title: Changes in Sleep Duration and Sleep Timing Associated with Retirement Transitions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigate whether retirement transitions are associated with changes in sleep duration and sleep timing, and whether these associations are modified by age, sex, mental health, or circadian preference.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Retirement and Sleep Trajectories (REST) study is a longitudinal study consisting of four annual mailed surveys that collected information about employment, sleep, and health. Differences in reported sleep duration, bedtime and wake time between successive surveys were calculated to estimate change over 1, 2, and 3 y. Linear regression models were used to estimate changes in these sleep parameters associated with retirement 1, 2, and 3 y posttransition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retiring from full-time work was associated with bedtimes that were 30, 31, and 36 min later 1, 2, and 3 y postretirement; wake times that were 63, 69, and 78 min later; and sleep durations that were 15, 16, and 22 min longer 1, 2, and 3 y postretirement. These associations did not differ by sex or mental health status. Age and circadian preference modified the associations between retirement and change in sleep parameters; the increase in sleep duration was shorter and the wake time extension was lesser with advancing retirement age; those with evening preference had longer wake time extensions than those with morning preference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transitioning to retirement is associated with longer sleep duration, later bedtimes, and later wake times. These changes were detectable about 1 y postwork transition and were persistent up to 3 y later.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Population Health Sciences, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: Erika W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Population Health Sciences, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: Jodi H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Barnet
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University, Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook, NY.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Population Health Sciences, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Peppard
mesh_terms: D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D012179:Retirement / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
keywords: bedtime; retirement; sleep duration; wake time