title: Typical and atypical symptoms of gastro esophageal reflux disease: Does Helicobacter pylori infection matter?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze whether the presence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection could affect the quality of symptoms in gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  one hundred and forty-four consecutive patients referred to our Unit for suspected GERD were recruited for the study. All patients underwent esophageal pH-metric recording. For those with a positive test, C13 urea breath test was then performed to assess the H. pylori status. GERD patients were stratified according to the quality of their symptoms and classified as typical, if affected by heartburn and regurgitation, and atypical if complaining of chest pain, respiratory and ears, nose, and throat features. H. pylori-negative patients were also asked whether they had a previous diagnosis of H. pylori infection. If a positive response was given, on the basis of the time period after successful eradication, patients were considered as "eradicated" (E) if H. pylori eradication occurred more than six months earlier or "recently eradicated" if the therapy had been administered within the last six months. Patients without history of infection were identified as "negative" (N). χ (2) test was performed by combining the clinical aspects with the H. pylori status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  one hundred and twenty-nine of the 144 patients, including 44 H. pylori-positive and 85 H. pylori-negative (41 negative, 21 recently eradicated, 23 eradicated more than 6 mo before), were eligible for the analysis. No difference has been found between H. pylori status and either the number of reflux episodes (138 ± 23 vs 146 ± 36, respectively, P = 0.2, not significant) or the percentage of time with pH values < 4 (6.8 ± 1.2 vs 7.4 ± 2.1, respectively, P = 0.3, not significant). The distribution of symptoms was as follows: 13 typical (30%) and 31 atypical (70%) among the 44 H. pylori-positive cases; 44 typical (52%) and 41 atypical (48%) among the 85 H. pylori-negative cases, (P = 0.017 vs H. pylori+; OR = 2.55, 95%CI: 1.17-5.55). Furthermore, clinical signs in patients with recent H. pylori eradication were similar to those of H. pylori-positive (P = 0.49; OR = 1.46, 95%CI: 0.49-4.37); on the other hand, patients with ancient H. pylori eradication showed a clinical behavior similar to that of H. pylori-negative subjects (P = 0.13; OR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.77-6.51) but different as compared to the H. pylori-positive group (P < 0.05; OR = 3.71, 95%CI: 0.83-16.47).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atypical symptoms of GERD occur more frequently in H. pylori-positive patients than in H. pylori-negative subjects. In addition, atypical symptoms tend to decrease after H. pylori eradication.
authors.affiliation: Laurino Grossi, Antonio Francesco Ciccaglione, Leonardo Marzio, c/o Digestive Sciences Unit, School of Gastroenterology, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara, Ospedale Spirito Santo, 65124 Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Laurino
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.affiliation: Laurino Grossi, Antonio Francesco Ciccaglione, Leonardo Marzio, c/o Digestive Sciences Unit, School of Gastroenterology, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara, Ospedale Spirito Santo, 65124 Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio Francesco
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ciccaglione
authors.affiliation: Laurino Grossi, Antonio Francesco Ciccaglione, Leonardo Marzio, c/o Digestive Sciences Unit, School of Gastroenterology, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara, Ospedale Spirito Santo, 65124 Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marzio
keywords: C13 urea breath test; Eradication; Gastro-esophageal reflux disease; Helicobacter pylori; Symptoms; pH-metry