title: Synergistic Skin Penetration Enhancer and Nanoemulsion Formulations Promote the Human Epidermal Permeation of Caffeine and Naproxen.
abstract: We examined the extent of skin permeation enhancement of the hydrophilic drug caffeine and lipophilic drug naproxen applied in nanoemulsions incorporating skin penetration enhancers. Infinite doses of fully characterized oil-in-water nanoemulsions containing the skin penetration enhancers oleic acid or eucalyptol as oil phases and caffeine (3%) or naproxen (2%) were applied to human epidermal membranes in Franz diffusion cells, along with aqueous control solutions. Caffeine and naproxen fluxes were determined over 8 h. Solute solubility in the formulations and in the stratum corneum (SC), as well as the uptake of product components into the SC were measured. The nanoemulsions significantly enhanced the skin penetration of caffeine and naproxen, compared to aqueous control solutions. Caffeine maximum flux enhancement was associated with a synergistic increase in both caffeine SC solubility and skin diffusivity, whereas a formulation-increased solubility in the SC was the dominant determinant for increased naproxen fluxes. Enhancements in SC solubility were related to the uptake of the formulation excipients containing the active compounds into the SC. Enhanced skin penetration in these systems is largely driven by uptake of formulation excipients containing the active compounds into the SC with impacts on SC solubility and diffusivity.
authors.forename: Eman
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abd
authors.forename: Sarika
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Namjoshi
authors.forename: Yousuf H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Grice
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D004655:Emulsions; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism; D000077591:Eucalyptol; D005079:Excipients; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D039821:Monoterpenes; D049329:Nanostructures; D009288:Naproxen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019301:Oleic Acid; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D004655:Emulsions; D005079:Excipients; D039821:Monoterpenes; D019301:Oleic Acid; D002110:Caffeine; D009288:Naproxen; D000077591:Eucalyptol