title: Residual Hole Orientation After Plate Removal: Effect on the Clavicle.
abstract: Clavicle fractures account for 2.6% to 4% of all fractures. Surgical stabilization of this type of injury is becoming more common. Anterior inferior plating and superior plating are 2 popular approaches to open reduction and internal fixation. Reports of plate removal have raised concerns about reinjury. The goal of the current study was to determine whether the orientation of screw holes in clavicles after removal of an anterior inferior plate vs a superior plate have different biomechanical effects on stiffness and load to failure. The medial and lateral ends of 28 matched pairs of fresh clavicles were potted. Pilot holes, 2.5 mm in diameter, were drilled and oriented anterior inferiorly or superiorly, simulating those left after removal of a plate for a middle-third fracture. The clavicles underwent dynamic axial compression and 3-point load to failure, replicating forces associated with reinjury. Clavicles with anterior inferior holes had a statistically significant higher median maximal load difference of 139 N compared with those with superior holes (P=.013). Anterior inferior holes showed a statistically significant median increase in stiffness of 16.3 N/mm compared with superior holes (P=.036). Clavicles with anterior inferior holes had a statistically significant increase in median maximal load to failure and an increase in median stiffness compared with those with superior holes. This finding is relevant for patients who undergo hardware removal and return to activities that put them at risk for repeat high-impact injuries to the clavicle.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ogden
authors.forename: Debi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jaeblon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001860:Bone Plates; D002102:Cadaver; D002968:Clavicle / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D020878:Device Removal; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016474:Weight-Bearing