title: Review: Capripoxvirus Diseases: Current Status and Opportunities for Control.
abstract: Lumpy skin disease, sheeppox and goatpox are high-impact diseases of domestic ruminants with a devastating effect on cattle, sheep and goat farming industries in endemic regions. In this article, we review the current geographical distribution, economic impact of an outbreak, epidemiology, transmission and immunity of capripoxvirus. The special focus of the article is to scrutinize the use of currently available vaccines to investigate the resource needs and challenges that will have to be overcome to improve disease control and eradication, and progress on the development of safer and more effective vaccines. In addition, field evaluation of the efficacy of the vaccines and the genomic database available for poxviruses are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: E S M
authors.initials: ESM
authors.lastname: Tuppurainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Venter
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Shisler
authors.affiliation: National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gari
authors.affiliation: National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mekonnen
authors.affiliation: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Juleff
authors.affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK.|European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.affiliation: CODA-CERVA, Vesicular and Exotic Diseases Unit, Uccle, Belgium.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Clercq
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Upton
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Health & Biosecurity Flagship, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.affiliation: Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, WA, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Babiuk
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Babiuk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018151:Capripoxvirus / Q000276:immunology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D011213:Poxviridae Infections / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: control; goatpox; immunity; lumpy skin disease; sheeppox; vaccines