title: Systemic immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil to prevent corneal graft rejection after high-risk penetrating keratoplasty: a 2-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of systemic immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) to prevent corneal graft rejection after high-risk penetrating keratoplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ninety-six consecutive patients who underwent high-risk penetrating keratoplasty defined as the presence of deep vascularization in more than two quadrants, keratouveitis, emergency keratoplasties, and retransplantations were enrolled in the study. Ninety-eight prospectively followed up patients were treated with MMF [with dose adjustment based on mycophenolic acid (MPA) serum concentration], and 98 patients were in the non-MMF-treated retrospectively assessed control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean of 24 months of observation, immune reactions occurred in eight cases (8 %) and graft rejection with subsequent graft failure occurred in three cases (3 %) in the MMF group. In the control group, graft rejection occurred in 76 cases (78 %) and failure due to graft rejection occurred in 30 cases (31 %). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that 93 % of the grafts in the MMF-treated group and 47 % in the control group showed no immune rejection (p < 0.01, log-rank test) after a year. Cox regression analysis proved that MMF treatment decreased the risk of graft rejection 11 times (RR = 11, 95.0 % CI 4.8-25, p < 0.0001). Among 98 MMF-treated patients, 13 had gastric discomfort, three developed leucopenia, and two had anemia that resolved after MMF dose reduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MMF treatment after high risk penetrating keratoplasty is safe and reduces the incidence of immune graft rejection and graft failure. Side effects were rare and reversible in all but one case.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland. szaflik@ophthalmology.pl.|Independent Public University Eye Hospital, ul. J. Sierakowskiego 13, 03-709, Warszawa, Poland. szaflik@ophthalmology.pl.
authors.forename: Jacek P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Szaflik
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.|Independent Public University Eye Hospital, ul. J. Sierakowskiego 13, 03-709, Warszawa, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Major
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.|Independent Public University Eye Hospital, ul. J. Sierakowskiego 13, 03-709, Warszawa, Poland.
authors.forename: Justyna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Izdebska
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.|Independent Public University Eye Hospital, ul. J. Sierakowskiego 13, 03-709, Warszawa, Poland.
authors.forename: Mieczysław
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lao
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.|Independent Public University Eye Hospital, ul. J. Sierakowskiego 13, 03-709, Warszawa, Poland.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szaflik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015948:Keratoplasty, Penetrating; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid
keywords: Corneal graft failure; Corneal graft rejection; High-risk penetrating keratoplasty; Immunosuppression; Mycophenolate mofetil