title: Measurement of the radiographic anatomy of the small and ring metacarpals using computerized tomographic scans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To date, only plain radiographic definitions of normal anatomical parameters have been described. Our study aims to describe normal anatomic measurements of small and ring metacarpals using a novel digital reconstruction technique based on raw CT image data. We hypothesize that current plain radiographic data incorrectly describes normal metacarpal anatomy in the lateral plane.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five scans of the small and 30 scans of the ring metacarpals form the basis for this study. Using a custom digital 3D image reformatting software, CT sections were reconstructed in the plane of each studied metacarpal. The 3D images were converted to sagittal and coronal weighted projections to represent lateral and posteroanterior (PA) 2D images that are equivalent to "perfect orthogonal" radiographs. Using a customized image measurement program, shaft lengths, shaft-bending angle (SBA), and capital-axis angle (CAA) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show that CAA averaged 14 and 12° in the ring and small metacarpals, respectively. Apex dorsal SBA averaged 12 and 10° in the ring and small metacarpals, respectively. On the PA images, the shafts are nearly straight. In contrast to prior reported values, we found the CAA to be less acute and the metacarpal curvature less pronounced on the lateral projection. We also demonstrated that much of the metacarpal apex dorsal bend is in the shaft itself.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Normal anatomic parameters of metacarpals are based primarily on radiographic data, and as such are limited due to bony overlap in the lateral plane, as well as imperfect radiographic projections that are known to distort anatomical relationships. This novel method of image reconstruction eliminates metacarpal overlap and defines precise anatomical reference for metacarpals.
authors.affiliation: Rothman Institute of Orthopedics, Thomas Jefferson University, 925 Chestnut Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rivlin
authors.affiliation: Rothman Institute of Orthopedics, Thomas Jefferson University, 925 Chestnut Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
authors.forename: Nayoung
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Rothman Institute of Orthopedics, Thomas Jefferson University, 925 Chestnut Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
authors.forename: Kevin F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Lutsky
authors.affiliation: Rothman Institute of Orthopedics, Thomas Jefferson University, 925 Chestnut Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
authors.forename: Pedro K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Beredjiklian
keywords: 3D CT; Metacarpal anatomy; Metacarpal imaging; Metacarpal neck; Metacarpal overlap