title: Combined Treatments with Photodynamic Therapy for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer.
abstract: Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common form of cancer in the Caucasian population. Among NMSC types, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) has the highest incidence and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is less common although it can metastasize, accounting for the majority of NMSC-related deaths. Treatment options for NMSC include both surgical and non-surgical modalities. Even though surgical approaches are most commonly used to treat these lesions, Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has the advantage of being a non-invasive option, and capable of field treatment, providing optimum cosmetic outcomes. Numerous clinical research studies have shown the efficacy of PDT for treating pre-malignant and malignant NMSC. However, resistant or recurrent tumors appear and sometimes become more aggressive. In this sense, the enhancement of PDT effectiveness by combining it with other therapeutic modalities has become an interesting field in NMSC research. Depending on the characteristics and the type of tumor, PDT can be applied in combination with immunomodulatory (Imiquimod) and chemotherapeutic (5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, diclofenac, or ingenol mebutate) agents, inhibitors of some molecules implicated in the carcinogenic process (COX2 or MAPK), surgical techniques, or even radiotherapy. These new strategies open the way to a wider improvement of the prevention and eradication of skin cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autónoma University, 28049 Madrid, Spain. silvialucenablas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Silvia Rocío
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lucena
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autónoma University, 28049 Madrid, Spain. nerea.salazar@estudiante.uam.es.
authors.forename: Nerea
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.affiliation: Unit of Dermatology, Barbastro Hospital, 22300 Barbastro, Spain. tamara_gracia@hotmail.com.|Aragón Health Sciences Institute, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. tamara_gracia@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gracia-Cazaña
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autónoma University, 28049 Madrid, Spain. aliszm@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zamarrón
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Medical Divisions, University of Alcalá, 28801 Madrid, Spain. gonzals6@mskcc.org.|Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10022, USA. gonzals6@mskcc.org.
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autónoma University, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ángeles
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Juarranz
authors.affiliation: Aragón Health Sciences Institute, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. ygilaberte@salud.aragon.es.|Unit of Dermatology, San Jorge Hospital, 22005 Huesca, Spain. ygilaberte@salud.aragon.es.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gilaberte
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents
keywords: Bowen disease; actinic keratosis; aminolevulinic acid; basal cell carcinoma; methyl-aminolevulinic acid; photodynamic therapy; squamous cell carcinoma; tumor resistance