title: Review article: inhibition of methanogenic archaea by statins as a targeted management strategy for constipation and related disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Observational studies show a strong association between delayed intestinal transit and the production of methane. Experimental data suggest a direct inhibitory activity of methane on the colonic and ileal smooth muscle and a possible role for methane as a gasotransmitter. Archaea are the only confirmed biological sources of methane in nature and Methanobrevibacter smithii is the predominant methanogen in the human intestine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the biosynthesis and composition of archaeal cell membranes, archaeal methanogenesis and the mechanism of action of statins in this context.
  
  
  METHODS
  Narrative review of the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statins can inhibit archaeal cell membrane biosynthesis without affecting bacterial numbers as demonstrated in livestock and humans. This opens the possibility of a therapeutic intervention that targets a specific aetiological factor of constipation while protecting the intestinal microbiome. While it is generally believed that statins inhibit methane production via their effect on cell membrane biosynthesis, mediated by inhibition of the HMG-CoA reductase, there is accumulating evidence for an alternative or additional mechanism of action where statins inhibit methanogenesis directly. It appears that this other mechanism may predominate when the lactone form of statins, particularly lovastatin lactone, is administered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical development appears promising. A phase 2 clinical trial is currently in progress that evaluates the effect of lovastatin lactone on methanogenesis and symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. The review concludes with an outlook for the future and subsequent work that needs to be done.
authors.affiliation: Synthetic Biologics, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.affiliation: Synthetic Biologics, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wacher
authors.affiliation: Synthetic Biologics, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sliman
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pimentel
mesh_terms: D001105:Archaea / Q000378:metabolism; D003248:Constipation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008697:Methane / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008697:Methane