title: Mitigation of micropollutants for black water application in agriculture via composting of anaerobic sludge.
abstract: The excess sludge from Up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor operated on source separated toilet wastewater is a potential source of nutrients and organic matter. It can be further stabilized and dried by composting and applied as a soil amendment. Presence of pathogens, heavy metals and micropollutants in the compost derived from anaerobic sludge is thus undesirable. This paper focuses on removal of micropollutants, typically present in domestic wastewater, via composting of UASB sludge with waste wood. Estrone, diclofenac, ibuprofen, metoprolol, carbamazepine, galaxolide and triclosan were spiked to a mixture of UASB sludge and waste wood. Their concentrations were monitored during 92 days of composting at controlled temperature conditions. All studied micropollutants were removed at various rates with overall removal ranging from 99.9% for ibuprofen, diclofenac and estrone to 87.8% for carbamazepine. Accumulation of methyltriclosan as by-product of triclosan degradation was observed. The prospects and limitations of the integration of a composting process into Source Separated Sanitation concepts are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wetsus, Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: andrii.butkovskyi@wur.nl.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Butkovskyi
authors.affiliation: Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Wetsus, Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hernandez Leal
authors.affiliation: Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H H M
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Rijnaarts
authors.affiliation: Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zeeman
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen; D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Biodegradation; Composting; Personal care products; Pharmaceuticals; Source separated sanitation