title: Efficacy of Ketamine in Bipolar Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To consolidate the evidence from the literature to evaluate the role of ketamine in the treatment of bipolar depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Major databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Scopus, were searched through October 2014, for studies reporting the role of ketamine in the treatment of bipolar depression. Only randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. We calculated standardized mean differences (SMDs) with SE for each study included in the meta-analysis. A random effect model was used to calculate the pooled SMDs. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran Q test and I statistic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 721 articles that were screened, 5 studies that enrolled a total of 125 subjects with bipolar depression (mean age, 44.6±4.3 y and 65.6% females) were included in the systematic review; 3 randomized controlled trials (69 subjects) were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed significant improvement in depression among patients receiving a single dose of intravenous ketamine compared with those who received placebo (SMD=-1.01; 95% confidence interval, -1.37, -0.66; P<0.0001). The maximum improvement was observed 40 minutes after the ketamine infusion. No heterogeneity was observed between the studies (Cochran Q test P=0.38, I=0%). The 2 studies that were excluded from the meta-analysis also showed significant improvement in depression after ketamine therapy. Individual studies also reported improvement in anhedonia and suicidal ideation after ketamine therapy. None of the subjects had serious side effects, and the side effects were similar between the ketamine and placebo groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that ketamine is effective in treatment-resistant bipolar depression and may reduce suicidal ideation and anhedonia.
authors.affiliation: PARSAIK and KHOSH-CHASHM: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX SINGH: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN MASCARENHAS: Health Care Management, London Training College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ajay K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Parsaik
authors.forename: Balwinder
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Darrow
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Khosh-Chashm
authors.forename: Soniya S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mascarenhas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059445:Anhedonia / Q000187:drug effects*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D007649:Ketamine