title: The Transcriptomic Response of Arabidopsis thaliana to Zinc Oxide: A Comparison of the Impact of Nanoparticle, Bulk, and Ionic Zinc.
abstract: The impact of nanosize was evaluated by comparing of the transcriptomic response of Arabidopsis thaliana roots to ZnO nanoparticles (nZnO), bulk ZnO, and ionic Zn(2+). Microarray analyses revealed 416 up- and 961 down-regulated transcripts (expression difference >2-fold, p [FDR] < 0.01) after a seven-day treatment with nZnO (average particle size 20 nm, concentration 4 mg L(-1)). Exposure to bulk ZnO resulted in 816 up- and 2179 down-regulated transcripts. The most dramatic changes (1711 transcripts up- and 3242 down-regulated) were caused by the presence of ionic Zn(2+) (applied as ZnSO4.7H20 at a concentration of 14.14 mg L(-1), corresponding to the amount of Zn contained in 4 mg L(-1) ZnO). Genes involved in stress response (e.g., to salt, osmotic stress or water deprivation) were the most relatively abundant group of gene transcripts up-regulated by all three Zn treatments while genes involved in cell organization and biogenesis (e.g., tubulins, arabinogalactan proteins) and DNA or RNA metabolism (e.g., histones) were the most relatively abundant groups of down-regulated transcripts. The similarity of the transcription profiles and the increasing number of changed transcripts correlating with the increased concentration of Zn(2+) in cultivation medium indicated that released Zn(2+) may substantially contribute to the toxic effect of nZnO because particle size has not demonstrated a decisive role.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i. , Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Premysl
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Landa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i. , Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic.|Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague , Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Sylva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prerostova
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i. , Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Sarka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petrova
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i. , Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Vojtech
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Knirsch
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i. , Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Radomira
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vankova
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i. , Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vanek
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D002413:Cations, Divalent; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D019287:Zinc Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002413:Cations, Divalent; D019287:Zinc Sulfate; D015034:Zinc Oxide