title: Does the GNB3 C825T Polymorphism Influence Swimming Performance in Competitive Swimmers?
abstract: Single nucleotide polymorphism C825T located within the GNB3 gene has been proposed in the literature as the performance enhancing polymorphism in highly trained athletes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to verify the hypothesis assuming an association between the C825T polymorphic site and performance of competitive swimmers. The frequencies of C/T alleles and distribution of CC, CT and TT genotypes of the C825T GNB3 polymorphism were compared between athletes and nonathletic controls as well as between sprint and endurance swimmers. Genomic DNA was extracted from 197 competitive swimmers (50 long distance swimmers (LDS) and 147 short distance swimmers (SDS)) and 379 sedentary volunteers. The allele frequencies and genotype distribution of the C825T polymorphic site were not significantly different when LDS and SDS were compared to sedentary controls. Gender-specific analysis did not reveal any significant differences in allele and genotype distribution, neither between female controls and female swimmers nor between male controls and male swimmers. No significant differences in allele frequencies and genotype distribution were observed when LDS and SDS as well as groups of swimmers stratified by gender were compared. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that the C825T polymorphism of the GNB3 gene is associated with swimming performance in competitive swimmers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sport, West Pomeranian Technological University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grenda
authors.affiliation: University of Szczecin, Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sawczuk
authors.affiliation: Pomeranian Medical University, Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Szczecin, Poland. ; Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Sport Education, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaczmarczyk
authors.affiliation: University of Szczecin, Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maciejewska
authors.affiliation: University of Szczecin, Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Umiastowska
authors.affiliation: University of Szczecin, Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Wioletta
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Łubkowska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport, Warszawa, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Żmijewski
authors.affiliation: University of Szczecin, Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, Szczecin, Poland. ; Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Sport Education, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cięszczyk
keywords: GNB3; gene polymorphism; swimming