title: Selecting a measure for assessing secondary trauma in nurses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarise the usefulness of available psychometric tools in assessing secondary trauma in nursing staff and examine their limitations, as well as their strengths, to enable researchers to select the most suitable measures.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Secondary trauma is an extreme persistent reaction that can be experienced by nursing staff following exposure to a potentially life-threatening situation. This relatively new concept is increasingly used to explore staff distress, but is complicated by various definitions. In this growing and popular field, few rigorously tested measures are used. Therefore, it is timely to examine the measures available and their robustness.
  
  
  METHODS
  In March 2014 the following databases were used: BNI, CINAHL, EMBASE, PILOTS, Medline, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of nurse and health research databases was conducted from 1980 to 2014 using the terms nurs* AND PTSD OR Posttraumatic Stress Disorder OR secondary trauma OR secondary traumatic stress OR STS OR compassion fatigue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To strengthen confidence in research findings and make the most useful contribution to practice, researchers should use the most rigorous measures available. Of the assessment tools used, the only one subject to robust peer review is the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS). The scale most frequently used to assess secondary traumatic stress is the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL); its lack of psychometric evaluation is a potential weakness. CONCLUSION The STSS is the only validated tool reported in the peer-reviewed, published literature and the authors suggest greater application when secondary trauma is a suspected consequence of nursing work. Validated tools such as the HADS and GHQ-28 are more useful in assessing broader-based psychological morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors suggest greater application of the STSS when secondary trauma is a suspected consequence of nursing work. Researchers interested in assessing more than trauma responses are advised to use HADS and GHQ-28.
authors.affiliation: HAK International, Klagenfurt, Austria.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Noelle
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D006113:United Kingdom; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: burnout; concepts; measures; nursing research; post-traumatic stress disorder; psychometric tools; secondary trauma