title: Arsenic Attenuates GLI Signaling, Increasing or Decreasing its Transcriptional Program in a Context-Dependent Manner.
abstract: The metalloid arsenic is a worldwide environmental toxicant, exposure to which is associated with many adverse outcomes. Arsenic is also an effective therapeutic agent in certain disease settings. Arsenic was recently shown to regulate the activity of the Hedgehog (HH) signal transduction pathway, and this regulation of HH signaling was proposed to be responsible for a subset of arsenic's biologic effects. Surprisingly, these separate reports proposed contradictory activities for arsenic, as either an agonist or antagonist of HH signaling. Here we provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that arsenic acts as a modulator of the activity of the HH effector protein glioma-associated oncogene family zinc finger (GLI), activating or inhibiting GLI activity in a context-dependent manner. This arsenic-induced modulation of HH signaling is observed in cultured cells, patients with colorectal cancer who have received arsenic-based therapy, and a mouse colorectal cancer xenograft model. Our results show that arsenic activates GLI signaling when the intrinsic GLI activity is low but inhibits signaling in the presence of high-level GLI activity. Furthermore, we show that this modulation occurs downstream of primary cilia, evidenced by experiments in suppressor of fused homolog (SUFU) deficient cells. Combining our findings with previous reports, we present an inclusive model in which arsenic plays dual roles in GLI signaling modulation: when GLIs are primarily in their repressor form, arsenic antagonizes their repression capacity, leading to low-level GLI activation, but when GLIs are primarily in their activator form, arsenic attenuates their activity.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.).
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.).
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giambelli
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.).
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.).
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Winterbottom
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.).
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.).
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.).
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.).
authors.forename: Dennis Liang
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Fei
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.).
authors.forename: Dao M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.).
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Athar
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.).
authors.forename: Baolin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.).
authors.forename: Pochi R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Subbarayan
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.).
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.).
authors.forename: Priyamvada
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.).
authors.forename: Bach
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ardalan
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.).
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Capobianco
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (B.L., C.G., E.W., J.L., K.J., Z.W., D.L.F., D.M.N., A.J.C., D.J.R.); General Surgery Center of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (B.T.); Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (J.L.); Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (D.L.F.); Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (D.M.N., P.R.S., P.R., B.A., A.J.C., D.J.R.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (M.A.); Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (B.W.); Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (L. W.); Departments of Medicine (P.R.S., P.R., B.A.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.J.C., D.J.R.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (P.R.) drobbins@med.miami.edu.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Robbins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays / Q000379:methods; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
chemical_list: C400551:GLI1 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1; D001151:Arsenic