title: Immunotherapy (oral and sublingual) for food allergy to fruits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Food allergy is an abnormal immunological response following exposure (usually ingestion) to a food. Elimination of the allergen is the principle treatment for food allergy, including allergy to fruit. Accidental ingestion of allergenic foods can result in severe anaphylactic reactions. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) is a specific treatment, when the avoidance of allergenic foods is problematic. Recently, studies have been conducted on different types of immunotherapy for the treatment of food allergy, including oral (OIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy and safety of oral and sublingual immunotherapy in children and adults with food allergy to fruits, when compared with placebo or an elimination strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and AMED were searched for published results along with trial registries and the Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine for grey literature. The date of the most recent search was July 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing OIT or SLIT with placebo or an elimination diet were included. Participants were children or adults diagnosed with food allergy who presented immediate fruit reactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used standard methodological procedures expected by the Cochrane Collaboration. We assessed treatment effect through risk ratios (RRs) for dichotomous outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified two RCTs (N=89) eligible for inclusion. These RCTs addressed oral or sublingual immunotherapy, both in adults, with an allergy to apple or peach respectively. Both studies enrolled a small number of participants and used different methods to provide these differing types of immunotherapy. Both studies were judged to be at high risk of bias in at least one domain. Overall, the quality of evidence was judged to be very low due to the small number of studies and participants and possible bias. The studies were clinically heterogeneous and hence we did not pool the results. A study comparing SLIT with placebo for allergy to peach did not detect a significant difference between the number of patients desensitised at six months following a double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (RR 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.49 to 2.74). The second study, comparing OIT versus no treatment for apple allergy, found an effect on desensitisation in favour of the intervention using an oral provocation test at eight months, but results were imprecise (RR 17.50, 95% CI 1.13 to 270.19). Neither study reported data on evidence of immunologic tolerance. In both studies, the incidence of mild and moderate adverse events was higher in the intervention groups than in the controls. In the study comparing SLIT with placebo, patients in the intervention group experienced significantly more local adverse reactions than participants in the control group (RR 3.21, 95% CI 1.51 to 6.82), though there was not a significant difference in the number of participants experiencing systemic adverse reactions (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.22 to 3.02). In the study of OIT, two of the 25 participants in the intervention group reported relevant side effects, whereas no participants in the control group reported relevant side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is insufficient evidence for using OIT or SLIT to treat allergy to fruit, specifically related to peach and apple. Mild or moderate adverse reactions were reported more frequently in people receiving OIT or SLIT. However, these reactions could be treated successfully with medications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West. HSC-2C21, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
authors.forename: Juan Jose
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yepes-Nuñez
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roqué i Figuls
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartra Tomas
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pineda de la Losa
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Enrique
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003888:Desensitization, Immunologic / Q000379:methods*; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005638:Fruit / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D027845:Malus / Q000009:adverse effects*; D031989:Pyrus / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D063729:Sublingual Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods