title: Consumption and foraging behaviors for common stimulants (nicotine, caffeine).
abstract: Models are needed to understand the emerging capability to track consumers' movements. Therefore, we examined the use of legal and readily available stimulants that vary in their addictive potential (nicotine, caffeine). One hundred sixty-six participants answered the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), the Severity of Dependence Scale for nicotine and caffeine, and reported the number of times and locations stimulants were purchased and used. On average, nicotine dependent individuals made their purchases from 2 locations, while caffeine dependent individuals consumed caffeine at 2 locations, but some people exhibited a greater range and intensity of use. Stimulant foraging behavior could be described by power laws, and is exacerbated by dependency. The finding has implications for attempts to control substance use.
authors.affiliation: a Psychology Department, Akoranga Campus, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: b Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Wellesley Campus, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.affiliation: c Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University and Turning Point, Box Hill , Victoria , Australia.
authors.forename: Rowan P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Ogeil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine; D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Nicotine; caffeine; dependence; foraging; location aware; mobile phone