title: Closed-loop anesthesia.
abstract: Automated anesthesia which may offer to the physician time to control hemodynamic and to supervise neurological outcome and which may offer to the patient safety and quality was until recently consider as a holy grail. But this field of research is now increasing in every component of general anesthesia (hypnosis, nociception, neuromuscular blockade) and literature describes some successful algorithms - single or multi closed-loop controller. The aim of these devices is to control a predefined target and to continuously titrate anesthetics whatever the patients' co morbidities and surgical events to reach this target. Literature contains many randomized trials comparing manual and automated anesthesia and shows feasibility and safety of this system. Automation could quickly concern other aspects of anesthesia as fluid management and this review proposes an overview of closed-loop systems in anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Anesthésie, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France - m.leguen@hopital-foch.org.
authors.forename: Morgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: LE Guen
authors.forename: Ngai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chazot
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischler
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D000764:Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001331:Automation; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006804:Ergonomics; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012449:Safety