title: Alcohol Use Disorders in Primary Health Care: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the current paradigm and clinical practice for dealing with alcohol use disorders (AUD) in primary health care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses of guidelines and recommendations, reviews and meta-analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many recommendations or guidelines for interventions for people with alcohol use problems in primary health care, from hazardous drinking to AUD, can be summarized in the SBIRT principle: screening for alcohol use and alcohol-related problems, brief interventions for hazardous and in some cases harmful drinking, referral to specialized treatment for people with AUD. However, while there is some evidence that these procedures are effective in reducing drinking levels, they are rarely applied in clinical practice in primary health care, and no interventions are initiated, even if the primary care physician had detected problems or AUD. Rather than asking primary health care physicians to conduct interventions which are not typical for medical doctors, we recommend treatment initiation for AUD at the primary health care level. AUD should be treated like hypertension, i.e. with regular checks for alcohol consumption, advice for behavioral interventions in case of consumption exceeding thresholds, and pharmaceutical assistance in case the behavioral interventions were not successful. Minimally, alcohol consumption should be screened for in all situations where there is a co-morbidity with alcohol being a potential cause (such as hypertension, insomnia, depression or anxiety disorders).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A paradigm shift is proposed for dealing with problematic alcohol consumption in primary health care, where initiation for treatment for AUD is seen as the central element.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada jtrehm@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehm
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P. Debyeplein 1, 6221 HA Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manthey
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Shield
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Weiss 2 - Pal. Q - 34128 Trieste, Italy Center for Study and Research in General Practice (Ceformed), Via Galvani 1, 34074 Monfalcone, GO, Italy.
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Struzzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wojnar
authors.affiliation: Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Carrer Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (Catalonia) Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Carrer Rosselló 149, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (Catalonia) Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA - RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Calle Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gual
mesh_terms: D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards