title: Toxicity assessment of (99m)technetium-labeled human beta-defensin-3 in CD1 mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human beta-defensin-3 (HBD-3) is an antimicrobial peptide which is up-regulated during inflammation. Based on the previously demonstrated capacity of technetium-99m ((99m)Tc) labelled HBD-3 of distinguishing infection from inflammation in rats, we have decided to collect information on the potential toxicity of the tracer in view of its possible use for imaging in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recombinant HBD-3 underwent labeling with (99m)Tc. The CD1 mice were selected as standard rodent species. Ten mice, 5 male and 5 female, were subjected to physical examination and housed in a dedicated room in 5 per cage. After 9 days pre-test period, all mice were weighted for dose adjustment and received intravenously 6mcg/mouse of (99m)Tc-HBD-3. Mortality was recorded daily, while body weight was registered once a week. Clinical observation of animals was performed daily for sickness symptoms due to the drug treatment. At day 19 a second dose of 6mcg/mouse (99m)Tc-HBD-3, was administered. Twenty-four hours after the second dose (day 20) the animals were euthanized. A piece of liver, kidneys, heart and lungs was collected for histopathological analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that the labelled-HBD-3 dose did not induce significant toxicity in mice. Of course these parameters were not sufficient to authorize use in humans. This non-toxic dose of HBD-3 when translated from animals to humans resulted in an equivalent dose of approximately 25 times higher than that needed for imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our non toxicity data of using (99m)Tc-beta-defensin-3 in mice offer a further indication in favour of the clinical use of this radiopharmaceutical in all cases where discrimination between infection and inflammation is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Roma, Italy. chr.anagnostou@yahoo.it.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liberatore
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anagnostou
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scaccianoce
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Frantellizzi
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drudi Francesco
authors.forename: Piera
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: D'Elia
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barteri
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D051379:Mice; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D015996:Survival Rate; D013667:Technetium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: C422950:DEFB103A protein, human; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D023083:beta-Defensins; D013667:Technetium