title: Human mesenchymal stem cells alter the gene profile of monocytes from patients with Type 2 diabetes and end-stage renal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Macrophage infiltration contributes to the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties, making them an ideal candidate for therapeutic intervention. This study investigated whether MSCs can modulate the phenotype of monocytes isolated from Type 2 diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monocytes from control (n = 4) and Type 2 diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease (n = 5) were assessed using flow cytometry and microarray profiling, following 48 h of co-culture with MSCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control subjects had a greater proportion of CD14(++)CD16(-) monocytes while diabetic patients had a higher proportion of CD14(++)CD16(+) and CD14(+)CD16(++) monocytes. MSCs promoted the proliferation of monocytes isolated from diabetic patients, reduced HLA-DR expression in both groups and promoted the expression of anti-inflammatory genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MSC-derived factors alter the polarization of monocytes isolated from healthy and diabetic subjects toward an M2 phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrea F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Queensland Facility for Advanced Bioinformatics (QFAB), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rudd
authors.affiliation: The Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.|Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8TA, UK.
authors.forename: Christine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Sharon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Ricardo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Type 2 diabetes; end-stage renal disease; macrophages; mesenchymal stem cells; monocytes