title: AUTONOMOUSLY FUNCTIONING THYROID NODULES IN PATIENTS <21 YEARS OF AGE: THE RHODE ISLAND HOSPITAL EXPERIENCE FROM 2003-2013.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluates the clinical characteristics, workup, treatment, and outcomes of pediatric patients diagnosed with an autonomously functioning thyroid nodule (AFTN) in a large cohort of patients presenting for evaluation of a thyroid nodule. There are few prior studies on AFTN in pediatrics, with limited data on treatment and outcomes. Rates of malignancy in AFTN are perceived as low, but prior studies have varying reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective chart review of patients less than 21 years of age at Rhode Island Hospital over an 11-year period (2003-2013). We reviewed 354 charts, which yielded 242 patients with a diagnosis of thyroid nodule and 17 patients with AFTN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of AFTN in patients presenting with thyroid nodules was 7%. Mean age of patients was 15.8 years at diagnosis, and mean nodule size was 3.3 cm. There was female predominance. Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were suppressed at diagnosis in 87% of patients. Six patients were treated with surgery, 5 patients with radioactive iodine therapy (RAI), 2 patients with medication, and 1 patient was observed without treatment. Three patients treated with RAI required subsequent treatment for hypothyroidism or continued hyperthyroidism. One patient had papillary thyroid carcinoma based on final surgical pathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study found a higher prevalence of AFTN compared to the reported prevalence in adults. We concur with the new guidelines on management of thyroid nodules in recommending surgery for treatment of AFTN, based on the variability of outcomes after treatment with RAI.
authors.forename: Juanita K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hodax
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Reinert
authors.forename: Jose Bernardo
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Quintos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012237:Rhode Island / Q000453:epidemiology; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult