title: β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, mitochondrial biogenesis, and skeletal muscle health.
abstract: The metabolic roles of mitochondria go far beyond serving exclusively as the major producer of ATP in tissues and cells. Evidence has shown that mitochondria may function as a key regulator of skeletal muscle fiber types and overall well-being. Maintaining skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and function is important for sustaining health throughout the lifespan. Of great importance, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB, a metabolite of L-leucine) has been proposed to enhance the protein deposition and efficiency of mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle, as well as muscle strength in both exercise and clinical settings. Specifically, dietary supplementation with HMB increases the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), which represents an upstream inducer of genes of mitochondrial metabolism, coordinates the expression of both nuclear- and mitochondrion-encoded genes in mitochondrial biogenesis. Additionally, PGC-1α plays a key role in the transformation of skeletal muscle fiber type, leading to a shift toward type I muscle fibers that are rich in mitochondria and have a high capacity for oxidative metabolism. As a nitrogen-free metabolite, HMB holds great promise to improve skeletal muscle mass and function, as well as whole-body health and well-being of animals and humans.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.|Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, 410128, China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.
authors.forename: Yehui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China. yaokang@isa.ac.cn.|Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China. yaokang@isa.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Kang
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6131-2855
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Fengna
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
authors.forename: Yongqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.|Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.|Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Guoyao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China. yinyulong@isa.ac.cn.|Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China. yinyulong@isa.ac.cn.|Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China. yinyulong@isa.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yulong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D001678:Organelle Biogenesis; D014631:Valerates / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014631:Valerates; C004961:beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid
keywords: Fiber-type transformation; Mitochondrial biogenesis; Skeletal muscle health; β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate