title: Dura-evoked neck muscle activity involves purinergic and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mechanisms.
abstract: We have previously demonstrated that noxious stimulation of craniofacial tissues including the frontal dura reflexly evokes significant increases in neck muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether purinergic receptor mechanisms may be involved in these EMG effects, and whether N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor processes modulate the purinergic mechanisms. Application of the P2X1, P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor agonist α,β-methylene ATP (but not vehicle) to the dural surface evoked a significant (P<0.05) increase in ipsilateral neck EMG activity that could be suppressed by dural or intrathecal application of the selective P2X1, P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor antagonist 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) ATP (TNP-ATP) but not by vehicle; the intrathecal application of 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid, an NMDA receptor antagonist, also significantly reduced the neck EMG activity evoked by dural application of α,β-methylene ATP. These data suggest that purinergic receptor mechanisms contribute to the increased neck activity that can be reflexly evoked by noxious stimulation of the frontal dura, and that NMDA as well as purinergic receptor mechanisms in the medulla may modulate these purinergic-related effects.
authors.affiliation: aJiangxi Mental Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China bFaculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada cSection of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Dongyuan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Sessle
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000187:drug effects; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D058913:Purinergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D058914:Purinergic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D058913:Purinergic Agonists; D058914:Purinergic Antagonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic; C045674:2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitro-cyclohexadienylidine)adenosine 5'-triphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C002630:alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate