title: Lysine supplementation is not effective for the prevention or treatment of feline herpesvirus 1 infection in cats: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Feline herpesvirus 1 is a highly contagious virus that affects many cats. Virus infection presents with flu-like signs and irritation of ocular and nasal regions. While cats can recover from active infections without medical treatment, examination by a veterinarian is recommended. Lysine supplementation appears to be a popular intervention (recommended by > 90 % of veterinarians in cat hospitals). We investigated the scientific merit of lysine supplementation by systematically reviewing all relevant literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  NCBI's PubMed database was used to search for published work on lysine and feline herpesvirus 1, as well as lysine and human herpesvirus 1. Seven studies on lysine and feline herpesvirus 1 (two in vitro studies and 5 studies with cats), and 10 publications on lysine and human herpesvirus 1 (three in vitro studies and 7 clinical trials) were included for qualitative analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is evidence at multiple levels that lysine supplementation is not effective for the prevention or treatment of feline herpesvirus 1 infection in cats. Lysine does not have any antiviral properties, but is believed to act by lowering arginine levels. However, lysine does not antagonize arginine in cats, and evidence that low intracellular arginine concentrations would inhibit viral replication is lacking. Furthermore, lowering arginine levels is highly undesirable since cats cannot synthesize this amino acid themselves. Arginine deficiency will result in hyperammonemia, which may be fatal. In vitro studies with feline herpesvirus 1 showed that lysine has no effect on the replication kinetics of the virus. Finally, and most importantly, several clinical studies with cats have shown that lysine is not effective for the prevention or the treatment of feline herpesvirus 1 infection, and some even reported increased infection frequency and disease severity in cats receiving lysine supplementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend an immediate stop of lysine supplementation because of the complete lack of any scientific evidence for its efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA. sebastiaan.bol@ucr.edu.
authors.forename: Sebastiaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bol
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA. evelien.bunnik@ucr.edu.
authors.forename: Evelien M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bunnik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D002415:Cats; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000145:classification*; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D008239:Lysine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D008239:Lysine