title: A hierarchical view on material formation during pulsed-laser synthesis of nanoparticles in liquid.
abstract: Pulsed-laser assisted nanoparticle synthesis in liquids (PLAL) is a versatile tool for nanoparticle synthesis. However, fundamental aspects of structure formation during PLAL are presently poorly understood. We analyse the spatio-temporal kinetics during PLAL by means of fast X-ray radiography (XR) and scanning small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), which permits us to probe the process on length scales from nanometers to millimeters with microsecond temporal resolution. We find that the global structural evolution, such as the dynamics of the vapor bubble can be correlated to the locus and evolution of silver nanoparticles. The bubble plays an important role in particle formation, as it confines the primary particles and redeposits them to the substrate. Agglomeration takes place for the confined particles in the second bubble. Additionally, upon the collapse of the second bubble a jet of confined material is ejected perpendicularly to the surface. We hypothesize that these kinetics influence the final particle size distribution and determine the quality of the resulting colloids, such as polydispersity and modality through the interplay between particle cloud compression and particle release into the liquid.
authors.affiliation: ANKA/Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, KIT Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Shyjumon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ibrahimkutty
authors.affiliation: CENIDE and Dept. of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wagener
authors.affiliation: ANKA/Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, KIT Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Tomy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: dos Santos Rolo
authors.affiliation: ANKA/Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, KIT Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karpov
authors.affiliation: Swiss Light Source, Paul-Scherrer Institute Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Menzel
authors.affiliation: ANKA/Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, KIT Karlsruhe, Germany.|Laboratory for Application of Synchrotron Radiation, KIT Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Tilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baumbach
authors.affiliation: CENIDE and Dept. of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barcikowski
authors.affiliation: ANKA/Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, KIT Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plech