title: Frequency modulated translocational oscillations of Nrf2, a transcription factor functioning like a wireless sensor.
abstract: The discovery that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) undergoes translocational oscillations from cytoplasm to nucleus in human cells with frequency modulation linked to activation of a stress-stimulated cytoprotective response raises the prospect that the Nrf2 works mechanistically analogous to a wireless sensor. Herein, we consider how this new model of Nrf2 oscillation resolves previous inexplicable experimental findings on Nrf2 regulation and why it is fit-for-purpose. Further investigation is required to assess how generally applicable the oscillatory mechanism is and if characteristics of this regulatory control can be found in vivo. It suggests there are multiple, potentially re-enforcing receptors for Nrf2 activation, indicating that potent Nrf2 activation for improved health and treatment of disease may be achieved through combination of Nrf2 system stimulants.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry CV2 2DX, U.K.
authors.forename: Mingzhan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Momiji
authors.affiliation: Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry CV2 2DX, U.K. Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
authors.forename: Naila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rabbani
authors.affiliation: Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
authors.forename: Till
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bretschneider
authors.affiliation: Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rand
authors.affiliation: Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry CV2 2DX, U.K. Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K. P.J.Thornalley@warwick.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Thornalley
mesh_terms: D001683:Biological Clocks; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495635:NFE2L2 protein, human
keywords: antioxidant response element; chemoprotection; oscillation; oxidative stress