title: Simulated Spaceflight Operations Under Sleep Deprivation and Confinement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated how operation complexity and type affect Chinese individuals' performance of simulated spaceflight operations under conditions of sleep deprivation and confinement (SDC).
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 20 male volunteers who were randomly divided into 2 groups: the SDC group (N = 8) and the control group (N = 12). During the 72-h experimental period, the volunteers were asked to perform 11 computerized spaceflight emergency procedures, varying in operation complexity and type, three times at the 9(th), 33(rd), and 57(th) hours, respectively. Operation times and errors of each spaceflight emergency procedure were recorded. Three complexity levels (i.e., low complexity, high complexity, and combined complexity) and three operation types (i.e., two-way judgment, manual operation, and mixed operation) were identified according to an operation complexity measure and an engineering definition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mixed model ANOVAs indicated that performance of the three complex operations and three operation types were negatively affected by SDC. Moreover, the results showed that the operation time of the manual operation (10.67 ± 1.706 at the 9th hour, 13.94 ± 4.261 at the 33rd hour) and mixed operation (4.88 ± 0.247 at the 9th hour, 5.15 ± 1.308 at the 57th [corrected] hour) increased significantly with the increase of waking time. It was also shown that the high complexity operation and manual operation got less variation in operation time compared with low complexity and two-way judgment, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The result indicated that the task assignment with high complexity requiring cognition could be a useful way to counteract the effect of SDC. It was also implied that psychomotor abilities were more easily affected by SDC than perception and judgment.
authors.affiliation: China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yijing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhizhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xueyong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiaolu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013026:Space Flight; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult