title: Analgesic effect of total flavonoids from Sanguis draxonis on spared nerve injury rat model of neuropathic pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sanguis draxonis (SD) is a kind of red resin obtained from the wood of Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. C. Chen (D. cochinchinensis). The active components of total flavonoids from SD (SDF) have analgesic effect.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the analgesic effects and potential mechanism of SDF on mechanical hypersensitivity induced by spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain in the rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  SNI model in rats was established and then the rats were treated with SDF intragastric administration for 14 days. Paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PMWT) in response to mechanical stimulation was measured by von Frey filaments on day 1 before operation and days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14 after operation, respectively. After 14 days, we measured the levels of nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the spinal dorsal horn. In addition, the expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) of the spinal dorsal horn was evaluated by western blotting and an immunofluorescence histochemical method, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intragastric administration of SDF (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) alleviated significantly SNI-induced mechanical hypersensitivity, as PMWT increased in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, SDF not only reduced the level of NO, NOS, TNF-α and IL-1β, but also upregulated the level of IL-10 in the spinal dorsal horn of SNI rats. At the same time, SDF (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) could inhibit the expression of FGFR3, GFAP and p-CREB in the spinal dorsal horn.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SDF has potentially reduced mechanical hypersensitivity induced by SNI model of neuropathic pain which may be attributed to inhibition of astrocytic function (like release pro-inflammatory cytokines) and NO release as well as p-CREB activation in the spinal dorsal horn.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
authors.forename: Fu-Feng
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, PR China.
authors.forename: Fu-Quan
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China. Electronic address: huofq@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
authors.forename: Ya-Nan
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
authors.forename: Wen-Jie
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China. Electronic address: meizhinan@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhi-Nan
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Mei
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D031409:Dracaena / Q000737:chemistry; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D051498:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D012116:Resins, Plant / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D005419:Flavonoids; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; C000594089:IL1B protein, rat; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D012116:Resins, Plant; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C587869:sanguis draxonis; D016753:Interleukin-10; C069820:Fgfr3 protein, rat; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D051498:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3
keywords: Astrocyte; Neuropathic pain; Pro-inflammatory cytokines; Spared nerve injury; Total flavonoids from Sanguis draxonis