title: Resilience in the General Population: Standardization of the Resilience Scale (RS-11).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objectives of the study were to generate normative data for the RS-11 for different age groups for men and women and to further investigate the construct validity and factor structure in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationally representative face-to face household surveys were conducted in Germany in 2006 (n = 5,036).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normative data for the RS-11 were generated for men and women (53.7% female) and different age levels (mean age (SD) of 48.4 (18.0) years). Men had significantly higher mean scores compared with women (60.0 [SD = 10.2] vs. 59.3 [SD = 11.0]). Results of CFA supported a one-factor model of resilience. Self-esteem (standardized β = .50) and life satisfaction (standardized β =.20) were associated with resilience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The normative data provide a framework for the interpretation and comparisons of resilience with other populations. Results demonstrate a special importance of self-esteem in the understanding of resilience.
authors.affiliation: Institute and Policlinic for Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Rüya-Daniela
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Kocalevent
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Faculty of Applied Human Studies, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg and Stendal, Stendal, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zenger
authors.affiliation: Institute and Policlinic for Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heinen
authors.affiliation: Institute and Policlinic for Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dwinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Universal Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Rhinland-Palatinate, Germany.
authors.forename: Elmar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brähler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000592:standards*; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires