title: Discovery of a sexual cycle in Talaromyces amestolkiae.
abstract: Talaromyces amestolkiae is a common cosmopolitan species that has been cultured from indoor house dust, sputum and lungs from cystic fibrosis patients, indoor air, wheat, soil, pineapple, sculptures and manure. It was described as an asexual Talaromyces species and was reported to produce black sclerotia. In this study we report on the induction of sexual reproductive structures in T. amestolkiae. The mating type of 18 T. amestolkiae strains was determined with MAT-specific primers. Subsequently opposite mating types were inoculated on oatmeal agar and malt-extract agar and incubated 6-20 wk at 25 and 30 C in darkness. After incubation single ascospore isolations were made and evidence of recombination in the offspring was examined by amplified fragment length polymorphism and pairwise homoplasy index test, which is implemented in Splitstree4. The offspring displayed clear evidence of recombination on a genetic level as shown in the variations observed between banding patterns in the amplified fragment length polymorphism. Also a net-like and reticulated NeighborNet was observed and the pairwise homoplasy index test for recombination supported the presence of recombination (P = 0.003372). The distribution of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 genes in the progeny showed a close to 1:1 ratio. Talaromyces amestolkiae is only the second heterothallic Talaromyces species to produce ascomata and ascospores under laboratory conditions.
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Neriman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Weg door Jonkerbos 100, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ferry
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Weg door Jonkerbos 100, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC,'s-Gravendijkwal 230 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacques F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Meis
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Houbraken
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands r.samson@cbs.knaw.nl.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Samson
mesh_terms: D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D001483:Base Sequence; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D049770:Genes, Mating Type, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D025282:Mycelium; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013172:Spores, Fungal; D032901:Talaromyces / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure
keywords: Heterothallism; Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium; homothallism; sexual reproduction