title: Nomograms for colorectal cancer: A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assist in the selection of suitable nomograms for obtaining desired predictions in daily clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted electronic searches for journal articles on colorectal cancer (CRC)-associated nomograms using the search terms colon/rectal/colorectal/nomogram. Of 174 articles initially found, we retrieved 28 studies in which a nomogram for CRC was developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We discuss the currently available CRC-associated nomograms, including those that predict the oncological prognosis, the short-term outcome of treatments, such as surgery or neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, and the future development of CRC. Developing nomograms always presents a dilemma. On the one hand, the desire to cover as wide a patient range as possible tends to produce nomograms that are too complex and yet have C-indexes that are not sufficiently high. Conversely, confining the target patients might impair the clinical applicability of constructed nomograms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The information provided in this review should be of use in selecting a nomogram suitable for obtaining desired predictions in daily clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Kazushige Kawai, Eiji Sunami, Hironori Yamaguchi, Soichiro Ishihara, Shinsuke Kazama, Hiroaki Nozawa, Keisuke Hata, Tomomichi Kiyomatsu, Junichiro Tanaka, Toshiaki Tanaka, Takeshi Nishikawa, Joji Kitayama, Toshiaki Watanabe, Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazushige
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: Kazushige Kawai, Eiji Sunami, Hironori Yamaguchi, Soichiro Ishihara, Shinsuke Kazama, Hiroaki Nozawa, Keisuke Hata, Tomomichi Kiyomatsu, Junichiro Tanaka, Toshiaki Tanaka, Takeshi Nishikawa, Joji Kitayama, Toshiaki Watanabe, Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sunami
authors.affiliation: Kazushige Kawai, Eiji Sunami, Hironori Yamaguchi, Soichiro Ishihara, Shinsuke Kazama, Hiroaki Nozawa, Keisuke Hata, Tomomichi Kiyomatsu, Junichiro Tanaka, Toshiaki Tanaka, Takeshi Nishikawa, Joji Kitayama, Toshiaki Watanabe, Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Kazushige Kawai, Eiji Sunami, Hironori Yamaguchi, Soichiro Ishihara, Shinsuke Kazama, Hiroaki Nozawa, Keisuke Hata, Tomomichi Kiyomatsu, Junichiro Tanaka, Toshiaki Tanaka, Takeshi Nishikawa, Joji Kitayama, Toshiaki Watanabe, Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Soichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.affiliation: Kazushige Kawai, Eiji Sunami, Hironori Yamaguchi, Soichiro Ishihara, Shinsuke Kazama, Hiroaki Nozawa, Keisuke Hata, Tomomichi Kiyomatsu, Junichiro Tanaka, Toshiaki Tanaka, Takeshi Nishikawa, Joji Kitayama, Toshiaki Watanabe, Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kazama
authors.affiliation: Kazushige Kawai, Eiji Sunami, Hironori Yamaguchi, Soichiro Ishihara, Shinsuke Kazama, Hiroaki Nozawa, Keisuke Hata, Tomomichi Kiyomatsu, Junichiro Tanaka, Toshiaki Tanaka, Takeshi Nishikawa, Joji Kitayama, Toshiaki Watanabe, Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nozawa
authors.affiliation: Kazushige Kawai, Eiji Sunami, Hironori Yamaguchi, Soichiro Ishihara, Shinsuke Kazama, Hiroaki Nozawa, Keisuke Hata, Tomomichi Kiyomatsu, Junichiro Tanaka, Toshiaki Tanaka, Takeshi Nishikawa, Joji Kitayama, Toshiaki Watanabe, Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.affiliation: Kazushige Kawai, Eiji Sunami, Hironori Yamaguchi, Soichiro Ishihara, Shinsuke Kazama, Hiroaki Nozawa, Keisuke Hata, Tomomichi Kiyomatsu, Junichiro Tanaka, Toshiaki Tanaka, Takeshi Nishikawa, Joji Kitayama, Toshiaki Watanabe, Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomomichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiyomatsu
authors.affiliation: Kazushige Kawai, Eiji Sunami, Hironori Yamaguchi, Soichiro Ishihara, Shinsuke Kazama, Hiroaki Nozawa, Keisuke Hata, Tomomichi Kiyomatsu, Junichiro Tanaka, Toshiaki Tanaka, Takeshi Nishikawa, Joji Kitayama, Toshiaki Watanabe, Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Junichiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Kazushige Kawai, Eiji Sunami, Hironori Yamaguchi, Soichiro Ishihara, Shinsuke Kazama, Hiroaki Nozawa, Keisuke Hata, Tomomichi Kiyomatsu, Junichiro Tanaka, Toshiaki Tanaka, Takeshi Nishikawa, Joji Kitayama, Toshiaki Watanabe, Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Kazushige Kawai, Eiji Sunami, Hironori Yamaguchi, Soichiro Ishihara, Shinsuke Kazama, Hiroaki Nozawa, Keisuke Hata, Tomomichi Kiyomatsu, Junichiro Tanaka, Toshiaki Tanaka, Takeshi Nishikawa, Joji Kitayama, Toshiaki Watanabe, Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.affiliation: Kazushige Kawai, Eiji Sunami, Hironori Yamaguchi, Soichiro Ishihara, Shinsuke Kazama, Hiroaki Nozawa, Keisuke Hata, Tomomichi Kiyomatsu, Junichiro Tanaka, Toshiaki Tanaka, Takeshi Nishikawa, Joji Kitayama, Toshiaki Watanabe, Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Joji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kitayama
authors.affiliation: Kazushige Kawai, Eiji Sunami, Hironori Yamaguchi, Soichiro Ishihara, Shinsuke Kazama, Hiroaki Nozawa, Keisuke Hata, Tomomichi Kiyomatsu, Junichiro Tanaka, Toshiaki Tanaka, Takeshi Nishikawa, Joji Kitayama, Toshiaki Watanabe, Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D049451:Nomograms; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Cancer; Colon; Nomograms; Prognosis; Rectum