title: HIV-1 CRF01_AE and Subtype B Transmission Networks Crossover: A New AE/B Recombinant Identified in Japan.
abstract: The major circulating HIV-1 strains in Japan have been subtype B (B) followed by CRF01_AE (AE) in newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases. These two subtypes have distinct epidemiological characteristics; B predominates in men who have sex with men, while AE is observed mostly in heterosexuals engaging in high-risk sex. However, transmission networks of these two high-risk populations appear to be crossing over and diffusing. Here we report the emergence of previously unidentified HIV-1 AE/B recombinants in Japan. We initially identified 13 cases with discordant subtyping results with AE (gag MA)/B (pol PR-RT)/AE (env C2V3) by molecular phylogenetic analysis of 1,070 cases who visited Nagoya Medical Center from 1997 to 2012. Genetic characterization of full-length sequences demonstrated that they shared an identical recombinant structure, and was designated as CRF69_01B by the Los Alamos HIV National Laboratory. By reviewing gag, pol, and env sequences collected in the Japanese Drug Resistance HIV-1 Surveillance Network, we found five other CRF69_01B probable cases from different areas in Japan, suggesting that the strain is transmitted widely throughout the country. The time of the most recent common ancestor analyses estimated that CRF69_01B emerged between 1991 and 1995, soon after AE was introduced from neighboring countries in the mid-1990s. Understanding the current epidemic strains is important for the diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS, as well as for the development of globally effective HIV vaccines.
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Japan .
authors.forename: Masumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosaka
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Japan .
authors.forename: Seiichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujisaki
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yamaguchi University Hospital , Yamaguchi, Japan .
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masakane
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Japan .
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.affiliation: 3 Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan .
authors.forename: Teiichiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiino
authors.affiliation: 4 AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine , Tokyo, Japan .
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gatanaga
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Japan .
authors.forename: Urara
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Shigemi
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Japan .
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Okazaki
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Japan .
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hachiya
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Japan .
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Japan .
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ibe
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Japan .|5 Division of Basic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya, Japan .
authors.forename: Yasumasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwatani
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Japan .
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yokomaku
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center , Nagoya, Japan .|5 Division of Basic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya, Japan .
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sugiura
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D047568:Unsafe Sex; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics*; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics*; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus