title: MRI biomarker assessment of neuromuscular disease progression: a prospective observational cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A substantial impediment to progress in trials of new therapies in neuromuscular disorders is the absence of responsive outcome measures that correlate with patient functional deficits and are sensitive to early disease processes. Irrespective of the primary molecular defect, neuromuscular disorder pathological processes include disturbance of intramuscular water distribution followed by intramuscular fat accumulation, both quantifiable by MRI. In pathologically distinct neuromuscular disorders, we aimed to determine the comparative responsiveness of MRI outcome measures over 1 year, the validity of MRI outcome measures by cross-sectional correlation against functionally relevant clinical measures, and the sensitivity of specific MRI indices to early muscle water changes before intramuscular fat accumulation beyond the healthy control range.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a prospective observational cohort study of patients with either Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1A or inclusion body myositis who were attending the inherited neuropathy or muscle clinics at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK. Genetic confirmation of the chromosome 17p11.2 duplication was required for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1A, and classification as pathologically or clinically definite by MRC criteria was required for inclusion body myositis. Exclusion criteria were concomitant diseases and safety-related MRI contraindications. Healthy age-matched and sex-matched controls were also recruited. Assessments were done at baseline and 1 year. The MRI outcomes-fat fraction, transverse relaxation time (T2), and magnetisation transfer ratio (MTR)-were analysed during the 12-month follow-up, by measuring correlation with functionally relevant clinical measures, and for T2 and MTR, sensitivity in muscles with fat fraction less than the 95th percentile of the control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between Jan 19, 2010, and July 7, 2011, we recruited 20 patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1A, 20 patients with inclusion body myositis, and 29 healthy controls (allocated to one or both of the 20-participant matched-control subgroups). Whole muscle fat fraction increased significantly during the 12-month follow-up at calf level (mean absolute change 1.2%, 95% CI 0.5-1.9, p=0.002) but not thigh level (0.2%, -0.2 to 0.6, p=0.38) in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1A, and at calf level (2.6%, 1.3-4.0, p=0.002) and thigh level (3.3%, 1.8-4.9, p=0.0007) in patients with inclusion body myositis. Fat fraction correlated with the lower limb components of the inclusion body myositis functional rating score (ρ=-0.64, p=0.002) and the Charcot-Marie-Tooth examination score (ρ=0.63, p=0.003). Longitudinal T2 and MTR changed consistently with fat fraction but more variably. In muscles with a fat fraction lower than the control group 95th percentile, T2 was increased in patients compared with controls (regression coefficients: inclusion body myositis thigh 4.0 ms [SE 0.5], calf 3.5 ms [0.6]; Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A thigh 1.0 ms [0.3], calf 2.0 ms [0.3]) and MTR reduced compared with controls (inclusion body myositis thigh -1.5 percentage units [pu; 0.2], calf -1.1 pu [0.2]; Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A thigh -0.3 pu [0.1], calf -0.7 pu [0.1]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI outcome measures can monitor intramuscular fat accumulation with high responsiveness, show validity by correlation with conventional functional measures, and detect muscle water changes preceding marked intramuscular fat accumulation. Confirmation of our results in further cohorts with these and other muscle-wasting disorders would suggest that MRI biomarkers might prove valuable in experimental trials.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Medical Research Council UK.
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jasper M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher D J
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.affiliation: Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Radiology, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fischmann
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
authors.forename: Pedro M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mary M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK. Electronic address: t.yousry@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Tarek A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Yousry
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hanna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D002607:Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers