title: Vibrato Rate and Extent in College Music Majors: A Multicenter Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine differences in vibrato rate and extent according to vowel, production type, gender, voice type, and vocal training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four collegiate voice teachers used a common protocol to gather data on habitual, best classical, and nonvibrato singing production of five vowels in 78 male and female vocal majors. Subject age, gender, voice type, academic degree program, number of years of training, and most frequent singing style were compared with mean vibrato rate and mean peak-to-peak vibrato extent for each vowel and for each production condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The high versus low and female versus male comparisons in this study support results found in the literature. Both vibrato rate and vibrato extent were reduced when the singers sang nonvibrato as compared with their habitual and best classical production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanisms for reducing vibrato rate and extent need further exploration.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas. Electronic address: John.nix@utsa.edu.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nix
authors.affiliation: West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; Mississippi College, Jackson, Mississippi.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Perna
authors.affiliation: University of Montana, Missoula, Montana.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: James
authors.affiliation: Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D010699:Phonation; D012737:Sex Factors; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D063346:Singing; D013334:Students; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014732:Vibration; D014833:Voice Quality; D014834:Voice Training; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Nonvibrato; Vibrato; Vibrato extent; Vibrato rate; Voice training