title: Estimating the Impact of Workplace Bullying: Humanistic and Economic Burden among Workers with Chronic Medical Conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the prevalence of work-limiting diseases is increasing, the interplay between occupational exposures and chronic medical conditions remains largely uncharacterized. Research has shown the detrimental effects of workplace bullying but very little is known about the humanistic and productivity cost in victims with chronic illnesses. We sought to assess work productivity losses and health disutility associated with bullying among subjects with chronic medical conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N = 1717) with chronic diseases answered a self-administered survey including sociodemographic and clinical data, workplace bullying experience, the SF-12 questionnaire, and the Work Productivity Activity Impairment questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of significant impairment was higher among victims of workplace bullying as compared to nonvictims (SF-12 PCS: 55.5% versus 67.9%, p < 0.01; SF-12 MCS: 59.4% versus 74.3%, p < 0.01). The adjusted marginal overall productivity cost of workplace bullying ranged from 13.9% to 17.4%, corresponding to Italian Purchase Power Parity (PPP) 2010 US$ 4182-5236 yearly. Association estimates were independent and not moderated by concurrent medical conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate that the burden on workers' quality of life and productivity associated with workplace bullying is substantial. This study provides key data to inform policy-making and prioritize occupational health interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20124 Milan, Italy.
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authors.lastname: Fattori
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20124 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Neri
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: E
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authors.lastname: Aguglia
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy.
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authors.lastname: Bellomo
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, UO Cava de'Tirreni, 84013 Salerno, Italy.
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authors.lastname: Bisogno
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20124 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: D
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authors.lastname: Camerino
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
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authors.lastname: Carpiniello
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, ASS n.6, 33170 Pordenone, Italy.
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authors.lastname: Cassin
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20124 Milan, Italy ; IRCCS Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Ca'Granda Foundation, 20124 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: G
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authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, School of Specialization in Psychiatry, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: P
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authors.lastname: De Fazio
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Sciascio
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, ULSS 7, Conegliano, 31015 Treviso, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Favaretto
authors.affiliation: Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'Anna Hospital, 22100 Como, Italy.
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authors.lastname: Fraticelli
authors.affiliation: National Association of Rheumatic Patients (ANMAR), 00153 Rome, Italy.
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authors.affiliation: National Association for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (AMICI), 20131 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: S
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authors.lastname: Leone
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, AULSS Legnago Hospital, Legnago, 37045 Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maniscalco
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry Unit, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy ; Mental Health Department, AUSL, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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authors.lastname: Marchesi
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinic Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mauri
authors.affiliation: Depression Unit, Neuroscience Department, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 20137 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mencacci
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Polselli
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, New Faculty of Medicine, University of Perugia, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 06156 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Quartesan
authors.affiliation: Unit of Psychiatry, A.S.L. CN1, 12100 Cuneo, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Risso
authors.affiliation: Servizio Psichiatrico di Diagnosi e Cura (SPDC), Tivoli Hospital, 00019 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sciaretta
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, ASL3, 16125 Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaggi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vender
authors.affiliation: National Association ANAP Onlus, Rivoli, 10098 Turin, Italy.
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mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D058445:Bullying / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D017132:Workplace / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data