title: The Relationship between Anxiety Sensitivity and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: What is the Impact of Nicotine Withdrawal?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is related to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among cigarette smokers, and is also implicated in the amplification of acute nicotine withdrawal symptoms. The present study sought to examine the role of nicotine withdrawal in moderating the association between AS and PTSD symptom severity among a sample of treatment-seeking smokers with PTSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n = 117) were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial for the treatment of PTSD and nicotine dependence. Cross-sectional data were randomly sampled from three different study time points. A series of multiple regression models were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results revealed main effects of both AS and withdrawal severity on PTSD severity after controlling for gender, assessment time-point, negative affectivity, and biochemically verified smoking (expired carbon monoxide). The interaction of AS and withdrawal was also significant, and appeared to be specific to PTSD avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms. However, contrary to expectations, the association between AS and PTSD symptoms was only significant at relatively lower levels of nicotine withdrawal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings highlight the complex interplay between AS, nicotine withdrawal, and their synergistic effect in terms of the exacerbation of PTSD symptomology.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asnaani
authors.affiliation: University of Houston, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Samantha G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Farris
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ; Boston University, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Joseph K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Laurie J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Zandberg
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Edna B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Foa
keywords: anxiety sensitivity; nicotine withdrawal; posttraumatic stress disorder; trauma-exposed smokers