title: Individual and Joint Acute Toxicities of Selected Insecticides Against Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae).
abstract: As widely used pesticides, organophosphate, pyrethroid, and neonicotinoid insecticides have different modes of action. In the present study, we evaluated individual and joint acute toxicities of two organophosphates, two pyrethroids, and two neonicotinoids against the second-instar silkworm by feeding silkworm with the insecticide-treated mulberry leaves. The 96-h lethal concentration 50 (LC(50)) values of chlorpyrifos, acephate, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin against silkworm were 3.45 (2.95-4.31), 44.45 (39.34-48.56), 1.27 (1.19-1.35), 2.38 (2.19-2.54), 0.36 (0.30-0.43), and 0.037 (0.033-0.041) mg/liter, respectively. Moreover, the 96-h LC(50) values of 50:50 binary mixtures of insecticides against silkworm ranged from 0.048 (0.043-0.054) to 3.52 (2.09-4.51) mg/liter. In addition, the combination coefficient (Q) values of all tested mixtures ranged from 0.36 to 3.37. According to the obtained Q values, the binary mixture of deltamethrin-chlorpyrifos showed antagonistic effects at 96-h interval, while the other binary mixtures had additive effects. Taken together, our results provided valuable guidelines in assessing the ecological risk of these insecticide mixtures against silkworm.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control / Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198 Shiqiao Rd., Hangzhou 310021, China (yuruixian@163.com; wangyh@mail.zaas.ac.cn; huxq@mail.zaas.ac.cn; wusg@mail.zaas.ac.cn; caileiming2009@gmail.com; zhaoxueping@tom.com).
authors.forename: R X
authors.initials: RX
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control / Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198 Shiqiao Rd., Hangzhou 310021, China (yuruixian@163.com; wangyh@mail.zaas.ac.cn; huxq@mail.zaas.ac.cn; wusg@mail.zaas.ac.cn; caileiming2009@gmail.com; zhaoxueping@tom.com).
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control / Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198 Shiqiao Rd., Hangzhou 310021, China (yuruixian@163.com; wangyh@mail.zaas.ac.cn; huxq@mail.zaas.ac.cn; wusg@mail.zaas.ac.cn; caileiming2009@gmail.com; zhaoxueping@tom.com).
authors.forename: X Q
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control / Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198 Shiqiao Rd., Hangzhou 310021, China (yuruixian@163.com; wangyh@mail.zaas.ac.cn; huxq@mail.zaas.ac.cn; wusg@mail.zaas.ac.cn; caileiming2009@gmail.com; zhaoxueping@tom.com).
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control / Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198 Shiqiao Rd., Hangzhou 310021, China (yuruixian@163.com; wangyh@mail.zaas.ac.cn; huxq@mail.zaas.ac.cn; wusg@mail.zaas.ac.cn; caileiming2009@gmail.com; zhaoxueping@tom.com).
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control / Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198 Shiqiao Rd., Hangzhou 310021, China (yuruixian@163.com; wangyh@mail.zaas.ac.cn; huxq@mail.zaas.ac.cn; wusg@mail.zaas.ac.cn; caileiming2009@gmail.com; zhaoxueping@tom.com) zhaoxueping@tom.com.
authors.forename: X P
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012831:Bombyx / Q000254:growth & development; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides; D007814:Larva; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D031625:Morus / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides
keywords: Nontarget organism; combined toxicity; neonicotinoid; organophosphate; pyrethroid