title: Increased Delay Discounting on a Novel Real-Time Task among Girls, but not Boys, with ADHD.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine delay discounting in girls and boys with ADHD-Combined type (ADHD-C) relative to typically developing (TD) children on two tasks that differ in the extent to which the rewards and delays were experienced by participants. Children ages 8-12 years with ADHD-C (n=65; 19 girls) and TD controls (n=55; 15 girls) completed two delay discounting tasks involving a series of choices between smaller, immediate and larger, delayed rewards. The classic delay discounting task involved choices about money at delays of 1-90 days and only some of the outcomes were actually experienced by the participants. The novel real-time discounting task involved choices about an immediately consumable reward (playing a preferred game) at delays of 25-100 s, all of which were actually experienced by participants. Participants also provided subjective ratings of how much they liked playing the game and waiting to play. Girls with ADHD-C displayed greater delay discounting compared to boys with ADHD-C and TD girls and boys on the real-time discounting task. Diagnostic group differences were not evident on the classic discounting task. In addition, children with ADHD-C reported wanting to play the game more and liking waiting to play the game less than TD children. This novel demonstration of greater delay discounting among girls with ADHD-C on a discounting task in which the rewards are immediately consumable and the delays are experienced in real-time informs our understanding of sex differences and motivational processes in children with ADHD. (JINS, 2016, 22, 12-23).
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of Neuropsychology,Kennedy Krieger Institute,Baltimore,MarylandandDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore,Maryland.
authors.forename: Keri S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Rosch
authors.affiliation: 2Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Center for Autism and Related Disorders,Kennedy Krieger Institute,Baltimore,MarylandandDepartments of Neurology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore,Maryland.
authors.forename: Stewart H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mostofsky
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D065786:Delay Discounting / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012201:Reward; D012727:Sex Characteristics
keywords: ADHD; Delay aversion; Delay discounting; Motivation; Reward; Sex differences; Temporal discounting