title: Nontarget effects of ivermectin residues on earthworms and springtails dwelling beneath dung of treated cattle in four countries.
abstract: The authorization of veterinary medicinal products requires that they be assessed for nontarget effects in the environment. Numerous field studies have assessed these effects on dung organisms. However, few studies have examined effects on soil-dwelling organisms, which might be exposed to veterinary medicinal product residues released during dung degradation. The authors compared the abundance of earthworms and springtails in soil beneath dung from untreated cattle and from cattle treated 0 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, and 28 d previously with ivermectin. Study sites were located in different ecoregions in Switzerland (Continental), The Netherlands (Atlantic), France (Mediterranean), and Canada (Northern Mixed Grassland). Samples were collected using standard methods from 1 mo to 12 mo after pat deposition. Ivermectin concentrations in soil beneath dung pats ranged from 0.02 mg/kg dry weight (3 mo) to typically <0.006 mg/kg dry weight (5-7 mo). Earthworms were abundant and species-rich at the Swiss and Dutch sites, less common with fewer species at the French site, and essentially absent at the Canadian site. Diverse but highly variable communities of springtails were present at all sites. Overall, results showed little effect of residues on either earthworms or springtails. The authors recommend that inclusion of soil organisms in field studies to assess the nontarget effects of veterinary medicinal products be required only if earthworms or springtails exhibit sensitivity to the product in laboratory tests. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1959-1969. © 2015 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: ECT Oekotoxikologie, Flörsheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheffczyk
authors.affiliation: Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Floate
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Wolf U
authors.initials: WU
authors.lastname: Blanckenhorn
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rolf-Alexander
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Düring
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klockner
authors.affiliation: Alterra, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lahr
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Zoogéographie UPVM, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lumaret
authors.affiliation: Ecology & Evolution, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, ITZ, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg-Alfred
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Salamon
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Zoogéographie UPVM, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tixier
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wohde
authors.affiliation: ECT Oekotoxikologie, Flörsheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Römbke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002170:Canada; D002417:Cattle; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005602:France; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D009426:Netherlands; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D013557:Switzerland; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D007559:Ivermectin
keywords: Collembola; Ecotoxicology; Lumbricidae; Soil invertebrate; Veterinary pharmaceutical