title: An exopolysaccharide isolated from a coral-associated fungus and its sulfated derivative activates macrophages.
abstract: A coral-associated fungus Penicillium sp.gxwz446 that produced exopolysaccharde was isolated from the coral Echinogorgia flora in South China. Two neutral exopolysaccharides GX1-1 and GX2-1 were obtained from the fermented broth of the fungus and purified by anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. Chemical and spectroscopic analyses showed that GX1-1 was a glucan, primarily composed of glucose, with a molecular weight of 5.0 kDa. GX1-1 mainly consists of (1→4)-linked α-d-glucopyranose units as the backbone, substituted at C-2 with a single α-d-glucopyranose on every sixth sugar residues. GX2-1 was a galactofuranose-containing mannogalactoglucan with a molecular weight of 9.5 kDa. The main linkages were composed of (1→4)-β-d-Glcp, (1→5)-β-d-Galf, (1→3,5)-β-d-Galf, (1→6)-α-d-Manp and (1→2, 6)-α-d-Manp. GX1-1 showed RAW264.7 macrophage activation activity. After subjecting GX1-1 to sulfated modification, there was about one sulfate substitution on every sugar ring, primarily at O-6. The sulfated derivative of GX1-1 exhibited a more significant ability to promote the pinocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells and induce the production of NO.
authors.affiliation: College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, 1 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316000, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, 1 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316000, PR China.
authors.forename: Kunlai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, 1 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316000, PR China. Electronic address: mojojo1984@163.com.
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, 1 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316000, PR China.
authors.forename: Qingfeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
authors.forename: Weiming
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, 1 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316000, PR China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, 28 Tiyu Road, Zhoushan 316000, PR China.
authors.forename: Peipei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, 1 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316000, PR China.
authors.forename: Xuejun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000382:microbiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D062610:Fungal Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005658:Fungi / Q000737:chemistry*; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D051379:Mice; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D062610:Fungal Polysaccharides; D013431:Sulfates; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Coral-associated fungus; Exopolysaccharide; Macrophages