title: Use of HIV counseling and testing and family planning services among postpartum women in Kenya: a multicentre, non-randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Addressing the postnatal needs of new mothers is a neglected area of care throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The study compares the effectiveness of integrating HIV and family planning (FP) services into postnatal care (PNC) with stand-alone services on postpartum women's use of HIV counseling and testing and FP services in public health facilities in Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from samples of women who had been assigned to intervention or comparison groups, had given birth within the previous 0-10 weeks and were receiving postnatal care, at baseline and 15 months later. Descriptive statistics describe the characteristics of the sample and multivariate logistic regression models assess the effect of the integrated model of care on use of provider-initiated testing and counseling (PITC) and FP services.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the 15-month follow-up interviews, more women in the intervention than comparison sites used implants (15 % vs. 3 %; p < 0.001), while injectables were the most used short-term method by women in both sites. Women who wanted to wait until later to have children (OR = 1.3; p < 0.01; 95 % CI: 1.1-1.5), women with secondary education (OR = 1.2; p < 0.05; 95 % CI: 1.0-1.4), women aged 25-34 years (OR = 1.2; p < 0.01; 95 % CI: 1.1-1.4) and women from poor households (OR = 1.6; p < 0.001; 95 % CI: 1.4-1.9) were associated with FP use. Nearly half (47 %) and about one-third (30 %) of mothers in the intervention and comparison sites, respectively, were offered PITC. Significant predictors of uptake of PITC were seeking care in a health center/dispensary relative to a hospital, having a partner who has tested for HIV and being poor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An integrated delivery approach of postnatal services is beneficial in increasing the uptake of PITC and long-acting FP services among postpartum women. Also, interventions aimed at increasing male partners HIV testing have a positive effect on the uptake of PITC and should be encouraged.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01694862.
authors.affiliation: Population Council, General Accident Insurance House, Ralph Bunche Road, P.O. Box 17643-00500, Nairobi, Kenya. james.kelly.kimani@gmail.com.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kimani
authors.affiliation: Population Council, General Accident Insurance House, Ralph Bunche Road, P.O. Box 17643-00500, Nairobi, Kenya. cwarren@popcouncil.org.
authors.forename: Charlotte E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.affiliation: Population Council, General Accident Insurance House, Ralph Bunche Road, P.O. Box 17643-00500, Nairobi, Kenya. tabuya@popcouncil.org.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abuya
authors.affiliation: Population Council, General Accident Insurance House, Ralph Bunche Road, P.O. Box 17643-00500, Nairobi, Kenya. cndwiga@popcouncil.org.
authors.forename: Charity
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ndwiga
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK. Susannah.Mayhew@lsthm.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Susannah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mayhew
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Department of Population Studies, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK. Anna.Vassal@lshtm.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vassall
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK. Richard.Mutemwa@lshtm.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mutemwa
authors.affiliation: Population Council, General Accident Insurance House, Ralph Bunche Road, P.O. Box 17643-00500, Nairobi, Kenya. iaskew@popcouncil.org.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Askew
mesh_terms: D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology*; D012736:Sex Education / Q000379:methods*