title: Cyclooxygenase-2 promotes tumor growth and suppresses tumor immunity.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible form of the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of prostanoids, is associated with inflammatory diseases and carcinogenesis, which is suspected to promote angiogenesis and tissue invasion of tumors and resistance to apoptosis. Meanwhile, COX-2 contributes to immune evasion and resistance to cancer immunotherapy, which plays a crucial role in the innate and adaptive immune response. The activity of COX-2-PGE2-EP signal pathway can suppress Dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK), T cells, type-1 immunity excluding type-2 immunity which promote tumor immune evasion. COX-2 and the prostaglandin cascade play important roles in the "inflammogenesis of cancer". In addition, COX-inhibitors can inhibit tumor immune evasion. Therefore, we can exert the COX-inhibitors to facilitate the patients to benefit from addition of COX-inhibitors to standard cytotoxic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, 310009 Hangzhou, Zhejiang People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory Centre, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, 310009 Hangzhou, Zhejiang People's Republic of China ; Clinical Laboratory Centre, Binjiang Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, 310009 Hangzhou, Zhejiang People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shigui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yan
keywords: Adaptive immunity; COX-2; COX-inhibitors; EP; Innate immunity