title: Pore-level mechanics of foam generation and coalescence in the presence of oil.
abstract: The stability of foam in porous media is extremely important for realizing the advantages of foamed gas on gas mobility reduction. Foam texture (i.e., bubbles per volume of gas) achieved is dictated by foam generation and coalescence processes occurring at the pore-level. For foam injection to be widely applied during gas injection projects, we need to understand these pore-scale events that lead to foam stability/instability so that they are modeled accurately. Foam flow has been studied for decades, but most efforts focused on studying foam generation and coalescence in the absence of oil. Here, the extensive existing literature is reviewed and analyzed to identify open questions. Then, we use etched-silicon micromodels to observe foam generation and coalescence processes at the pore-level. Special emphasis is placed on foam coalescence in the presence of oil. For the first time, lamella pinch-off as described by Myers and Radke [40] is observed in porous media and documented. Additionally, a new mechanism coined "hindered generation" is found. Hindered generation refers to the role oil plays in preventing the successful formation of a lamella following snap-off near a pore throat.
authors.affiliation: Energy Resources Engineering Department, Stanford University, Green Earth Sciences Building, 367 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305-2220, USA.
authors.forename: Muhammad M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Almajid
authors.affiliation: Energy Resources Engineering Department, Stanford University, Green Earth Sciences Building, 367 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305-2220, USA. Electronic address: kovscek@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kovscek
keywords: Foam coalescence; Foam generation; Microfluidics; Porous media