title: Regulation of skeletal muscle capillary growth in exercise and disease.
abstract: Capillaries, which are the smallest and most abundant type of blood vessel, form the primary site of gas, nutrient, and waste transfer between the vascular and tissue compartments. Skeletal muscle exhibits the capacity to generate new capillaries (angiogenesis) as an adaptation to exercise training, thus ensuring that the heightened metabolic demand of the active muscle is matched by an improved capacity for distribution of gases, nutrients, and waste products. This review summarizes the current understanding of the regulation of skeletal muscle capillary growth. The multi-step process of angiogenesis is coordinated through the integration of a diverse array of signals associated with hypoxic, metabolic, hemodynamic, and mechanical stresses within the active muscle. The contributions of metabolic and mechanical factors to the modulation of key pro- and anti-angiogenic molecules are discussed within the context of responses to a single aerobic exercise bout and short-term and long-term training. Finally, the paradoxical lack of angiogenesis in peripheral artery disease and diabetes and the implications for disease progression and muscle health are discussed. Future studies that emphasize an integrated analysis of the mechanisms that control skeletal muscle capillary growth will enable development of targeted exercise programs that effectively promote angiogenesis in healthy individuals and in patient populations.
authors.affiliation: Angiogenesis Research Group, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.|Angiogenesis Research Group, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
authors.forename: Tara L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.affiliation: Angiogenesis Research Group, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.|Angiogenesis Research Group, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nwadozi
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D042501:Angiogenic Proteins / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001363:Awards and Prizes; D002196:Capillaries / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D042501:Angiogenic Proteins
keywords: blood flow; circulation sanguine; diabetes; diabète; facteurs de croissance; growth factors; hypoxia; hypoxie; maladie artérielle périphérique; peripheral artery disease