title: A Priori and a Posteriori Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy and Gestational Weight Gain: The Generation R Study.
abstract: Abnormal gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We examined whether dietary patterns are associated with GWG. Participants included 3374 pregnant women from a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. Dietary intake during pregnancy was assessed with food-frequency questionnaires. Three a posteriori-derived dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis: a "Vegetable, oil and fish", a "Nuts, high-fiber cereals and soy", and a "Margarine, sugar and snacks" pattern. The a priori-defined dietary pattern was based on national dietary recommendations. Weight was repeatedly measured around 13, 20 and 30 weeks of pregnancy; pre-pregnancy and maximum weight were self-reported. Normal weight women with high adherence to the "Vegetable, oil and fish" pattern had higher early-pregnancy GWG than those with low adherence (43 g/week (95% CI 16; 69) for highest vs. lowest quartile (Q)). Adherence to the "Margarine, sugar and snacks" pattern was associated with a higher prevalence of excessive GWG (OR 1.45 (95% CI 1.06; 1.99) Q4 vs. Q1). Normal weight women with higher scores on the "Nuts, high-fiber cereals and soy" pattern had more moderate GWG than women with lower scores (-0.01 (95% CI -0.02; -0.00) per SD). The a priori-defined pattern was not associated with GWG. To conclude, specific dietary patterns may play a role in early pregnancy but are not consistently associated with GWG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. m.tielemans@erasmusmc.nl.|The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. m.tielemans@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Myrte J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tielemans
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. n.erler@erasmusmc.nl.|Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. n.erler@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Nicole S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Erler
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. e.leermakers@erasmusmc.nl.|The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. e.leermakers@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Elisabeth T M
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Leermakers
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. marion.vdbroek90@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van den Broek
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. v.jaddoe@erasmusmc.nl.|The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. v.jaddoe@erasmusmc.nl.|Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. v.jaddoe@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. e.a.p.steegers@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Eric A P
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Steegers
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. j.c.kiefte-dejong@erasmusmc.nl.|Department of Global Public Health, Leiden University College the Hague, P.O. Box 13228, 2501 EE the Hague, The Netherlands. j.c.kiefte-dejong@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Jessica C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kiefte-de Jong
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. o.franco@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Oscar H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Franco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D037841:Pregnant People; D017747:Seafood; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: cohort; dietary pattern; gestational weight gain; maternal diet; pregnancy