title: Bacterial Infection Increases Reproductive Investment in Burying Beetles.
abstract: The Nicrophorus genus lives and breeds in a microbe rich environment. As such, it would be expected that strategies should be in place to counter potentially negative effects of the microbes common to this environment. In this study, we show the response of Nicrophorus vespilloides to the common soil bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. Phenoloxidase (PO) levels are not upregulated in response to the challenge and the bacteria are observed to multiply within the haemolymph of the host. Despite the growth of B. subtilis, survival is not affected, either in virgin or in breeding beetles. Some limit on bacterial growth in the haemolymph does seem to be occurring, suggesting mechanisms of resistance, in addition to tolerance mechanisms. Despite limited detrimental effects on the individual, the challenge by Bacillus subtilis appears to act as a cue to increase reproductive investment. The challenge may indicate a suite of negative environmental conditions that could compromise future breeding opportunities. This could act as a cue to increase parental investment in the current bout.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, MBC, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK. creavey01@qub.ac.uk.|Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK. creavey01@qub.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Catherine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Reavey
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, MBC, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK. farleyw@gmail.com.|Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil. farleyw@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Farley W S
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, MBC, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK. scotter@lincoln.ac.uk.|School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK. scotter@lincoln.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sheena C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cotter
keywords: Nicrophorus; bacteria; ecological immunology; insect; lysozyme; parental care; phenoloxidase; reproduction; survival; tolerance