title: Smoking and wound complications after coronary artery bypass grafting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The harmful effects of smoking on the postsurgical wound healing disturbances have been widely investigated across various surgical procedures. These effects after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery have been less explored. We aimed to investigate the association of smoking and the wound healing problems in post-CABG patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the incidence of wound complications in 405 smokers and 405 nonsmokers who underwent an elective CABG surgery. The incidence of leg and sternal wound complications was evaluated during the first 7 d as well as at a 6-wk postoperative visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred fifty-six leg wound complications were noted in 132 patients (16.3%). The overall rate of leg wound healing disturbances was significantly higher in smokers than those in nonsmokers (odds ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.109-4.019; P = 0.010). The incidence rates of leg wound edge necrosis and dehiscence were significantly higher in smokers compared with those in nonsmokers (3.7% versus 0.7%, P = 0.004 and 6.6% versus 0.7%, P < 0.0001, respectively). We found no significant differences between the incidence of postoperative leg wound infection, hematoma, wound edema, and seroma in active smokers and those who never smoked. Thirty-seven postsurgical sternal wound complications (4.6%) were developed in 33 patients (4.1%). The overall rate of sternal wound healing disturbances was similar between smokers and nonsmokers. There was a trend between the sternal wound dehiscence and smoking (P = 0.03); however, the other sternal wound complications were not associated with smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking may contribute to the disturbances of wound healing, especially wound dehiscence, in post-CABG patients.
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Lung Transplantation Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: babaksharifkashani@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sharif-Kashani
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Payman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shahabi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Day General Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad-Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mandegar
authors.affiliation: Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saliminejad
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Behnood
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bikdeli
authors.affiliation: Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Lung Transplantation Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Behzadnia
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Gholamreza
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heydari
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hooman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sharifi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Savalan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aidanlou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007866:Leg; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013249:Sternum; D013529:Surgical Wound Dehiscence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D014945:Wound Healing
keywords: Coronary artery bypass surgery; Saphenous vein harvesting; Smoking; Sternotomy; Wound healing complication