title: Lingzhilactones from Ganoderma lingzhi ameliorate adriamycin-induced nephropathy in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several Ganoderma fungi are well-known for their medical uses to treat cancer, insomnia and kidney disease in East Asia. Triperpenoids and polysaccharides have been considered for a long time to be the major active components of the genus Ganoderma. The present study is to examine the effects of lingzhilactones from G. lingzhi on adriamycin-induced nephropathy in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A combination of various chromatography led to the isolation of lingzhilactones A-C, their structures were identified by spectroscopic and computational methods. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected with the carboxymethyl-H2-dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluoroprobe. The fibrotic markers were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Detection of SEAP was conducted with the chemiluminescent. Urine albumin was measured using an ELISA assay. Histology and immunohistochemical staining was used to assess fibrotic lesions in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three new lingzhilactones A-C (1-3) containing a fused lactone moiety were isolated from G. lingzhi. We found that 2 could inhibit ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner, inhibit mRNA expression of collagen IV, fibronectin, IL-6 and increase expression of Nrf2 in rat tubular epithelial cells. Furthermore, we found that 2 could reduce urinary albumin levels, abrogate myofibroblastic activation and inhibit the phosphorylation of Smad3 in adriamycin-induced mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in vitro and in vivo results suggested that lingzhilactone B could protect against renal injuries by increasing the activities of antioxidants and inhibiting inflammation. The inhibition of Smad3 phosphorylation suggested that this substance displays in vivo antifibrotic activity by a mechanism that is dependent on disruption of Smad3. These results promote understanding of the traditional usage of G. lingzhi and provide promising findings which may be beneficial for anti-kidney disease drug design.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Yong-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China.
authors.forename: Xin-Long
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Li-Li
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China.
authors.forename: Feng-Jiao
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Department of Nephrology, First Peopl e's Ho spital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, PR China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Li
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China. Electronic address: chungack@hkbu.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Arthur C K
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou, PR China. Electronic address: ffhouguangzhou@163.com.
authors.forename: Fan-Fan
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China. Electronic address: yxcheng@mail.kib.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yong-Xian
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002460:Cell Line; D024141:Collagen Type IV / Q000235:genetics; D004317:Doxorubicin; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000235:genetics; D032902:Ganoderma; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007783:Lactones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D050527:Mesangial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D024141:Collagen Type IV; D005353:Fibronectins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007783:Lactones; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D004317:Doxorubicin
keywords: Chronic kidney disease; Ganoderma lingzhi; Ganodermataceae; Meroterpenoids; Nrf2; Reactive oxygen species