title: Toxocariasis-associated cardiac diseases--A systematic review of the literature.
abstract: Toxocariasis, caused by Toxocara canis or Toxocara catis, is a worldwide occurring parasitic disease, reaching high prevalences especially in tropical and subtropical countries. The clinical presentation can range from asymptomatic seropositivity to life threatenting disease, depending on the organ system involved. Cardiac involvement, one of the possible manifestations of human Toxocara spp. infection, is rarely reported in case reports. As far as we know, no systematic reviews of clinical presentations have been published till now and no clear recommendations regarding the treatment of Toxocara spp. infection involving the heart exist. In a systematic review of the literature, 24 published cases of Toxocara spp. infection involving the heart were identified. The cardiac entities described included myocarditis, pericarditis, and Loeffler's endocarditis. The clinical presentation ranged from asymptomatic or mild disease to life threatening myocarditis/pericarditis with heart failure or cardiac tamponade, leading to death. In most cases, the diagnosis was based on a combination of clinical, laboratory and radiological findings. Only in three of the nine cases in which histological analysis was performed (either pre- or post-mortem), granulomas or remnants of the parasite were detected. In the other six cases, findings were non-specific; the damage of the heart was equally caused by direct invasion of the larvae and by immunological reactions, either caused by the systemic hypereosinophilia or by the presence of the larvae in the tissue. The treatment regimen described mostly consisted of anthelmintic drugs in combination with corticosteroids. Even though dosage and duration of treatment varied widely, ranging from days to months, most patients were treated successfully. Cardiac involvement in Toxocara spp. infection is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of a very common disease. The therapeutic regimens vary widely especially with regard to the duration of therapy, however, the combination of an anthelmintic drug and a corticosteroid appears to be a valuable option. For the daily clinical work, tissue manifestation by parasites should be considered in cases of unspecific organ manifestations, (i.e. heart, lungs, liver), accompanied by fever and eosinophilia with or without allergic skin rashes.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P. O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Division for Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: esther.kuenzli@usb.ch.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuenzli
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P. O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: andreas.neumayr@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neumayr
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P. O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: MChaney@gmx.net.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chaney
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P. O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: Johannes.Blum@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blum
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015766:Albendazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004802:Eosinophilia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010493:Pericarditis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014119:Toxocara; D017166:Toxocara canis; D014120:Toxocariasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000871:Anthelmintics; D015766:Albendazole
keywords: Cardiac involvment of toxocariasis; Toxocara spp; Toxocariasis; Treatment of complicated Toxocara spp. infection; Visceral larva migrans