title: Leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder: A review and a report of two further cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the published cases of leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder and to report two further cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The databases Pubmed and Hinari were searched using the keywords 'bladder', 'leiomyosarcoma' and 'smooth muscle neoplasm'. The 14 articles identified were reviewed, and we present a further two cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of more than 100 cases reported, 77 were reviewed. There is a lack of consensus about the standard treatment, and little is known about the natural history and prognosis of the tumour, due to its very low incidence. These tumours occur in older adults of either sex and are characterised by an aggressive behaviour. There is usually an unfavourable outcome, with the lungs being the most common site of metastasis. The two further cases we report had a different presentation and outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the limited experience with this rare tumour, there are insufficient data to suggest the optimum management strategy and prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Jordan Hospital and Medical Center, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Nader Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Hamadalla
authors.affiliation: Israa Hospital, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Usama N
authors.initials: UN
authors.lastname: Rifat
authors.affiliation: Jordan Hospital and Medical Center, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Khalid C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Safi
authors.affiliation: Royal Alexandra Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: First Medical Laboratory, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Hussam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abu-Farsakh
keywords: FNCLCC, Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer; HPF, high-power fields; Leiomyosarcoma; MSKCC, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Management; Outcome; Urinary bladder