title: Effect of a local anesthetic lozenge in relief of symptoms in burning mouth syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) often represent a clinical challenge as available agents for symptomatic treatment are few and often ineffective. The aim was to evaluate the effect of a bupivacaine lozenge on oral mucosal pain, xerostomia, and taste alterations in patients with BMS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients (4 men and 14 women) aged 39-71 years with BMS were included in this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Lozenges (containing bupivacaine or placebo) were administrated three times a day for 2 weeks for two separate treatment periods. Assessment of oral mucosal pain, xerostomia, and taste alterations was performed in a patient diary on a visual analog scale (ranging from 0 to 100 mm) before and after the lozenge was dissolved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bupivacaine lozenge significantly reduced the burning oral pain (P < 0.001), increased the sense of taste disturbances (P < 0.001), and had no impact on xerostomia, when adjusted for the treatment period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the bupivacaine lozenge offers a novel therapeutic modality to patients with BMS, although without alleviating effect on the associated symptoms, taste alterations, and xerostomia.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Treldal
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mogensen
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: Section for Pharmaceutical Design and Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Section for Oral Medicine, Clinical Oral Physiology, Oral Pathology and Anatomy, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lynge Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D058956:Administration, Mucosal; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002054:Burning Mouth Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D013651:Taste Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine
keywords: bupivacaine; burning mouth syndrome; local anesthetic; lozenge