title: The toxic effects of ammonia exposure on antioxidant and immune responses in Rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii during thermal stress.
abstract: Rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii (mean weight 14.53 ± 1.14 cm, and mean weight 38.36 ± 3.45 g) were exposed for 4 weeks (2 weeks and 4 weeks) with the different levels of ammonia in the concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0mg/L at 19 and 24°C. The ammonia exposure induced significant alterations in antioxidant responses. The activities of SOD, CAT, and GST were considerably increased by the ammonia exposure depending on water temperature, whereas the GSH level was notably decreased after 2 and 4 weeks. In the stress indicators, the cortisol and HSP 70 were significantly elevated by the exposure to ammonia depending on water temperature. In innate immune responses, the phagocytosis and lysozyme activity were notably decreased by ammonia exposure depending on water temperature after 2 and 4 weeks. The results suggest that ammonia exposure depending on water temperature can induce the considerable alterations in antioxidant responses, stress, and immune inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Shin-Hu
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jun-Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Aquatic life disease control division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-902, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Myoung-Ae
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Aquatic life disease control division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-902, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong Don
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jckang@pknu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ju-Chan
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010473:Perciformes / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D000641:Ammonia
keywords: Ammonia; Immune responses; Oxidative stress; Rockfish