title: Excretion of manure-borne estrogens and androgens and their potential risk estimation in the Yangtze River Basin.
abstract: The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, and the river basin spans one fifth of the area of the whole country. Based on statistical data, the excretion of manure-borne steroid hormones, including steroid estrogens (SEs) and steroid androgens (SAs), in 10 provinces of China within the region has been estimated. The potential environmental and ecological risk of manure-borne steroid estrogens to the surface water in this region was also assessed. The manure-borne SE and SA excretions in the 10 provinces and municipalities vary in the order: Sichuan>Hunan>Hubei>Yunnan>Jiangsu>Anhui>Jiangxi>Chongqing>Qinghai>Shanghai. The highest increase of manure-borne SEs (1434.3kg) and SAs (408.5kg) was found in Hunan and Hubei provinces, respectively, and the total excretion in 2013 was 65% more than 15years earlier in these two provinces. However, the emissions in Anhui and Shanghai decreased in this 15year period of time. Swine urine, chicken feces, cattle urine, and laying hen feces were considered the dominant sources of manure-borne E1, βE2, αE2, and SAs, respectively. Although Jiangsu province did not have the largest excretion of manure-borne SEs, it had the highest level of predicted 17β-estradiol equivalency (EEQs) value of 16.65ng/L in surface water because of the limited surface water resources. According to the lowest observable effect level of 10ng/L for 17β-estradiol, the manure-borne SEs in Jiangsu province might potentially pose ecological risk to its wild aquatic organisms.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. Electronic address: liyxbnu@bnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yanxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Shiying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
authors.forename: Shufang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Bei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Xuelian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Linjie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Boyang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis*; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004967:Estrogens; D008372:Manure; D014867:Water
keywords: Animal manure; Manure-borne steroid hormones; Pollution risk assessment; The Yangtze River basin