title: Oral versus intubated feeding and the effect on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses, gastric emptying and satiety.
abstract: Cephalic phase responses (CPR) are important in early initiation of digestion and maximal absorption of nutrients prior to ingestion. Bypassing CPR has been shown to have consequences on metabolic responses that may influence satiety. The aim of this study was to investigate if using gastric intubation to bypass oro-pharyngeal and oesophageal exposure would reduce CPR including insulin and blood glucose and whether these impact on gastric emptying and satiety. Ten male subjects were tested on 2 occasions, 3-7 days apart after an overnight fast, in randomized order. Subjects were cannulated and intubated with a gastric tube for both tests. For test one, subjects ate 400 ml soup with a spoon and for test two the soup was infused into the stomach at an equivalent rate. Subsequently measurements of glycaemic (GR) and insulinaemic responses (IR) from cannula samples, breath samples for measurement of gastric emptying using the [(13)C] sodium acetate breath test and visual analogue scales (VAS) for satiety were taken over 180 min. There were differences in IR over the first 15 min (Oral: 169.0 ± 22.1; Gastric 124.1 ± 18.8; t(9) = 2.67; p = 0.028) but no difference in GR. There were differences in gastric emptying half time (Oral: 85.0 ± 2.7; Gastric 79.4 ± 3.3; t(9) = 2.40; p = 0.04) and ascension time (Oral: 68.2 ± 2.2; Gastric 64.0 ± 2.2; t(9) = 2.57; p = 0.03) with food taking longer to empty from the stomach on the Oral test day than on the Gastric test day. There was no significant difference in the satiety ratings. This study demonstrated that bypassing oro-pharyngeal and oesophageal exposure decreases the normal physiological CPR with detriment to IR and gastric emptying.
authors.affiliation: Functional Food Centre, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morey
authors.affiliation: Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shafat
authors.affiliation: Functional Food Centre, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK. Electronic address: mclegg@brookes.ac.uk.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Clegg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D001944:Breath Tests; D005248:Feeding Methods; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal; D008297:Male; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*; D019346:Sodium Acetate / Q000032:analysis; D013270:Stomach / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D019346:Sodium Acetate
keywords: Cephalic; Gastric emptying; Glycaemic response; Insulin; Satiety