title: Dietary ALA from Spinach Enhances Liver n-3 Fatty Acid Content to Greater Extent than Linseed Oil in Mice Fed Equivalent Amounts of ALA.
abstract: Although several works have reported absorption rate differences of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) bound to different lipid forms, such as ethyl ester, triacylglycerol (TAG), and phospholipids, no studies have investigated the effect of n-3 PUFA from glycolipids (GL). The present study compared the fatty acid contents of tissue and serum lipids from normal C57BL/6J mice fed two types of α-linolenic acid (ALA)-rich lipids, spinach lipid (SPL), and linseed oil (LO). ALA was primarily present as the GL form in SPL, while it existed as TAG in LO. Supplementation of both lipids increased ALA and its n-3 metabolites, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid, and decreased n-6 PUFA, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, in the livers, small intestines, and sera of the treated mice compared with those of the control group. When the comparison between the SPL and LO diets containing the same amount of ALA was conducted, the EPA and DPA levels in the liver lipids from mice fed the SPL diet were significantly higher than those fed the LO diet. Additionally, the total contents of n-3 PUFA of lipids from the livers, small intestines, and sera of the SPL group were higher than those of the LO group.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bio-functional Material Chemistry, Division of Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuroe
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bio-functional Material Chemistry, Division of Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamogawa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bio-functional Material Chemistry, Division of Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bio-functional Material Chemistry, Division of Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan. kmiya@fish.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyashita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000737:chemistry*; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D008043:Linseed Oil
keywords: Arachidonic acid; Docosapentaenoic acid; Eicosapentaenoic acid; Glycolipids; α-Linolenic acid absorption