title: Microbial deglycosylation and ketonization of ginsenoside by Cladosporium cladosporioide and their anticancer activity.
abstract: Ginseng has been used for thousands of years in Asian countries as a traditional medicinal herb and has gained great popularity in the past decade. Ginsenosides are the major pharmacological components in ginseng. We here show that Cladosporium cladosporioide is able to convert the major ginsenoside Rb1 into four known metabolites (ginsenosides Rd, F2, CK and PPD) and two new metabolites [12β-hydroxydammar-3-one-20(S)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3-oxo-CK) and dammar-24-en-12β,20(S)-diol-3-one (3-oxo-PPD)]. CK, PPD and 3-oxo-PPD were shown to have a potent antiproliferative activity against A549 lung cancer cells. We found that Rb1 → Rd → F2 → CK → PPD or 3-oxo-CK → 3-oxo-PPD represents the ginsenoside metabolic pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Material & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. jinyan224@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Material & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Material & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. yeonjukim@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yeon-Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 369-873, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae-Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Material & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Verónica Castro
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Aceituno
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Material & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Material & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. dcyang@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Deok-Chun
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001711:Biotransformation; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002963:Cladosporium / Q000378:metabolism*; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D005894:Panax / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D036145:Ginsenosides
keywords: Anticancer; Ginseng; Ginsenoside; Ketonization; Transformation