title: PDE4D phosphorylation: A coincidence detector integrating multiple signaling pathways.
abstract: In Eukaryotes, more than 100 different phosphodiesterase (PDE) proteins serve to fine-tune cyclic nucleotide (cAMP and cGMP) signals and contribute to specificity of signaling. In mammals, PDEs are divided into 11 families, of which PDE4 represents the largest family. Four genes (pde4a, pde4b, pde4c and pde4d) encode for this class of enzymes in mammals and give rise to more than 20 variants. Within this family of genes, PDE4D was discovered on the basis of its regulatory properties and its induction by hormones and cAMP. PDE4D has often been used as the prototype PDE4 and large body of work has been generated on the biochemical, pharmacological, and physiological properties of this enzyme. This review covers the regulation of PDE4D by phosphorylation, the impact of this regulation in the context of the structure of this protein, and the functional consequences of this complex pattern of posttranslational modifications.
authors.affiliation: Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mika
authors.affiliation: Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D000072417:Protein Domains; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000242:Cyclic AMP; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4
keywords: PDE4D; Phosphodiesterase; Phosphorylation; Posttranslational modification