title: Non-Invasive DNA Sampling for Molecular Analysis of Beta-Thalassemia: Amiable Alternative Sampling Methods with Accurate Results for Pediatric Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beta-thalassemia is the most common genetic disorder in Malaysia. Confirmation of the β-globin gene mutations involved in thalassemia is usually carried out by molecular analysis of DNA extracted from leukocytes in whole blood. Molecular analysis is generally carried out when affected children are around 1 - 2 years as clinical symptoms are expressed during this period. Blood taking at this age can be distressing for the child. High yield and pure DNA extracted from non-invasive sampling methods can serve as alternative samples in molecular studies for genetic diseases especially in pediatric cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, mouthwash, saliva, and buccal cytobrush samples were collected from β-thalassemia major patients who had previously been characterized using DNA extracted from peripheral blood. DNA was extracted from mouthwash, saliva, and buccal cytobrush samples using the conventional inexpensive phenol-chloroform method and was measured by spectrophotometry for yield and purity. Molecular characterization of β-globin gene mutations was carried out using the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNA extracted from mouthwash, saliva, and buccal cytobrush samples produced high concentration and pure DNA. The purified DNA was successfully amplified using ARMS. Results of the β-globin gene mutations using DNA from the three non-invasive samples were in 100% concordance with results from DNA extracted from peripheral blood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The conventional in-house developed methods for non-invasive sample collection and DNA extraction from these samples are effective and negate the use of more expensive commercial kits. In conclusion, DNA extracted from mouthwash, saliva, and buccal cytobrush samples provided sufficiently high amounts of pure DNA suitable for molecular analysis of β-thalassemia.
authors.forename: Mohd Rashdan
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Abd Rahim
authors.forename: Siew-Leng
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kho
authors.forename: Umah Rani
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Kuppusamy
authors.forename: Jin-Ai Mary Anne
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry*; D009067:Mouthwashes; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D055544:beta-Globins / Q000235:genetics*; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009067:Mouthwashes; D055544:beta-Globins; D004247:DNA