title: Early auditory processing evoked potentials (N100) show a continuum of blunting from clinical high risk to psychosis in a pediatric sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The N100 is a negative deflection in the surface EEG approximately 100 ms after an auditory signal. It has been shown to be reduced in individuals with schizophrenia and those at clinical high risk (CHR). N100 blunting may index neural network dysfunction underlying psychotic symptoms. This phenomenon has received little attention in pediatric populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study compared the N100 response measured via the average EEG response at the left medial frontal position FC1 to 150 sinusoidal tones in participants ages 5 to 17 years with a CHR syndrome (n=29), a psychotic disorder (n=22), or healthy controls (n=17).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linear regression analyses that considered potential covariates (age, gender, handedness, family mental health history, medication usage) revealed decreasing N100 amplitude with increasing severity of psychotic symptomatology from healthy to CHR to psychotic level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longitudinal assessment of the N100 in CHR children who do and do not develop psychosis will inform whether it predicts transition to psychosis and if its response to treatment predicts symptom change.
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Electronic address: Joseph.Gonzalez-Heydrich@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Heydrich
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bosquet Enlow
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Research Center, 75 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gumlak
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: April
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Research Center, 75 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Kristen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Woodberry
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rober
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Sahil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tembulkar
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graber
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Hesham M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hamoda
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimball
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rotenberg
authors.affiliation: E.P. Bradley Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Neuroplasticity and Autism Spectrum Disorder Program and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 1011 Veterans Memorial Parkway, East Providence, RI 02915, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsay M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Oberman
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Cognitive Neurology and Berenson-Allen Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Research Center, 75 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Matcheri S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Keshavan
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Frank H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Duffy
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Clinical high risk; Early onset; N100; Psychosis; Schizophrenia; Superior temporal cortex