title: The future of pharmacogenetics in the treatment of heart failure.
abstract: Heart failure is a common disease with high levels of morbidity and mortality. Current treatment comprises β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists and diuretics. Variation in clinical response seen in patients begs the question of whether there is a pharmacogenetic component yet to be identified. To date, the genes most studied involve the β-1, β-2, α-2 adrenergic receptors and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway, mainly focusing on SNPs. However results have been inconsistent. Genome-wide association studies and next-generation sequencing are seen as alternative approaches to discovering genetic variations influencing drug response. Hopefully future research will lay the foundations for genotype-led drug management in these patients with the ultimate aim of improving their clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Mohamed Subhan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Anwar
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Muhammad Zaid
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Iskandar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Alex S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Doney
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Colin N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Chim C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005544:Forecasting; D056726:Genetic Association Studies / Q000639:trends; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000639:trends*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic
keywords: candidate genes; genome wide association study; heart failure; pharmacogenetics; pharmacogenomics