title: Predicting the long-term durability of hemp-lime renders in inland and coastal areas using Mediterranean, Tropical and Semi-arid climatic simulations.
abstract: Hemp-based composites are eco-friendly building materials as they improve energy efficiency in buildings and entail low waste production and pollutant emissions during their manufacturing process. Nevertheless, the organic nature of hemp enhances the bio-receptivity of the material, with likely negative consequences for its long-term performance in the building. The main purpose of this study was to study the response at macro- and micro-scale of hemp-lime renders subjected to weathering simulations in an environmental cabinet (one year was condensed in twelve days), so as to predict their long-term durability in coastal and inland areas with Mediterranean, Tropical and Semi-arid climates, also in relation with the lime type used. The simulated climatic conditions caused almost unnoticeable mass, volume and colour changes in hemp-lime renders. No efflorescence or physical breakdown was detected in samples subjected to NaCl, because the salt mainly precipitates on the surface of samples and is washed away by the rain. Although there was no visible microbial colonisation, alkaliphilic fungi (mainly Penicillium and Aspergillus) and bacteria (mainly Bacillus and Micrococcus) were isolated in all samples. Microbial growth and diversification were higher under Tropical climate, due to heavier rainfall. The influence of the bacterial activity on the hardening of samples has also been discussed here and related with the formation and stabilisation of vaterite in hemp-lime mixes. This study has demonstrated that hemp-lime renders show good durability towards a wide range of environmental conditions and factors. However, it might be useful to take some specific preventive and maintenance measures to reduce the bio-receptivity of this material, thus ensuring a longer durability on site.
authors.affiliation: School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK. Electronic address: anna.arizzi@ouce.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arizzi
authors.affiliation: School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Viles
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18002 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Inés
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martín-Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18002 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cultrone
mesh_terms: D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology; D003889:Desert Climate; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D014329:Tropical Climate
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; C016538:lime
keywords: Bacterially-precipitated carbonates; Bio-receptivity; Environmental cabinet; Hemp; Rainfall; Sodium chloride