title: Gender differences in cognitive deficits in schizophrenia with and without diabetes.
abstract: This study investigated gender differences in cognition in schizophrenia with and without diabetes. Cognition was assessed in 263 individuals with schizophrenia with age range (40-68): 67 males and 34 females with schizophrenia with diabetes; and 125 males and 37 females with schizophrenia without diabetes according to the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lipid levels were measured. Results showed that male individuals performed worse on most cognitive tasks, especially attention, in schizophrenia with than without diabetes. This result was not observed in female individuals. Also, individuals of both genders showed higher fasting glucose and HbA1c in schizophrenia with than without diabetes. In schizophrenia with diabetes, males had significantly worse cognition than females in all cognitive domains. Higher HbA1c, lower high-density lipoprotein, and an earlier age of onset of schizophrenia were found in males compared with female individuals. HbA1c was negatively associated with attention and the RBANS total score for males but not for females. In schizophrenia without diabetes, males showed worse performance in immediate and delayed memory than females. This study support cognition was worse for males with schizophrenia irrespective of whether they have diabetes. However, diabetes exemplified the gender differences, especially in attention.
authors.affiliation: Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China; School of Medicine, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Bao Hua
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Xiang Yang
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Wenzhou Kangning Mental Health, Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.affiliation: Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Shu Rong
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Fu De
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Yun Long
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhi Ren
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: xhuang@uow.edu.au.
authors.forename: Xu Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human