title: The association between lung cancer incidence and ambient air pollution in China: A spatiotemporal analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  China is experiencing more and more days of serious air pollution recently, and has the highest lung cancer burden in the world.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations between lung cancer incidence and fine particles (PM2.5) and ozone in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 75 communities' data of lung cancer incidence from the National Cancer Registration of China from 1990 to 2009. The annual concentrations of fine particles (PM2.5) and ozone at 0.1°×0.1° spatial resolution were generated by combing remote sensing, global chemical transport models, and improvements in coverage of surface measurements. A spatial age-period-cohort model was used to examine the relative risks of lung cancer incidence associated with the air pollutants, after adjusting for impacts of age, period, and birth cohort, sex, and community type (rural and urban) as well as the spatial variation on lung cancer incidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative risks of lung cancer incidence related to a 10 µg/m(3) increase in 2-year average PM2.5 were 1.055 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.038, 1.072) for men, 1.149 (1.120, 1.178) for women, 1.060 (1.044, 1.075) for an urban communities, 1.037 (0.998, 1.078) for a rural population, 1.074 (1.052, 1.096) for people aged 30-65 years, and 1.111 (1.077, 1.146) for those aged over 75 years. Ozone also had a significant association with lung cancer incidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased risks of lung cancer incidence were associated with PM2.5 and ozone air pollution. Control measures to reduce air pollution would likely lower the future incidence of lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Electronic address: y.guo1@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Yuming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Rongshou
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Shanshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Social Work & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Adrian G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.affiliation: National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Siwei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaonong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huxley
authors.affiliation: National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China. Electronic address: chenwq@cicams.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Wanqing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010126:Ozone / Q000633:toxicity*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D010126:Ozone
keywords: Air pollution; Fine particles; Lung cancer incidence; Ozone; Spatial age-period-cohort study