title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: determinants of residential carpet dust levels and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) associated with residential carpet dust measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the relationship between residential carpet dust PAH concentrations (benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene, and their sum) and risk of NHL (676 cases, 511 controls) in the National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results multicenter case-control study. As a secondary aim, we investigated determinants of dust PAH concentrations. We computed odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) for associations between NHL and concentrations of individual and summed PAHs using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age, gender, and study center. Determinants of natural log-transformed PAHs were investigated using multivariate least-squares regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed some elevated risks for NHL overall and B cell lymphoma subtypes in association with quartiles or tertiles of PAH concentrations, but without a monotonic trend, and there was no association comparing the highest quartile or tertile to the lowest. In contrast, risk of T cell lymphoma was significantly increased among participants with the highest tertile of summed PAHs (OR = 3.04; 95 % CI, 1.09-8.47) and benzo(k)fluoranthene (OR = 3.20; 95 % CI, 1.13-9.11) compared with the lowest tertile. Predictors of PAH dust concentrations in homes included ambient air PAH concentrations and the proportion of developed land within 2 km of a residence. Older age, more years of education, and white race were also predictive of higher levels in homes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest a potential link between PAH exposure and risk of T cell lymphoma and demonstrate the importance of analyzing risk by NHL histologic type.
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 9609 Medical Center Dr, Room 6E138 MSC 9771, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Curt T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: DellaValle
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Deziel
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 9609 Medical Center Dr, Room 6E138 MSC 9771, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Rena R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 9609 Medical Center Dr, Room 6E138 MSC 9771, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Joanne S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Colt
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Anneclaire J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: De Roos
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cerhan
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cozen
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Severson
authors.affiliation: Westat Inc., Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Abigail R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Flory
authors.affiliation: Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsay M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 9609 Medical Center Dr, Room 6E138 MSC 9771, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. wardm@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004522:Educational Status; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000209:etiology*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
keywords: Case–control study; Dust; Non-Hodgkin lymphoma; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; T cell lymphoma