title: Coffee Consumption and Melanoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laboratory and animals studies have suggested a possible protective effect of coffee consumption on the development of melanoma. However, the results of epidemiological studies investigating this association have been inconclusive.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies was conducted to evaluate any association between coffee consumption and melanoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational studies were searched for in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register from inception to September 1, 2015. The Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines were followed in conducting this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified nine observational studies with a total of 927,173 study participants, of which 3787 had melanoma. With random-effects modeling, the pooled relative risks (RR) for melanoma among regular coffee drinkers was 0.75 (95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.63-0.89, p = 0.001) compared with controls. Visual inspection of a funnel plot suggested publication bias, although Egger's test (p = 0.981) delineated no small-study effects. The pooled relative risks for melanoma among decaffeinated coffee drinkers was, however, not statistically significant at 0.92 (95 % CI 0.82-1.05, p = 0.215).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is some evidence for the beneficial effects of regular coffee consumption on melanoma. More prospective cohort studies with systematic quantification of coffee consumption would be necessary to further elucidate this association.
authors.affiliation: National Skin Centre, 1 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308205, Singapore. yikweng.yew@mail.harvard.edu.|Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. yikweng.yew@mail.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Yik Weng
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Yew
authors.affiliation: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.|Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Yi Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Dermatology, Preventive Medicine, and Pathology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, and Rutgers University School of Public Affairs and Administration, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D002110:Caffeine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018890:Chemoprevention; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry*; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D017594:Publication Bias; D011801:Quinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D003069:Coffee; D004224:Diterpenes; D011801:Quinic Acid; C053401:kahweol; C053400:cafestol; C473200:5-caffeoylquinic acid