title: Aldosterone in vascular and metabolic dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review will highlight recent developments in mineralocorticoid receptor research which impact aldosterone-associated vascular and cardiometabolic dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mineralocorticoid receptor is also expressed in vascular smooth muscle and vascular endothelium, and contributes to vascular function and remodeling. Adipocyte-derived leptin stimulates aldosterone secretion, which may explain the observed link between obesity and hyperaldosteronism. Adipocyte mineralocorticoid receptor overexpression produces systemic changes consistent with metabolic syndrome. Ongoing studies with novel nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists may provide a novel treatment for diabetic nephropathy and heart failure in patients with chronic kidney disease, with reduced risk of hyperkalemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ongoing research continues to demonstrate novel roles of the vascular and adipocyte mineralocorticoid receptor function, which may explain the beneficial metabolic and vascular benefits of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
authors.affiliation: aDivision of Clinical Pharmacology bDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Luther
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000502:physiology; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid / Q000502:physiology*; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid; D000450:Aldosterone; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1