title: Hepatorenal syndrome: Update on diagnosis and treatment.
abstract: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in patients with end-stage liver disease and advanced cirrhosis regardless of the underlying cause. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), a functional form of kidney failure, is one of the many possible causes of AKI. HRS is potentially reversible but involves highly complex pathogenetic mechanisms and equally complex clinical and therapeutic management. Once HRS has developed, it has a very poor prognosis. This review focuses on the diagnostic approach to HRS and discusses the therapeutic protocols currently adopted in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Olga Baraldi, Chiara Valentini, Gabriele Donati, Giorgia Comai, Vania Cuna, Irene Capelli, Maria Laura Angelini, Maria Ilaria Moretti, Andrea Angeletti, Gaetano La Manna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Baraldi
authors.affiliation: Olga Baraldi, Chiara Valentini, Gabriele Donati, Giorgia Comai, Vania Cuna, Irene Capelli, Maria Laura Angelini, Maria Ilaria Moretti, Andrea Angeletti, Gaetano La Manna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valentini
authors.affiliation: Olga Baraldi, Chiara Valentini, Gabriele Donati, Giorgia Comai, Vania Cuna, Irene Capelli, Maria Laura Angelini, Maria Ilaria Moretti, Andrea Angeletti, Gaetano La Manna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Donati
authors.affiliation: Olga Baraldi, Chiara Valentini, Gabriele Donati, Giorgia Comai, Vania Cuna, Irene Capelli, Maria Laura Angelini, Maria Ilaria Moretti, Andrea Angeletti, Gaetano La Manna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Comai
authors.affiliation: Olga Baraldi, Chiara Valentini, Gabriele Donati, Giorgia Comai, Vania Cuna, Irene Capelli, Maria Laura Angelini, Maria Ilaria Moretti, Andrea Angeletti, Gaetano La Manna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Vania
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cuna
authors.affiliation: Olga Baraldi, Chiara Valentini, Gabriele Donati, Giorgia Comai, Vania Cuna, Irene Capelli, Maria Laura Angelini, Maria Ilaria Moretti, Andrea Angeletti, Gaetano La Manna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Capelli
authors.affiliation: Olga Baraldi, Chiara Valentini, Gabriele Donati, Giorgia Comai, Vania Cuna, Irene Capelli, Maria Laura Angelini, Maria Ilaria Moretti, Andrea Angeletti, Gaetano La Manna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Laura
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Angelini
authors.affiliation: Olga Baraldi, Chiara Valentini, Gabriele Donati, Giorgia Comai, Vania Cuna, Irene Capelli, Maria Laura Angelini, Maria Ilaria Moretti, Andrea Angeletti, Gaetano La Manna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Ilaria
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.affiliation: Olga Baraldi, Chiara Valentini, Gabriele Donati, Giorgia Comai, Vania Cuna, Irene Capelli, Maria Laura Angelini, Maria Ilaria Moretti, Andrea Angeletti, Gaetano La Manna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Angeletti
authors.affiliation: Olga Baraldi, Chiara Valentini, Gabriele Donati, Giorgia Comai, Vania Cuna, Irene Capelli, Maria Laura Angelini, Maria Ilaria Moretti, Andrea Angeletti, Gaetano La Manna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Piscaglia
authors.affiliation: Olga Baraldi, Chiara Valentini, Gabriele Donati, Giorgia Comai, Vania Cuna, Irene Capelli, Maria Laura Angelini, Maria Ilaria Moretti, Andrea Angeletti, Gaetano La Manna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: La Manna
keywords: Acute kidney injury; Cirrhosis; Diagnosis; Hepatorenal syndrome; Liver support system; Terlipressin; Treatment