title: 'Emotional' does not even start to cover it: Generalization of overeating in emotional eaters.
abstract: Based on recent studies indicating that emotional eating is not the clearly defined problem it is often thought to be, the present study investigated whether emotional eaters overeat merely in response to negative emotional cues, or to other cues as well. It was hypothesized that emotional eaters would overeat after a variety of food cues, not limited to negative emotions. Participants took part in four conditions (negative mood manipulation, positive mood manipulation, food exposure and a control condition) divided over two sessions. Each condition was followed by a bogus taste test, after which food intake was measured. Results showed strong correlations between food intake after all four conditions, indicating that increased intake after one type of cue is related to increased intake after other cues. Participants were identified as emotional or non-emotional eaters based on food intake in the negative mood condition, and based on self-reported emotional eating scores. Both measures of emotional eating were significantly related to food intake after all cues. Based on the current findings, we conclude that individuals who show increased food intake when in a negative emotional state also overeat when experiencing other food-signalling cues. This indicates that 'emotional eating' may not fully capture the eating behaviour of individuals currently identified as 'emotional eaters'.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University CPS, Department of Eating Disorders and Obesity, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: peggy.bongers@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bongers
authors.affiliation: Health & Social Psychology Master, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Acp.degraaff@student.maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Anastacia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Graaff
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University CPS, Department of Eating Disorders and Obesity, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: a.jansen@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jansen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003463:Cues; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cue reactivity; Cue-reactive eaters; Emotional eating; External eating; Food cue exposure; Food intake; Types of eaters