title: Stereoscopic Integrated Imaging Goggles for Multimodal Intraoperative Image Guidance.
abstract: We have developed novel stereoscopic wearable multimodal intraoperative imaging and display systems entitled Integrated Imaging Goggles for guiding surgeries. The prototype systems offer real time stereoscopic fluorescence imaging and color reflectance imaging capacity, along with in vivo handheld microscopy and ultrasound imaging. With the Integrated Imaging Goggle, both wide-field fluorescence imaging and in vivo microscopy are provided. The real time ultrasound images can also be presented in the goggle display. Furthermore, real time goggle-to-goggle stereoscopic video sharing is demonstrated, which can greatly facilitate telemedicine. In this paper, the prototype systems are described, characterized and tested in surgeries in biological tissues ex vivo. We have found that the system can detect fluorescent targets with as low as 60 nM indocyanine green and can resolve structures down to 0.25 mm with large FOV stereoscopic imaging. The system has successfully guided simulated cancer surgeries in chicken. The Integrated Imaging Goggle is novel in 4 aspects: it is (a) the first wearable stereoscopic wide-field intraoperative fluorescence imaging and display system, (b) the first wearable system offering both large FOV and microscopic imaging simultaneously,
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mela
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.affiliation: John H. Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Papay
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D003867:Depth Perception; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*