title: Atorvastatin and metformin administration modulates experimental Trichinella spiralis infection.
abstract: The host-parasite interaction can be altered by the changes in the host environment that may be or may not be in favor of successful invasion by the nematode parasite Trichinella spiralis. Metformin and atorvastatin are applied on a wide scale, to the degree that they could be considered as part of the host biochemical environment that can affect the parasite. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of alteration of the host's biochemical environment by these commonly used drugs upon the course of T. spiralis infection. Mice were divided into three groups: (1) received atorvastatin, (2) received metformin, and (3) untreated, then after one week, animals were infected with T. spiralis. The treatment continued until the end of the experiment. From each group, small intestines and muscles were removed for histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses as well as total muscle larval counts. We found that the oxidative stress and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the muscles were significantly reduced in both drug-receiving groups, while the total larval counts in muscles were only significantly reduced in atorvastatin-receiving group as compared to the infected control group. Moreover, marked reduction in the inflammatory cellular infiltration, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, and oxidative stress was noted in the small intestines of the treated groups as compared to the infected control group. In conclusion, this study provides many insights into the different biochemical changes in the host that the parasite has to face. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects should be taken into consideration when treating infections in patients on therapy with atorvastatin or metformin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Parasitology, Tanta Faculty of Medicine, Egypt. Electronic address: ahmed_ali44@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ahmad A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Othman
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Parasitology, Tanta Faculty of Medicine, Egypt.
authors.forename: Dina M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Abou Rayia
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Parasitology, Tanta Faculty of Medicine, Egypt.
authors.forename: Dalia S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ashour
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kafr El-Sheikh Faculty of Medicine, Egypt.
authors.forename: Eman M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Saied
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Tanta Faculty of Medicine, Egypt.
authors.forename: Doaa H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Zineldeen
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Tanta Faculty of Medicine, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmad A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El-Ebiary
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000069059:Atorvastatin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D007814:Larva; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017160:Trichinella spiralis / Q000187:drug effects*; D014235:Trichinellosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D008687:Metformin; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
keywords: Angiogenesis; Atorvastatin; COX-2; Metformin; Trichinella spiralis; VEGF