title: A noninvasive approach to off-face skin laxity and tightening: a review of the literature.
abstract: Off-face skin scales tailored to each anatomical site can measure laxity and tightening of the neck, chest, arms, hands, abdomen, buttocks, and medial thighs. Although surgery may be indicated for major weight loss patients, other noninvasive modalities may be considered including: CO2 laser, bipolar radiofrequency, monopolar radiofrequency, microfocused ultrasound, and combination therapies. We provide a review of the literature for each modality and relevance to the off-face anatomical sites.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago Dermatology, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Kjerda2@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jerdan
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, USA.|Goldman Butterwick Fitzpatrick Gruff & Fabi: Cosmetic Laser Dermatology, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fabi
mesh_terms: D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D005121:Extremities; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D009333:Neck; D012867:Skin
keywords: CO2 laser; bipolar; combination therapy; low-level laser therapy; microfocused ultrasound; monopolar; noninvasive; off-face; radiofrequency; skin laxity; skin laxity scale; skin tightening