title: Defining Appropriate Use of Proton-Pump Inhibitors Among Medical Inpatients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly used among medical inpatients, both for prophylaxis against upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) and continuation of outpatient use. While PPIs reduce the risk of UGIB, they also appear to increase the risk of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Depending upon the underlying risks of these conditions and the changes in those risks with PPIs, use of proton-pump inhibitors may lead to a net benefit or net harm among medical inpatients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine the net impact of PPIs on hospital mortality among medical inpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A microsimulation model, using literature-derived estimates of the risks of UGIB, HAP, and CDI among medical inpatients, along with the changes in risk associated with PPI use for each of these outcomes. The primary outcome was change in inpatient mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simulated general medical inpatients outside the intensive care unit (ICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Change in overall mortality during hospitalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New initiation of PPI therapy led to an increase in hospital mortality in about 90% of simulated patients. Continuation of outpatient PPI therapy on admission led to net increase in hospital mortality in 79% of simulated patients. Results were robust to both one-way and multivariate sensitivity analyses, with net harm occurring in at least two-thirds of patients in all scenarios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the majority of medical inpatients outside the ICU, use of PPIs likely leads to a net increase in hospital mortality. Even in patients at particularly high risk of UGIB, only those at the very lowest risk of HCAP and CDI should be considered for prophylactic PPI use. Continuation of outpatient PPIs may also increase expected hospital mortality. Apart from patients with active UGIB, use of PPIs in hospitalized patients should be discouraged.
authors.affiliation: VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2800 Plymouth Rd., NCRC Bldg. 16, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA. pappasm@umich.edu.|Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. pappasm@umich.edu.|The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. pappasm@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.affiliation: The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jolly
authors.affiliation: VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2800 Plymouth Rd., NCRC Bldg. 16, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.|Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vijan
mesh_terms: D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D065129:Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors
keywords: hospital medicine; medical decision making; modeling; simulation