title: Antiadherent and antibacterial properties of stainless steel and NiTi orthodontic wires coated with silver against Lactobacillus acidophilus--an in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the study is to assess the antiadherent and antibacterial properties of surface-modified stainless steel and NiTi orthodontic wires with silver against Lactobacillus acidophilus.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was done on 80 specimens of stainless steel and NiTi orthodontic wires. The specimens were divided into eight test groups. Each group consisted of 10 specimens. Groups containing uncoated wires acted as a control group for their respective experimental group containing coated wires. Surface modification of wires was carried out by the thermal vacuum evaporation method with silver. Wires were then subjected to microbiological tests for assessment of the antiadherent and antibacterial properties of silver coating against L. acidophilus. Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the colony-forming units (CFUs) in control and test groups; and Student's t test (two-tailed, dependent) was used to find the significance of study parameters on a continuous scale within each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Orthodontic wires coated with silver showed an antiadherent effect against L. acidophilus compared with uncoated wires. Uncoated stainless steel and NiTi wires respectively showed 35.4 and 20.5 % increase in weight which was statistically significant (P < 0.001), whereas surface-modified wires showed only 4.08 and 4.4 % increase in weight (statistically insignificant P > 0.001). The groups containing surface-modified wires showed statistically significant decrease in the survival rate of L. acidophilus expressed as CFU and as log of colony count when compared to groups containing uncoated wires. It was 836.60 ± 48.97 CFU in the case of uncoated stainless steel whereas it was 220.90 ± 30.73 CFU for silver-modified stainless steel, 748.90 ± 35.64 CFU for uncoated NiTi, and 203.20 ± 41.94 CFU for surface-modified NiTi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surface modification of orthodontic wires with silver can be used to prevent the accumulation of dental plaque and the development of dental caries during orthodontic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, DY Patil Dental School, Lohegaon, Pune, Maharashtra, India. pawan0804@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Arun Rameshwar
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mhaske
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, AECS Maaruti College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Pradeep Chandra
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, AECS Maaruti College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: N Sham
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, AECS Maaruti College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ramachandra
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, AECS Maaruti College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Laxmikanth
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, AECS Maaruti College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Kiran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagarahalli
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Dr Rajesh Ramdasji Kambe Dental College and Hospital, Akola, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Pawankumar Dnyandeo
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Tekale
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D003890:Desiccation; D006801:Humans; D007779:Lactobacillus acidophilus / Q000187:drug effects*; D008422:Materials Testing; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D009969:Orthodontic Wires / Q000382:microbiology*; D012834:Silver / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D012834:Silver; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Antiadherent properties; Antibacterial properties; Lactobacillus acidophilus; Orthodontic wires; Silver coating