title: Association of Alcohol Consumption with Markers of Prostate Health and Reproductive Hormone Profiles: A Multi-Center Study of 4,535 Men in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of alcohol consumption on prostate health and reproductive hormone profiles has long been investigated and currently, no consensus has been reached. Additionally, large studies focusing on this topic are relatively rare in China.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of alcohol consumption with prostate measurements and reproductive hormone profiles in Chinese population; and to examine the relationship between hormone levels and prostate measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study included 4535 men from four representative provinces of China. Demographic details, family history of prostate disease, tobacco and alcohol consumption, as well as International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS) were collected through a questionnaire. Total prostate specific antingen (total PSA), free PSA, free PSA/total PSA ratio (f/tPSA), and reproductive hormones were measured in serum. Multi-variable regression models were used to test for association of alcohol consumption with markers of prostate health, used to test for association of alcohol consumption with reproductive hormones, and reproductive hormones with markers of prostate health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol consumption had no obvious impact on total PSA concentration and I-PSS. Current drinkers had lower level of free PSA (β = -0.11, p = 0.02) and f/tPSA (β = -0.03, p = 0.005), former drinkers also had lower level of free PSA (β = -0.19, p = 0.02) when compared with never drinkers. Lower Luteinizing hormone (LH) (β = -1.05, p = 0.01), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (β = -4.71, p = 0.01) and higher estradiol (β = 7.81, p = 0.01) was found in current drinkers than never drinkers, whereas higher LH (β = 1.04, p = 0.04) and free testosterone (FT) (β = 0.03, p = 0.02) was detected in former drinkers than never drinkers. Furthermore, LH was positively associated with f/tPSA (β = 0.002, p = 0.006), SHBG was also positively related with free PSA (β = 0.003, p = 0.003) and f/tPSA (β = 0.0004, p = 0.01). Both total testosterone (TT) and FT were inversely related with I-PSS (OR = 0.97, 95% CI, 0.95-0.98; OR = 0.23, 95% CI, 0.11-0.45, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol consumption could affect serum free PSA concentration and also f/tPSA ratio, and also acts as an endocrine disruptor on the male reproductive hormone profiles. LH and SHBG were positively related with fPSA and f/tPSA, and higher level of TT and FT may be helpful for improving participants' subjective symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Institute of Population and Family Planning, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lian-Dong
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Kuete
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Venereology, Wuhan Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.|Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Ping
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.|Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Gang
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.|Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Chang-Hong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.|Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Cheng-Liang
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.|Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Huang-Tao
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Guan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000032:analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen