title: A red orange extract modulates the vascular response to a recreational dive: a pilot study on the effect of anthocyanins on the physiological consequences of scuba diving.
abstract: Nutritional antioxidants have been proposed as an expedient strategy to counter the potentially deleterious effects of scuba diving on endothelial function, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and heart function. Sixteen volunteers performing a single standard dive (20 min at 33 m) according to US Navy diving procedures were randomly assigned to two groups: one was administered with two doses of 200 mg of an anthocyanins (AC)-rich extract from red oranges, 12 and 4 h before diving. Anthocyanins supplementation significantly modulated the effects of diving on haematocrit, body water distribution and FMD. AC administration significantly reduces the potentially harmful endothelial effects of a recreational single dive. The lack of any significant effect on the most common markers of plasma antioxidant capacity suggests that the mechanism underlying this protective activity is independent of the putative antioxidant effect of AC and possibly involves cellular signalling modulation of the response to high oxygen.
authors.affiliation: a Environmental and Occupational (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory , Haute Ecole Paul Henri Spaak , Brussels , Belgium.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balestra
authors.affiliation: b Department Farmaco-Biologico, School of Pharmacy , University of Messina , Messina , Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cimino
authors.affiliation: a Environmental and Occupational (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory , Haute Ecole Paul Henri Spaak , Brussels , Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Theunissen
authors.affiliation: c Department of Experimental Anatomy , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Snoeck
authors.affiliation: c Department of Experimental Anatomy , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Provyn
authors.affiliation: d Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Food and Nutrition Research Centre (C.R.A. - NUT) , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Canali
authors.affiliation: e Bionap Ltd , Catania , Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonina
authors.affiliation: d Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Food and Nutrition Research Centre (C.R.A. - NUT) , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Virgili
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000187:drug effects*; D001834:Body Water / Q000187:drug effects; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Diving; anthocyanins; body water; endothelial dysfunction; flow-mediated dilation