title: Accuracy of photodynamic diagnosis in the detection and follow-up of patients with upper urinary tract lesions: Initial 3-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the diagnostic accuracy of photodynamic diagnostic (PDD) ureterorenoscopy for detecting upper-urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (UUT-TCC) in our initial 3 years, and compare the results with that of white light ureterorenoscopy (WLU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between August 2007 and March 2010, 32 patients underwent PDD flexible ureterorenoscopy for UUT-TCC. Oral 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA) was used as the photosensitiser. The sensitivity, specificity and detection rate of PDD were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of PDD for detecting abnormal tissue were 96%, 100%, 100% and 88%, compared to the results of WLU of 80%, 86%, 95% and 55%, respectively. PDD was able to detect 96% (24/25) of the abnormal tissue and 96% (21/22) of cancerous tissue, while WLU detected 80% (20/25) of abnormal tissue and 91% (20/22) of the tumour tissue. Three patients of the 32 (10%) developed side-effects related to 5-ALA; two patients developed a facial-skin photosensitive reaction and one developed hypotension. All were treated conservatively, with no long-term effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PDD can be used safely in the UUT, and with a higher sensitivity, specificity and detection rate than standard WLU for detecting UUT tumours.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Omar M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Aboumarzouk
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Sarfraz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: The Scottish Photodynamic Therapy Centre, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moseley
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Slawomir G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kata
keywords: 5-ALA, 5-aminolaevulinic acid; 5-Aminolaevulinic acid; CIS, carcinoma in situ; Diagnosis; FN, false-negative; FP, false-positive; FURS, flexible ureterorenoscopy; Flexible ureterorenoscopy; P(N)PV, positive (negative) predictive value; PDD, photodynamic diagnosis; Photodynamic; TN, true-negative; TP, true-positive; TURBT, transurethral resection of bladder tumour; Transitional cell carcinoma; UUT, upper urinary tract; WL(U)(C), white-light (ureterorenoscopy) (cystoscopy)