title: Effects of Breast Milk and Vanilla Odors on Premature Neonate's Heart Rate and Blood Oxygen Saturation During and After Venipuncture.
abstract: Different studies have shown that the use of olfactory stimuli during painful medical procedures reduces infants' response to pain. The main purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of breast milk odor and vanilla odor on premature infants' vital signs including heart rate and blood oxygen saturation during and after venipuncture.
  
  
  
  A total of 135 preterm infants were randomly selected and divided into three groups of control, vanilla odor, and breast milk odor. Infants in the breast milk group and the vanilla group were exposed to breast milk odor and vanilla odor from 5 minutes prior to sampling until 30 seconds after sampling.
  
  
  
  The results showed that breast milk odor has a significant effect on the changes of neonatal heart rate and blood oxygen saturation during and after venipuncture and decreased the variability of premature infants' heart rate and blood oxygen saturation. Vanilla odor has no significant effect on premature infants' heart rate and blood oxygen saturation.
  
  
  
  Breast milk odor can decrease the variability of premature infants' heart rate and blood oxygen saturation during and after venipuncture.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; NICU, Tabriz Children's Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: hanie.neshat@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hanieh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Neshat
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahnaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jebreili
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Aleheh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seyyedrasouli
authors.affiliation: Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghojazade
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Health Research Center of Tabriz, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Bagher
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Hosseini
authors.affiliation: Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamishehkar
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human; D009812:Odorants; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D018962:Phlebotomy; D031669:Vanilla
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: blood oxygen saturation; breast milk odor; heart rate; premature infant; vanilla odor