title: Evolutionary implication of B-1 lineage cells from innate to adaptive immunity.
abstract: The paradigm that B cells mainly play a central role in adaptive immunity may have to be reevaluated because B-1 lineage cells have been found to exhibit innate-like functions, such as phagocytic and bactericidal activities. Therefore, the evolutionary connection of B-1 lineage cells between innate and adaptive immunities have received much attention. In this review, we summarized various innate-like characteristics of B-1 lineage cells, such as natural antibody production, antigen-presenting function in primary adaptive immunity, and T cell-independent immune responses. These characteristics seem highly conserved between fish B cells and mammalian B-1 cells during vertebrate evolution. We proposed an evolutionary outline of B cells by comparing biological features, including morphology, phenotype, ontogeny, and functional activity between B-1 lineage cells and macrophages or B-2 cells. The B-1 lineage may be a transitional cell type between phagocytic cells (e.g., macrophages) and B-2 cells that functionally connects innate and adaptive immunities. Our discussion would contribute to the understanding on the origination of B cells specialized in adaptive immunity from innate immunity. The results might provide further insight into the evolution of the immune system as a whole.
authors.affiliation: College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lv-yun
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.affiliation: College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ling-yun
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: xianglx@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Li-xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: shaojz@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jian-zhong
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Shao
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D016175:B-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*
keywords: B-1 cells; B-2 cells; Evolution of B cells; Evolution of adaptive immunity; Macrophages