title: Hemostatic variables, plasma lactate concentration, and inflammatory biomarkers in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prospective characterization of hemostastatic variables, plasma lactate concentration, and inflammatory biomarkers in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Coagulation variables (platelets, prothrombin time [PT], activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT], fibrinogen, antithrombin [AT], protein C [PC], protein S [PS], D-dimers), plasma lactate concentration and inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein, white blood cell [WBC] count, lymphocyte and neutrophil numbers) were assessed in 20 dogs with GDV presented between 2011 and 2012. Blood was taken preoperatively and at days 1 and 3 postoperatively. The prognostic value of these variables before and after surgery was evaluated as well as the behavior of variables during the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 7/20 (35%) dogs did not survive; two dogs (29%) were euthanized during surgery due to severe gastric necrosis and 5 (71%) dogs after surgery due to sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Prior to surgery, median plasma lactate concentration was significantly (p = 0.01) lower in survivors (6.2 mmol/l, range 1.9-9.7 mmol/l) when compared to non-survivors (11.8 mmol/l, range 7.5-16.2 mmol/l). In dogs dying after surgery, significantly higher plasma lactate concentration, coagulation times and D-dimer concentration were present as well as lower fibrinogen concentration and activity of PC and AT compared to survivors. At discharge, activity of AT, PC and PS were markedly below the reference interval in 6/13 (46%), 11/13 (85%), and 8/13 (62%) dogs, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only lactate plasma concentration was of preoperative prognostic value. After surgery, severe abnormalities of coagulation variables, especially the endogenous anticoagulants were present in most of the dogs. The severity of the abnormalities was associated with survival.
authors.affiliation: Joyce Verschoof, Small Animal Clinic, Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 108, 35392 Giessen, Germany, Email: joyce@verschoof.de.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verschoof
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004285:Dogs / Q000097:blood*; D013271:Gastric Dilatation / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000502:physiology; D045822:Intestinal Volvulus / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011486:Protein C / Q000032:analysis; D017293:Protein S / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000991:Antithrombins; D015415:Biomarkers; D007773:Lactates; D011486:Protein C; D017293:Protein S
keywords: Dog; antithrombin; hemostasis; protein C; protein S