title: Reliability of stable Pb isotopes to identify Pb sources and verifying biological fractionation of Pb isotopes in goats and chickens.
abstract: Stable Pb isotope ratios (Pb-IRs) have been recognized as an efficient tool for identifying sources. This study carried out at Kabwe mining area, Zambia, to elucidate the presence or absence of Pb isotope fractionation in goat and chicken, to evaluate the reliability of identifying Pb pollution sources via analysis of Pb-IRs, and to assess whether a threshold for blood Pb levels (Pb-B) for biological fractionation was present. The variation of Pb-IRs in goat decreased with an increase in Pb-B and were fixed at certain values close to those of the dominant source of Pb exposure at Pb-B > 5 μg/dL. However, chickens did not show a clear relationship for Pb-IRs against Pb-B, or a fractionation threshold. Given these, the biological fractionation of Pb isotopes should not occur in chickens but in goats, and the threshold for triggering biological fractionation is at around 5 μg/dL of Pb-B in goats.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Hokuto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Shouta M M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.affiliation: The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yabe
authors.affiliation: Central Province Veterinary Office, Kabwe, Zambia.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liazambi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Hazuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizukawa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
authors.forename: Wageh Sobhy
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Darwish
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, South Africa.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikenaka
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan. Electronic address: ishizum@vetmed.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishizuka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000097:blood; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D006041:Goats / Q000097:blood; D007554:Isotopes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D008906:Mining; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015024:Zambia
chemical_list: D007554:Isotopes; D007854:Lead
keywords: Biological fractionation; Chicken; Goat; Pb pollution source; Stable Pb isotopes