title: Occurrence and simulation of trihalomethanes in swimming pool water: A simple prediction method based on DOC and mass balance.
abstract: Trihalomethanes (THM) are the most typical disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in public swimming pool water. DBPs are produced when organic and inorganic matter in water reacts with chemical disinfectants. The irregular contribution of substances from pool visitors and long contact time with disinfectant make the forecast of THM in pool water a challenge. In this work occurrence of THM in a public indoor swimming pool was investigated and correlated with the dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Daily sampling of pool water for 26 days showed a positive correlation between DOC and THM with a time delay of about two days, while THM and DOC didn't directly correlate with the number of visitors. Based on the results and mass-balance in the pool water, a simple simulation model for estimating THM concentration in indoor swimming pool water was proposed. Formation of THM from DOC, volatilization into air and elimination by pool water treatment were included in the simulation. Formation ratio of THM gained from laboratory analysis using native pool water and information from field study in an indoor swimming pool reduced the uncertainty of the simulation. The simulation was validated by measurements in the swimming pool for 50 days. The simulated results were in good compliance with measured results. This work provides a useful and simple method for predicting THM concentration and its accumulation trend for long term in indoor swimming pool water.
authors.affiliation: DVGW Research Laboratories, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany. Electronic address: di.peng@kit.edu.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
authors.forename: Florencia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saravia
authors.affiliation: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abbt-Braun
authors.affiliation: DVGW Research Laboratories, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Horn
mesh_terms: D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry; D004203:Disinfection; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013551:Swimming Pools; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis*; D014835:Volatilization; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Chlorination; DOC; Disinfection by-products; Indoor swimming pool water; THM; Trihalomethanes simulation