title: The Association of Low Parental Monitoring With Early Substance Use in European American and African American Adolescent Girls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research indicates that low parental monitoring increases the risk for early substance use. Because low parental monitoring tends to co-occur with other familial and neighborhood factors, the specificity of the association is challenging to establish. Using logistic regression and propensity score analyses, we examined associations between low parental monitoring and early substance use in European American (EA) and African American (AA) girls, controlling for risk factors associated with low parental monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 3,133 EA and 523 AA girls from the Missouri Adolescent Female Twin Study with data on parental monitoring assessed via self-report questionnaire, and with ages at first use of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis queried in at least one of three diagnostic interviews (median ages = 15, 22, and 24 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of early alcohol use was greater in EA than AA girls, whereas the proportion of AA girls reporting low parental monitoring was higher than in EA girls. EA girls who experienced low parental monitoring were at elevated risk for early alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use, findings supported in both logistic regression and propensity score analyses. Evidence regarding associations between low parental monitoring and risk for early substance use was less definitive for AA girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings highlight the role of parental monitoring in modifying risk for early substance use in EA girls. However, we know little regarding the unique effects, if any, of low parental monitoring on the timing of first substance use in AA girls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee.|College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
authors.forename: Erica C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Blustein
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.|Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.|Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Munn-Chernoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.|Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Julia D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.|Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.|Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Carolyn E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Sartor
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.|Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University School of Education, Bloomington, Indiana.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waldron
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.|Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Kathleen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Bucholz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.|Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Pamela A F
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.|Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Heath
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008923:Missouri; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult