title: Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: Clinical perspectives.
abstract: Leishmaniasis is endemic in 98 countries and territories, with 1.2 million new cases per year, making it a worldwide concern. The deadly visceral form is a leading cause of death from tropical parasitic infections, second only to malaria. Leishmaniasis appears to be increasing in many countries because of extended urbanization. The disease reservoir includes small mammals; parasite transmission occurs via bite of the female phlebotomine sandfly. Disease manifestations vary and largely depend upon the Leishmania species acquired. It may be first evident with a range of findings-from a localized cutaneous ulcer to diffuse painless dermal nodules-or, in the mucocutaneous form, ulceration of the oropharynx. In the potentially deadly visceral form, the internal organs and bone marrow are affected.
authors.affiliation: Dermatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Marc Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Handler
authors.affiliation: Dermatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Parimal A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Rajendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kapila
authors.affiliation: Dermatology, Taiz University School of Medicine, Yemen.
authors.forename: Yasin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Al-Qubati
authors.affiliation: Dermatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Rutgers School of Public Affairs and Administration, Newark, New Jersey. Electronic address: roschwar@cal.berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007897:Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014329:Tropical Climate
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents
keywords: bat; dog; gerbil; kala-azar; leishmaniasis; parasitic disorders; protozoan diseases; rodents; sandfly; tropical diseases; ulcer