title: Splanchnic Hemodynamics and Intestinal Vascularity in Crohn's Disease: An In Vivo Evaluation Using Doppler and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound and Biochemical Parameters.
abstract: Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by inflammation and angiogenesis of affected bowel. We evaluated the correlation among vascularity of intestinal wall in CD, splanchnic hemodynamics, clinical activity and biochemical parameters of inflammation and angiogenesis. Sixteen patients with ileal CD and 10 healthy controls were investigated by means of Doppler ultrasound of the superior mesenteric artery and color Doppler and contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the ileal wall. In parallel, serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide, before and 30 min after a standard meal, were evaluated. In CD patients, there was a significant post-prandial reduction in the resistance index and pulsatility index of the superior mesenteric artery, associated with increased levels of nitric oxide and decreased amounts of TNF-α. A correlation was observed between vascular endothelial growth factor and contrast-enhanced ultrasound parameters of intestinal wall vascularity (r = 0.63-0.71, p < 0.05) and between these parameters and superior mesenteric artery blood flow after fasting (resistance and pulsatility indexes: r = -0.64 and -0.72, p < 0.05). Our results revealed a post-prandial increase in nitric oxide and decrease in TNF-α in CD patients in vivo. They also confirm the role of vascular endothelial growth factor in angiogenesis and in pathologic vascular remodeling of CD and its effect on splanchnic blood flow.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, "L.Sacco" University Hospital, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: giovanni.maconi@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maconi
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Asthana
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, "L.Sacco" University Hospital, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bolzacchini
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, "L.Sacco" University Hospital, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dell'Era
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, "L.Sacco" University Hospital, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Furfaro
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, "L.Sacco" University Hospital, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bezzio
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Salvatore
authors.affiliation: General Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, "L.Sacco" University Hospital, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Jeanette A M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Maier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D003287:Contrast Media; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D017538:Mesenteric Artery, Superior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Angiogenesis; Contrast-enhanced ultrasound; Crohn's disease; Splanchnic hemodynamics; Ultrasound; Vascular endothelial growth factor