title: Endoscopic management of orbital tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Orbital tumors have been classically approached via external incision. The introduction of endoscopic surgery has revolutionized the management of sinus and skull base disorder. Similarly, endoscopic techniques have been increasingly utilized to access intraorbital tumors located in the medial and inferior orbit with excellent outcomes. The history of the procedure, surgical anatomy of the orbit, patient selection, surgical planning, and the surgical techniques are discussed in this article.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the endoscopic management of orbital tumors is still in its infancy, it has already demonstrated enhanced access to the posterior orbit and orbital apex with decreased morbidity relative to external approaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multidisciplinary team approach, including an oculoplastic surgeon, is an essential component for the surgical planning and management. As the cumulative surgical experience increases, the indications for this approach will likely continue to expand.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas bDepartment of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Benjamin S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Bleier
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D018579:Patient Selection; D019291:Skull Base / Q000601:surgery