title: When Vacant Lots Become Urban Gardens: Characterizing the Perceived and Actual Food Safety Concerns of Urban Agriculture in Ohio.
abstract: This study was intended to characterize the perceived risks of urban agriculture by residents of four low-income neighborhoods in which the potential exists for further urban agriculture development and to provide data to support whether any chemical hazards and foodborne pathogens as potential food safety hazards were present. Sixty-seven residents participated in focus groups related to environmental health, food security, and urban gardening. In addition, soils from six locations were tested. Residents expressed interest in the development of urban gardens to improve access to healthy, fresh produce, but they had concerns about soil quality. Soils were contaminated with lead (Pb), zinc, cadmium (Cd), and copper, but not arsenic or chromium. Results from our study suggest paint was the main source of soil contamination. Detectable polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in urban soils were well below levels of concern. These urban soils will require further management to reduce Pb and possibly Cd bioavailability to decrease the potential for uptake into food crops. Although the number of locations in this study is limited, results suggest lower levels of soil contaminants at well-established gardens. Soil tillage associated with long-term gardening could have diluted the soil metal contaminants by mixing the contaminants with clean soil. Also, lower PAH levels in long-term gardening could be due to enhanced microbial activity and PAH degradation, dilution, or both due to mixing, similar to metals. No foodborne pathogen targets were detected by PCR from any of the soils. Residents expressed the need for clearness regarding soil quality and gardening practices in their neighborhoods to consume food grown in these urban areas. Results from this study suggest long-term gardening has the potential to reduce soil contaminants and their potential threat to food quality and human health and to improve access to fresh produce in low-income urban communities.
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University College of Social Work, 1947 North College, Stillman Hall, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. kaiser.267@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.affiliation: Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA; Department of Biology and Marine Science, Jacksonville University, 2800 University Boulevard N, Jacksonville, FL 32211, USA.
authors.forename: Michele L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, 410C Kottman Hall, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA 6940, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Basta
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University College of Social Work, 1947 North College, Stillman Hall, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hand
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University College of Social Work, 1947 North College, Stillman Hall, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000254:growth & development*; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D017144:Focus Groups; D059022:Food Safety; D005523:Food Supply; D051639:Gardening; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D009820:Ohio; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014504:Urban Health; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D002857:Chromium; D007854:Lead; D015032:Zinc