title: Midkine in vitamin D deficiency and its association with anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The growth factor midkine (MK) is a protein that is involved in cancer, inflammation, immunity. Vitamin D is a potent immunomodulator. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA) is reported in autoimmune disorders, some of which are among the causes of vitamin D deficiency. The objective of this study was to investigate a possible association of MK and ASCA with vitamin D deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  208 adults presented to internal medicine outpatient clinic for history and physical examination has been studied. Serum biochemistry, vitamin D, MK, ASCA-IgG and -IgA, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, PDGF, VEGF were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitamin D deficiency was 74.2%. Serum MK level was significantly higher in vitamin D-deficient compared to vitamin D-sufficient individuals (1138.1 ± 262.8 vs 958.6 ± 189 pg/mL, respectively; P < 0.009). Serum MK levels were also significantly higher in both ASCA-IgG and -IgA positives compared to negatives (1318.5 ± 160.3 vs 1065.5 ± 256.1, P = 0.008 and 1347.7 ± 229.7 vs 1070.1 ± 250.9 pg/mL, P = 0.011, respectively). Vitamin D was significantly lower in ASCA positives (P = 0.044).Vitamin D showed positive correlation with IL-1β (r 0.338, P < 0.009) and negative correlation with VEGF (r -0.366, P < 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MK was significantly elevated in vitamin D deficiency and associated with ASCA positivity which was significantly increased in vitamin D deficiency. These findings suggested that molecular mechanism of vitamin D deficiency may be related with some inflammatory processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Sakarya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dekanlığı, Sakarya University School of Medicine, Korucuk Kampüsü, Konuralp Bulvarı No:81/1, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey. fcinemre@sakarya.edu.tr.
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Serinkan Cinemre
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya University School of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cinemre
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya University School of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cengiz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karacaer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Sakarya University School of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Birsen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aydemir
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya University School of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nalbant
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya University School of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tezcan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya University School of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000908:Antibodies, Fungal / Q000097:blood*; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D000078792:Midkine; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000276:immunology*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000908:Antibodies, Fungal; D016207:Cytokines; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D000078792:Midkine; D002112:Calcifediol
keywords: Angiogenic factor; Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies; Cytokine; Interleukin; Midkine; Vitamin D