title: Impact of Ultrasonic Activation on the Effectiveness of Sodium Hypochlorite: A Review.
abstract: Using ultrasonic devices in endodontics can enhance the antibacterial and tissue dissolving ability of different root canal irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) which is the most common irrigant with excellent antibacterial and tissue dissolving abilities. However, due to its high surface tension, its penetration into the irregularities of the root canal system is a challenge. The purpose of this paper was to review the different ultrasonic devices, different types of ultrasonic irrigation, the effect(s) of ultrasonic activation on the antibacterial and biofilm-removal abilities of NaOCl as well as the effect of ultrasonic activation on the smear layer removal ability of NaOCl.
authors.affiliation: Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; ; Iranian National Elites Foundation, Tehran, Iran;
authors.forename: Zahed
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.affiliation: Private Practitioner, Hamedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Sousan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shalavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Endodontology, Pharmacology and Microbiology, Dental School, University of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giardino
authors.affiliation: Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Palazzi
authors.affiliation: Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asgary
keywords: Antibacterial Activity; Biofilm; Root Canal Irrigants; Smear Layer; Sodium Hypochlorite; Ultrasonic Activation