title: Management Factors Associated with Operation-Level Prevalence of Antibodies to Cache Valley Virus and Other Bunyamwera Serogroup Viruses in Sheep in the United States.
abstract: A cross-sectional study was performed to identify operation-level risk factors associated with prevalence of antibody to Bunyamwera (BUN) serogroup viruses in sheep in the United States. Sera were obtained from 5150 sheep in 270 operations located in 22 states (three in the west, nine central states, and 10 in the east) and tested at a dilution of 1:20 by a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) using Cache Valley virus (CVV). Antibodies that neutralized CVV were identified in 1455 (28%) sheep. Animal-level seroprevalence was higher in the east (49%) than the central (17%) and western (10%) states. A convenient subset (n = 509) of sera with antibodies that neutralized CVV was titrated and further analyzed by PRNT using all six BUN serogroup viruses that occur in the United States: CVV, Lokern virus (LOKV), Main Drain virus (MDV), Northway virus (NORV), Potosi virus (POTV), and Tensaw virus (TENV). Antibodies to CVV and LOKV were identified in sheep in all three geographic regions; MDV and POTV activity was detected in the central and eastern states, NORV activity was restricted to the west, and antibodies to TENV were not detected in any sheep. Several management factors were significantly associated with the presence of antibodies to BUN serogroup viruses. For instance, sheep housed during the lambing season inside structures that contained four walls and a roof and a door closed most of the time were more likely to be seropositive than other sheep. In contrast, herded/open-range sheep were less likely to be seropositive than their counterparts. These data can be used by producers to implement strategies to reduce the likelihood of BUN serogroup virus infection and improve the health and management practices of sheep.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa.
authors.forename: Charlie S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Bahnson
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.affiliation: 2 United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health , Fort Collins, Colorado.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kopral
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa.|3 Veterinary Research and Development Center (Western Region) , Ratchaburi, Thailand .
authors.forename: Saengchan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srisinlapaudom
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa.
authors.forename: Zachary N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Cochrane
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa.
authors.forename: Carlene E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Sabas
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa.
authors.forename: Rungrat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saiyasombat
authors.affiliation: 4 Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa.
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Burrough
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa.|4 Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Plummer
authors.affiliation: 4 Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa.
authors.forename: Annette M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: 2 United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health , Fort Collins, Colorado.
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa.
authors.forename: Bradley J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Blitvich
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002042:Bunyamwera virus / Q000276:immunology*; D002044:Bunyaviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015995:Prevalence; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D034561:Sheep, Domestic; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
keywords: Bunyamwera serogroup; Cache Valley virus; Orthobunyavirus; Risk factors; Sheep