title: Helicobacter pylori infection associated with type 2 diabetic nephropathy in patients with dyspeptic symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this conventional case-control study was to investigate the prevalence and relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 241 type 2 DM patients and 69 non-diabetic subjects with dyspeptic symptoms were enrolled in the study. Gastroduodenal lesions were observed by gastrointestinal endoscopy and the presence of H. pylori was identified by rapid urease test and serum IgG antibodies to H. pylori. According to the urinary albumin excretion rate (UAE), patients were classified into diabetes mellitus group (DM group, with UAE <30 mg/24h); diabetic nephropathy group 1 (DN group 1, with UAE 30 mg/24 h to <300 mg/24 h); and diabetic nephropathy group 2 (DN group 2 ≥ 300 mg/24 h). The 69 non-diabetic subjects were used as control group. The serum levels of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-8 were determined using ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of H. pylori infection in DN group 1 and DN group 2 was 45/72 (62.5%) and 34/53 (64.15%), respectively, which was significantly higher than in control [28/65 (43.1%)] and DM groups [42.9% (27/63)]. No significant differences of H. pylori prevalence were detected between DN groups as well as DM and control groups. Interestingly, in both DN groups, higher levels of IL-8, TNF-α and urinary albumin excretion rate were found in H. pylori positive subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetic nephropathy patients are more susceptible to H. pylori infection. Our data support an association between H. pylori infection and diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China; Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Linzi District, Zibo, Shandong 255400, PR China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Linzi District, Zibo, Shandong 255400, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, PR China.
authors.forename: Jingbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Linzi District, Zibo, Shandong 255400, PR China.
authors.forename: Chunguo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Linzi District, Zibo, Shandong 255400, PR China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Linzi District, Zibo, Shandong 255400, PR China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Linzi District, Zibo, Shandong 255400, PR China.
authors.forename: Hairong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Linzi District, Zibo, Shandong 255400, PR China.
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China. Electronic address: liuliqiumed@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Liqiu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Diabetic nephropathy; Helicobacter pylori