title: Historical Landmarks in the Management of Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Malformations of the Central Nervous System.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the history of vascular and endovascular neurosurgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature research was conducted including historical events from 2000 bc to the twenty-first century ad, and a timetable was filled with information regarding the most representative historical landmarks regarding vascular and endovascular neurosurgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Starting from approaches limited to the cervical carotid artery, vascular neurosurgery gained its way through the intracranial and finally endovascular space thanks to the introduction of both innovative and progressively less invasive procedures. With the invention of cerebral angiography in 1927, Egas Moniz paved the way for modern endovascular neurosurgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous pioneers have been described through this historical reconstruction. Their genius, effort, dedication, and passion brought a massive contribution to vascular and endovascular neurosurgery as we know it today.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Endovascular Neurosurgery/Interventional Neuroradiology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peschillo
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: caporlingua87@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caporlingua
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caporlingua
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guglielmi
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Delfini
mesh_terms: D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000266:history*; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000266:history*; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000266:history*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000266:history*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000266:history*
keywords: Cerebrovascular disease; History; Interventional; Neuroradiology; Stroke; Subarachnoid hemorrhage