title: A virtual ward for home hemodialysis patients - a pilot trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have a high rate of hospitalization and are prone to care gaps that may occur during the transition from hospital to home. The virtual ward (VW) is an innovative model that provides short-term transitional care to patients upon hospital discharge. The VW may be an effective intervention to address care gaps.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of the pilot study was to assess the feasibility and practicality of implementing the Home Dialysis VW (HDVW) on a broader scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  The HDVW Pilot Study enrolled home hemodialysis patients following one of four inclusion criteria: 1. Discharge from hospital, 2. Completion of an in-hospital medical procedure, 3. Prescription of an antibiotic, 4. Completion of home hemodialysis training. Patients were followed in the HDVW for 14 days and during this time were assessed serially with a clinician-led telephone interview for one of three transitional care gaps: 1. Requirement for change in hemodialysis prescription, 2. Requirement for coordination of follow-up care, 3. Requirement for medication change.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in Toronto, Ontario, Canada at a quaternary care academic teaching hospital from 2012-2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 52 HDVW admissions among 35 patients selected from the existing home hemodialysis program.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was the identification of the number of care gaps at each HDVW admission. Secondary outcomes included the identification of potential predictors of care gaps and description of clinical adverse events following HDVW admission (readmissions, emergency department visits, unplanned visits to the home hemodialysis in-center).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The implementation and execution of the HDVW Pilot Study proved to be technically feasible and practical. A care gap was identified in 35 (67 %) of the HDVW admissions. In total, the cohort experienced 85 care gaps. There were no baseline demographic characteristics predictive of experiencing a care gap. In the total cohort observed for 2912 patient days, there were 9 readmissions, 13 visits to the emergency department, and 7 unplanned visits to the home hemodialysis in-center unit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study are limited by the small study size and single-center experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implementation of a virtual ward for home hemodialysis patients is practical, feasible and identifies many care gaps which have the potential to result in subsequent adverse events. A larger, multi-center prospective clinical trial is justified to identify if the HDVW can prevent adverse events among home dialysis patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital - University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Raphael
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC Canada.
authors.forename: Annie-Claire
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Nadeau-Fredette
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Dalhousie University/Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS Canada.
authors.forename: Karthik K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Tennankore
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital - University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Chan
keywords: Care gaps; Emergency department visits; Home hemodialysis; Readmissions; Virtual ward