title: Treatment of Cancer Pain by Targeting Cytokines.
abstract: Inflammation is one of the most important causes of the majority of cancer symptoms, including pain, fatigue, cachexia, and anorexia. Cancer pain affects 17 million people worldwide and can be caused by different mediators which act in primary efferent neurons directly or indirectly. Cytokines can be aberrantly produced by cancer and immune system cells and are of particular relevance in pain. Currently, there are very few strategies to control the release of cytokines that seems to be related to cancer pain. Nevertheless, in some cases, targeted drugs are available and in use for other diseases. In this paper, we aim to review the importance of cytokines in cancer pain and targeted strategies that can have an impact on controlling this symptom.
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, Santa Maria Hospital, Northern Lisbon Hospital Center, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vendrell
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, Santa Maria Hospital, Northern Lisbon Hospital Center, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.affiliation: Costa Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alho
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, Santa Maria Hospital, Northern Lisbon Hospital Center, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Dionísio
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, Santa Maria Hospital, Northern Lisbon Hospital Center, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal ; Costa Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007249:Inflammation; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*; D009476:Neurons, Efferent / Q000378:metabolism; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D019332:Endothelin-1; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2