title: Silkrose: A novel acidic polysaccharide from the silkmoth that can stimulate the innate immune response.
abstract: We have identified a novel acidic polysaccharide from silkmoth (Antheraea yamamai) pupae that activates the mammalian innate immune response. This bioactive polysaccharide was isolated using nitric oxide production in mouse RAW264 macrophages as an indicator of immunostimulatory activity. We named this polysaccharide "silkrose". It has a molecular weight of 3.15 × 10(5) and comprises nine monosaccharides. The expression profiles indicated that silkrose induced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and interferon β that exist downstream of MyD88-dependent and MyD88-indeptendent signaling pathways. Also, the inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which exists upstream of the signaling pathways, led to the suppression of NO production by silkrose. Furthermore, this polysaccharide promoted the activation of nuclear factor kappa B in RAW264 cells, indicating that it stimulates the induction of various cytokines in macrophages through the TLR4 signaling pathway. Our results thus suggest that silkrose activates the innate immune response to various pathogenic microorganisms and viral infections.
authors.affiliation: Research Group for Reproductive Physiology, Southern Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, 1289-1 Funakoshi, Ainan, Ehime 798-4292, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.affiliation: Research Group for Reproductive Physiology, Southern Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, 1289-1 Funakoshi, Ainan, Ehime 798-4292, Japan.
authors.forename: Kie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kusano
authors.affiliation: Research Group for Reproductive Physiology, Southern Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, 1289-1 Funakoshi, Ainan, Ehime 798-4292, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ido
authors.affiliation: Research Group for Reproductive Physiology, Southern Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, 1289-1 Funakoshi, Ainan, Ehime 798-4292, Japan.
authors.forename: Chiemi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.affiliation: Research Group for Reproductive Physiology, Southern Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, 1289-1 Funakoshi, Ainan, Ehime 798-4292, Japan. Electronic address: miutake@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012831:Bombyx / Q000737:chemistry*; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D011134:Polysaccharides; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4
keywords: Innate immune response; Insect; Macrophage; Nitric oxide; Polysaccharide; Toll-like receptor