title: Modeling and estimating manganese concentrations in rural households in the mining district of Molango, Mexico.
abstract: Airborne manganese (Mn) is considered the most hazardous route of exposure since Mn particles can enter into the body through the lung and may access the brain directly through olfactory uptake, thereby bypassing homeostatic excretory mechanisms. Environmental indoor and outdoor manganese concentrations in PM2.5 were monitored in ten rural households from two communities of Hidalgo, Mexico, from 2006 to 2007. Indoor and outdoor air samples of PM2.5 were collected using MiniVol samplers, and Mn concentrations in the filters were measured using proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). An adjusted generalized linear mixed model was applied and then used for estimating indoor concentrations in non-monitored households. Our monitoring results showed a higher daily average concentration of indoor PM2.5 vs. outdoor PM2.5 (46.4 vs. 36.2 μg/m(3), respectively); however, manganese concentration in PM2.5 indoor and outdoor was 0.09 μg/m(3) in both sceneries. Predictor variables of indoor Mn concentration were outdoor Mn concentration (64.5% increase per 0.1 μg/m(3) change in Mn) and keeping the windows open (4.2% increase). Using these predictors, the average estimated indoor Mn concentration in PM2.5 was 0.07 μg/m(3) (SD = 0.05). Our results confirm the direct effect of outdoor Mn levels, opening house windows, and the distance to the mining chimney in indoor Mn levels in houses.
authors.affiliation: Salud Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad #655 Col. Sta. Ma Ahuacatitlan, 1er piso oficina 120, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. cmarlene@insp.mx.
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cortez-Lugo
authors.affiliation: Salud Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad #655 Col. Sta. Ma Ahuacatitlan, 1er piso oficina 120, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. lrodriguez@insp.mx.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Dozal
authors.affiliation: Ciencias de la Atmósfera, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico. iarp@atmosfera.unam.
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rosas-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Salud Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad #655 Col. Sta. Ma Ahuacatitlan, 1er piso oficina 120, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. ualamo@insp.mx.
authors.forename: Urinda
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Alamo-Hernández
authors.affiliation: Salud Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad #655 Col. Sta. Ma Ahuacatitlan, 1er piso oficina 120, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. hriojas@insp.mx.
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Riojas-Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions; D016014:Linear Models; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis*; D008800:Mexico; D008906:Mining; D008956:Models, Chemical; D012424:Rural Population
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D007477:Ions; D008345:Manganese
keywords: Indoor; Manganese; Outdoor; PM2.5; Rural community