title: A Comparison Study of Single-Parent Families Living on Remote, Rural Islands and in Urban Settings in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nursing interventions that aim to enhance the family environment are necessary to help single-parent families with children to improve family functioning. The cultural and social factors that are unique to Japan's remote islands should be considered to assess the influence of this unique setting on family functioning.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to evaluate the family functioning of child-rearing single-parent families living in different environments and to investigate the association between family demographics and family functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  A self-administered questionnaire, the Japanese version of the Survey of Family Environment, was used to evaluate the sufficiency of family functioning. The participants were families with children enrolled in nurseries and kindergartens who were either living in remote, rural islands or in an urban city on the mainland in Japan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Family functioning was significantly higher for single-parent families living on the islands than for those living in the city in terms of media use, participation in community activities, and the collaboration of family members in child-rearing. Family functioning of single-parent families correlated significantly with household income, the parent's gender, family members' health, and family life cycle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single-parent families living on Japanese offshore islands maintained family functioning through mutual support and the effective use of information technology. Nevertheless, single-parent families require additional support to improve their healthcare and financial situations.
authors.affiliation: 1MS, RN, Assistant Professor, Division of Family Health Care Nursing, Department of Nursing, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Japan 2PhD, RN, Professor, Division of Family Health Care Nursing, Department of Nursing, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiratani
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hohashi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002668:Child Rearing / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D022143:Family Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D062312:Islands; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020954:Single-Parent Family / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*