title: Ontogeny of plasma proteins, albumin and binding of diazepam, cyclosporine, and deltamethrin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To characterize the ontogeny of plasma albumin and total proteins, due to the lack of a comprehensive pediatric database. Secondly, to establish the magnitude and duration of maturational changes in binding of highly-bound drugs/chemicals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anonymized plasma samples from 296 donors were pooled in 6 age brackets from birth to adolescence. Total protein and albumin levels were measured in each age group, as was the age-dependency of plasma binding of diazepam (DZP), cyclosporine (CYC), and deltamethrin (DLM), a pyrethroid insecticide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma levels of albumin and total proteins steadily increased for the first 1-3 y of life. Unbound DZP and CYC fractions were elevated three- to fourfold in neonates, but decreased to adult levels after 1 and 3 y, respectively. Unbound DLM levels exceeded those in adults for just 1 mo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neonates and infants under 1-3 y may be at risk from increased amounts of free drug, when given standard doses of some highly-bound drugs. Pyrethroid insecticides might be anticipated to pose increased risk for 1 mo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.|Current address: National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia.
authors.forename: Pankaj K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital and Health Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.|Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital and Health Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.|Current address: National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
authors.forename: Ronald N
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3094-4200
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
authors.forename: Srinivasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muralidhara
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
authors.forename: James V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Bruckner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003975:Diazepam / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009570:Nitriles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000737:chemistry*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012709:Serum Albumin; C017180:decamethrin; D016572:Cyclosporine; D003975:Diazepam