title: Trends in the Surgical Correction of Gynecomastia.
abstract: Gynecomastia refers to the enlargement of the male breast due to a proliferation of ductal, stromal, and/or fatty tissue. Although it is a common condition affecting up to 65% of men, not all cases require surgical intervention. Contemporary surgical techniques in the treatment of gynecomastia have become increasingly less invasive with the advent of liposuction and its variants, including power-assisted and ultrasound-assisted liposuction. These techniques, however, have been largely limited in their inability to address significant skin excess and ptosis. For mild to moderate gynecomastia, newer techniques using arthroscopic morcellation and endoscopic techniques promise to address the fibrous component, while minimizing scar burden by utilizing liposuction incisions. Nevertheless, direct excision through periareolar incisions remains a mainstay in treatment algorithms for its simplicity and avoidance of additional instrumentation. This is particularly true for more severe cases of gynecomastia requiring skin resection. In the most severe cases with significant skin redundancy and ptosis, breast amputation with free nipple grafting remains an effective option. Surgical treatment should be individualized to each patient, combining techniques to provide adequate resection and optimize aesthetic results.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Rodger H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siy
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Friedman
keywords: gynecomastia; gynecomastia review; gynecomastia techniques; surgical treatment of gynecomastia