title: Impaired primary mouse myotube formation on crosslinked type I collagen films is enhanced by laminin and entactin.
abstract: In skeletal muscle, the stem cell niche is important for controlling the quiescent, proliferation and differentiation states of satellite cells, which are key for skeletal muscle regeneration after wounding. It has been shown that type I collagen, often used as 3D-scaffolds for regenerative medicine purposes, impairs myoblast differentiation. This is most likely due to the absence of specific extracellular matrix proteins providing attachment sites for myoblasts and/or myotubes. In this study we investigated the differentiation capacity of primary murine myoblasts on type I collagen films either untreated or modified with elastin, laminin, type IV collagen, laminin/entactin complex, combinations thereof, and Matrigel as a positive control. Additionally, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROCK signaling might also be involved. To measure ROS levels with live-cell microscopy, fibronectin-coated glass coverslips were additionally coated with type I collagen and Matrigel onto which myoblasts were differentiated. On type I collagen-coated coverslips, myotube formation was impaired while ROS levels were increased. However, anti-oxidant treatment did not enhance myotube formation. ROCK inhibition, which generally improve cellular attachment to uncoated surfaces or type I collagen, enhanced myoblast attachment to type I collagen-coated coverslips and -films, but slightly enhanced myotube formation. Only modification of type I collagen films by Matrigel and a combination of laminin/entactin significantly improved myotube formation. Our results indicate that type I collagen scaffolds can be modified by satellite cell niche factors of which specifically laminin and entactin enhanced myotube formation. This offers a promising approach for regenerative medicine purposes to heal skeletal muscle wounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this manuscript we show for the first time that impaired myotube formation on type I collagen scaffolds can be completely restored by modification with laminin and entactin, two extracellular proteins from the satellite cell niche. This offers a promising approach for regenerative medicine approaches to heal skeletal muscle wounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: sander.grefte@wur.nl.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grefte
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Merel.Adjobo-Hermans@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: M J W
authors.initials: MJW
authors.lastname: Adjobo-Hermans
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Elly.Versteeg@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: E M M
authors.initials: EMM
authors.lastname: Versteeg
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Werner.Koopman@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: W J H
authors.initials: WJH
authors.lastname: Koopman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Willeke.Daamen@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Daamen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D007797:Laminin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D051379:Mice; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D007797:Laminin; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; C029967:nidogen
keywords: Collagen; ECM (extracellular matrix); Laminin; Muscle; Myotubes