title: Gemcitabine upregulates ABCG2/BCRP and modulates the intracellular pharmacokinetic profiles of bioluminescence in pancreatic cancer cells.
abstract: A lack of methods capable of exploring real-time intracellular drug deposition has since limited the investigation of gemcitabine-induced multidrug resistance in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, resistance induced by D-luciferin, a substrate of the breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2/BCRP), has recently attracted clinical attention, but further investigation has been limited. Herein, the intracellular pharmacokinetic behavior of D-luciferin was investigated in pancreatic cancer cell lines in real time by using bioluminescence imaging. To achieve this feat, BxPC3 and Panc1 pancreatic cancer cells overexpressing firefly luciferase were treated with gemcitabine in a dose and time gradient manner in vitro. The intracellular pharmacokinetic profiles of each group were then determined through the acquisition of bioluminescent signal intensity of D-luciferin in cells. Simultaneously, key pharmacokinetic parameters including area under the curve, elimination rate constant (K), and mean resident time were calculated according to the noncompartment model. ABCG2 protein levels following gemcitabine treatment were detected through western blot, and gemcitabine showed no significant effect on luciferase activity over dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a control (P>0.05). However, gemcitabine significantly increased K values while suppressing area under the curve and mean resident time compared with DMSO (P<0.05) and increased ABCG2 expression over DMSO-treated cells. In addition, gemcitabine increased the elimination rate of the ABCG2 substrate, D-luciferin, and decreased D-luciferin accumulation in BxPC3 and Panc1 cells in a dose-response manner. Advances made herein illustrate the versatility of the in-vitro bioluminescent model and its capability to observe the onset of chemoresistance in real time.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Mancang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Lixin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Junying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Yinghui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Fanzhu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000378:metabolism*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D049409:Luciferases, Firefly / Q000378:metabolism; D049449:Luminescence; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000378:metabolism; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: C116614:ABCG2 protein, human; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D052160:Benzothiazoles; C532924:D-luciferin; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D008942:Mitoxantrone; D049409:Luciferases, Firefly; D000093542:Gemcitabine