title: Influence of HLA-DR and -DQ alleles on autoantibody recognition of distinct epitopes within the juxtamembrane domain of the IA-2 autoantigen in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2) is a major target of autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. When first detected, IA-2-autoantibodies commonly bind epitopes in the juxtamembrane (JM) domain of IA-2 and antibody responses subsequently spread to the tyrosine phosphatase domain. Definition of structures of epitopes in the JM domain, and genetic requirements for autoimmunity to these epitopes, is important for our understanding of initiation and progression of autoimmunity. The aims of this study were to investigate the contribution of individual amino acids in the IA-2 JM domain to antibody binding to these epitopes and the role of HLA genotypes in determining epitope specificity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regions of the JM domain recognised by autoantibodies were identified by peptide competition and inhibitory effects of alanine substitutions of residues within the JM region. Antibody binding was determined by radioligand binding assays using sera from patients genotyped for HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were categorised into two distinct groups of JM antibody reactivity according to peptide inhibition. Inhibition by substitutions of individual amino acids within the JM domain differed between patients, indicating heterogeneity in epitope recognition. Cluster analysis defined six groups of residues having similar inhibitory effects on antibody binding, with three clusters showing differences in patients affected or unaffected by peptide. One cluster demonstrated significant differences in antibody binding between HLA-DRB1*04 and HLA-DRB1*07 patients and within DRB1*04 individuals; antibody recognition of a second cluster depended on expression of HLA-DQB1*0302.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results identify amino acids contributing to distinct epitopes on IA-2, with both HLA-DR and HLA-DQ alleles influencing epitope specificity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London Guy's Campus, London, UK.|School of Life Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK.
authors.forename: Carolyn C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London Guy's Campus, London, UK.
authors.forename: Kerry A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Feltbower
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London Guy's Campus, London, UK. mchristie@lincoln.ac.uk.|School of Life Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK. mchristie@lincoln.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Christie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology*; D000939:Epitopes / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains / Q000235:genetics*; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D054635:Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens; D000939:Epitopes; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; C516862:PTPRN protein, human; D054635:Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8
keywords: Autoantibodies; Epitopes; HLA-DQ; HLA-DR; IA-2