title: Interleukin-1 Family Cytokines in Liver Diseases.
abstract: The gene encoding IL-1 was sequenced more than 30 years ago, and many related cytokines, such as IL-18, IL-33, IL-36, IL-37, IL-38, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and IL-36Ra, have since been identified. IL-1 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine and is involved in various inflammatory diseases. Other IL-1 family ligands are critical for the development of diverse diseases, including inflammatory and allergic diseases. Only IL-1Ra possesses the leader peptide required for secretion from cells, and many ligands require posttranslational processing for activation. Some require inflammasome-mediated processing for activation and release, whereas others serve as alarmins and are released following cell membrane rupture, for example, by pyroptosis or necroptosis. Thus, each ligand has the proper molecular process to exert its own biological functions. In this review, we will give a brief introduction to the IL-1 family cytokines and discuss their pivotal roles in the development of various liver diseases in association with immune responses. For example, an excess of IL-33 causes liver fibrosis in mice via activation and expansion of group 2 innate lymphoid cells to produce type 2 cytokines, resulting in cell conversion into pro-fibrotic M2 macrophages. Finally, we will discuss the importance of IL-1 family cytokine-mediated molecular and cellular networks in the development of acute and chronic liver diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Department of Pu-Erh Tea and Medical Science, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsutsui
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Department of Pu-Erh Tea and Medical Science, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Xianbin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Department of Pu-Erh Tea and Medical Science, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuhei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000502:physiology; D000067596:Interleukin-33 / Q000502:physiology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D020382:Interleukin-18; D000067596:Interleukin-33; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1