title: Making Time for Nature: Visual Exposure to Natural Environments Lengthens Subjective Time Perception and Reduces Impulsivity.
abstract: Impulsivity in delay discounting is associated with maladaptive behaviors such as overeating and drug and alcohol abuse. Researchers have recently noted that delay discounting, even when measured by a brief laboratory task, may be the best predictor of human health related behaviors (e.g., exercise) currently available. Identifying techniques to decrease impulsivity in delay discounting, therefore, could help improve decision-making on a global scale. Visual exposure to natural environments is one recent approach shown to decrease impulsive decision-making in a delay discounting task, although the mechanism driving this result is currently unknown. The present experiment was thus designed to evaluate not only whether visual exposure to natural (mountains, lakes) relative to built (buildings, cities) environments resulted in less impulsivity, but also whether this exposure influenced time perception. Participants were randomly assigned to either a natural environment condition or a built environment condition. Participants viewed photographs of either natural scenes or built scenes before and during a delay discounting task in which they made choices about receiving immediate or delayed hypothetical monetary outcomes. Participants also completed an interval bisection task in which natural or built stimuli were judged as relatively longer or shorter presentation durations. Following the delay discounting and interval bisection tasks, additional measures of time perception were administered, including how many minutes participants thought had passed during the session and a scale measurement of whether time "flew" or "dragged" during the session. Participants exposed to natural as opposed to built scenes were less impulsive and also reported longer subjective session times, although no differences across groups were revealed with the interval bisection task. These results are the first to suggest that decreased impulsivity from exposure to natural as opposed to built environments may be related to lengthened time perception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Society and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana United States of America.|Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America.
authors.forename: Meredith S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Meredith A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Repke
authors.affiliation: Department of Society and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana United States of America.
authors.forename: Norma P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Nickerson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lucian G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Odum
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kerry E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D065786:Delay Discounting; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D019368:Nature; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D013998:Time Perception