title: Optimization of Neuromodulation for Bladder Control in a Rat Cystitis Model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a bladder overactivity model of cystitis induced by intravesical infusion of acetic acid (a.a.), several parameters of spinal nerve stimulation (SNS) were optimized using continuous infusion cystometry. The optimal stimulation was further characterized through measurements of urodynamic function using single-fill cystometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  In anesthetized male rats, a cannula was placed into the bladder dome for saline or 0.3% a.a. infusion and intravesical pressure monitoring. For SNS, two teflon-coated stainless steel electrodes were placed bilaterally under each of the L6 spinal nerves, and current stimulation was controlled independently using two Grass stimulators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimulation of 1 Hz or 50 Hz at motor threshold (Tmot ) was ineffective for altering bladder activities, but 10-Hz SNS increased the infused volume (IV) in a stimulation intensity-dependent fashion (P < 0.01, mixed model repeated analysis). Pairwise comparisons of IV differences to each stimulation intensity show that IV during 1 × Tmot stimulation was significantly larger than 0 × Tmot (no stim, P = 0.001), while the IV during 2 × Tmot stimulation was significantly larger than other intensities tested (P < 0.01). The mean IV (±SEM) during 0 × Tmot (no stim), 0.5 × Tmot , 1 × Tmot , and 2 × Tmot were 0.23 ± 0.04 mL, 0.25 ± 0.03 mL, 0.26 ± 0.03 mL, and 0.40 ± 0.04 mL, respectively. In single-fill cystometry, 10-Hz SNS at 1 × Tmot and 2 × Tmot stimulation increased the IV, or voiding duration and threshold pressure. SNS did not produce significant effects on basal pressure and micturition pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SNS significantly attenuates hypersensitive micturition reflex; 10 Hz and high-intensity stimulation are mostly effective. Acute peripheral nerve activation increases the functional bladder capacity, which may be via mechanisms on the afferent arm of the bladder micturition reflex.
authors.affiliation: Neuromodulation Research, Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Physiological Research Laboratories, Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nickles
authors.affiliation: Neuromodulation Research, Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Dwight E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001703:Biophysics; D003556:Cystitis / Q000150:complications*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Bladder; cystitis; cystometry; electrical stimulation; optimal parameter