title: Design andIn VitroInterference Test of Microwave Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Sensor.
abstract: A design of a microwave noninvasive continuous blood glucose monitoring sensor and its interference test results are presented. The novelty of the proposed sensor is that it comprises two spatially separated split-ring resonators, where one interacts with the change in glucose level of a sample under test while the other ring is used as a reference. The reference ring has a slightly different resonant frequency and is desensitized to the sample owing to its location, thus allowing changes in temperature to be calibrated out. From an oral glucose tolerance test with two additional commercially available sensors (blood strip and continuous glucose monitor) in parallel, we obtained encouraging performance for our sensor comparable with those of the commercial sensors. The effects of endogenous interferents common to all subjects, i.e., common sugars, vitamins (ascorbic acid), and metabolites (uric acid) have also been investigated by using a large Franz cell assembly. From the interference test, it is shown that the change in sensor response is dominated by changes in glucose level for concentrations relevant to blood, and the effects of interferents are negligible in comparison.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, Wales, U.K.
authors.forename: Heungjae
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, Wales, U.K. He is now with the Laser Controls Systems Group, ELI Beamlines, Academy of Science, Institute of Physics, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Naylon
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, U.K.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luzio
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, Wales, U.K.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beutler
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, U.K.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Birchall
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, U.K.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, Wales, U.K.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Porch
keywords: Biomedical sensors; dielectric measurements; emerging application for RF/microwaves; material characterization; microwave sensors