title: Early and Late Outcomes of Surgical Treatment in Carcinoid Heart Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Symptoms and survival of patients with carcinoid syndrome have improved, but development of carcinoid heart disease (CaHD) continues to decrease survival.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to analyze patient outcomes after valve surgery for CaHD during a 27-year period at 1 institution to determine early and late outcomes and opportunities for improved patient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively studied the short-term and long-term outcomes of all consecutive patients with CaHD who underwent valve replacement at our institution between 1985 and 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The records of 195 patients with CaHD were analyzed. Pre-operative New York Heart Association class was III or IV in 125 of 178 patients (70%). All had tricuspid valve replacement (159 bioprostheses, 36 mechanical), and 157 underwent a pulmonary valve operation. Other concomitant operations included mitral valve procedure (11%), aortic valve procedure (9%), patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect closure (23%), cardiac metastasectomies or biopsy (4%), and simultaneous coronary artery bypass (11%). There were 20 perioperative deaths (10%); after 2000, perioperative mortality was 6%. Survival rates (95% confidence intervals) at 1, 5, and 10 years were 69% (63% to 76%), 35% (28% to 43%), and 24% (18% to 32%), respectively. Overall mortality was associated with older age, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and tobacco use; 75% of survivors had symptomatic improvement at follow-up. Presymptomatic valve operation was not associated with late survival benefit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Operative mortality associated with valve replacement surgery for CaHD has decreased. Symptomatic and survival benefit is noted in most patients when CaHD is managed by an experienced multidisciplinary team.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Electronic address: connolly.heidi@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Hartzell V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Schaff
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Anesthesia, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Martin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: J Wells
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Askew
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Jacob J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Inda
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Sushil A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Luis
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Rick A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pellikka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002275:Carcinoid Heart Disease / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: carcinoid syndrome; right-sided heart failure; valve replacement