title: Control of the Tomato Leafminer, Tuta absoluta  (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in Open-Field Tomatoes  by Indigenous Natural Enemies Occurring in Israel.
abstract: The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), had established in Israel by 2010, attacking both open-field tomatoes and greenhouse crops.We searched for its natural enemies in open-field tomatoes, and tried to determine their potential for controlling this pest. We surveyed the local natural enemies in open tomato fields and measured their impact on pest populations in an unsprayed field. We assessed the suppressive ability of the dominant hemipteran predator, Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter, against T. absoluta under controlled laboratory conditions and evaluated the impact of its augmentation on T. absoluta control in open-field tomatoes. We found five natural enemy species:the predator, N. tenuis, two braconids, and two eulophids. Predation accounted for 64.5±9.2% (mean ± SE) of T. absoluta larval mortality, whereas parasitism accounted for 20.96±7.5%. Together, they eliminated the pest population at tomato harvest time. Under controlled conditions, predation by N. tenuis rose from 58 to 72% with increased density of T. absoluta, suggesting positive density dependence. The reduction of T. absoluta (83%) by N. tenuis was higher than that of Bemisia tabaci (32%), suggesting a preference of N. tenuis for T. absoluta. Augmentation of N.tenuis was as effective as conventional treatment insecticide treatment, and plant damage was low and did not seem to affect yield. Results indicate that reduced pesticide use enables indigenous natural enemies, particularly N.tenuis, to successfully control T. absoluta and prevent crop damage in open-field tomatoes.
authors.forename: Liora
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shaltiel-Harpaz
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gerling
authors.forename: Shaul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Graph
authors.forename: Hendrika
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kedoshim
authors.forename: Lotem
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Azolay
authors.forename: Tamir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rozenberg
authors.forename: Yaakov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nachache
authors.forename: Shimon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Arnon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allouche
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D020387:Food Chain; D020062:Heteroptera / Q000502:physiology*; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology; D007557:Israel; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D009036:Moths / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology*; D010063:Ovum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D011679:Pupa / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology