title: Comparative analysis of peptidoglycan recognition proteins in endoparasitoid wasp Microplitis mediator.
abstract: Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a family of innate immune receptors that specifically recognize peptidoglycans (PGNs) on the surface of a number of pathogens. Here, we have identified and characterized six PGRPs from endoparasitoid wasp, Microplitis mediator (MmePGRPs). To understand the roles of PGRPs in parasitoid wasps, we analyzed their evolutionary relationship and orthology, expression profiles during different developmental stages, and transcriptional expression following infection with Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and a fungus. MmePGRP-S1 was significantly induced in response to pathogenic infection. This prompted us to evaluate the effects of RNA interference mediated gene specific knockdown of MmePGRP-S1. The knockdown of MmePGRP-S1 (iMmePGRP-S1) dramatically affected wasps' survival following challenge by Micrococcus luteus, indicating the involvement of this particular PGRP in immune responses against Gram-positive bacteria. This action is likely to be mediated by the Toll pathway, but the mechanism remains to be determined. MmePGRP-S1 does not play a significant role in anti-fungal immunity as indicated by the survival rate of iMmePGRP-S1 wasps. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of PGRPs in the economically important hymenopteran species M. mediator.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi.|State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.
authors.forename: Rui-Juan
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, IPM Center of Hebei Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Baoding, China.
authors.forename: Jiancheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Tusar T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, IPM Center of Hebei Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Baoding, China.
authors.forename: Ziyun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi.
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052982:Beauveria / Q000276:immunology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016972:Enterobacter cloacae / Q000276:immunology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D019476:Insect Proteins; D016982:Micrococcus luteus / Q000276:immunology; D010802:Phylogeny; D034622:RNA Interference; D014863:Wasps / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; C118897:peptidoglycan recognition protein
keywords: Microplitis mediator; endoparasitoid wasp; insect immunity; microbial infection; peptidoglycan recognition protein