title: Hemodynamic changes following injection of local anesthetics with different concentrations of epinephrine during simple tooth extraction: A prospective randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Presence of epinephrine in local anesthetic cartridge increases the duration of local anesthesia (LA), decreases the risk of toxicity, and provides hemostasis. However, the unfavorable effects are increasing heart rate (HR) and raising blood pressure (BP). The aim was to evaluate hemodynamic changes in the BP, HR, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) of normal patients undergoing tooth extraction using LA with various epinephrine concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted on 120 patients who were divided randomly into 3 parallel groups according to the LA received. Group 1: lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1:80,000 (L80). Group 2: articaine 4% with epinephrine 1:100,000 (A100). Group 3: articaine 4% with epinephrine 1:200,000 (A200).
  
  
  METHODS
  normal patients whose BP < 140/90.
  
  
  METHODS
  hypertension, cardiovascular disease, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, and allergy to LA. BP, HR, and (SpO2) were evaluated in 3 different time points: 3 minutes before LA, 3 minutes after LA, and 3 minutes after extraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systolic blood pressure (SBP) significantly increased after injection of L80 and continued after extraction to be significant than pre-injection. SBP significantly increased after injection of A100 then decreased after extraction. In the group of A200, SBP insignificantly decreased after injection then increased after extraction. The increasing of SBP between time point 1and 2 was significantly higher in G1 than G3 (p=0.014). Diastolic blood pressure decreased after LA in the 3 groups; however it was significant only with L80, then increased after extraction for all.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The changings of DBP, HR and SpO2 after anesthesia and extraction showed no significant difference among the three groups. However, A200 had significant lesser effect on SBP than L80 and the least effect on other parameters. Therefore, A200 is considered safer than L80 and A100 and is recommended for LA before teeth extraction in normal patient.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Local anesthesia, lidocaine, epinephrine 1:80,000, articaine, epinephrine 1:100,000, epinephrine 1:200,000, tooth extraction.
authors.affiliation: BDS. MSc. Lecturer in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Science Department, Dental Hospital (Namuthajia) Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Nedal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abu-Mostafa
authors.affiliation: BDS. Dental Intern, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Science Department, Dental Hospital (Namuthajia) Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Fatimah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Showaikhat
authors.affiliation: BDS. Dental Intern, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Science Department, Dental Hospital (Namuthajia) Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Fatimah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Shubbar
authors.affiliation: BDS. Dental Intern, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Science Department, Dental Hospital (Namuthajia) Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Kawther
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al-Zawad
authors.affiliation: BDS. Dental Intern, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Science Department, Dental Hospital (Namuthajia) Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Fatimah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Zawad