title: Palliative Surgery for Advanced Cancer: Identifying Evidence-Based Criteria for Patient Selection: Case Report and Review of Literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Criteria for selecting patients with advanced cancer for palliative surgery (PS) remains poorly defined. Decision making for PS requires realistic treatment goals with well-defined criteria. Here we discuss a 71-year-old Jehovah's Witness with advanced stage renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who presented with profound anemia due to intractable bleeding from gastric metastasis. After repeated attempts with endoscopic and angiographic management, she underwent surgical palliation. Through this case, we developed 10-item evidence-based criteria for selecting patients for PS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study objective was to provide a review of pertinent literature for PS and identify evidence-based criteria for patient selection. These criteria were relevant for selecting this patient with metastatic RCC and may prove beneficial for selecting advanced cancer patients for PS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search revealed 175 publications relevant to PS. Among these, 17 articles defining patient selection criteria (PSC) were reviewed. A frequency-based analysis of each criterion was performed. Another search returned 30 cases of RCC gastric metastases from 25 published reports. Outcome analysis was determined by the Kaplan-Meier actuarial method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten criteria were identified: symptom control, prognosis, preoperative performance status, quality of life (QoL), tumor burden amenable to palliation, procedure-related morbidity and mortality, feasibility of nonsurgical therapies, anticipated hospitalization, requirement for additional palliation, and cost. This patient met all inclusion criteria and underwent a successful gastrectomy. Median survival for patients with RCC gastric metastasis was 20 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report illustrates an example of implementation of evidence-based criteria for selecting advanced cancer patients for PS. Validation of these criteria is warranted.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Deshka
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Mohammad F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gleeson
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Blake D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Babcock
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ringold
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Wilbur B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Bowne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D000066491:Clinical Decision-Making / Q000379:methods*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000592:standards*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011379:Prognosis