title: Using perceptual mapping methods to understand gender differences in perceived barriers and benefits of clinical research participation in urban minority HIV+ patients.
abstract: Minority participation in HIV clinical trials research is critical to understanding the impact of medications or behavioral interventions, but little is known about gender differences in perceptions of participation. We surveyed 50 minority HIV+ patients from an urban clinic to assess perceived risks/benefits of clinical trial research participation and used innovative marketing methods to analyze results. Perceptual mapping and vector message-modeling, a method that creates 3-D models representing how groups conceptualize elements, were used to assess how male and female participants could be motivated to participate. Results showed men farther away from participation and more concerned with HIV disclosure and experimentation than women. Men expressed distrust of the medical system, doubted HIV's origin, and knew less about research implementation. Women were closer to participation in both behavior and medical trials and perceived medication issues as more significant, including fear of losing medication stability, medications not working, being in the placebo group, and experiencing side effects. Vector modeling shows that messages would need to focus on different aspects of clinical research for men and women and that interventions aimed at minority HIV+ patients to encourage clinical trial participation would need to be targeted to their unique perceptions. Understanding gender perceptions of HIV clinical research has significant implications for targeting messages to increase minority participation.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University College of Public Health , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Sarah Bauerle
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.affiliation: a Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University College of Public Health , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Caitlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wolak
authors.affiliation: a Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University College of Public Health , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greener
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medicine , Temple University Hospital , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tedaldi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University College of Public Health , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Aasit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nanavati
authors.affiliation: c Department of Psychology , University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Katey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ruppert
authors.affiliation: c Department of Psychology , University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000523:psychology*; D003144:Communication Barriers; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups; D009042:Motivation; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology; D010465:Perception; D012737:Sex Factors; D057545:Social Stigma; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D035502:Trust; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: HIV/AIDS; clinical trials; minorities; perceptions; perceptual mapping