title: Comparison of Antimicrobial Effects of Three Different Mouthwashes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial effects of three mouthwashes on supragingival plaque microbiota. The three mouthwashes under study were 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX), Listerine®, and Persica (PM). Water was used as negative control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Supragingival plaque samples were collected from 32 patients with gingivitis in the Dental School of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in March 2014. Plaque samples were swabbed on agar plates and discs (previously immersed in the three mouthwashes) were placed on the agar. The zone of bacterial inhibition (ZOI) was measured after incubation for 24 hours. For the in vivo testing, the same plaque samples were inoculated on agar and the colony forming units (CFU) were counted. The patients were then instructed to use the mouthwashes (cases) and water (controls) for two weeks, after which plaque samples were again collected, inoculated and the CFUs were counted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the ZOI test, 0.2% CHX inhibited the growth of bacteria to an average diameter of 18.38 mm, while Listerine®, PM and water caused no inhibition of bacterial growth around the discs after 24 hours. The mean bacterial count after using 0.2% CHX for two weeks decreased by 23.13 CFU. This was followed by Listerine®, with a mean reduction of 19.75 CFU. PM resulted in 13.5 CFU decrease in the mean bacterial count, while water reduced the bacterial count by only 1 CFU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  0.2% CHX inhibits bacterial growth considerably. All three mouthwashes can reduce total bacterial count after 2 weeks although with different mean bacterial count reduction.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haerian-Ardakani
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Periodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahsa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezaei
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Periodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Talebi-Ardakani
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Periodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Nasrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Keshavarz Valian
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Periodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Amid
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Periodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mansoor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meimandi
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Periodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Azadeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esmailnejad
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Periodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Azarnoosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ariankia
keywords: Antibacterial activity; Bacterial biofilm; Mouthwashes; Periodontitis