title: Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide induced acute inflammation in lung by chlorination.
abstract: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also called endotoxin) is a pro-inflammatory constituent of gram negative bacteria and cyanobacteria, which causes a potential health risk in the process of routine urban application of reclaimed water, such as car wash, irrigation, scenic water refilling, etc. Previous studies indicated that the common disinfection treatment, chlorination, has little effect on endotoxin activity removal measured by Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. However, in this study, significant decrease of acute inflammatory effects was observed in mouse lung, while LAL assay still presented a moderate increase of endotoxin activity. To explore the possible mechanisms, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results showed the chlorination happened in alkyl chain of LPS molecules, which could affect the interaction between LPS and LPS-binding protein. Also the size of LPS aggregates was found to drop significantly after treatment, which could be another results of chlorination caused polarity change. In conclusion, our observation demonstrated that chlorination is effective to reduce the LPS induced inflammation in lung, and it is recommended to use health effect-based methods to assess risk removal of water treatment technologies.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Jinshan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Jinling
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Bi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Jiani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Electronic address: qjuan@tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Electronic address: luyun@tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D054879:Halogenation; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008033:Limulus Test; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D011485:Protein Binding; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D018508:Water Purification; D000099231:Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000099231:Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein
keywords: Aggregate size; Chlorine; Inhalation exposure; Lipopolysaccharide; Reclaimed water