title: Stressors and Barriers to Services for Immigrant Fathers Raising Children with Developmental Disabilities.
abstract: This narrative review examines research on the experiences of immigrant fathers raising children with developmental disabilities, and considers the findings within the Canadian context. Applying Green, Johnson & Adams' (Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 5(3), 101-117, 2006) methodology, a step-by-step process was followed to conduct the review. Four databases (PsychINFO, PubMed, CINAHL and Sociological Abstracts) were used for the search. A total of 39 articles were found to be relevant after applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Also 20 articles from published reference lists and peer-reviewed journal articles, located through Google Scholar, complimented the initial search. Along with House's (1981) four dimensions of social support, an intersectional approach underpinned the analysis of findings. Four themes were identified which included: economic challenges, social influences, cultural influences, and the changing gender roles of fathers. Stressors and barriers to accessing health services in the post-migration setting were examined. Based on the review's findings, the paper recommends 1) addressing income inequality, 2) improving access to health care, social and developmental services, 3) improving cultural-sensitivity of health care, social and developmental services, and 4) increasing participation of fathers. Overall, a more systemic understanding of immigrant fathers' experiences is called for, taking into account their multiple social locations.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Nazilla
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khanlou
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Nida
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Luz Maria
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.affiliation: Critical Care Services Ontario, Toronto, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Nasim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Rehab Science Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
keywords: Canada; Developmental disabilities; Economic exclusion; Fathers; Gender roles; Immigration; Parenting; Social support