title: Galactomannan and Zymosan Block the Epinephrine-Induced Particle Transport in Tracheal Epithelium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ciliary beating by respiratory epithelial cells continuously purges pathogens from the lower airways. Here we investigated the effect of the fungal cell wall polysaccharides Galactomannan (GM) and Zymosan (Zym) on the adrenergic activated particle transport velocity (PTV) of tracheal epithelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were performed using tracheae isolated from male C57BL/6J mice. Transport velocity of the cilia bearing epithelial cells was measured by analysing recorded image sequences. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined using Amplex Red reagents. PCR experiments were performed on isolated tracheal epithelium to identify adrenergic receptor mRNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adrenergic receptors α1D, α2A, β1 and β2 have been identified in isolated tracheal epithelium. We found epinephrine responsible for an increase in PTV, which could only be reduced by selective β-receptor-inhibition. In addition, either GM or Zym prevented the epinephrine induced PTV increase. Furthermore, we observed a strong ROS generation evoked by GM or Zym. However, epinephrine induced increase in PTV recovered in the presence of GM and Zym after application of ROS scavengers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both GM or Zym trigger reversible ROS generation in tracheal tissue leading to inhibition of the β-adrenergic increase in PTV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weiterer
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kohlen
authors.affiliation: Excellencecluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), German Lung Center (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Veit
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Uhle
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lichtenstern
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Weigand
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.|Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Vincentius-Clinic, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henrich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005690:Galactose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008297:Male; D008351:Mannans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014132:Trachea / Q000166:cytology; D015054:Zymosan / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D008351:Mannans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic; C012990:galactomannan; D015054:Zymosan; D005690:Galactose; D004837:Epinephrine