title: Risk Factors for Long-Term Mortality and Amputation after Open and Endovascular Treatment of Acute Limb Ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute limb ischemia (ALI) is a highly morbid and fatal vascular emergency with little known about contemporary, long-term patient outcomes. The goal was to determine predictors of long-term mortality and amputation after open and endovascular treatment of ALI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of ALI patients at a single institution from 2005 to 2011 was performed to determine the impact of revascularization technique on 5-year mortality and amputation. For each main outcome 2 multivariable models were developed; the first adjusted for preoperative clinical presentation and procedure type, the second also adjusted for postoperative adverse events (AEs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 445 limbs in 411 patients were treated for ALI. Interventions included surgical thrombectomy (48%), emergent bypass (18%), and endovascular revascularization (34%). Mean age was 68 ± 15 years, 54% were male, and 23% had cancer. Most patients presented with Rutherford classification IIa (54%) or IIb (39%). The etiology of ALI included embolism (27%), in situ thrombosis (28%), thrombosed bypass grafts (32%), and thrombosed stents (13%). Patients treated with open procedures had significantly more advanced ischemia and higher rates of postoperative respiratory failure, whereas patients undergoing endovascular interventions had higher rates of technical failure. Rates of postprocedural bleeding and cardiac events were similar between both treatments. Excluding Rutherford class III patients (n = 12), overall 5-year mortality was 54% (stratified by treatment, 65% for thrombectomy, 63% for bypass, and 36% for endovascular, P < 0.001); 5-year amputation was 28% (stratified by treatment, 18% for thrombectomy, 27% for bypass, and 17% for endovascular, P = 0.042). Adjusting for comorbidities, patient presentation, AEs, and treatment method, the risk of mortality increased with age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.04, P < 0.001), female gender (HR = 1.50, P = 0.031), cancer (HR = 2.19, P < 0.001), fasciotomy (HR = 1.69, P = 0.204) in situ thrombosis or embolic etiology (HR = 1.73, P = 0.007), cardiac AEs (HR = 2.25, P < 0.001), respiratory failure (HR = 2.72, P < 0.001), renal failure (HR = 4.70, P < 0.001), and hemorrhagic events (HR = 2.25, P = 0.003). Risk of amputation increased with advanced ischemia (Rutherford IIb compared with IIa, HR = 2.57, P < 0.001), thrombosed bypass etiology (HR = 3.53, P = 0.002), open revascularization (OR; HR = 1.95, P = 0.022), and technical failure of primary intervention (HR = 6.01, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After the treatment of ALI, long-term mortality and amputation rates were greater in patients treated with open techniques; OR patients presented with a higher number of comorbidities and advanced ischemia, while also experiencing a higher rate of major postoperative complications. Overall, mortality rates remained high and were most strongly associated with baseline comorbidities, acuity of presentation, and perioperative AEs, particularly respiratory failure. Comparatively, amputation risk was most highly associated with advanced ischemia, thrombosed bypass, and failure of the initial revascularization procedure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA. Electronic address: genovesee@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Rabih A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Chaer
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Vascular Surgery, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ashraf G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Taha
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Luke K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Marone
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Efthymios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Avgerinos
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Michel S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Makaroun
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Donald T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Baril
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D057510:Endovascular Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014654:Vascular Patency; D055815:Young Adult