title: Influence of Culturing Conditions on Bioprospecting and the Antimicrobial Potential of Endophytic Fungi from Schinus terebinthifolius.
abstract: In this study, we analyzed the antimicrobial activity of extracts harvested from 17 endophytic fungi isolated from the medicinal plant Schinus terebinthifolius. Morphological and molecular analyses indicated that these fungal species belonged to the genera Alternaria, Bjerkandera, Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Penicillium, and Xylaria. Of the endophytes analyzed, 64.7 % produced antimicrobial compounds under at least one of the fermentation conditions tested. Nine isolates produced compounds that inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus, four produced compounds that inhibited Candida albicans, and two that inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The fermentation conditions of the following endophytes were optimized: Alternaria sp. Sect. Alternata-LGMF626, Xylaria sp.-LGMF673, and Bjerkandera sp.-LGMF713. Specifically, the carbon and nitrogen sources, initial pH, temperature, and length of incubation were varied. In general, production of antimicrobial compounds was greatest when galactose was used as a carbon source, and acidification of the growth medium enhanced the production of compounds that inhibited C. albicans. Upon large-scale fermentation, Alternaria sp. Sect. Alternata-LGMF626 produced an extract containing two fractions that were active against methicillin-resistant S. aureus. One of the extracts exhibited high activity (minimum inhibitory concentration of 18.52 µg/mL), and the other exhibited moderate activity (minimum inhibitory concentration of 55.55 µg/mL). The compounds E-2-hexyl-cinnamaldehyde and two compounds of the pyrrolopyrazine alkaloids class were identified in the active fractions by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, CEP: 81530-990, Brazil.|Curso de Farmácia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Campus I, BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP 99052-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tonial
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Setor de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, CEP: 81530-990, PO Box: 19081, Brazil.
authors.forename: Beatriz H L N S
authors.initials: BHLNS
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual do Paraná, Comendador Correia Junior, João Gualberto, Paranaguá, PR, CEP: 83203-560, Brazil.
authors.forename: Josiane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gomes-Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Curso de Farmácia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Campus I, BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP 99052-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sobottka
authors.affiliation: Curso de Farmácia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Campus I, BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP 99052-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Charise D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bertol
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Setor de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, CEP: 81530-990, PO Box: 19081, Brazil.
authors.forename: Angelita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nepel
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, CEP: 81530-990, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daiani C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Savi
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, CEP: 81530-990, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vânia A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Vicente
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, CEP: 81530-990, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, CEP: 81530-990, PO Box: 19071, Brazil. ch.glienke@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chirlei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Glienke
mesh_terms: D027926:Anacardiaceae / Q000382:microbiology*; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D065132:Bioprospecting / Q000379:methods*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D060026:Endophytes / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D003470:Culture Media