title: Vibrio cholerae Serogroup O139: Isolation from Cholera Patients and Asymptomatic Household Family Members in Bangladesh between 2013 and 2014.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cholera is endemic in Bangladesh, with outbreaks reported annually. Currently, the majority of epidemic cholera reported globally is El Tor biotype Vibrio cholerae isolates of the serogroup O1. However, in Bangladesh, outbreaks attributed to V. cholerae serogroup O139 isolates, which fall within the same phylogenetic lineage as the O1 serogroup isolates, were seen between 1992 and 1993 and in 2002 to 2005. Since then, V. cholerae serogroup O139 has only been sporadically isolated in Bangladesh and is now rarely isolated elsewhere.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we present case histories of four cholera patients infected with V. cholerae serogroup O139 in 2013 and 2014 in Bangladesh. We comprehensively typed these isolates using conventional approaches, as well as by whole genome sequencing. Phenotypic typing and PCR confirmed all four isolates belonging to the O139 serogroup.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whole genome sequencing revealed that three of the isolates were phylogenetically closely related to previously sequenced El Tor biotype, pandemic 7, toxigenic V. cholerae O139 isolates originating from Bangladesh and elsewhere. The fourth isolate was a non-toxigenic V. cholerae that, by conventional approaches, typed as O139 serogroup but was genetically divergent from previously sequenced pandemic 7 V. cholerae lineages belonging to the O139 or O1 serogroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that previously observed lineages of V. cholerae O139 persist in Bangladesh and can cause clinical disease and that a novel disease-causing non-toxigenic O139 isolate also occurs.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Fahima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alison E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Mather
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Yasmin Ara
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Begum
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asaduzzaman
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Nabilah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Baby
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Salma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharmin
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Rajib
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Muhammad Ikhtear
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Regina C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: LaRocque
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jason B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Calderwood
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Edward T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.|UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom.|Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Firdausi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qadri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D002771:Cholera / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005190:Family; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D023061:Gene Order; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058889:Molecular Typing; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012703:Serotyping; D026801:Synteny; D041242:Vibrio cholerae O139 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055815:Young Adult