title: A study on toxic and essential elements in wheat grain from the Republic of Kazakhstan.
abstract: Little information is currently available about the content of different elements in wheat samples from the Republic of Kazakhstan. The concentrations of toxic (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, and U) and essential (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Se, and Zn) elements in 117 sampled wheat grains from the Republic of Kazakhstan were measured. The results indicated that the mean and maximum concentrations of most investigated elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Se, Pb, and U) were higher in samples collected from southern Kazakhstan. The mean and maximum concentrations of toxic elements such as As, Cd, Hg, and Pb did not exceed levels specified by European, FAO, or Kazakh legislation, although the hazard quotient (HQ) values for Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn were higher than 1 and the hazard index (HI) was higher than 1 for samples collected from all areas of Kazakhstan. This indicates that there should be concern about the potential hazards of the combination of toxic elements in Kazakh wheat.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Higiene, Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Dpto de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Pabellon n 4, Planta Baja, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Damira
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tattibayeva
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Higiene, Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Dpto de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Pabellon n 4, Planta Baja, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain. carolina.nebot@usc.es.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nebot
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Higiene, Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Dpto de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Pabellon n 4, Planta Baja, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Department of Food processing technology, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian Technical University, Zhangir Khan Street, 51, Uralsk, 090009, Republic of Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Altynai B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Abuova
authors.affiliation: Department of Food processing technology, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian Technical University, Zhangir Khan Street, 51, Uralsk, 090009, Republic of Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Torebek A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Baibatyrov
authors.affiliation: Department of Technology of Bakeries and Processing Industries, Almaty Technological University, Tole by Street, 100, Almaty, 050012, Republic of Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Maigul Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Kizatova
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Higiene, Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Dpto de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Pabellon n 4, Planta Baja, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cepeda
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Higiene, Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Dpto de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Pabellon n 4, Planta Baja, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Franco
mesh_terms: D004602:Elements; D007623:Kazakhstan; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004602:Elements; D019216:Metals, Heavy
keywords: Contamination; Essential elements; Kazakhstan; Toxic elements; Wheat