title: High and Low Trait Anger, Angry Thoughts, and the Recognition of Anger Problems.
abstract: This research had two goals: (1) it tested hypotheses of the State-Trait Model of anger, and (2) it explored characteristics that may distinguish individuals with high trait anger who recognize problems with their anger from those who do not recognize anger problems. Regarding the first goal, findings supported three hypotheses tested. In particular, compared to those low in trait anger, individuals with high trait anger reported: (a) more intense anger (intensity hypothesis), p < .001, effect size (η(2)) = .109; (b) more thoughts involving pejorative labeling/denigration, p < .001, η(2) = .280, thoughts of revenge, p < .001, η(2) = .170, more outward, negative anger expression (anger-out), p < .001, η(2) = .229, and more physically aggressive expression, p < .001, η(2) = .046-.123, (aggression hypothesis); and (c) more anger suppression (anger-in), p < .001, η(2) = .231, and fewer thoughts of self-control, p < .001, η(2) = .088, and behavioral efforts to control angry feelings (anger control-in), p < .001, η(2) = .116, and behavior (anger control-out), p < .001, η(2) = .260 (reduced positive coping hypothesis). For the second goal we employed two types of individuals, both with high trait anger: those who identified anger as a personal problem and wanted help, and those who did not identify anger as a personal issue. As a result, compared to those who did not report anger problems, those who reported anger problems demonstrated a higher overall propensity to experience anger (i.e., higher trait anger), p < .01, η(2) = .028, greater anger suppression and harboring grudges (anger-in), p < .001, η(2) = .035, fewer thoughts of self-control, p < .05, η(2) = .015, and attempts to control their angry feelings (anger-control-in), p < .05, η(2) = .016, and behavior (anger-control-out), p < .001, η(2) = .054. Gender was not associated with trait anger or anger problem recognition. Findings were discussed in terms of State-Trait Theory and implications for anger interventions.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Iberoamericana Puebla (México).
authors.forename: Raúl J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9439-6293
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Alcázar-Olán
authors.affiliation: Colorado State University (USA).
authors.forename: Jerry L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Deffenbacher
authors.affiliation: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (México).
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hernández Guzmán
authors.affiliation: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (México).
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jurado Cárdenas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000502:physiology*; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology*; D019260:Expressed Emotion / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D010551:Personality / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013850:Thinking; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: aggression; anger; cognition