title: Controlling of CSFV in European wild boar using oral vaccination: a review.
abstract: Classical swine fever (CSF) is among the most detrimental diseases for the swine industry worldwide. Infected wild boar populations can play a crucial role in CSF epidemiology and controlling wild reservoirs is of utmost importance for preventing domestic outbreaks. Oral mass vaccination (OMV) has been implemented to control CSF in wild boars and limit the spill over to domestic pigs. This retrospective overview of vaccination experiences illustrates the potential for that option. The C-strain live vaccine was confirmed to be highly efficacious and palatable baits were developed for oral delivery in free ranging wild boars. The first field trials were performed in Germany in the 1990's and allowed deploying oral baits at a large scale. The delivery process was further improved during the 2000's among different European countries. Optimal deployment has to be early regarding disease emergence and correctly designed regarding the landscape structure and the natural food sources that can compete with oral baits. OMV deployment is also highly dependent on a local veterinary support working closely with hunters, wildlife and forestry agencies. Vaccination has been the most efficient strategy for CSF control in free ranging wild boar when vaccination is wide spread and lasting for a sufficient period of time. Alternative disease control strategies such as intensified hunting or creating physical boundaries such as fences have been, in contrast, seldom satisfactory and reliable. However, monitoring outbreaks has been challenging during and after vaccination deployment since OMV results in a low probability to detect virus-positive animals and the live-vaccine currently available does not allow serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. The development of a new marker vaccine and companion test is thus a promising option for better monitoring outbreaks during OMV deployment as well as help to better determine when to stop vaccination efforts. After rabies in red fox, the use of OMV against CSF in European wild boar can be considered as a second example of successful disease control in wildlife. The 30 years of disease control experience included in this review may provide options for improving future disease management within wild populations.
authors.affiliation: Unité Sanitaire de la Faune, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage Gap, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Friedrich-Loeﬄer-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Staubach
authors.affiliation: Friedrich-Loeﬄer-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blome
authors.affiliation: Instituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guberti
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Hermann
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Thulke
authors.affiliation: Development Vaccines Technologies, IDT Biologika GmbH Dessau-Rosslau, Germany.
authors.forename: Ad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.affiliation: Operational Direction Interactions and Surveillance, Centrum voor Onderzoek in Diergeneeskunde en Agrochemie-Centre d'Etude et de Recherches Vétérinaires et Agrochimiques Ukkel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Koenen
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Anses Ploufragan, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Frédérique
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Le Potier
keywords: Pestivirus; Sus scrofa; diseases; management; surveillance; wildlife