title: Management of gallstones and its related complications.
abstract: The majority of gallstone patients remain asymptomatic; however, interest toward the gallstone disease is continuing because of the high worldwide prevalence and management costs and the development of gallstone symptoms and complications. For cholesterol gallstone disease, moreover, a strong link exists between this disease and highly prevalent metabolic disorders such as obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and the metabolic syndrome. Information on the natural history as well as the diagnostic, surgical (mainly laparoscopic cholecystectomy) and medical tools available to facilitate adequate management of cholelithiasis and its complications are, therefore, crucial to prevent the negative outcomes of gallstone disease. Moreover, some risk factors for gallstone disease are modifiable and some preventive strategies have become necessary to reduce the onset and the severity of complications.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica "A. Murri" , University of Bari Medical School , Bari , Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Portincasa
authors.affiliation: b Division of Internal Medicine , Hospital of Bisceglie , Bisceglie , Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Ciaula
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica "A. Murri" , University of Bari Medical School , Bari , Italy.|d Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: de Bari
authors.affiliation: c Department of Emergency and Organ Transplants, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases , University of Bari Medical School , Bari , Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garruti
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica "A. Murri" , University of Bari Medical School , Bari , Italy.
authors.forename: V O
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.affiliation: d Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: D Q-H
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D001658:Biliary Fistula / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D041881:Cholecystitis, Acute / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D042883:Choledocholithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D042882:Gallstones / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D045823:Ileus / Q000209:etiology; D007412:Intestinal Fistula / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D041781:Jaundice, Obstructive / Q000209:etiology; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D011322:Primary Prevention; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention
keywords: cholecystectomy; cholecystitis; choledocholithiasis; complications; gallbladder cancer; gallstones; oral litholysis; prevention; risk factors