title: Optimization of Extraction Condition of Bee Pollen Using Response Surface Methodology: Correlation between Anti-Melanogenesis, Antioxidant Activity, and Phenolic Content.
abstract: Bee pollen is flower pollen with nectar and salivary substances of bees and rich in essential components. Bee pollen showed antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity in our assay system. To maximize the antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of bee pollen, extraction conditions, such as extraction solvent, extraction time, and extraction temperature, were optimized using response surface methodology. Regression analysis showed a good fit of this model and yielded the second-order polynomial regression for tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidant activity. Among the extraction variables, extraction solvent greatly affected the activity. The optimal condition was determined as EtOAc concentration in MeOH, 69.6%; temperature, 10.0 °C; and extraction time, 24.2 h, and the tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activity under optimal condition were found to be 57.9% and 49.3%, respectively. Further analysis showed the close correlation between activities and phenolic content, which suggested phenolic compounds are active constituents of bee pollen for tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidant activity. Taken together, these results provide useful information about bee pollen as cosmetic therapeutics to reduce oxidative stress and hyperpigmentation.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea. suntiger85@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Seon Beom
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea. qow0125@naver.com.
authors.forename: Yang Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea. liuqing7115@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea. zzonggoo07@naver.com.
authors.forename: Jong Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Chonbuk 54875, Korea. iphong20@korea.kr.
authors.forename: In Pyo
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Chonbuk 54875, Korea. sangmih@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Sang Mi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea. byhwang@chungbuk.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Bang Yeon
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea. mklee@chungbuk.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Mi Kyeong
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001516:Bees; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase
keywords: bee pollen; melanogenesis; optimization; oxidative stress; phenolic content; response surface methodology