title: Development of a High-Throughput Ultrasound Technique for the Analysis of Tissue Engineering Constructs.
abstract: Development of hydrogel-based tissue engineering constructs is growing at a rapid rate, yet translation to patient use has been sluggish. Years of costly preclinical tests are required to predict clinical performance and safety of these devices. The tests are invasive, destructive to the samples and, in many cases, are not representative of the ultimate in vivo scenario. Biomedical imaging has the potential to facilitate biomaterial development by enabling longitudinal noninvasive device characterization directly in situ. Among the various available imaging modalities, ultrasound stands out as an excellent candidate due to low cost, wide availability, and a favorable safety profile. The overall goal of this work was to demonstrate the utility of clinical ultrasound in longitudinal characterization of 3D hydrogel matrices supporting cell growth. Specifically, we developed a quantitative technique using clinical B-mode ultrasound to differentiate collagen content and fibroblast density within poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels and validated it in an in vitro phantom environment. By manipulating the hydrogel gelation, differences in ultrasound signal intensity were found between gels with collagen fibers and those with non-fiber forming collagen, indicating that the technique was sensitive to the configuration of the protein. At a collagen density of 2.5 mg/mL collagen, fiber forming collagen had a significantly increased signal intensity of 14.90 ± 2.58 × 10(-5) a.u. compared to non-fiber forming intensity at 2.74 ± 0.36 × 10(-5) a.u. Additionally, differences in intensity were found between living and fixed fibroblasts, with an increased signal intensity detected in living cells (5.00 ± 0.80 × 10(-5) a.u. in 1 day live cells compared to 2.26 ± 0.39 × 10(-5) a.u.in fixed cells at a concentration of 1 × 10(6) cells/mL in gels containing collagen). Overall, there was a linear correlation >0.90 for ultrasound intensity with increasing cell density. Results demonstrate the feasibility of using clinical ultrasound for characterization of PEG-based hydrogels in a tissue-mimicking phantom. The approach is clinically-relevant and could, with further validation, be utilized to nondestructively monitor in vivo performance of implanted tissue engineering scaffolds over time in preclinical and clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-0302, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stukel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goss
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Haoyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-0302, USA.
authors.forename: Wenda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-0302, USA. willits@uakron.edu.
authors.forename: Rebecca Kuntz
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Willits
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.|Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Agata A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Exner
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C000595209:polyethylene glycol 1000
keywords: Collagen; Hydrogel; Imaging; Poly(ethylene glycol); Scaffold; Tissue engineering; Ultrasound