title: Long-term effects of heavy metals and antibiotics on granule-based anammox process: granule property and performance evolution.
abstract: The feasibility of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process to treat synthetic swine wastewater containing antibiotics and heavy metals was studied in this work. Nitrogen removal performance and granule characteristics were tracked by continuous-flow monitoring to evaluate the long-term joint effects of Cu and Zn and of Cu and oxytetracycline (OTC). Cu and Zn with a joint loading rate (JLR) of 0.04 kg m(-3) day(-1) did not affect the performance, while a JLR of 0.12 kg m(-3) day(-1) caused a rapid collapse in performance. Cu and OTC addition with a JLR of 0.04 kg m(-3) day(-1) for approximately 2 weeks induced significant nitrite accumulation. Granule characteristic analysis elucidated the disparate inhibition mechanisms of heavy metals and antibiotics: the internalization of heavy metals caused metabolic disorders, whereas OTC functioned as a growth retarder. However, anammox reactors could adapt to a JLR of 0.04 kg m(-3) day(-1) via self-regulation during the acclimatization to subinhibitory concentrations, which had a stable nitrogen removal rate (>8.5 kg m(-3) day(-1)) and removal rate efficiency (>75 %) for reactors with Cu-OTC addition. Therefore, this study supports the great potential of using anammox granules to treat swine wastewater.
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.|Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.
authors.forename: Zheng-Zhe
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.|Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.
authors.forename: Qian-Qian
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.|Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Jia
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.|Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Jian
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.|Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.|Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Zhong
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
authors.forename: Guo-He
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China. jrczju@aliyun.com.|Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China. jrczju@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Ren-Cun
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000378:metabolism*; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000187:drug effects*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013552:Swine; D013995:Time; D062065:Wastewater / Q000382:microbiology*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Anammox; Antibiotic inhibition; Heavy metal inhibition; Sludge characteristics; Swine wastewater