title: A Mobile Phone App for Dietary Intake Assessment in Adolescents: An Evaluation Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a great need for dietary assessment methods that suit the adolescent lifestyle and give valid intake data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a mobile phone app and evaluate its ability to assess energy intake (EI) and total energy expenditure (TEE) compared with objectively measured TEE. Furthermore, to investigate the impact of factors on reporting accuracy of EI, and to compare dietary intake with a Web-based method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants 14 to 16 years of age were recruited from year nine in schools in Gothenburg, Sweden. In total, 81 adolescents used the mobile phone app over 1 to 6 days. TEE was measured with the SenseWear Armband (SWA) during the same or proximate days. Individual factors were assessed with a questionnaire. A total of 15 participants also recorded dietary intake using a Web-based method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mobile phone app underestimated EI by 29% on a group level (P<.001) compared to TEE measured with the SWA, and there was no significant correlation between EI and TEE. Accuracy of EI relative to TEE increased with a weekend day in the record (P=.007) and lower BMI z-score (P=.001). TEE assessed with the mobile phone app was 1.19 times the value of TEE measured by the SWA on a group level (P<.001), and the correlation between the methods was .75 (P<.001). Analysis of physical activity levels (PAL) from the mobile phone app stratified by gender showed that accuracy of the mobile phone app was higher among boys. EI, nutrients, and food groups assessed with the mobile phone app and Web-based method among 15 participants were not significantly different and several were significantly correlated, but strong conclusions cannot be drawn due to the low number of participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By using a mobile phone dietary assessment app, on average 71% of adolescents' EI was captured. The accuracy of reported dietary intake was higher with lower BMI z-score and if a weekend day was included in the record. The daily question in the mobile phone app about physical activity could accurately rank the participants' TEE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Åsa
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6427-206X
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Christel
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5785-0271
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larsson
keywords: SenseWear Armband; adolescents; dietary assessment; energy; mobile phone app