title: Stereoscopic perception of 3-D images by patients after surgery for esotropia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with esotropia (ET) have generally poor stereopsis; however, it is not clear whether they can see the recently developed 3-D images stereoscopically. We investigated the ability of postoperative ET patients to have stereoscopic perception of 3-D attraction images which have large crossed disparities, and also 3-D movies which have generally small uncrossed disparities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven ET patients (infantile ET = 12, late-onset ET = 15) were examined postoperatively. They were examined with the 4-dot test, Titmus fly test, and questionnaires to determine whether they had stereoscopic vision when observing 3-D attraction images and 3-D movies. McNemar tests were used for statistical evaluations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of patients who passed the Titmus fly test was smaller than the number that were able to see 3-D attraction images stereoscopically (fly test 13; 48%, 3-D attraction 22; 81%; P = 0.016). However, the number was not significantly different from that of those who could perceive 3-D movies stereoscopically. The number of patients who passed the Titmus fly test was significantly smaller than the number who can perceive 3-D attraction images stereoscopically in the infantile ET group (fly test 2, 17%, 3-D attraction 10, 83%; P = 0.013) but was not different in the late-onset ET group postoperatively. The minimum angle of fusion for the 4-dot test was smaller in the Titmus fly-positive patients than in the Titmus fly-negative patients (P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that children who cannot pass the Titmus fly test might be able to experience 3-D attractions stereoscopically but not be able to see 3-D movies stereoscopically.
authors.affiliation: Department of Opthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. fujikado@ophthal.med.osaka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujikado
authors.affiliation: Department of Opthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimojyo
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Opthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishida
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D004948:Esotropia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: 3-D attraction; 3-D movies; Infantile esotropia; Late-onset esotropia; Stereopsis