title: Serum retinol in post-partum mothers and newborns from an impoverished South African community where liver is frequently eaten and vitamin A deficiency is absent.
abstract: Serum retinol was assessed in mothers and newborns from an impoverished South African community where liver is frequently eaten and vitamin A deficiency known to be absent. Paired cord and maternal blood (n = 201) were collected after delivery and analysed for serum retinol and C-reactive protein (CRP). Liver intake during pregnancy and intention to breastfeed were also assessed. Mean serum retinol was 1.03 µmol/L ± 0.40 in mothers and 0.73 ± 0.24 µmol/L in newborns, with 21.4% and 49.3% having serum retinol <0.70 µmol/L (<20 µg/dL), respectively. Raised CRP was found in 59.9% of mothers, with a significant negative correlation between serum retinol and CRP (r = -0.273; p < 0.0001). Liver was eaten by 87.6% of mothers, and 99% indicated their intention to breastfeed. Despite consumption of liver, serum retinol was low in both the mother and the newborn. The conventional cut-off for serum retinol, i.e. <0.70 µmol/L may therefore not apply for the mother and newborn in the period immediately after delivery. Serum retinol may be influenced by factors other than vitamin A status, e.g. the haemodilution of pregnancy, as well as the acute phase response induced by the birth process, as suggested by raised CRP in 60% of mothers. In the newborns, the low serum retinol is likely to increase rapidly, as liver is frequently eaten by mothers and practically all of them intended to breastfeed. Our results confirm the need for better indicators of vitamin A status or alternative cut-off values during this period.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Intervention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.|Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Martha E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: van Stuijvenberg
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Intervention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Serina E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Schoeman
authors.affiliation: Integrated Nutrition Programme, Department of Health, Northern Cape, South Africa.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nel
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lombard
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Intervention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.|Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.|Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.|Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Muhammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dhansay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008099:Liver; D008460:Meat; D009035:Mothers; D009752:Nutritional Status; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000097:blood*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013019:South Africa; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood*; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: cord blood; liver intake; newborns; post-partum mothers; pregnancy; serum retinol