; Plant parasitic nematodes