title: The synergistic effects of shear stress and cyclic hydrostatic pressure modulate chondrogenic induction of human mesenchymal stem cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we examined chondrogenic regulation of 2 types of mesenchymal stem cells seeded on the bioengineered substrate in monolayer cultures under mechanically defined conditions to mimic the in vivo microenvironment of chondrocytes within articular cartilage tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BSCs) were exposed to 0.2 Pa shear stress, 3 MPa cyclic hydrostatic pressure, and combined loading with different sequences on chemically designed medical-grade silicone rubber, while no soluble growth factors were added to the culture medium. The expression levels of chondrogenic-specific genes of SOX9, aggrecan, and type II collagen (Col II) were measured. Results were compared to those of cells treated by biological growth factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene expression patterns were dependent on the loading regime. Moreover, the source of mesenchymal stem cells (adipose or bone marrow) was influential in gene expression. Overall, enhanced expression of chondrogenic markers was found through application of mechanical stimuli. The response was generally found to be significantly promoted when the 2 loading regimes were superimposed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differentiation of ASCs was shown by a modest increase in gene expression profiles. In general, BSCs expressed higher levels of chondrogenic gene expression than ASCs after 3 weeks. A greater effect on Col II and SOX9 mRNA expression was observed when combined loadings were applied. Results may be applied in determining the proper loading sequence for obtaining functional target cells in cartilage engineering applications.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Motahare-Sadat
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hosseini
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tafazzoli-Shadpour
authors.affiliation: National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Nooshin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haghighipour
authors.affiliation: Regenerative Medicine Department, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Naser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aghdami
authors.affiliation: Regenerative Medicine Department, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goodarzi
mesh_terms: D053674:Aggrecans / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D024043:Collagen Type II; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; C527932:SOX9 protein, human