title: Nitroglycerin for management of retained placenta.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retained placenta affects 0.5% to 3% of women following delivery, with considerable morbidity if left untreated. Use of nitroglycerin (NTG), either alone or in combination with uterotonics, may be of value to minimise the need for manual removal of the placenta in theatre under anaesthesia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the benefits and harms of NTG as a tocolytic, either alone or in addition to uterotonics, in the management of retained placenta.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (14 January 2015), reference lists of retrieved studies and contacted experts in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  Any adequately randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing the use of NTG, either alone or in combination with uterotonics, with no intervention or with other interventions in the management of retained placenta. All women having a vaginal delivery with a retained placenta, regardless of the management of the third stage of labour (expectant or active). We included all trials with haemodynamically stable women in whom the placenta was not delivered at least within 15 minutes after delivery of the baby.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted data and checked them for accuracy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with 175 women. The three published RCTs compared NTG alone versus placebo. The detachment status of retained placenta was unknown in all three RCTs. Collectively, among the three included trials, two were judged to be at low risk of bias and the third trial was judged to be at high risk of bias for two domains: incomplete outcome data and selective reporting. The three trials reported seven out of 23 of the review's pre-specified outcomes.The primary outcome "manual removal of the placenta" was reported in all three studies. No differences were seen between NTG and placebo for manual removal of the placenta (average risk ratio (RR) 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47 to 1.46; women = 175; I² = 81%). A random-effects model was used because of evidence of substantial heterogeneity in the analysis. There were also no differences between groups for risk of severe postpartum haemorrhage (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.39; women = 150; studies = two; I² = 0%). Blood transfusion was only reported in one study (40 women) and again there was no difference between groups (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.07 to 14.90; women = 40; I² = 0%). Mean blood loss (mL) was reported in the three studies and no differences were observed (mean difference (MD) -115.31, 95% CI -306.25 to 75.63; women = 169; I² = 83%). Nitroglycerin administration was not associated with an increase in headaches (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.47; women = 174; studies = three; I² = 0%). However, nitroglycerin administration was associated with a significant, though mild, decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and a significant increase in pulse rate (MD -3.75, 95% CI -7.47 to -0.03) for systolic blood pressure, and (MD 6.00, 95% CI 3.07 to 8.93) for pulse rate (beats per minute) respectively (reported by only one study including 24 participants). Maternal mortality and addition of therapeutic uterotonics were not reported in any study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cases of retained placenta, currently available data showed that the use of NTG alone did not reduce the need for manual removal of placenta. This intervention did not increase the incidence of severe postpartum haemorrhage nor the need for blood transfusion. Haemodynamically, NTG had a significant though mild effect on both pulse rate and blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Assiut, Egypt, 71511.
authors.forename: Hany
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdel-Aleem
authors.forename: Mahmoud A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abdel-Aleem
authors.forename: Omar M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Shaaban
mesh_terms: D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010120:Oxytocics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018457:Placenta, Retained / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006473:Postpartum Hemorrhage; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D010120:Oxytocics; D010121:Oxytocin; D005996:Nitroglycerin