title: Determining the association between oral malodor and periodontal disease: A case control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the role of periodontal health in oral malodor causation and compare the two methods (organoleptic and Halimeter) of malodor measurement.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 240 subjects (60 subjects without any evidence of periodontal disease and 180 patients with gingivitis and periodontitis) were evaluated for periodontal and oral malodor parameters. Periodontal parameters included Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), mSBI, calculus component of OHIS, pocket depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL), and oral malodor was assessed by organoleptic scores, Halimeter readings, and Tongue Coating Index (TCI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  80% of the sample when assessed organoleptically (i.e. 192 subjects) and 74.6% when assessed with Halimeter (i.e. 179 subjects) presented with varying degrees of halitosis. All the clinical parameters were significantly associated with oral malodor (P < 0.001). The amount of tongue coating and bleeding on probing played the most important role in increasing VSC concentration, followed by periodontal status, plaque indices, and calculus component.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a high prevalence of halitosis in the present study population. All the clinical parameters were significantly related to oral malodor in this study, and the results indicate that determining VSC levels with Halimeter is a useful means of diagnosing halitosis objectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Appaiah Chowdary
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bolepalli
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Chandrashekar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Munireddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Srujankumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peruka
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Tejaswin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Polepalle
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Leela Subhashini
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Choudary Alluri
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Shiva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mishaeel
keywords: Halimeter; oral malodor; organoleptic assessment; tongue coating