title: A ¹H NMR Investigation of the Interaction between Phenolic Acids Found in Mango (Manguifera indica cv Ataulfo) and Papaya (Carica papaya cv Maradol) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Free Radicals.
abstract: The benefits of phenolic acids on human health are very often ascribed to their potential to counteract free radicals to provide antioxidant protection. This potential has been attributed to their acidic chemical structure, which possesses hydroxyl groups in different positions. Phenolic acids can interact between themselves and exhibit an additive, antagonistic or synergistic effect. In this paper, we used 1H NMR to analyze the interactions and mechanisms that are present in major phenolic acids found in mango (gallic, protocatechuic, chlorogenic and vanillic acids) and papaya (caffeic, ferulic and p-coumaric acids), and the DPPH radical was used to evaluate the effect of the antioxidant mixtures. The interactions were found to occur via hydrogen bonds between the -OH and -COOH groups. Moreover, the phenolic acids exhibit two types of mechanisms for the neutralization of the DPPH radical. According to the results, these two mechanisms are Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) and Single Electron Transfer (SET). The ability of the phenolic acid to neutralize the DPPH radical decreases in the following order in mango: gallic > chlorogenic > protocatechuic > vanillic. Moreover, within the acids found in papaya, the order was as follows: caffeic > p-coumaric > ferulic.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales (DIPM), Universidad de Sonora, Calle Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas s/n, Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México.
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: López-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales (DIPM), Universidad de Sonora, Calle Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas s/n, Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México.
authors.forename: Hisila
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Santacruz-Ortega
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales (DIPM), Universidad de Sonora, Calle Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas s/n, Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México.
authors.forename: Rosa-Elena
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales (DIPM), Universidad de Sonora, Calle Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas s/n, Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México.|Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A.C. Carretera a Ejido La Victoria Km 0.6, Hermosillo Sonora, 83000, México.
authors.forename: Rogerio R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Sotelo-Mundo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales (DIPM), Universidad de Sonora, Calle Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas s/n, Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México.|Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A.C. Carretera a Ejido La Victoria Km 0.6, Hermosillo Sonora, 83000, México.
authors.forename: Gustavo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: González-Aguilar
mesh_terms: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D029441:Carica / Q000737:chemistry*; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000737:chemistry*; D031022:Mangifera / Q000737:chemistry*; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010851:Picrates; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; C017616:phenolic acid