title: Effects of Space Environment on Genome, Transcriptome, and Proteome of Klebsiella pneumoniae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to explore the effects of space flight on Klebsiella pneumoniae.
  
  
  METHODS
  A strain of K. pneumoniae was sent to space for 398 h aboard the ShenZhou VIII spacecraft during November 1, 2011-November 17, 2011. At the same time, a ground simulation with similar temperature conditions during the space flight was performed as a control. After the space mission, the flight and control strains were analyzed using phenotypic, genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The flight strains LCT-KP289 exhibited a higher cotrimoxazole resistance level and changes in metabolism relative to the ground control strain LCT-KP214. After the space flight, 73 SNPs and a plasmid copy number variation were identified in the flight strain. Based on the transcriptomic analysis, there are 232 upregulated and 1879 downregulated genes, of which almost all were for metabolism. Proteomic analysis revealed that there were 57 upregulated and 125 downregulated proteins. These differentially expressed proteins had several functions that included energy production and conversion, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, posttranslational modification, protein turnover, and chaperone functions. At a systems biology level, the ytfG gene had a synonymous mutation that resulted in significantly downregulated expression at both transcriptomic and proteomic levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mutation of the ytfG gene may influence fructose and mannose metabolic processes of K. pneumoniae during space flight, which may be beneficial to the field of space microbiology, providing potential therapeutic strategies to combat or prevent infection in astronauts.
authors.affiliation: Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yinghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Jinwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Yinhu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Yanting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: De
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiangqun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Tianzhi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Junfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Wenkui
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Chengxiang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Electronic address: lchangting301@163.com.
authors.forename: Changting
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D020543:Proteome / Q000235:genetics*; D040901:Proteomics; D013026:Space Flight; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics*; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D020543:Proteome; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases
keywords: Genome; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Proteome; Space flight; Transcriptome; ytfG