title: Mucocutaneous manifestations of helminth infections: Nematodes.
abstract: In the 21st century, despite increased globalization through international travel for business, medical volunteerism, pleasure, and immigration/refugees into the United States, there is little published in the dermatology literature regarding the cutaneous manifestations of helminth infections. Approximately 17% of travelers seek medical care because of cutaneous disorders, many related to infectious etiologies. This review will focus on the cutaneous manifestations of helminth infections and is divided into 2 parts: part I focuses on nematode infections, and part II focuses on trematode and cestode infections. This review highlights the clinical manifestations, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of helminth infections. Nematodes are roundworms that cause diseases with cutaneous manifestations, such as cutaneous larval migrans, onchocerciasis, filariasis, gnathostomiasis, loiasis, dracunculiasis, strongyloidiasis, ascariasis, streptocerciasis, dirofilariasis, and trichinosis. Tremadotes, also known as flukes, cause schistosomiasis, paragonimiasis, and fascioliasis. Cestodes (tapeworms) are flat, hermaphroditic parasites that cause diseases such as sparganosis, cysticercosis, and echinococcus.
authors.affiliation: Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro and Policlinica Geral do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janerio, Brazil.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lupi
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas. Electronic address: Christopher.P.Downing@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Downing
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro and Policlinica Geral do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janerio, Brazil.
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pino
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.affiliation: Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giglio
authors.affiliation: Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Aisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire.
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klaus
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Omar P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Sangueza
authors.affiliation: International Foundation for Dermatology and Consultant, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ladizinski
authors.affiliation: National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Laila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Woc-Colburn
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, Texas; Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Stephen K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tyring
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D018450:Disease Progression; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006376:Helminths / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009348:Nematoda / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012876:Skin Diseases, Parasitic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014329:Tropical Climate
chemical_list: D000969:Antinematodal Agents
keywords: helminth; nematodes; parasite; travel; tropical