title: Pomegranate peel extract decreases small intestine lipid peroxidation by enhancing activities of major antioxidant enzymes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pomegranate peel extract (PPE) contains several compounds with antioxidative properties. PPE added to foods may interact with endogenous antioxidants and promote health. However, little is known about the biochemical mechanisms by which PPE exerts their actions on tissues of biological systems in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of PPE on activities of antioxidant enzymes. Mice were used to investigate the effects of PPE on plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), tissue MDA content and activities of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), SOD2 and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in the small intestine, liver and skeletal muscle - different tissues involved in the digestion, absorption and metabolism of dietary nutrients. Control mice were fed a standard diet, whereas treated mice were fed for 40 days with the standard diet containing 5% or 10% PPE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice fed the 10% PPE diet exhibited lower plasma MDA concentrations, reduced content of MDA in the small intestine and liver and higher levels of SOD1 and GPX activities in the small intestine compared to mice fed the control diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that intake of PPE in diet attenuates small intestine lipid peroxidation and strengthens the first line of small intestine antioxidant defense by enhancing enzymatic antioxidative pathways. PPE is worthy of further study as a therapeutic approach to prevent peroxidative stress-induced gut pathogenesis. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Département de Physiologie Animale et Systèmes D'Elevage, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
authors.forename: Kaïs H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Al-Gubory
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 914, Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, 75005, Paris, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Blachier
authors.affiliation: Unité de Biochimie Hormonale et Nutritionnelle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Département de Biologie - Toxicologie - Pharmacologie, 38043, Grenoble cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Faure
authors.affiliation: Unité de Biochimie Hormonale et Nutritionnelle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Département de Biologie - Toxicologie - Pharmacologie, 38043, Grenoble cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garrel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: antioxidant enzymes; lipid peroxidation; mice; pomegranate peel extract; small intestine