title: Toxicological effects of bisphenol A on growth and antioxidant defense system in Oryza sativa as revealed by ultrastructure analysis.
abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of bisphenol A (BPA) on rice seedlings grown in a hydroponic system. The obtained results demonstrated that at lower concentration (up to 10µM) BPA had some stimulatory effects on the growth of rice seedlings but at higher doses it significantly inhibited seedlings growth. The photosynthetic pigments were significantly decreased by high doses of BPA. Exposure to BPA caused increased membrane permeability in root cells and resulted in increased concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased lipid peroxidation as revealed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. In leaves, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity exhibited an increase at lower concentrations of BPA but was inhibited at the highest dose (200µM) of BPA. At 100µM of BPA, a significant increase in antioxidant activities in leaves was observed but at 200µM this activity was inhibited. In roots, a significant decrease in enzymes activity was recorded at the highest concentration of BPA (200µM); however, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly increased at the concentrations of 10 and 50µM in comparison to the control. Moreover, the present results revealed that BPA severely affected cell organelles in rice seedlings. It can be concluded that the observed adverse effects in rice seedlings by BPA in the present study could be attributed to the oxidative stress caused by BPA.
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST) Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Imran
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Bohan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Muhammad Ahsan
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Farooq
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Faisal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST) Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Azizullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azizullah
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China. Electronic address: ygan@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yinbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gan
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D018527:Hydroponics; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D012275:Oryza / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D002374:Catalase; D010636:Phenols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Bisphenol A; Oxidative stress; Rice; Ultra-structure