title: An anatomic study of the attachments on the condylar process of the mandible: muscle bundles from the temporalis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate anatomically the relationship between bone and muscles by detailed observation of the bone shape and the structure of muscles to facilitate an understanding of the function of the muscles involved in jaw movement.
  
  
  METHODS
  36 specimens of 24 Japanese cadavers were examined. The insertion areas were marked using a radiopaque marker and examined by micro-computed tomography. For morphological observation, we used 101 condylar processes. In addition, we made histological sections in some specimens to observe the detailed attachments of the muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the micro-CT images and dissection findings, the lateral pterygoid muscle was found to be most frequently inserted into the anterior impression and attached to the medial impression of the process. According to the histological observations, the lateral pterygoid muscle mainly inserted to the condylar process. The micro-CT images indicated that the obvious bony ridge was lateral to the pterygoid fovea on the condylar process in all specimens. The midmedial muscle bundle of the temporalis was attached to the ridge. Based on the morphological observations, the ridge was situated on the lateral area of the condylar process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint is likely closely related to both the lateral pterygoid muscle and also the temporalis, further studies are necessary to evaluate the function of these muscles and consider jaw movement.
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Science, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi-Kuma
authors.affiliation: Clinical Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
authors.forename: Nao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Clinical Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujishiro
authors.affiliation: Clinical Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Science, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimazaki
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Science, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.affiliation: Clinical Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan. akita.fana@tmd.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akita
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
keywords: Articular disc; Condylar process; Lateral pterygoid muscle; Micro-CT; Temporalis; Temporomandibular joint