title: The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) and its sub-scores: normative values in an Italian population sample.
abstract: The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) is a rapid screening battery, including five sub-scales to explore different cognitive domains: attention/orientation, memory, fluency, language and visuospatial. ACE-R is considered useful in discriminating cognitively normal subjects from patients with mild dementia. The aim of present study was to provide normative values for ACE-R total score and sub-scale scores in a large sample of Italian healthy subjects. Five hundred twenty-six Italian healthy subjects (282 women and 246 men) of different ages (age range 20-93 years) and educational level (from primary school to university) underwent ACE-R and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that age and education significantly influenced performance on ACE-R total score and sub-scale scores. A significant effect of gender was found only in sub-scale attention/orientation. From the derived linear equation, a correction grid for raw scores was built. Inferential cut-offs score were estimated using a non-parametric technique and equivalent scores (ES) were computed. Correlation analysis showed a good significant correlation between ACE-R adjusted scores with MoCA adjusted scores (r = 0.612, p < 0.001). The present study provided normative data for the ACE-R in an Italian population useful for both clinical and research purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Mattia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siciliano
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raimo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tufano
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Basile
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santangelo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy. luigi.trojano@unina2.it.|Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Scientific Institute of Telese, Telese Terme, BN, Italy. luigi.trojano@unina2.it.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trojano
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy. gabriella.santangelo@unina2.it.|IDC-Hermitage-Capodimonte, Naples, Italy. gabriella.santangelo@unina2.it.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Santangelo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001288:Attention; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009949:Orientation; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D013028:Space Perception; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ACE-R; Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised; Mild cognitive impairment cognitive dysfunctions; Normative data; Normative values