title: The use of dynamic nuclear polarization (13)C-pyruvate MRS in cancer.
abstract: In recent years there has been an immense development of new targeted anti-cancer drugs. For practicing precision medicine, a sensitive method imaging for non-invasive, assessment of early treatment response and for assisting in developing new drugs is warranted. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a potent technique for non-invasive in vivo investigation of tissue chemistry and cellular metabolism. Hyperpolarization by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) is capable of creating solutions of molecules with polarized nuclear spins in a range of biological molecules and has enabled the real-time investigation of in vivo metabolism. The development of this new method has been demonstrated to enhance the nuclear polarization more than 10,000-fold, thereby significantly increasing the sensitivity of the MRS with a spatial resolution to the millimeters and a temporal resolution at the subsecond range. Furthermore, the method enables measuring kinetics of conversion of substrates into cell metabolites and can be integrated with anatomical proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Many nuclei and substrates have been hyperpolarized using the DNP method. Currently, the most widely used compound is (13)C-pyruvate due to favoring technicalities. Intravenous injection of the hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate results in appearance of (13)C-lactate, (13)C-alanine and (13)C-bicarbonate resonance peaks depending on the tissue, disease and the metabolic state probed. In cancer, the lactate level is increased due to increased glycolysis. The use of DNP enhanced (13)C-pyruvate has in preclinical studies shown to be a sensitive method for detecting cancer and for assessment of early treatment response in a variety of cancers. Recently, a first-in-man 31-patient study was conducted with the primary objective to assess the safety of hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate in healthy subjects and prostate cancer patients. The study showed an elevated (13)C-lactate/(13)C-pyruvate ratio in regions of biopsy-proven prostate cancer compared to noncancerous tissue. However, more studies are needed in order to establish use of hyperpolarized (13)C MRS imaging of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen Denmark.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gutte
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen Denmark.
authors.forename: Adam Espe
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen Denmark.
authors.forename: Helle Hjorth
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Johannesen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen Denmark.
authors.forename: Andreas Ettrup
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Clemmensen
authors.affiliation: Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre Denmark ; Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Kgs Lyngby, Denmark ; GE Healthcare, Brøndby Denmark.
authors.forename: Jan Henrik
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ardenkjær-Larsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen Denmark.
authors.forename: Carsten Haagen
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen Denmark.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kjær
keywords: 13C-pyruvate; Dynamic nuclear polarization; MR; MRS; cancer; response monitoring