title: Three-dimensional assessment of facial asymmetry: A systematic review.
abstract: For patients with facial asymmetry, complete and precise diagnosis, and surgical treatments to correct the underlying cause of the asymmetry are significant. Conventional diagnostic radiographs (submento-vertex projections, posteroanterior radiography) have limitations in asymmetry diagnosis due to two-dimensional assessments of three-dimensional (3D) images. The advent of 3D images has greatly reduced the magnification and projection errors that are common in conventional radiographs making it as a precise diagnostic aid for assessment of facial asymmetry. Thus, this article attempts to review the newly introduced 3D tools in the diagnosis of more complex facial asymmetries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, KSR Institute of Dental Science and Research, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Gopi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Akhil
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, KSR Institute of Dental Science and Research, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kullampalayam Palanisamy
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Senthil Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, KSR Institute of Dental Science and Research, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Subramani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raja
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, KSR Institute of Dental Science and Research, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kumaresan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Janardhanan
keywords: Diagnostic errors; facial asymmetry; reference plane; soft-tissue analysis; three-dimensional assessment