title: Challenges in carrier-mediated intracellular delivery: moving beyond endosomal barriers.
abstract: The deployment of molecular to microscale carriers for intracellular delivery has tremendous potential for biology and medicine, especially for in vivo therapies. The field remains limited, however, by a poor understanding of how carriers gain access to the cell interior. In this review, we provide an overview of the different types of carriers, their speculated modes of entry, putative pathways of vesicular transport, and sites of endosomal escape. We compare this alongside pertinent examples from the cell biology of how viruses, bacteria, and their effectors enter cells and escape endosomal confinement. We anticipate insights into the mechanisms of cellular entry and endosomal escape will benefit future research efforts on effective carrier-mediated intracellular delivery. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:465-478. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1377 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
authors.affiliation: The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.|Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Martin P
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4112-6622
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, OSU/OHSU College of Pharmacy, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.affiliation: The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dahlman
authors.affiliation: The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.|Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, OSU/OHSU College of Pharmacy, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sahay
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011992:Endosomes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers