title: Simultaneous estimation of cortical bone thickness and acoustic wave velocity using a multivariable optimization approach: Bone phantom and in-vitro study.
abstract: The paper presents a method that allows the thickness of a compact bone layer and longitudinal wave velocity in the bone to be determined simultaneously with the use of reflected waves, with particular emphasis on the case of layers when the propagation time through the layer is shorter than the time duration of the interrogating pulse. The proposed method estimates simultaneously the thickness of the cortical bone layer and acoustic wave velocity by fitting the temporal spectrum of the simulated reflected wave to the spectrum of the reflected wave measured experimentally. For the purpose of echo-simulations the model of "soft tissue - compact bone layer - cancellous bone" was developed. Next, the cost function was defined as the least square error between the measured and simulated temporal spectra. Minimization of the cost function allowed us to determine the values of the parameters of the cortical bone layer which best fitted the measurements. To solve the optimization problem a simulated annealing algorithm was used. The method was tested using acoustic data obtained at the frequency of 0.6 MHz and 1 MHz respectively for a custom designed bone mimicking phantom and a calf femur. For the cortical shell of the calf femur whose thickness varies from 2.1 mm to 2.4 mm and velocity of 2910 m/s, the relative errors of the thickness estimation ranged from 0.4% to 5.5%. The corresponding error of the acoustic wave velocity estimation in the layer was 3.1%. In the case of artificial bone the thickness of the cortical layer was equal to 1.05 and 1.2 mm and acoustic wave velocity was 2900 m/s. These parameters were determined with the errors ranging from 1.9% to 10.8% and from 3.9% to 4.5% respectively.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 5b Pawinskiego Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: yurijtas@ippt.pan.pl.
authors.forename: Yuriy
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tasinkevych
authors.affiliation: Institute of Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 5b Pawinskiego Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Podhajecki
authors.affiliation: Institute of Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 5b Pawinskiego Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Falińska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 5b Pawinskiego Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Litniewski
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003720:Densitometry / Q000379:methods*; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013016:Sound; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Bone quantitative ultrasound; Human cancellous bone; Human cortical bone; Layered media; Ultrasound attenuation