title: Lipopolysaccharide Enhances Beta2-Glycoprotein I Activation of Nuclear Factor κB in Liver Cancer Cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beta2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) is a highly abundant glycoprotein in plasma. Our previous study demonstrated strong β2GPI expression in hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue and the combination of β2GPI and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was shown to significantly activate the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). To investigate whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhances β2GPI activation of NF-βB and the expression of downstream factors (e.g., tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α; interleukin-1 beta, IL-1β; alpha-fetoprotein, AFP) in the human hepatoma cell line, SMMC-7721.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental samples were divided into 4 groups as follows: Group A--blank cell group (SMMC-7721); group B--low, medium, and high LPS concentration groups (1 ng/mL; 10 ng/mL; and 100 ng/mL, respectively); group C--β2GPI transfected group; and group D--β2GPI + low, medium, or high concentrations from the LPS affected group. Activation of NF-κB was evaluated using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Expression of downstream factors was measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Degrees of NF-κB activation in groups B, C, and D were varied. NF-κB activation in group D was the most significant, and the expressions of downstream factors, TNF-α and IL-1β, were the highest level of activation among the groups (p < 0.05), showing an LPS dose-dependency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LPS enhanced the signal transduction of β2GPI in liver cancer cells leading to activation of NF-κB, which triggered downstream signal transduction and increased the expression of downstream factors. This suggests that LPS enhancement of β2GPI signal transduction may play a role in promoting the development of liver cancer.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.forename: Zi-Bin
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Pu-Jun
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Nai-Jun
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Yong-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xue-Li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Xiao-Wei
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Man
authors.forename: Cui-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C097353:AFP protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I