title: Use of microsatellite and SNP markers for biotype characterization in Hessian fly.
abstract: Exploration of the biotype structure of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), would improve our knowledge regarding variation in virulence phenotypes and difference in genetic background. Microsatellites (simple sequence repeats) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are highly variable genetic markers that are widely used in population genetic studies. This study developed and tested a panel of 18 microsatellite and 22 SNP markers to investigate the genetic structure of nine Hessian fly biotypes: B, C, D, E, GP, L, O, vH9, and vH13. The simple sequence repeats were more polymorphic than the SNP markers, and their neighbor-joining trees differed in consequence. Microsatellites suggested a simple geographic association of related biotypes that did not progressively gain virulence with increasing genetic distance from a founder type. Use of the k-means clustering algorithm in the STRUCTURE program shows that the nine biotypes comprise six to eight populations that are related to geography or history within laboratory cultures.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Corresponding author, e-mail: bschemer@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Brandon J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Schemerhorn
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
authors.forename: Yan Ma
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
authors.forename: Sue E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Cambron
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Shukle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004175:Diptera / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D017344:Genes, Insect; D017343:Genes, Plant; D005819:Genetic Markers; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D004247:DNA
keywords: Hessian fly; biotype; microsatellite; single-nucleotide polymorphism