title: Coronary angiogenesis during morphine and nicotine withdrawal in two-kidney one clip hypertensive (2K1C) rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was aimed to investigate the effects of addiction to nicotine and morphine and their withdrawal on coronary angiogenesis and serum NO concentrations in two-kidney one-clip hypertensive (2K1C) rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male hypertensive rats were divided into the two below groups: Group (1): Rats received saline for 8 weeks (N=8); Group (2): Rats received morphine and nicotine for 8 weeks (n=32). At the end of 8 weeks, the groups (2) were divided into the four sub-groups, which three of them were treated with withdrawal drugs. Following treatments, blood pressure, heart rate, plasma renin activity (PRA), NO concentration and capillary density were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that blood pressure was significantly reduced in the addicted group when compared to non-addicted (p<0.05). The withdrawal completely reversed blood pressure to the level observed pre-addiction (p<0.05). Coronary angiogenesis was significantly lower in the addicted group in comparistion to normal (p<0.05) but withdrawal of addiction did not improve angiogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of the present findings, it may be indicative that the risk of cardiovascular complications in addiction is concurrent to chronic hypertension, which shows the importance of early diagnosis and treatment in clinical condition (Fig. 4, Ref. 59).
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeinivand
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pourshanazari
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hassanshahi
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002319:Cardiovascular System; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006978:Hypertension, Renovascular; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009021:Morphine Dependence; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000601:surgery; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009538:Nicotine; D009020:Morphine