title: Can I cut the Gordian tnok? The impact of pronounceability, actual solvability, and length on intuitive problem assessments of anagrams.
abstract: When assessing a problem, many cues can be used to predict solvability and solving effort. Some of these cues, however, can be misleading. The present approach shows that a feature of a problem that is actually related to solving difficulty is used as a cue for solving ease when assessing the problem in the first place. For anagrams, it is an established effect that easy-to-pronounce anagrams (e.g., NOGAL) take more time to being solved than hard-to-pronounce anagrams (e.g., HNWEI). However, when assessing an anagram in the first place, individuals use the feature of pronounceability to predict solving ease, because pronounceability is an instantiation of the general mechanism of processing fluency. Participants (total N=536) received short and long anagrams and nonanagrams and judged solvability and solving ease intuitively without actually solving the items. Easy-to-pronounce letter strings were more frequently judged as being solvable than hard-to-pronounce letters strings (Experiment 1), and were estimated to require less effort (Experiments 2, 4-7) and time to be solved (Experiment 3). This effect was robust for short and long items, anagrams and nonanagrams, and presentation timings from 4 down to 0.5s, and affected novices and experts alike. Spontaneous solutions did not mediate this effect. Participants were sensitive to actual solvability even for long anagrams (6-11 letters long) presented only for 500 ms.
authors.affiliation: University of Cologne, Germany. Electronic address: sascha.topolinski@uni-koeln.de.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Topolinski
authors.affiliation: University of Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Giti
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bakhtiari
authors.affiliation: University of Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thorsten M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Erle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anagrams; Fluency; Phonation; Problem solving