title: Temporal Levels of Urinary Neonicotinoid and Dialkylphosphate Concentrations in Japanese Women Between 1994 and 2011.
abstract: Over the last two decades, usage of neonicotinoid (NEO) insecticides has increased due to their high selectivity for insects versus mammals and their effectiveness for extermination of insects resistant to conventional pesticides such as pyrethroids and organophosphates (OPs). However, historical change of the NEO exposure level in humans is poorly understood. The aim of this study is to reveal changes in the levels of NEO and OP exposure in the human body over the last two decades using biomonitoring technique. We quantified urinary concentrations of 7 NEOs (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam) and 4 metabolites of OPs (dimethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate, diethylphosphate, and diethylthiophosphate) in 95 adult females aged 45-75 in 1994, 2000, 2003, 2009, and 2011 (n = 17-20 different individuals in each year). The results show that the detection rates of urinary NEOs in Japanese women increased significantly between 1994 and 2011, suggesting that intakes of NEOs into the human body rose during that period. In contrast, exposure to OPs having O,O-dimethyl moieties decreased steadily according to a finding that geometric means of urinary dimethylphosphate concentrations kept diminishing considerably. These changes may reflect the amounts of NEOs and OPs used as insecticides in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya 461-8673, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ueyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Kouji H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya 461-8673, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya 461-8673, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Food Safety and Quality Research Center, Tokai COOP Federation , Nagakute 480-1103, Japan.
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
authors.forename: Michihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamijima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006146:Guanidines / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000652:urine; D007306:Insecticides / Q000652:urine*; D007564:Japan; D008875:Middle Aged; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000652:urine; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000652:urine*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000652:urine; D010078:Oxazines / Q000652:urine; D011725:Pyridines / Q000652:urine; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013843:Thiazines / Q000652:urine; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006146:Guanidines; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010755:Organophosphates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D011725:Pyridines; D013843:Thiazines; D013844:Thiazoles; C465368:dinotefuran; C480342:clothianidin; C082359:imidacloprid; C034789:diethyl phosphate; C464485:acetamiprid; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; C417209:thiacloprid; C007477:dimethyl phosphate