title: Undiagnosed neurological disease as a potential cause of male lower urinary tract symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the central nervous system there are many regulatory processes controlling the lower urinary tract. This review considers the possibility that urinary dysfunction may precede diagnosis of neurological disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) occur early in multiple system atrophy, Parkinson's disease and normal pressure hydrocephalus, and may present before neurological diagnosis. Some people present with LUTS and subsequently are diagnosed with multiple sclerosis or a spinal condition. In male LUTS, the symptoms could reflect early stages of a neurological disease, which has not yet been diagnosed ('occult neurology'). Key symptoms include erectile dysfunction, retrograde ejaculation, enuresis, loss of filling sensation or unexplained stress urinary incontinence. Directed questioning should enquire about visual symptoms, back pain, anosmia, bowel dysfunction and incontinence, or memory loss. Examination features can include resting tremor, 'croaky' speech, abnormal gait, orthostatic hypotension, ataxia, or altered perineal sensation. Imaging, such as MRI scan, should only be requested after expert neurological examination, to ensure the correct parts of the central nervous system are scanned with appropriate radiological protocols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urologists should consider an undiagnosed neurological condition can be present in a few cases. Any finding should be further evaluated by colleagues with relevant expertise.
authors.affiliation: aNeurology Department bBristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Diana Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Marcus J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Drake
mesh_terms: D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000294:innervation*