title: Physiological effects of compensatory growth during the larval stage of the ladybird, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri.
abstract: The growth rate of insects may vary in response to shifty environments. They may achieve compensatory growth after a period of food restriction followed by ad libitum food, which may further affect the reproductive performance and lifespan of the resulting phenotypes. However, little is known about the physiological mechanisms associated with such growth acceleration in insects. The present study examined the metabolic rate, the antioxidant enzyme activity and the gene expression of adult Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) after experiencing compensatory growth during its larval stages. Starved C. montrouzieri individuals achieved a similar developmental time and adult body mass as those supplied with ad libitum food during their entire larval stage, indicating that compensatory growth occurred as a result of the switch in larval food regime. Further, the compensatory growth was found to exert effects on the physiological functions of C. montrouzieri, in terms of its metabolic rates and enzyme activities. The adults undergoing compensatory growth were characterized by a higher metabolic rate, a lower activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase and a lower gene expression of P450 and trehalase. Taken together, the results indicate that although compensatory growth following food restriction in early larval life prevents developmental delay and body mass loss, the resulting adults may encounter physiological challenges affecting their fitness.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jiaqin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: Patrick.DeClercq@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Clercq
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
authors.forename: Haosen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou 510260, China.
authors.forename: Yuhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. Electronic address: lsshpang@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pang
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005508:Food Deprivation / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006430:Hemiptera; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011235:Predatory Behavior
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants
keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Compensatory growth; Cryptolaemus montrouzieri; Development; Metabolic rate