title: Pitfalls associated with open reduction and internal fixation of fractured ribs.
abstract: Rib fracture is exceedingly common and remains a leading cause of death in patients with chest injury. Probability of death increases by 19% with each broken rib, and the probability of death increases further with age. Treatment is centered on pain control and early mobilization to provide adequate pulmonary hygiene. Multimodality interventions, such as incentive spirometry, postural changes, and coughing, are pivotal in minimizing the risk of pneumonia and death. Recently, many studies have found mortality benefit to operation fixation (ORIF) of ribs in select patients. However, this procedure remains underutilized partly due to lack of familiarity with its technique and pitfalls by trauma surgeons, in particular. Whereas there are publications on operative technique, there are no studies describing pitfalls associated with this procedure. The purpose of this paper is to describe pitfalls on the technical aspects of ORIF of the ribs based on the medical literature where possible and based on our experience in instances where peer reviewed evidence is lacking. The paper is not meant to serve as a protocol for managing rib fractures.
authors.affiliation: Center for Trauma and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, George Washington University. Electronic address: bsarani@mfa.gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarani
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, George Washington University.
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.affiliation: Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland.
authors.forename: Jose J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Diaz
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D000070799:Open Fracture Reduction / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D012253:Rib Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Flail chest; ORIF; Plating; Rib fracture