title: Speciation and source identification of organic compounds in PM₁₀ over Seoul, South Korea.
abstract: Seventy three individual organic compounds in the atmospheric particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to a nominal 10 μm (PM10) over Seoul were identified and quantified from April 2010 to April 2011 using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These organic compounds were classified into five groups, n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mono-carboxylic acids, di-carboxylic acids (DCAs), and sugars based on their chemical structures and properties. The organic compounds showed higher seasonal average concentrations from fall to winter than from spring to summer due to source strength, except some organic compounds among mono-carboxylic acids, DCAs, sugars such as undecanoic acid, methylmalonic acid, and fructose. Through qualitative data analysis using seasonal concentration variations and relevant diagnostic parameters, it was found that (1) anthropogenic sources such as combustion of fossil fuel and biomass burning attributed more to the formation of the organic aerosols than biogenic sources, and (2) the ambient level of n-alkanes, PAHs, and some compounds of DCAs and sugars was elevated in winter due to the increased primary emissions and larger transport from outside of the organic compounds in winter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea.
authors.forename: Na Rae
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Renewable Energy Convergence, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea.
authors.forename: Se Pyo
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Renewable Energy Convergence, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Yi
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department Health Management, Kyungin Women's College, Incheon 407-740, South Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Hoon
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea. Electronic address: yong@ewha.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yong Pyo
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D018533:Biomass; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005579:Fossil Fuels / Q000032:analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D012621:Seasons; D066106:Seoul
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Dicarboxylic acids; Mono-carboxylic acids; Organic aerosols; Polycyclic aromatic carbons; Seoul; Sugars; n-Alkanes