title: Circulatory changes associated with the closure of the ductus arteriosus in hatching emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae).
abstract: In developing avian embryos, the right and left ductus arteriosi (DA) allow for a shunt of systemic venous return away from the lungs to the body and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Unlike in mammals where the transition from placental respiration to lung respiration is instantaneous, in birds the transition from embryonic CAM respiration to lung respiration can take over 24h. To understand the physiological consequences of this long transition we examined circulatory changes and DA morphological changes during hatching in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), a primitive ratite bird. By tracking microspheres injected into a CAM vein, we observed no change in DA blood flow between the pre-pipped to internally pipped stages. Two hours after external pipping, however, a significant decrease in DA blood flow occurred, evident from a decreased systemic blood flow and subsequent increased lung blood flow. Upon hatching, the right-to-left shunt disappeared. These physiological changes in DA blood flow correspond with a large decrease in DA lumen diameter from the pre-pipped stages to Day 1 hatchlings. Upon hatching, the right-to-left shunt disappeared and at the same time apoptosis of smooth muscle cells began remodeling the DA for permanent closure. After the initial smooth muscle contraction, the lumen disappeared as intimal cushioning formed, the internal elastic lamina degenerated, and numerous cells underwent regulated apoptosis. The DA closed rapidly between the initiation of external pipping and hatching, resulting in circulatory patterns similar to the adult. This response is most likely produced by increased DA constriction in response to increased arterial oxygen levels and the initiation of vessel remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle #305220, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shell
authors.affiliation: Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle #305220, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States.
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Burggren
authors.affiliation: City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, United States.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muirhead
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, United States.
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle #305220, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States. Electronic address: edzial@unt.edu.
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Dzialowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D016275:Atrial Function; D001775:Blood Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight; D020312:Dromaiidae / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology*; D004373:Ductus Arteriosus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000196:embryology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D009929:Organ Size; D010063:Ovum / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Apoptosis; Blood shunt; Ductus arteriosus; Hatching; Vascular remodeling; Vasoconstriction