title: Time-of-flight mass spectrometry assessment of fluconazole and climbazole UV and UV/H2O2 degradability: Kinetics study and transformation products elucidation.
abstract: The efficiency of UV irradiation for the removal of the antimycotic drugs fluconazole (FCZ) and climbazole (CBZ) from water samples is evaluated. Degradation experiments, at laboratory scale, were carried out with spiked aliquots of ultrapure water solutions and treated wastewater samples using low-pressure mercury lamps emitting at 254 nm. Time course of precursor pollutants and identification of arising transformation products (TPs) was performed by injection of different reaction time aliquots in a liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) system. Chemical structures of identified TPs were proposed from their full-product ion spectra, acquired using different collision energies. During UV irradiation experiments, the half-lives (t1/2) of FCZ and CBZ were similar in ultrapure water solutions and wastewater samples; however, the first species was more recalcitrant than the second one. Four TPs were identified in case of FCZ resulting from substitution of fluorine atoms by hydroxyl moieties and intramolecular cyclization with fluorine removal. CBZ interacted with UV radiation through reductive dechlorination, hydroxylation and cleavage of the ether bond; moreover, five additional primary TPs, with the same empirical formula as CBZ, were also noticed. Given the relatively long t1/2 of FCZ under direct photolysis (ca. 42 min), UV irradiation was combined with H2O2 addition to promote formation of reactive hydroxyl radicals. Under such conditions, the degradation rate of FCZ was enhanced significantly and no TPs were detected. These latter conditions allowed also the effective removal of CBZ TPs.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Casado
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain. Electronic address: isaac.rodriguez@usc.es.
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramil
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
authors.forename: Aida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferradás
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cela
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007700:Kinetics; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010782:Photolysis; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015725:Fluconazole; C108286:climbazole; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: Climbazole; Fluconazole; Liquid chromatography; Time-of-flight mass spectrometry; Transformation products; UV degradation