title: Baseline oxygenation in the brain: Correlation between respiratory-calibration and susceptibility methods.
abstract: New MRI methods for noninvasive imaging of baseline oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) in the brain show great promise. Quantitative O2 imaging (QUO2) applies a biophysical model to measure OEF in tissue from BOLD, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and end-tidal O2 (ETO2) signals acquired during two or more gas manipulations. Alternatively, quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) maps baseline OEF along cerebral vessels based on the deoxyhemoblogin (dHb) susceptibility shift between veins and water. However, these approaches have not been carefully compared to each other or to known physiological signals. The aims of this study were to compare OEF values by QUO2 and QSM; and to see if baseline OEF relates to BOLD and CBF changes during a visual task. Simultaneous BOLD and arterial spin labeling (ASL) scans were acquired at 7T in 11 healthy subjects continuously during hypercapnia (5% CO2, 21% O2), hyperoxia (100% O2), and carbogen (5% CO2, 95% O2) for QUO2 analysis. Separate BOLD-ASL scans were acquired during a checkerboard stimulus to identify functional changes in the visual cortex. Gradient echo phase images were also collected at rest for QSM reconstruction of OEF along cerebral veins draining the visual cortex. Mean baseline OEF was (43.5±14)% for QUO2 with two gases, (42.3±17)% for QUO2 with three gases, and (29.4±3)% for QSM across volunteers. Three-gas QUO2 values of OEF correlated with QSM values of OEF (P=0.03). However, Bland-Altman analysis revealed that QUO2 tended to measure higher baseline OEF with respect to QSM, which likely results from underestimation of the hyperoxic BOLD signal and low signal-to-noise ratio of the ASL acquisitions. Across subjects, the percent CBF change during the visual task correlated with OEF measured by 3-gas QUO2 (P<0.04); and by QSM (P=0.035), providing evidence that the new methods measure true variations in brain physiology across subjects.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Richard M. Lucas Center for Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA. Electronic address: auddie@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Audrey P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: schaefer@cbs.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: lhuber@cbs.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Laurentius
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: lampe@cbs.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Leonie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lampe
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: steffen.von.smuda@cbs.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Smuda
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: moeller@cbs.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Harald E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: villringer@cbs.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villringer
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada. Electronic address: claudine.gauthier@concordia.ca.
authors.forename: Claudine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gauthier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002138:Calibration; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Brain oxygenation; Calibrated BOLD; Magnetic resonance imaging; Oxygen extraction fraction; Quantitative susceptibility mapping