title: Toxic effects of male Perna viridis gonad exposed to BaP, DDT and their mixture: A metabolomic and proteomic study of the underlying mechanism.
abstract: Benzo(a)pyrene and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane are typical persistent organic pollutants, and also the widespread environmental estrogens with known toxicity towards green mussels Perna viridis. In this study, the toxicological effects of BaP and DDT and their mixture were assessed in green mussel gonads using proteomic and metabolomic approaches. Metabolomics by NMR spectroscopy revealed that BaP did not show obvious metabolite changes in the gonad of male green mussel. DDT mainly caused some disturbance of osmotic regulation and energy metabolism by changing BCAAs, alanine, threonine, arginine, etc., unknown metabolite (3.53 ppm), glycine, homarine and ATP at different levels. However, the mixture of BaP and DDT mainly caused some disturbance in osmotic regulation and energy metabolism by differentially altering branched chain amino acids, glutamate, alanine, arginine, unknown metabolite (3.53 ppm), glycine, 4-aminobutyrate, dimethylglycine, homarine and ATP. The results suggest that DDT alone may cause most of metabolites changes in the mixture exposed male mussel gonad, and the results also show that the male P. viridis gonad was more sensitive to DDT than BaP exposures. Proteomic study showed that BaP, DDT and their mixture may have different modes of action. Proteomic responses revealed that BaP induced signal transduction, oxidative stress, spermatogenesis, etc. in the male green mussel gonad; whereas DDT exposure altered proteins that were associated with signal transduction, oxidative stress, cytoskeleton and cell structure, cellular organization, energy metabolism, etc. However, the mixture of BaP and DDT affected proteins related to cytoskeleton and cell structure, oxidative stress, cellular organization, etc. This research demonstrated that metabolomic and proteomic approaches could better elucidate the underlying mechanism of environmental pollutants gonad toxicity.
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
authors.forename: Qinqin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
authors.forename: Liguo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
authors.forename: Xiu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Haikou Key Laboratory of Environment Toxicology, Haikou 570228, China. Electronic address: zhouhl@hainu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hailong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Haikou Key Laboratory of Environment Toxicology, Haikou 570228, China. Electronic address: diaoxip@hainu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Diao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000633:toxicity*; D003634:DDT / Q000633:toxicity*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D049883:Perna / Q000187:drug effects*; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; D003634:DDT
keywords: BaP; DDT; Gonad toxic effects; Metabolomics; Perna viridis; Proteomics