title: Embryo development in association with asymbiotic seed germination in vitro of Paphiopedilum armeniacum S. C. Chen et F. Y. Liu.
abstract: This paper documents the key anatomical features during the development of P. armeniacum zygotic embryos and their ability to germinate asymbiotically in vitro. This study also examines the effect of media and seed pretreatments on seed germination and subsequent seedling growth. Seeds collected from pods 45 days after pollination (DAP) did not germinate while 95 DAP seeds displayed the highest seed germination percentage (96.2%). Most seedlings (50%) developed to stage 5 from 110 DAP seeds whose compact testa had not yet fully formed. Suspensor cells were vacuolated, which enabled the functional uptake of nutrients. The optimum basal medium for seed germination and subsequent protocorm development was eighth-strength Murashige and Skoog (1/8MS) for 95 DAP seeds and ¼MS for 110 DAP seeds. Poor germination was displayed by 140 DAP seeds with a compact testa. Pretreatment of dry mature seeds (180 DAP) with 1.0% sodium hypochlorite solution for 90 min or 40 kHz of ultrasound for 8 min improved germination percentage from 0 to 29.2% or to 19.7%, respectively. Plantlets that were at least 5 cm in height were transplanted to a Zhijing stone substrate for orchids, and 85.3% of plantlets survived 180 days after transplanting.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Yan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
authors.forename: Kun-Lin
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Xia
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
authors.forename: Ru-Fang
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Jaime A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Teixeira da Silva
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Chen Shan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Chang
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
authors.forename: Song-Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D003470:Culture Media; D018525:Germination; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D010641:Phenotype; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media