title: The natural fenhexamid-resistant grey mould populations from strawberry in Zhejiang Province are dominated by Botrytis cinerea group S.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, a novel clade Botrytis cinerea group S was found to be common in B. cinerea populations from Germany and New Zealand. Fenhexamid, an effective antibotrytis fungicide, has not been registered in China, but our preliminary study detected fenhexamid-resistant (HydR) isolates from strawberry in Zhejiang Province.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genetic identification of 639 B. cinerea isolates from strawberry found that 331 (62.9%) belonged to B. cinerea group S. The frequency of HydR isolates ranged from 0 to 37.5% among the nine locations. Of the 74 HydR isolates, 71 were B. cinerea group S and moderately resistant to fenhexamid (HydR). Seven new mutations S9G, P57A, P269L, V365A, E368D, E375K and A378T in the target gene erg27 were reported for the first time. Sixty-two (83.8%) HydR isolates simultaneously carried P57A and A378T mutations, and further transformation assays showed that integration of one copy of erg27(P57A) (,) (A378T) into a wild-type strain led to partial resistance. Detached fruit studies showed that fenhexamid at the recommended field rate could control the disease incited by moderately resistant isolates but not by highly resistant isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  B. cinerea group S isolates are widespread in all strawberry-growing locations in Zhejiang Province. The natural HydR populations from strawberry are dominated by B. cinerea group S. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Dafang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Sisi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vegetable Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yanni
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Zhonghua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020171:Botrytis / Q000235:genetics*; D002681:China; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D031985:Fragaria / Q000382:microbiology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000382:microbiology; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D017354:Point Mutation
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; C451426:N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide
keywords: 3-keto reductase (erg27); B. cinerea group S; fenhexamid; grey mould; point mutations