title: Integration of High-Charge-Injection-Capacity Electrodes onto Polymer Softening Neural Interfaces.
abstract: Softening neural interfaces are implanted stiff to enable precise insertion, and they soften in physiological conditions to minimize modulus mismatch with tissue. In this work, a high-charge-injection-capacity iridium electrode fabrication process is detailed. For the first time, this process enables integration of iridium electrodes onto softening substrates using photolithography to define all features in the device. Importantly, no electroplated layers are utilized, leading to a highly scalable method for consistent device fabrication. The iridium electrode is metallically bonded to the gold conductor layer, which is covalently bonded to the softening substrate via sulfur-based click chemistry. The resulting shape-memory polymer neural interfaces can deliver more than 2 billion symmetric biphasic pulses (100 μs/phase), with a charge of 200 μC/cm(2) and geometric surface area (GSA) of 300 μm(2). A transfer-by-polymerization method is used in combination with standard semiconductor processing techniques to fabricate functional neural probes onto a thiol-ene-based, thin film substrate. Electrical stability is tested under simulated physiological conditions in an accelerated electrical aging paradigm with periodic measurement of electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and charge storage capacity (CSC) at various intervals. Electrochemical characterization and both optical and scanning electron microscopy suggest significant breakdown of the 600 nm-thick parylene-C insulation, although no delamination of the conductors or of the final electrode interface was observed. Minor cracking at the edges of the thin film iridium electrodes was occasionally observed. The resulting devices will provide electrical recording and stimulation of the nervous system to better understand neural wiring and timing, to target treatments for debilitating diseases, and to give neuroscientists spatially selective and specific tools to interact with the body. This approach has uses for cochlear implants, nerve cuff electrodes, penetrating cortical probes, spinal stimulators, blanket electrodes for the gut, stomach, and visceral organs and a host of other custom nerve-interfacing devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Bioengineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Arreaga-Salas
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Bioengineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avendaño-Bolívar
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Bioengineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States.
authors.forename: Dustin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Bioengineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States.
authors.forename: Radu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reit
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Bioengineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcia-Sandoval
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Bioengineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rennaker
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Bioengineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Voit
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004560:Electricity; D004563:Electrochemistry; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014992:Xylenes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D014992:Xylenes; C011055:parylene
keywords: cyclic voltammetry; electrical aging; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; iridium electrodes; microfabrication; softening neural interfaces