title: Transitive inference of social dominance by human infants.
abstract: It is surprising that there are inconsistent findings of transitive inference (TI) in young infants given that non-linguistic species succeed on TI tests. To conclusively test for TI in infants, we developed a task within the social domain, with which infants are known to show sophistication. We familiarized 10- to 13-month-olds (M = 11.53 months) to a video of two dominance interactions between three puppets (bear > elephant; hippo > bear) consistent with a dominance hierarchy (hippo > bear > elephant; where '>' denotes greater dominance). Infants then viewed interactions between the two puppets that had not interacted during familiarization. These interactions were either congruent (hippo > elephant) or incongruent (elephant > hippo) with the inferred hierarchy. Consistent with TI, infants looked longer to incongruent than congruent displays. Control conditions ruled out the possibility that infants' expectations were based on stable behaviors specific to individual puppets rather than their inferred transitive dominance relations. We suggest that TI may be supported by phylogenetically ancient mechanisms of ordinal representation and visuospatial processing that come online early in human development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Program in Animal Behavior, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, USA.|Research Department, Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, USA.
authors.forename: Regina Paxton
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Gazes
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA.|Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, USA.
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Hampton
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA.
authors.forename: Stella F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Lourenco
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D003071:Cognition; D006608:Hierarchy, Social; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D012930:Social Dominance