title: The effect of hatching time on the bioenergetics of northern pike (Esox lucius) larvae from a single egg batch during the endogenous feeding period.
abstract: Size, caloric value and chemical composition were measured separately in the progeny of two northern pike (Esox lucius) females at 3-day intervals during the endogenous feeding period from hatching to final yolk resorption. Tissue, yolk and entire larvae were analysed separately in three groups of larvae that hatched at different times (between 88 and 106 degree-days post-fertilization). An integrated approach with the Gompertz model was used to compute the yolk conversion efficiency and time to maximum tissue size in early, mid and late hatched larvae. At hatching, unresorbed yolk of early hatched larvae contained more energy (39.20 J) and more protein (0.99 mg) compared to the yolk of larvae that hatched later (38.13 J and 0.92 mg protein for late hatched larvae, p < 0.05). In contrast, a significant reduction in tissue weight (-0.7 mg DW) and protein content (-0.5 mg) was found in early hatched larvae compared to those which hatched later (p < 0.05). Between days 9 and 12 post-hatching (108 and 144 degree-days post-hatching), close to the final yolk resorption, late hatched larvae stopped growing and their tissue began to be resorbed. This tissue resorption time was delayed in early hatched larvae which presented at the end of the experiment a greater tissue weight than late hatched ones. Yolk conversion efficiency in term of energy from hatching to complete yolk resorption stage was significantly higher for early and mid hatched larvae (51%) compared to late hatched ones (44%) (p = 0.004). Furthermore, the time to maximum tissue size was found to be negatively related to hatching time which implies that early hatched larvae take longer time to switch from one developmental stage to the next. The maximum tissue dry weight and energy content were found to be reached at approximately the same age post-fertilization for both early hatched and late hatched larvae, suggesting that the principal steps in a fish's lifespan are better correlated with time of fertilization than hatching time.
authors.affiliation: Université de Lorraine, Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, USC INRA 340, 54505, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France. awatef_trabelsi@yahoo.fr.|Laboratoire d'Ecologie Animale et de Planctonologie, Département des Sciences de la Vie, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, BP 802, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia. awatef_trabelsi@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Awatef
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trabelsi
authors.affiliation: Marine Scotland - Science, Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaworski
authors.affiliation: Pond Fishery Department, Inland Fisheries Institute, Żabieniec, 05-500, Piaseczno, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kamler
authors.affiliation: Université de Lorraine, Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, USC INRA 340, 54505, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Noël
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Gardeur
authors.affiliation: Université de Lorraine, Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, USC INRA 340, 54505, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Teletchea
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Ecologie Animale et de Planctonologie, Département des Sciences de la Vie, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, BP 802, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Habib
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ayadi
authors.affiliation: Université de Lorraine, Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, USC INRA 340, 54505, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fontaine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D017859:Esocidae / Q000502:physiology*; D005306:Fertilization; D007814:Larva
keywords: Chemical composition; Energy content; Esox lucius; Hatching time; Larvae; Yolk