title: Algorithm for planning a double-jaw orthognathic surgery using a computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) protocol. Part 2: three-dimensional cephalometry.
abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) cephalometry is not as simple as just adding a 'third' dimension to a traditional two-dimensional cephalometric analysis. There are more complex issues in 3D analysis. These include how reference frames are created, how size, position, orientation and shape are measured, and how symmetry is assessed. The main purpose of this article is to present the geometric principles of 3D cephalometry. In addition, the Gateno-Xia cephalometric analysis is presented; this is the first 3D cephalometric analysis to observe these principles.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Planning Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, NY, USA. Electronic address: JXia@HoustonMethodist.org.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, NY, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gateno
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Teichgraeber
authors.affiliation: Surgical Planning Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Surgical Planning Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Surgical Planning Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Cheng-Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: K-C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jajoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nicol
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, NY, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Alfi
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D002508:Cephalometry; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003761:Dental Impression Technique; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D019767:Maxillofacial Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: cephalometric analysis; cephalometry; computer-aided surgical simulation; craniomaxillofacial deformity; dentofacial deformity; orthognathic surgery; planning sequence; surgical planning; three-dimensional; two-dimensional