title: Introduction to 'Origin and evolution of the nervous system'.
abstract: In 1665, Robert Hooke demonstrated in Micrographia the power of the microscope and comparative observations, one of which revealed similarities between the arthropod and vertebrate eyes. Utilizing comparative observations, Saint-Hilaire in 1822 was the first to propose that the ventral nervous system of arthropods corresponds to the dorsal nervous system of vertebrates. Since then, studies on the origin and evolution of the nervous system have become inseparable from studies about Metazoan origins and the origins of organ systems. The advent of genome sequence data and, in turn, phylogenomics and phylogenetics have refined cladistics and expanded our understanding of Metazoan phylogeny. However, the origin and evolution of the nervous system is still obscure and many questions and problems remain. A recurrent problem is whether and to what extent sequence data provide reliable guidance for comparisons across phyla. Are genetic data congruent with the geological fossil records? How can we reconcile evolved character loss with phylogenomic records? And how informative are genetic data in relation to the specification of nervous system morphologies? These provide some of the background and context for a Royal Society meeting to discuss new data and concepts that might achieve insights into the origin and evolution of brains and nervous systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA flybrain@email.arizona.edu.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1115-1774
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Strausfeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK frank.hirth@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hirth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001695:Biology / Q000266:history; D005580:Fossils; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D008093:Literature, Modern / Q000266:history; D009420:Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: brain; evolution; nervous system; origin