title: Percutaneous closure of patent arterial ducts in patients from high altitude: a sub-Saharan experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At high altitude, patent arterial ducts tend to be larger and associated with pulmonary hypertension. Patent ductus arteriosus device closure in this background could be challenging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We report our experience with percutaneous closure of patent arterial ducts using a variety of devices in patients residing in a high altitude.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective review of the case records of 145 patients (age 9 months-20 years, mean 5.6 ± 3.9 years, and weight 7-54 kg, mean 17.7 ± 9.4) with duct sizes ranging between 2 and 21 mm, (mean, 5.8 ± 2.7) who underwent percutaneous closure of patent arterial ducts. One hundred thirty-six (93.8%) of the patients were from a geographic area of 2100-2800 m above sea level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Successful device closure was achieved in 143 cases. It was difficult to achieve device stability in two patients with expansile ducts. Therefore, they were treated surgically. The devices used were various types of duct occluder devices in 131 patients, while atrial and ventricular septal occluders were used in eight patients. For the group, mean systolic pulmonary artery (PA) pressure decreased from 47.0 ± 16.7 mmHg before occlusion to 29.0 ± 7.4 mmHg after occlusion (P ≤ 0.001)., mean diastolic PA pressure from 25.0 ± 10.9 mmHg to 14.8 ± 6.0 mmHg and the average mean PA pressure decreased from 35.9 ± 13.5 mmHg to 21.1 ± 6.5 mmHg. Complications (4.8%) included device and coil embolization, bleeding, and pulse loss. On follow-up (mean duration of 36.1 ± 12.1 months, range 12-62 months), 137 patients were in functional class 1, 3 had residual shunt, 2 had device migration and one patient had persisting pulse loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Successful duct closure was achieved in the vast majority of patients, even though the ducts were larger and significant number of them had pulmonary hypertension in this high altitude group. There was a relatively higher incidence of residual shunts and device migration in this series, generally due to the nonavailability of optimal device and surgical support. Long-term follow-up is required before we can draw conclusions with regard to the sustainability of drop in PA pressures. Septal Occluder devices may be a possible alternative for large tubular or window-type ducts with severe pulmonary hypertension, where there may be concerns about the size and stability of duct occluder devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Cardiology Division, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University and Cardiac Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Endale
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tefera
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guys and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Shakeel A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ramòn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bermudez-Cañete
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Lola
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rubio
keywords: High altitude; percutaneous patent ductus arteriosus closure; pulmonary artery pressure; pulmonary hypertension