title: Howling at the moon? The effect of lunar phases on post-surgical pain outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many people are convinced that lunar phases influence their lives - despite the fact that a lot of studies have shown that this belief is wrong. In this article, we investigate the effect of lunar phases on acute post-surgical pain and on treatment-related side effects. We hypothesize that there is no influence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data for the study were collected in 2010 and 2011 in 10 international hospitals participating in the research project PAIN OUT. Hospitalized patients were asked for their pain after surgery and pain treatment side effects using numerical ratings scales from 0 to 10. We applied Kurskal-Wallis H-tests to find out if the four moon phases show significant differences in 14 outcome variables. Afterwards, we adjusted for age, gender and three tracer surgeries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 12,224 patient data sets were assessed. For most variables and sub-groups, there is no lunar effect on the observed outcome variables. The only items that show statistically significant differences are pain interference with sleep (p = 0.01) and drowsiness (p = 0.01). The only sub-groups that show statistically significant connections to lunar phases in some variables are men (7 out of 14 variables significant) and elderly people (4 out of 14 variables significant).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even in the statistically significant sub-groups, the differences are small and only show up in some variables. We conclude that lunar phases have no effect on post-surgical pain or its side effects. The hypothesis holds. Thus, there is no reason for patients to postpone surgeries or to fear surgeries on any given date.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komann
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weinmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Meissner
keywords: Post-operative pain; acute pain; lunar phases; moon phases; pain side effects; surgery outcome