title: Complications and outcomes of JJ stenting of the ureter in urological practice: A single-centre experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the factors affecting the development of complications and the outcomes of JJ stenting.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 220 patients (133 males and 87 females, mean age 39.5 years, SD 15.4) who had self-retaining JJ ureteric stents placed while in the authors' institution. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify the significant variables affecting the development of complications and outcome of stenting (condition 'improved' or 'not improved').
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a modified Clavien classification, there were grade I, II, IIIa, IIIb complications in 67 (30.4%), 39 (17.7%), two (0.9%) and 23 (10.5%) patients, respectively, and none of grades IVa, IVb and V. Loin pain (10.9%) and urinary tract infection (10.9%) were the most common complications, followed by dysuria (7.7%). There were significant complications requiring treatment in 29% of patients, and 71.4% of patients improved after stenting. On multivariate analysis the significant independent factor affecting the complication rate was the stent length (P = 0.016), and the significant independent factor affecting the 'improved' outcome was age (P = 0.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longer stents are associated with increased complication rates, and the older the patient the more likely they are to have a poor outcome after stenting. Future prospective multicentre studies with more patients are needed to confirm the present conclusions.
authors.affiliation: Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Oman.
authors.forename: Mohammed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Al-Marhoon
authors.affiliation: Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Oman.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shareef
authors.affiliation: Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Oman.
authors.forename: Krishna P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Venkiteswaran
keywords: Complications; JJ stent; Outcome; Ureter