title: [Drug shortages in the hospital: management, causes and budget impact].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug shortages have become an issue of growing interest for pharmacists. Both number and type of shortages have increased over the past decade and it is challenging to provide drug continuity. Aim To describe management and impact of drug shortages for the hospital pharmacy. To gain insight into the causes of shortages.
  
  
  METHODS
  The management process for drug shortages was analysed for the hospital pharmacies of the Ghent University Hospital (GUH) and the Acute Care Hospital Sint-Lucas Ghent. Insights in possible causes were obtained by semi-structured interview with the Federation for Belgian Pharmacists (Association Pharmaceutique beIge (APB)), the Belgian association of the pharmaceutical industry (pharma.bel and the Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHPI. A database of 1329 drug shortages (Jan 2001-Feb 2014 of the GUH was used to define drug classes affected by shortages (mean shortage days per year, standard deviation (SDI), type of shortage [urgent/ important] %, total number (n)), formulation (parenteral:oral and duration of the shortages (median, interquartile range (IQR)). The total cost impact for the GUH pharmacy was estimated by calculating average, minimum and maximum time investment by the pharmacy team (Delphi-techniquel and by calculating the cost difference between original and alternative drug acquisition costs. Impact is presented as base case scenario (minimum as best and maximum as worst case scenario).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The different management phases for the pharmacist are problem identification, preparation of solution and implementation. Communication and extensive administration are essential components. Causes are production related, next to distribution inequivalences, quota and European market flows. Shortages with anti-infectious, cardiovascular and hormonal system drugs have the highest and constant proportion of drug shortage days, with recently appearance of other important drug classes such as anticancer therapy [2011 and further). The average number of drug shortage days in 2011-2013 is 8020 (SD 2142 compared to period 2001-2010 with on average 4633 days (SD 1731]. Fifty-four percent of the shortages is important for the direct hospital care and 22.9% needs urgent action. The proportion parenteral versus oral in the database is 3.3:1. Median duration of a shortage is 29 [IQR 11-65]1 days. The average excess cost of an equipotent dose of the alternative drug was 4.9 (SD 31.3) Euro. Total cost impact (gross salary and drug acquisition cost] for GUH pharmacy in 2013 is 117 281.4 Euro (best case: 88 345.06 and worst case: 151,208.2 Euro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The importance of the shortages and the diversification of the drug classes involved have an impact on the hospital pharmacy management. For the GUH this represents an important workload and an increased drug acquisition cost. Causes of shortages are production related but also distributional inequivalences and quota play an important role.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Claus
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pauwels
authors.forename: Mariëlle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baert
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Depoorter
authors.forename: Elfi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Weerdt
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boussery
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Spiegeleer
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Commeyne
mesh_terms: D001530:Belgium; D016527:Drug Costs; D004345:Drug Industry; D006739:Hospital Administration / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations