title: Outcome Measures in Polymyalgia Rheumatica. A Systematic Review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the instruments used to assess polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) in published studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature review of clinical trials and longitudinal observational studies related to PMR, published from 1970 to 2014, was carried out. All outcome and assessment instruments were extracted and categorized according to core areas and domains, as defined by the OMERACT (Outcome Measures in Rheumatology) Filter 2.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five articles (3221 patients) were included: 12 randomized controlled trials (RCT); 3 nonrandomized trials; and 20 observational studies. More than 20 domains were identified, measured by 29 different instruments. The most frequently used measures were pain, morning stiffness, patient global assessment and physician global assessment, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein. The definition of outcomes varied considerably between studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcome measures and instruments used in PMR are numerous and diversely defined. The establishment of a core set of validated and standardized outcome measurements is needed.
authors.affiliation: From the Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE, Coimbra; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra; and Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E), Coimbra, Portugal; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; and Academic Rheumatology Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK.C. Duarte, MD, Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE; and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra; R.J.O. Ferreira, RN, MSc, Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE; and Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E); S.L. Mackie, BM, BCh, PhD, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds; J.R. Kirwan, PhD, University of Bristol, Academic Rheumatology Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary; J.A. Pereira da Silva, PhD, Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE; and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra. catiacmduarte@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cátia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: From the Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE, Coimbra; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra; and Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E), Coimbra, Portugal; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; and Academic Rheumatology Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK.C. Duarte, MD, Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE; and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra; R.J.O. Ferreira, RN, MSc, Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE; and Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E); S.L. Mackie, BM, BCh, PhD, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds; J.R. Kirwan, PhD, University of Bristol, Academic Rheumatology Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary; J.A. Pereira da Silva, PhD, Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE; and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra.
authors.forename: Ricardo Jorge de Oliveira
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: From the Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE, Coimbra; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra; and Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E), Coimbra, Portugal; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; and Academic Rheumatology Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK.C. Duarte, MD, Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE; and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra; R.J.O. Ferreira, RN, MSc, Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE; and Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E); S.L. Mackie, BM, BCh, PhD, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds; J.R. Kirwan, PhD, University of Bristol, Academic Rheumatology Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary; J.A. Pereira da Silva, PhD, Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE; and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra.
authors.forename: Sarah Louise
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Mackie
authors.affiliation: From the Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE, Coimbra; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra; and Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E), Coimbra, Portugal; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; and Academic Rheumatology Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK.C. Duarte, MD, Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE; and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra; R.J.O. Ferreira, RN, MSc, Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE; and Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E); S.L. Mackie, BM, BCh, PhD, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds; J.R. Kirwan, PhD, University of Bristol, Academic Rheumatology Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary; J.A. Pereira da Silva, PhD, Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE; and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra.
authors.forename: John Richard
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kirwan
authors.affiliation: From the Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE, Coimbra; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra; and Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E), Coimbra, Portugal; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; and Academic Rheumatology Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK.C. Duarte, MD, Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE; and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra; R.J.O. Ferreira, RN, MSc, Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE; and Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E); S.L. Mackie, BM, BCh, PhD, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds; J.R. Kirwan, PhD, University of Bristol, Academic Rheumatology Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary; J.A. Pereira da Silva, PhD, Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE; and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra.
authors.forename: José António
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pereira da Silva
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003245:Consensus Statements as Topic; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011111:Polymyalgia Rheumatica / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: OMERACT; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA; REVIEW LITERATURE