title: Current interventional management of male stress urinary incontinence following urological procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite improvements in surgical techniques and implementation of minimally invasive procedures, male stress urinary incontinence affects a substantial number of patients after prostatic surgery. In response to increasing demand of optimal treatment modality, new alternatives to artificial urinary sphincter have recently been introduced. This review summarises the therapeutic surgical options with their outcomes in management of postprostatectomy stress incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a literature review by searching the PubMed, Web of Science and Embase databases for articles published from January 2000 until April 2015 based on clinical relevance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Artificial urinary sphincter is currently considered the "gold standard" treatment of male stress urinary incontinence. Although the new devices in this group have recently been investigated, the AMS 800 remains the only widely used implant. Male slings and adjustable continence devices, achieve the social continence rates up to 60%. Periurethral injections of bulking agents, have limited efficacy of male stress incontinence. Argus sling and ProACT are both associated with substantial explantation rates. Stem cell therapy is a promising option but still requires additional testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of new alternatives to artificial urinary sphincter is constantly progressing. Although recently introduced minimally invasive treatment options have not yet surpassed the outcomes of the artificial urinary sphincter they should continue to be evaluated and compared against the gold standard.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Regional Hospital in Puławy, Poland.
authors.forename: Ireneusz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ostrowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Regional Hospital in Puławy, Poland.
authors.forename: Emil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Śledź
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Regional Hospital in Puławy, Poland.
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ciechan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Collegium Medicum at the Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Golabek
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Northumbria NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bukowczan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Collegium Medicum at the Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Mikolaj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Przydacz
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Collegium Medicum at the Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wiatr
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynaecology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum at the Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Klaudia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stangel-Wojcikiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Collegium Medicum at the Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Chłosta
keywords: artificial urinary sphincter; bulking agents; pro-ACT; stem cells