title: Increased stocking density causes changes in expression of selected stress- and immune-related genes, humoral innate immune parameters and stress responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
abstract: The present study investigated the effects of various stocking densities on the health status (stress and immune responses) of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss). Juvenile rainbow trout were acclimated, placed in circular tanks under stocking densities of 10, 40 and 80 kg m(-3) and reared for 30 days. The relative expression of genes involved in stress and immunity such as HSP70, LyzII, TNF-1α, IL-1β, IL-8 and IFN-γ1 in the head kidney was determined. Serum cortisol, ACTH, total antioxidant capacity, osmolality and lactate were measured after 30 days of culture at different stocking densities (D1:10 kg m(-3), D2: 40 kg m(-3) and D3: 80 kg m(-3)) as indices of stress responses. In addition, the effects of stocking densities on serum complement, bactericidal activity, agglutinating antibody titers, serum IgM, anti-protease activity, serum total protein and alkaline phosphatase of the fish were measured. HSP70 gene expression was significantly density-dependent upregulated in D2 and D3 densities compared to D1 (P < 0.05). Also, there was significant downregulation in expression of LyzII, TNF-1α, IL-1β, IL-8 and IFN-γ1 in fish reared at density of either D2 or D3 (P < 0.05). In terms of stress responses, serum ACTH, cortisol and lactate level showed significant density-dependent increase (P < 0.05) while serum osmolality and total antioxidant capacity showed significant decline (P < 0.05) in fish reared at higher densities (D2 and D3) compared to fish reared at lower density (D1) (P < 0.05). Concordant with the expression of the immune-related genes, the serum complement and bactericidal activity as well as specific antibody titer against Aeromonas hydrophila, IgM and anti-protease activity decreased along with elevation of stocking density from D1 to D3 (P < 0.05). However, different stocking densities had no significant effect on serum total protein level and alkaline phosphatase activity. These results suggested that elevation of stocking densities and crowding resulted in the increase in HSP70 gene expression and the levels of selected stress responses in the serum. However, there was down-regulation of immune genes expression and decreased innate immune responses in the fish. The mRNA expression of the genes and immune parameters that were measured in this study could be helpful in monitoring the health status and welfare of the fish in aquaculture systems particularly in relation to increased stocking densities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: p.yarahmadi@ut.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Peyman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yarahmadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. Electronic address: hkolangi@gau.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Hamed Kolangi
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Miandare
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sahel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fayaz
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, 529757, Singapore.
authors.forename: Christopher Marlowe A
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Caipang
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000333:Aeromonas / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D005398:Fisheries; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D009113:Muramidase / Q000235:genetics; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D016207:Cytokines; D029941:Fish Proteins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D009113:Muramidase; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Aquaculture; Crowding; Gene expression; Immune response; Rainbow trout; Stress