title: cStress: Towards a Gold Standard for Continuous Stress Assessment in the Mobile Environment.
abstract: Recent advances in mobile health have produced several new models for inferring stress from wearable sensors. But, the lack of a gold standard is a major hurdle in making clinical use of continuous stress measurements derived from wearable sensors. In this paper, we present a stress model (calledcStress) that has been carefully developed with attention to every step of computational modeling including data collection, screening, cleaning, filtering, feature computation, normalization, and model training. More importantly, cStress was trained using data collected from a rigorous lab study with 21 participants and validated on two independently collected data sets - in a lab study on 26 participants and in a week-long field study with 20 participants. In testing, the model obtains a recall of 89% and a false positive rate of 5% on lab data. On field data, the model is able to predict each instantaneous self-report with an accuracy of 72%.
authors.affiliation: Troy University.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hovsepian
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota Medical School.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: al'Absi
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University.
authors.forename: Emre
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ertin
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamarck
authors.affiliation: University of Memphis.
authors.forename: Motohiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
keywords: Stress; mobile health (mHealth); modeling; wearable sensors