title: Posttraumatic Growth in Populations with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-A Systematic Review on Growth-Related Psychological Constructs and Biological Variables.
abstract: Posttraumatic growth (PTG) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are possible consequences of trauma. PTG is supposed to emerge from cognitive processes and can have functional and dysfunctional aspects. This systematic review aims to identify and evaluate publications assessing PTG in adults diagnosed with PTSD in order to analyse the relationship between both constructs, how PTG is related to specific psychological variables and if there are biological variables linked to PTG. This extended review evaluates the quality of measures applied and is the first to study PTG only in populations meeting full PTSD criteria. In addition, the relationship between PTG and other relevant constructs, such as openness, optimism and social support, is explored. Our systematic literature search identified 140 studies of which 19 fulfilled our inclusion criteria; most of them used the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory. Results indicate that trauma survivors with PTSD exhibit more PTG than those without PTSD and that PTG can be intensified during the therapeutic process whereat it is unclear whether PTG is a desirable outcome of PTSD therapy. Positive correlations between PTG and PTSD are reported. For diagnosed populations, we could not find strong evidence of a quadratic relationship between PTG and PTSD, although some studies support this hypothesis. Findings regarding the association of PTG with psychological variables are heterogeneous. Only one study focused on PTG as well as on biological variables (salivary cortisol) but did not discuss possible links between these two so far unconnected research fields in PTSD. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trauma survivors with PTSD develop more PTG than those without PTSD, it remains unclear whether PTSD and PTG are curvilinearly related. PTG can be enhanced through PTSD therapy, nevertheless one must not assume that PTG is a favorable treatment outcome since we do not know if the development of PTG during therapy promotes the reduction of PTSD symptoms. It is unclear whether PTG in PTSD sufferers is a constructive outcome of cognitive processes or a positive illusion in favor of avoidance and denial. Results regarding the association of personality factors, social support and PTG are inconsistent, studies on biological aspects of PTG are lacking.
authors.affiliation: RG Molecular Psychotraumatology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.|Department of Clinical and Biological Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Eichstaett, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.affiliation: RG Molecular Psychotraumatology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Biological Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Eichstaett, Germany.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosner
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Openness; Optimism; Posttraumatic Growth; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Social Support