title: Mindfulness in people with a respiratory diagnosis: A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe how mindfulness is delivered and to examine the effect of mindfulness on health-related quality of life (HRQOL), mindful awareness and stress in adults with a respiratory diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five electronic databases were searched. Data were extracted and assessed for quality by two reviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were extracted from four studies. Interventions were based on Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and delivered by trained instructors. Recordings of mindfulness were provided for home-based practice. One study targeted the intervention exclusively to anxious individuals with a respiratory diagnosis. Adherence to mindfulness was poor. No effects were seen on disease-specific HRQOL (standardized mean difference (SMD)=-0.21 95% CI: -0.36 to 0.48, p=0.78), mindful awareness (SMD=0.09 95% CI: -0.34 to 0.52, p=0.68) or stress levels (SMD =-0.11 95% CI: -0.46 to 0.23, p=0.51).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mindfulness interventions, delivered to individuals with a respiratory diagnosis, varied widely in terms of delivery and the outcomes assessed making it difficult to draw any conclusions regarding its effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Respiratory Medicine, West Park Healthcare Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK. Electronic address: S.L.Harrison@tees.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Samantha L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: The Department of Respiratory Medicine, West Park Healthcare Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Annemarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: The Department of Respiratory Medicine, West Park Healthcare Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Janaudis-Ferreira
authors.affiliation: The Department of Respiratory Medicine, West Park Healthcare Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Roger S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.affiliation: The Department of Respiratory Medicine, West Park Healthcare Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brooks
mesh_terms: D001945:Breathing Exercises; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D064866:Mindfulness; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; D011788:Quality of Life; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D013315:Stress, Psychological