title: Integrating theory into disturbance interaction experiments to better inform ecosystem management.
abstract: Managing multiple, interacting disturbances is a key challenge to biodiversity conservation, and one that will only increase as global change drivers continue to alter disturbance regimes. Theoretical studies have highlighted the importance of a mechanistic understanding of stressor interactions for improving the prediction and management of interactive effects. However, many conservation studies are not designed or interpreted in the context of theory and instead focus on case-specific management questions. This is a problem as it means that few studies test the relationships highlighted in theoretical models as being important for ecological management. We explore the extent of this problem among studies of interacting disturbances by reviewing recent experimental studies of the interaction between fire and grazing in terrestrial ecosystems. Interactions between fire and grazing can occur via a number of pathways; one disturbance can modify the other's likelihood, intensity or spatial distribution, or one disturbance can alter the other's impacts on individual organisms. The strength of such interactions will vary depending on disturbance attributes (e.g. size or intensity), and this variation is likely to be nonlinear. We show that few experiments testing fire-grazing interactions are able to identify the mechanistic pathway driving an observed interaction, and most are unable to detect nonlinear effects. We demonstrate how these limitations compromise the ability of experimental studies to effectively inform ecological management. We propose a series of adjustments to the design of disturbance interaction experiments that would enable tests of key theoretical pathways and provide the deeper ecological understanding necessary for effective management. Such considerations are relevant to studies of a broad range of ecological interactions and are critical to informing the management of disturbance regimes in the context of accelerating global change.
authors.affiliation: Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, 141 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Claire N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.affiliation: Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, 141 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.|Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, National Environmental Research Program Environmental Decisions Hub, The Australian National University, 141 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Chloe F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, 141 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.|Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, National Environmental Research Program Environmental Decisions Hub, The Australian National University, 141 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.|The Long Term Ecological Research Network, The Australian National University, 141 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Lindenmayer
authors.affiliation: Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, 141 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Barton
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D005390:Fires; D060434:Herbivory; D008962:Models, Theoretical
keywords: antagonisms; compound effects; disturbance ecology; fire; grazing; higher order effects; multiple stressors; synergisms; terrestrial ecosystems