title: Association of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome with Clinical Outcomes of Pediatric Patients with Pneumonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) may complicate pneumonia. When present, it suggests that the patient's pneumonia is more severe. As such, recognition of SIRS among patients with pneumonia may be helpful in identifying those requiring more careful evaluation. Our objective was to examine the relation between the presence of SIRS and adverse clinical outcomes among children with pneumonia seen in the emergency department (ED).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was performed on children diagnosed as having community-acquired pneumonia who presented to a children's hospital ED during a 3-month period. SIRS was determined by using a modification of the International Consensus Conference on Pediatric Sepsis criteria. Specifically, the SIRS criteria require an abnormal temperature-corrected heart rate or respiratory rate and either an abnormal temperature or white blood cell count. The threshold for abnormal vital signs and white blood cell counts used to determine SIRS was adjusted based on the patient's age. Morbidity endpoints included progression to inpatient or observation status or subsequent return to the ED for pneumonia, need for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, and total hospital length of stay as measured from ED triage assessment to final discharge from the hospital (ED, observation, or inpatient), and the need for mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 276 children were included in the analysis. Pneumonia patients with SIRS (n = 38) had a greater rate of hospital admission or ED return compared with SIRS-negative patients (n = 238; 79% vs 34.5%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Children with SIRS-positive pneumonia were at greater risk of requiring video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (18.4% vs 0.8%; P < 0.0001). In addition, pneumonia patients with SIRS had a significantly longer median length of stay compared with pneumonia patients without SIRS (2.7 vs 0.19 days, P < 0.0001) and also had a significantly higher risk of mechanical ventilation (10.5% vs 0.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SIRS in children with community-acquired pneumonia is associated with a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing a more adverse outcome. Based on these observations, a sepsis screening tool in the ED that identifies SIRS in children with pneumonia has the potential to identify those children needing more intense monitoring and treatment.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters/Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk.
authors.forename: Steven Barron
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters/Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sepanski
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters/Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mangum
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters/Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bovat
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters/Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk.
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaritsky
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters/Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk.
authors.forename: Sandip
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Godambe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology