title: Intensifying Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: Choices & Challenges.
abstract: Insulin therapy remains the cornerstone of effective diabetes management. Timely intensification of insulin therapy reduces the progression of diabetes and the development of diabetes-related complications. Given that overall hyperglycaemia is a relative contribution of both fasting and postprandial hyperglycaemia, use of basal insulin alone may not achieve optimal glucose control due to its inability to cover postprandial glucose excursions. Intensifying therapy with addition of bolus insulin or switching to premixed insulin is a viable option in patients failing on basal alone therapy. Although the benefits of early insulin treatment are well established, a considerable delay in intensifying insulin therapy in patients with sub-optimal glycaemic control is still observed. Most of the patients and physicians are reluctant to intensify therapy due to the fear of hypoglycaemia, regimen complexity, and increased burden of multiple daily injections. In this context, there is a need for a flexible, alternative intensification option taking into account individual patient considerations to achieve or maintain individual glycaemic targets. An ideal insulin regimen should mimic physiological insulin release while providing optimal glycaemic control with low risk of hypoglycaemia, weight gain and fewer daily injections. The current paper reviews the challenges of insulin intensification in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus poorly controlled on current treatment regimens.
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Jothydev
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kesavadev
authors.forename: Bipin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.forename: Sunil M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Guruprasad
authors.forename: Siddharth N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007267:Injections / Q000523:psychology; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting