title: Policies for the vaccination of cats and dogs in New Zealand veterinary practices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine current practices and attitudes towards vaccination of dogs and cats of veterinarians in New Zealand; the methods used for informing clients on which vaccines to use, and the preferred site for vaccination of cats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A postal questionnaire was sent to all 483 listed veterinary practices in New Zealand during February 2012. Some questions were specific to pet dogs, cats, or working farm dogs. Responses were categorised according to practice type and geographical region of the respondent. Factors associated with respondent recommendation of annual vaccination with modified live viral (MLV) vaccines were examined using logistic regression analysis. Vaccines that were considered to be essential for every animal were defined as core; those that may be recommended for animals whose location or lifestyle placed them at risk, were defined as non-core.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 204 useable returns, equivalent to a response rate of 42.2%, distributed across the country. Annual vaccination with MLV vaccines of dogs was recommended by 54/198 (27.3%) respondents, and of cats by 107/181 (59.1%) respondents. Factors associated with the recommendation of annual administration of MLV vaccines to dogs included being a companion animal practice, a desire for policies on vaccination to be left to individual clinics, and having one veterinarian in the practice. Administration of the final vaccination for puppies was recommended at ≥14 weeks old by 55/185 (29.7%) respondents, and for kittens at ≥13 weeks old by 42/183 (23%) respondents. Of respondents that administered MLV vaccines annually, 62/103 (60.2%) believed reducing the frequency of vaccination would reduce income, and 52/103 (50.5%) considered it would have a negative effect on animal health. Advice to enable clients to decide which non-core vaccines were administered was given by 181/199 (91%) respondents. Factors considered when recommending a vaccine included consideration of risk to individual patients (190/203; 93.6%), requirements of boarding kennels/catteries (165/203; 81.3%) and clinic vaccination policy (142/203; 70%). The preferred site for administering MLV vaccines to cats was the dorsal neck or inter-scapular region (137/198; 69.2%). Amongst respondents, 18 wanted disease surveillance information to allow for truly informed decisions to be made about vaccination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Veterinarians can now compare their own vaccination practices and attitudes with those of veterinarians nationally, and internationally. There is a need for national surveillance information and for continued education of the public and commercial kennel and cattery owners for optimal vaccination strategies to be developed.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cave
authors.affiliation: b 5 Kensington Mews, Palmerston North 4410 , New Zealand.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bridges
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002415:Cats; D003625:Data Collection; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004285:Dogs; D009520:New Zealand; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary*; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000592:standards*
keywords: New Zealand; Vaccination; pet cats; pet dogs; veterinary practices; working dogs