title: Seizing the strategic opportunities of emerging technologies by building up innovation system: monoclonal antibody development in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), as an emerging technology, have become increasingly important in the development of human therapeutic agents. How developing countries such as China could seize this emerging technological opportunity remains a poorly studied issue in prior literature. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the research and development of mAbs in China based on an innovation system functions approach and probes into the question of how China has been taking advantage of emerging technologies to overcome its challenges of building up a complete innovation system in developing mAbs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mixed research methods were applied by combining archival data and field interviews. Archival data from the China Food and Drug Administration, Web of Science, the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, and the National Science and Technology Report Service were used to examine the status quo of the technology and research and development (R&D) activities in China, while the opinions of researchers and managers in this field were synthesized from the interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the perspective of innovation system functions, technological development of mAb in China is being driven by incentives such as the subsidies from the State and corporate R&D funding. Knowledge diffusion has been well served over the last 10 years through exchanging information on networks and technology transfer with developed countries. The State has provided clear guidance on search of emerging mAb technologies. Legitimacy of mAb in China has gained momentum owing to the implementation of government policies stipulated in the "The Eleventh Five-year Plan" in 2007, as well as national projects such as the "973 Program" and "863 Program", among others. The potential of market formation stays high because of the rising local demand and government support. Entrepreneurial activities for mAb continue to prosper. In addition, the situation of resource supply has been improved with the support of the State.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study finds that a complete innovation system for mAb has begun to take shape in China. MAb innovators in China are capitalizing on this emerging technological opportunity to participate in the global drive of developing the value chain for the innovative drug. In the long run, the build-up of the research system for mAb in China could bring about more driving forces to the mAb innovation system.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Room 2057, Building N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China. mollycheung1212@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Mao-Yu
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Arts and Humanity, University of Macau, Macao, China. jamesli@umac.mo.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Room 2057, Building N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China. haohu@umac.mo.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Room 2057, Building N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China. ytwang@umac.mo.
authors.forename: Yi-Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D035843:Biomedical Research; D020811:Biomedical Technology; D002681:China; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D004345:Drug Industry; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal