title: Unobtrusive ambulatory EEG using a smartphone and flexible printed electrodes around the ear.
abstract: This study presents first evidence that reliable EEG data can be recorded with a new cEEGrid electrode array, which consists of ten electrodes printed on flexible sheet and arranged in a c-shape to fit around the ear. Ten participants wore two cEEGrid systems for at least seven hours. Using a smartphone for stimulus delivery and signal acquisition, resting EEG and auditory oddball data were collected in the morning and in the afternoon six to seven hours apart. Analysis of resting EEG data confirmed well-known spectral differences between eyes open and eyes closed conditions. The ERP results confirmed the predicted condition effects with significantly larger P300 amplitudes for target compared to standard tones, and a high test-retest reliability of the P300 amplitude (r > = .74). Moreover, a linear classifier trained on data from the morning session revealed similar performance in classification accuracy for the morning and the afternoon sessions (both > 70%). These findings demonstrate the feasibility of concealed and comfortable brain activity acquisition over many hours.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.|Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.|Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Debener
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Emkes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Vos
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.|Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bleichner
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D000068997:Smartphone; D055815:Young Adult