title: A spectrum of intestinal injury models in neonatal mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the degree of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)-like damage under different stress conditions in neonatal mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  5-day-old C57BL/6 mice were assigned to: (A) breastfed and no stress factors; (B) breastfed+maternal separation (3 h daily); (C) breastfed+hypoxia+lipopolysaccharide (LPS-4 mg/kg/day); (D) hyperosmolar formula+hypoxia+LPS. Mice were killed at 9 days of life. Ileum and colon were stained for hematoxylin/eosin and blindly assessed. A scoring ≥2 was considered NEC. Data were compared using one-way ANOVA and reported as median (range).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ileum-Mucosal injury was mild in group B (0.0-1). Hypoxia+LPS induced greater injury in group C (1.6, 1-2.5; p < 0.0001 to B) and D (2, 0.5-3.5; p < 0.0001 to B). There were no differences between group C and D (p = n.s.). There were no cases of NEC in group A or B, whereas NEC was present in 36 % group C and 68 % group D mice. Colon-a similar degree of mucosal injury was observed among group B (2, 1-3), C (1.7, 0-3) and D (1.5, 1-3; p = n.s.). NEC was present in 75 % of group B, 50 % of group C and 86 % of group D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These models establish a spectrum of intestinal injury and are useful to investigate the variability of neonatal intestinal diseases, such as NEC.
authors.affiliation: Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zani
authors.affiliation: Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zani-Ruttenstock
authors.affiliation: Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
authors.forename: Forouhideh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peyvandi
authors.affiliation: Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. agostino.pierro@sickkids.ca.|University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. agostino.pierro@sickkids.ca.
authors.forename: Agostino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierro
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008426:Maternal Deprivation; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides
keywords: Animal model; Inflammatory bowel disease; Irritable bowel syndrome; Mouse; Necrotizing enterocolitis; Rat; Rodent