title: Laparoscopic repair of a left-sided paraduodenal hernia.
abstract: Internal hernias are a rare cause of bowel obstruction, constituting 0.2-0.9 % of all cases with paraduodenal hernias (PDH) being the most common accounting for 50 % of all internal hernias with 75 % of those being left-sided [1, 2]. They are due to small bowel herniating into a peritoneum-lined sac at the fourth portion of the duodenum as the result of abnormal midgut rotation during embryonic development. Patients may present with symptoms of small bowel obstruction, though the majority are found incidentally [3]. Diagnosis is aided with computed tomography (CT) with findings of encapsulated clustering of small bowel loops in the left upper quadrant, bowel between the stomach and pancreas, crowding of mesenteric vessels, and displacement of the inferior mesenteric vein [4].
  
  
  
  A 34-year-old male presented with a 3-year history of postprandial epigastric pain. After multiple inconclusive imaging studies, he was taken to the operating room for diagnostic laparoscopy. The transverse colon was retracted cephalad, and the distal bowel could be seen entering a defect just lateral to the fourth portion of the duodenum. This mass of herniated bowel was readily reduced, and the defect could be appreciated as a 4-cm invagination lateral to the duodenum and posterior to the inferior mesenteric vein. The defect was then closed using interrupted silk suture and the port sites closed.
  
  
  
  The patient tolerated the procedure well and was discharged home 24 h later. At 12 months postoperatively, he continued to have intermittent nausea and abdominal pain. Repeated imaging studies including CT scans were negative for obstruction or internal hernia.
  
  
  
  PDH are a rare form of internal hernia that result from abnormal midgut rotation during fetal development. Diagnosis is challenging but may be aided by CT imaging. Laparoscopic repair is a safe and effective method of management in these patients [5, 6]. In patients presenting with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and radiographic evidence of PDH, laparoscopic repair should be considered given its safety and efficacy profile. Although surgical intervention did not result in complete resolution of our patient's symptoms, repair of his hernia removed this diagnosis from his differential and facilitated his ultimate diagnosis of functional abdominal pain syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033-0850, USA. jwinder@hmc.psu.edu.
authors.forename: Joshua S
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9133-6236
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Winder
authors.affiliation: Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033-0850, USA.
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Pauli
authors.affiliation: Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033-0850, USA.
authors.forename: Randy S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Haluck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004378:Duodenal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D046449:Hernia, Abdominal / Q000601:surgery*; D059685:Herniorrhaphy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007415:Intestinal Obstruction / Q000601:surgery; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Congenital; Hernia; Laparoscopic; Left; Paraduodenal; Repair