title: Parent-healthcare provider interaction during peripheral vein cannulation with resistive preschool children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to increase understanding of parent-healthcare provider interaction in situations where newly admitted preschool children resist peripheral vein cannulation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Parent-healthcare provider interaction represents an important context for understanding children's resistance to medical procedures. Knowledge about this interaction can provide a better understanding of how restraint is used and talked about. Symbolic interactionism informed the understanding of interaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  An exploratory, qualitative study was chosen because little is known about these interactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 2012-2013, 14 naturalistic peripheral vein cannulation -attempts with six newly hospitalized preschool children were video recorded. Eight parents/relatives, seven physicians and eight nurses participated in this study. The analytical foci of turn-taking and participant structure were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results comprised three patterns of interactions. The first pattern, 'parents supported the interaction initiated by healthcare providers', was a response to the children's expressed resistance and they performed firm restraint together. The second pattern, 'parents create distance in interaction with healthcare providers', appeared after failed attempts and had a short time span. Parents stopped following up on the healthcare providers' interaction and their restraint became less firm. In the third pattern, 'healthcare providers reorient in interaction', healthcare providers took over more of the restraint and either helped each other to continue the interaction or they stopped it.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge about the identified patterns of interactions can help healthcare providers to better understand and thereby prepare both parents and themselves for situations with potential use of restraint.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Edel Jannecke
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Ethics, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Reidar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ida Torunn
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Bjørk
mesh_terms: D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000523:psychology*; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D010371:Pediatric Nursing / Q000379:methods; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D036301:Qualitative Research; D045808:Refusal to Participate / Q000523:psychology*; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: child; communication; ethics, medical; medical procedures; paediatric nursing; paediatrics; peripheral vein cannulation; professional-family relations; restraint, physical; symbolic interactionism