title: Clicking Hydrazine and Aldehyde: The Way to Labeling of Viruses with Quantum Dots.
abstract: Real-time tracking of fluorophore-tagged viruses in living cells can help uncover virus infection mechanisms. Certainly, the indispensable prerequisite for virus-tracking is to label viruses with some bright and photostable beacons such as quantum dots (QDs) via an appropriate labeling strategy. Herein, we devise a convenient hydrazine-aldehyde based strategy to label viruses with QDs through the conjugation of 4-formylbenzoate (4FB) modified QDs to 6-hydrazinonicotinate acetone hydrazone (HyNic) modified viruses under mild conditions. On the basis of this strategy, viruses can be successfully labeled with QDs with high selectivity, stable conjugation, good reproducibility, high labeling efficiency of 92-93% and maximum retention of both fluorescence properties of QDs and infectivity of viruses, which is very meaningful to tracking and statistical analysis of virus infection processes. By further comparing with the most widely used labeling strategy based on the Biotin-SA system, this new strategy has advantages of both high labeling efficiency and good retention of virus infectivity, thus offering a promising alternative for virus-labeling. Moreover, due to the ubiquitous presence of exposed amino groups on the surface of various viruses, this selective, efficient, reproducible and biofriendly strategy should have good universality for labeling both enveloped and nonenveloped viruses.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zheng-Yuan
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: An-An
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shu-Lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: En-Ze
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Ling
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ai-Wen
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dai-Wen
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Pang
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D053127:Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype / Q000737:chemistry; D061848:Optical Imaging; D045663:Quantum Dots / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D014709:Vero Cells; D014780:Viruses / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D006834:Hydrazines
keywords: aldehyde; fluorescence imaging; hydrazine; labeling; quantum dot; virus