title: RETRACTED:Betulinic acid downregulates expression of oxidative stress-induced lipoprotein lipase via the PKC/ERK/c-Fos pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages.
abstract: This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal).
  
  This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief.
  
  Concerns raised by Dr. Sander Kersten in PubPeer pointed out that Figures 6.1B and 6.2B of this paper were different figures but the legends and Western blots were identical; the quantification was also seen to be different between the two figures. Shortly afterwards, the authors asked to publish a corrigendum for part B of Figure 6.1, including images of western blots and associated bar plots. Subsequently, the journal conducted an investigation and found evidence that there had been improper manipulation and duplication of images in Figures 2 E, 6.2 B, 5 A and and 6.2 D, as shown by the reuse of several western blot bands with approximately 180° rotation in each case. After raising the complaint with the authors, the corresponding author agreed that the paper should be retracted.
  
  The authors apologise to the readers of the journal.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Yongzhou Vocational and Technical College, Yongzhou, Hunan 425000, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
authors.forename: Yun-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; School of Nursing, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
authors.forename: Ping-Ping
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Yan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of South, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
authors.forename: Gan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Feng
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Xi-Long
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China. Electronic address: wdy20042004@126.com.
authors.forename: Wei-Dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China. Electronic address: tangchaoke@qq.com.
authors.forename: Chao-Ke
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004794:Enzyme Repression / Q000187:drug effects*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D066292:Lipid Droplets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008071:Lipoprotein Lipase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016877:Oxidants / Q000633:toxicity; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D034622:RNA Interference; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000094062:Betulinic Acid
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D016877:Oxidants; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014315:Triterpenes; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D008071:Lipoprotein Lipase; D000094062:Betulinic Acid
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Betulinic acid; LPL; Oxidative stress