title: The relevance of food peak architecture in trophic interactions.
abstract: Phenological shifts and associated changes in the temporal match between trophic levels have been a major focus of the study of ecological consequences of climate change. Previously, the food peak has been thought to respond as an entity to warming temperatures. However, food peak architecture, that is, timings and abundances of prey species and the level of synchrony between them, determines the timing and shape of the food peak. We demonstrate this with a case example of three passerine prey species and their predator. We explored temporal trends in the timing, height, width, and peakedness of prey availabilities and explained their variation with food peak architecture and ambient temperatures of prebreeding and breeding seasons. We found a temporal match between the predator's breeding schedule and food availability. Temporal trends in the timing of the food peak or in the synchrony between the prey species were not found. However, the food peak has become wider and more peaked over time. With more peaked food availabilities, predator's breeding success will depend more on the temporal match between its breeding schedule and the food peak, ultimately affecting the timing of breeding in the predator population. The height and width of the food peak depended on the abundances and breeding season lengths of individual prey species and their reciprocal synchronies. Peakednesses of separate prey species' availability distributions alone explained the peakedness of the food peak. Timing and quantity of food production were associated with temperatures of various time periods with variable relevance in different prey species. Alternating abundances of early and late breeding prey species caused high annual fluctuation in the timing of the food peak. Interestingly, the food peak may become later even when prey species' schedules are advanced. Climate warming can thus produce unexpected changes in the food availabilities, intervening in trophic interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vatka
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orell
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rytkönen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057231:Climate Change; D005387:Finland; D020387:Food Chain; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012098:Reproduction; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Accipiter nisus; Cyanistes caeruleus; Parus major; Poecile montanus; climate change; phenology; synchrony; trophic match/mismatch