title: Impact of beta thalassemia on maxillary sinuses and sino-nasal passages: A case control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Skeletal changes among beta (β) thalassemia children are well documented, but without available data regarding sino-nasal passages alterations. The authors investigated the maxillary sinuses and sino-nasal passages changes in β-thalassemia children and correlated such changes with the amount of transfused red cells and the erythroid marrow activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical analyses including otorhinolaryngical examination (ORL) were obtained in twenty β-thalassemia children and 20 matched healthy controls. Hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) levels and bone mineral density of the lumbar spine (BMD ls) were assayed. The two groups were analyzed for the CT image parameters: bone thickness, anterior and posterior choanae diameters, extramedullary hematopoiesis and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) RESULTS: Nasal congestion/obstruction was identified in 14 (70%) children. Eight patients (40%) had criteria of chronic rhinosinusitis. In comparison with the normal controls, the increase in the roof, floor, medial, anterior, lateral and posterior maxillary bony walls thickness was significantly higher (1.26, 2.46, 2.6, 2.9, 3.23 and 5.34-folds, respectively). The mean posterior choanae horizontal, vertical diameters and their surface area were significantly reduced in the patients compared to the controls. The mean anterior maxillary wall bone thickness directly correlated with sTfR (P=0.047) while that of the posterior wall correlated inversely with Hb level (P=0.013). The mean vertical posterior choanae diameter had positive correlation with the amount of transfused red cells (P=0.001) and negative correlation with sTfR (P=0.001). The Hounsfield unit of maxillary sinus wall had direct relation with BMDls (P=0.003) CONCLUSIONS: Thalassemia children are at risk of different folds increase of maxillary sinuses walls thicknesses utmost at posterior and lateral walls. Other sino-nasal morbidities include diminished posterior choanal diameter, nasal obstruction and CRS. Certain morbidities had relations to the erythroid marrow activity and the transfusion adequacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt. Electronic address: ahmedragab2000@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ragab
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.
authors.forename: Seham Mohammed
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ragab
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shawki
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000150:complications*; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications*; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins
keywords: Chronic sinusitis; Paransal sinuses; Pediatric sinusitis; Sinonasal; Skeletal changes; β-Thalassemia