title: Predictors of outcome in HSV encephalitis.
abstract: This study aims to explore the clinical features, radiological findings, management and the factors influencing prognosis in PCR-confirmed herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE). This is a retrospective review of consecutive patients diagnosed with HSE at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, between January 1995 and December 2013. Only HSE cases confirmed by PCR were included. Univariate and multivariate analysis was used to identify factors associated with good (modified Rankin Scale of 0-2) or poor outcome (mRS of 3-6) at hospital discharge and 1-year follow-up. We identified 45 patients with HSE. Median age was 66 (IQR 53.5-78) years. HSE was caused by HSV-1 in 33 cases and by HSV-2 in 9. Nearly half had seizures upon admission or during hospitalization. The most common regions involved on MRI were the temporal lobe in 35 (87.5%), insula in 28 (70.0%), frontal lobe in 27 (67.5%) and thalamus in 11 (27.5%) patients. MRI pattern was quite homogeneous with HSV-1 infection, but much more heterogeneous with HSV-2. Good outcome at discharge and at 6-12 months was seen in 16 (35.6%) and 27 (65.9%) patients, respectively. On multivariate analyses, older age (p = 0.001), coma (p = 0.008), restricted diffusion on MRI (p = 0.005) and acyclovir started after the first day of admission (p = 0.050) were associated with poor outcome at discharge. Older age, development of coma, presence of restricted diffusion on brain MRI and delay in the administration of acyclovir portend poor outcome in HSE. Conversely, presence of seizures, focal neurological deficits, EEG abnormalities and location or extension of FLAIR/T2 abnormalities did not influence functional outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Mayo W8B, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Tarun D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Mayo W8B, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fugate
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Mayo W8B, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hocker
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Mayo W8B, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Eelco F M
authors.initials: EFM
authors.lastname: Wijdicks
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Mayo W8B, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Allen J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Aksamit
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Mayo W8B, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. rabinstein.alejandro@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Alejandro A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rabinstein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004569:Electroencephalography; D020803:Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: DWI; Encephalitis; Herpes simplex virus; Imaging; Outcome; Viral infections