title: Negative concordance pattern in bipolar and unipolar recordings: An additional mapping criterion to localize the site of origin of focal ventricular arrhythmias.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relevance of the temporal relationship between a unipolar electrogram (UEGM) and a bipolar electrogram (BEGM) in determining the site of origin (SOO) of focal arrhythmias has been largely demonstrated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to demonstrate that a negative concordance in the initial forces of these EGMs is also helpful in predicting the SOO of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mapping and radiofrequency (RF) ablation were performed in 41 patients with symptomatic PVCs in the absence of structural heart disease. Simultaneous recordings of the minimally filtered (0.5-500 Hz) UEGM and filtered BEGM (30-500 Hz) were analyzed at 247 mapping sites, where RF was attempted. EGMs of 63 mechanically induced PVCs were separately analyzed as a validation group. All ablation sites had a QS pattern in the UEGM. Acute PVC suppression was defined as a complete disappearance of ventricular ectopic beats after a 60-second pulse of RF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RF ablation obtained PVC suppression (RF+) in 33 of 247 sites (13.3%). A negative concordance pattern (NCP) during the initial 20 ms of both UEGM and BEGM was observed in 31 of 33 (94%) RF+ sites compared with 10 of 214 (4%)RF- sites (P < .0001). The NCP criterion demonstrated to be an additional powerful predictor of acute RF success with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 94%, 95%, 76%, and 99%, respectively. Similarly to RF+ sites, the NCP was observed in 60 of 63 sites (95.2%) in the mechanical PVC group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An NCP in both UEGM and BEGM may be an additional criterion that helps to localize the SOO of focal ventricular arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Electronic address: sorgente.antonio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sorgente
authors.affiliation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Center II, Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Research Center, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Epicoco
authors.affiliation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Center II, Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Research Center, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Hussam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Center II, Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Research Center, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Foresti
authors.affiliation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Center II, Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Research Center, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Ambroggi
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Villa Maria Group, Cotignola (RA), Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balla
authors.affiliation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Center II, Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Research Center, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonitta
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco Matteo
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ciccone
authors.affiliation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Center II, Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Research Center, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Pierpaolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lupo
authors.affiliation: Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Mi), Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cappato
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D063189:Symptom Assessment; D014672:Vectorcardiography / Q000379:methods*; D018879:Ventricular Premature Complexes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Bipolar recording; Catheter ablation; Premature ventricular contraction; Unipolar recording