title: Translating person-centered care into practice: A comparative analysis of motivational interviewing, illness-integration support, and guided self-determination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Person-centred care [PCC] can engage people in living well with a chronic condition. However, translating PCC into practice is challenging. We aimed to compare the translational potentials of three approaches: motivational interviewing [MI], illness integration support [IIS] and guided self-determination [GSD].
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparative analysis included eight components: (1) philosophical origin; (2) development in original clinical setting; (3) theoretical underpinnings; (4) overarching goal and supportive processes; (5) general principles, strategies or tools for engaging peoples; (6) health care professionals' background and training; (7) fidelity assessment; (8) reported effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although all approaches promoted autonomous motivation, they differed in other ways. Their original settings explain why IIS and GSD strive for life-illness integration, whereas MI focuses on managing ambivalence. IIS and GSD were based on grounded theories, and MI was intuitively developed. All apply processes and strategies to advance professionals' communication skills and engagement; GSD includes context-specific reflection sheets. All offer training programs; MI and GSD include fidelity tools.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Each approach has a primary application: MI, when ambivalence threatens positive change; IIS, when integrating newly diagnosed chronic conditions; and GSD, when problem solving is difficult, or deadlocked.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Professionals must critically consider the context in their choice of approach.
authors.affiliation: The Research Unit Women's and Children's Health, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: vibeke.zoffmann@regionh.dk.
authors.forename: Vibeke
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zoffmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Åsa
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Hörnsten
authors.affiliation: Competence Center for Substance Abuse, the Bergen Clinics Foundation, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Solveig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Storbækken
authors.affiliation: Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway; Department of Paediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graue
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Bodil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wahl
authors.affiliation: Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway; Department of Nursing Science, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirkevold
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D062405:Motivational Interviewing; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical
keywords: Chronic illness; Comparative analysis; Empowerment; Guided self-determination; Illness integration; Life skills; Motivational interviewing; Person-centred care; Self-management; Translational research