title: Anisotropy of Solid Breast Lesions in 2D Shear Wave Elastography is an Indicator of Malignancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if anisotropy at two-dimensional shear wave elastography (SWE) suggests malignancy and whether it correlates with prognostic and predictive factors in breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study group A of 244 solid breast lesions was imaged with SWE between April 2013 and May 2014. Each lesion was imaged in radial and in antiradial planes, and the maximum elasticity, mean elasticity, and standard deviation were recorded and correlated with benign/malignant status, and if malignant, correlated with conventional predictive and prognostic factors. The results were compared to a study group B of 968 solid breast lesions, which were imaged in sagittal and in axial planes between 2010 and 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither benign nor malignant lesion anisotropy is plane dependent. However, malignant lesions are more anisotropic than benign lesions (P ≤ 0.001). Anisotropy correlates with increasing elasticity parameters, breast imaging-reporting and data system categories, core biopsy result, and tumor grade. Large cancers are significantly more anisotropic than small cancers (P ≤ 0.001). The optimal anisotropy cutoff threshold for benign/malignant differentiation of 150 kPa(2) achieves the best sensitivity (74%) with a reasonable specificity (63%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anisotropy may be useful during benign/malignant differentiation of solid breast masses using SWE. Anisotropy also correlates with some prognostic factors in breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Mailbox 4, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK. Electronic address: kskerl@dundee.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skerl
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Mailbox 4, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vinnicombe
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Mailbox 4, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Mailbox 4, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Mailbox 4, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Firenze (FI), Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giannotti
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Mailbox 4, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016880:Anisotropy; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Breast; Breast cancer; Elastography; Shear wave elastography; Ultrasound