title: Relationship Between Parental Diabetes and Presentation of Metabolic and Glycemic Function in Youth With Type 2 Diabetes: Baseline Findings From the TODAY Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children whose parents have diabetes are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. This report assessed relationships between parental diabetes status and baseline demographics, anthropometrics, metabolic measurements, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell function in children recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 632 youth (aged 10-17 years) diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for <2 years who participated in the TODAY clinical trial. Medical history data were collected at baseline by self-report from parents and family members. Youth baseline measurements included an oral glucose tolerance test and other measures collected by trained study staff.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Youth exposed to maternal diabetes during pregnancy (whether the mother was diagnosed with diabetes prior to pregnancy or had gestational diabetes mellitus) were diagnosed at younger ages (by 0.6 years on average), had greater dysglycemia at baseline (HbA1c increased by 0.3% [3.4 mmol/mol]), and had reduced β-cell function compared with those not exposed (C-peptide index 0.063 vs. 0.092). The effect of maternal diabetes on β-cell function was observed in non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics but not whites. Relationships with paternal diabetes status were minimal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal diabetes prior to or during pregnancy was associated with poorer glycemic control and β-cell function overall but particularly in non-Hispanic black and Hispanic youth, supporting the hypothesis that fetal exposure to aberrant metabolism may have long-term effects. More targeted research is needed to understand whether the impact of maternal diabetes is modified by racial/ethnic factors or whether the pathway to youth-onset type 2 diabetes differs by race/ethnicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK.
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Chernausek
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Silva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arslanian
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caprio
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK.
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.affiliation: The George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Rockville, MD elghorml@bsc.gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: El ghormli
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kelsey
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Michaela B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Koontz
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX.
authors.forename: Carisse M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Orsi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wilfley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000166:cytology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide