title: Surgical treatment of gallbladder carcinoma: a critical review.
abstract: Gallbladder carcinoma is a relatively uncommon cancer of gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Medical literature is full of nihilistic reports about the treatment of gallbladder carcinoma, especially due to its resistance to current radiotherapeutic or chemotherapeutic treatment modalities and difficult surgical approach for complete resection of these tumors. Herein, we review current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to this rare GI cancer.
authors.affiliation: Section of Organ Transplantation, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.|Department of General & Vascular Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Farzad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kakaei
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Samad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beheshtirouy
authors.affiliation: Section of Organ Transplantation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Mohammadreza
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nejatollahi
authors.affiliation: Department of General & Vascular Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. s.zarrintan@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zarrintan
authors.affiliation: Department of General & Vascular Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mafi
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D059248:Chemoradiotherapy; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000379:methods; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010166:Palliative Care; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Carcinoma; Cholecystectomy; Gallbladder