title: Selective Area Modification of Silicon Surface Wettability by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation in Liquid Environment.
abstract: The wettability of silicon (Si) is one of the important parameters in the technology of surface functionalization of this material and fabrication of biosensing devices. We report on a protocol of using KrF and ArF lasers irradiating Si (001) samples immersed in a liquid environment with low number of pulses and operating at moderately low pulse fluences to induce Si wettability modification. Wafers immersed for up to 4 hr in a 0.01% H2O2/H2O solution did not show measurable change in their initial contact angle (CA) ~75°. However, the 500-pulse KrF and ArF lasers irradiation of such wafers in a microchamber filled with 0.01% H2O2/H2O solution at 250 and 65 mJ/cm(2), respectively, has decreased the CA to near 15°, indicating the formation of a superhydrophilic surface. The formation of OH-terminated Si (001), with no measurable change of the wafer's surface morphology, has been confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements. The selective area irradiated samples were then immersed in a biotin-conjugated fluorescein-stained nanospheres solution for 2 hr, resulting in a successful immobilization of the nanospheres in the non-irradiated area. This illustrates the potential of the method for selective area biofunctionalization and fabrication of advanced Si-based biosensing architectures. We also describe a similar protocol of irradiation of wafers immersed in methanol (CH3OH) using ArF laser operating at pulse fluence of 65 mJ/cm(2) and in situ formation of a strongly hydrophobic surface of Si (001) with the CA of 103°. The XPS results indicate ArF laser induced formation of Si-(OCH3)x compounds responsible for the observed hydrophobicity. However, no such compounds were found by XPS on the Si surface irradiated by KrF laser in methanol, demonstrating the inability of the KrF laser to photodissociate methanol and create -OCH3 radicals.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation, Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2)- CNRS UMI-3463, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke; neng.liu@usherbrooke.ca.
authors.forename: Neng
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation, Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2)- CNRS UMI-3463, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moumanis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation, Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2)- CNRS UMI-3463, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke.
authors.forename: Jan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Dubowski
mesh_terms: D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007834:Lasers; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000528:radiation effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D012825:Silicon