title: Risk Assessment and Meningococcal A Conjugate Vaccine Introduction in Africa: The District Prioritization Tool.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A group A meningococcal (MenA) conjugate vaccine has progressively been introduced in the African meningitis belt since 2010. A country-wide risk assessment tool, the District Prioritization Tool (DPT), was developed to help national stakeholders combine existing data and local expertise to define priority geographical areas where mass vaccination campaigns should be conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  DPT uses an Excel-supported offline tool that was made available to the countries proposed for immunization campaigns. It used quantitative-qualitative methods, relying predominantly on evidence-based risk scores complemented by expert opinion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DPT was used by most of the countries that introduced the group A conjugate vaccine. Surveillance data enabled the computation of severity scores for meningitis at the district level (magnitude, intensity, and frequency). District data were scaled regionally to facilitate phasing decisions. DPT also assessed the country's potential to conduct efficient preventive immunization campaigns while paying close attention to the scope of the geographic extension of the campaigns. The tool generated meningitis district profiles that estimated the number of vaccine doses needed. In each assessment, local meningitis experts contributed their knowledge of local risk factors for meningitis epidemics to refine the final prioritization decisions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DPT proved to be a useful and flexible tool that codified information and streamlined discussion among stakeholders while facilitating vaccine distribution decisions after 2011. DPT methodology may be tailored to prioritize vaccine interventions for other diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cibrelus
authors.affiliation: Inter-country Support Team for West Africa, World Health Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Clément
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lingani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Katya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.affiliation: Inter-country Support Team for West Africa, World Health Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Mamoudou H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Djingarey
authors.affiliation: Department of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Perea
authors.affiliation: Department of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hugonnet
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008585:Meningitis, Meningococcal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D019371:Topography, Medical
chemical_list: C573970:MenAfriVac; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines
keywords: PsA-TT; meningococcal meningitis; risk assessment; sub-Saharan Africa; vaccine introduction