title: Wilson disease: Health-related quality of life and risk for depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism and requires lifelong medical treatment. Therefore, the analysis of quality of life has gathered more attention. Aims of this study were to examine risk for depression and health-related quality of life in patients suffering from Wilson disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-eight patients were included in this retrospective cross sectional study. The Personal Health Questionnaire-9 Depression Scale was used to assess depression. The Short Form-36 Health Survey questionnaire was used to assess health-related quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Personal Health Questionnaire-9 indicated that 21% (14/68) of patients were at risk for major depressive disorders (scores>10) and 35% (24/68) were at risk for mild depression (scores 5-9). Women had significantly lower life quality scores than men. Primary neurologic disease manifestation was associated with significantly lower total Short Form-36 and subdimension scores compared with primary hepatic or mixed presentation. Overall, patients with Wilson disease experienced higher quality of life than patients with other chronic liver diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As patients with Wilson disease have a high risk for depressive disorders, active assessment for depression is mandatory. Patients with primary neurological symptoms are at higher risk for reduction of life quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel Nils
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Gotthardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ganion
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wohnsland
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seessle
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stremmel
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pfeiffenberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Electronic address: Karl-Heinz.Weiss@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: Karl Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006527:Hepatolenticular Degeneration / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors