title: Bone markers in craniofacial bone deformations and dysplasias.
abstract: Various forms of bony deformations and dysplasias are often present in the facial skeleton. Bone defects can be either localized or general. Quite often they are not only present in the skull but also can be found in other parts of the skeleton. In many cases the presence and levels of specific bone markers should be measured in order to fully describe their activity and presence in the skeleton. Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is the most common one in the facial skeleton; however, other bone deformations regarding bone growth and activity can also be present. Every clinician should be aware of all common, rare and uncommon bony diseases and conditions such as cherubism, Paget's disease, osteogenesis imperfecta and others related to genetic conditions. We present standard (calcium, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D) and specialized bone markers (pyridinium, deoxypyridinium, hydroxyproline, RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway, growth hormone, insulin-like growth hormone-1) that can be used to evaluate, measure or describe the processes occurring in craniofacial bones.
authors.affiliation: Department and Clinic of Endocrinology and Diabetology for Children and Adolescents, Wrocław Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Wrocław Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Kamil H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nelke
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Wrocław Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noczyńska
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit at Wrocław Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Łysenko
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Wrocław Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Marzena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubacka
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Wrocław Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gerber
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002636:Cherubism / Q000175:diagnosis; D019963:Clinical Chemistry Tests; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D010001:Osteitis Deformans / Q000175:diagnosis; D010013:Osteogenesis Imperfecta / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002118:Calcium