title: Genetic fine mapping and genomic annotation defines causal mechanisms at type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci.
abstract: We performed fine mapping of 39 established type 2 diabetes (T2D) loci in 27,206 cases and 57,574 controls of European ancestry. We identified 49 distinct association signals at these loci, including five mapping in or near KCNQ1. 'Credible sets' of the variants most likely to drive each distinct signal mapped predominantly to noncoding sequence, implying that association with T2D is mediated through gene regulation. Credible set variants were enriched for overlap with FOXA2 chromatin immunoprecipitation binding sites in human islet and liver cells, including at MTNR1B, where fine mapping implicated rs10830963 as driving T2D association. We confirmed that the T2D risk allele for this SNP increases FOXA2-bound enhancer activity in islet- and liver-derived cells. We observed allele-specific differences in NEUROD1 binding in islet-derived cells, consistent with evidence that the T2D risk allele increases islet MTNR1B expression. Our study demonstrates how integration of genetic and genomic information can define molecular mechanisms through which variants underlying association signals exert their effects on disease.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
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authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1318-7161
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authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: N William
authors.initials: NW
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authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.|Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.|Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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authors.affiliation: INSERM Centre de Recherche Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP) U1018, Villejuif, France.|University Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University General Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
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authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR 8199, Institute of Biology and Lille 2 University, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Science Malmo, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden.|Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden.|Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden.
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authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research, partner site Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Integrated Treatment and Research (IFB) Center for Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Centre Genomics Core Facility, Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Guy's &St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.|Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.|Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Mühleisen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany.|Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Neuherberg, Germany.|DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller-Nurasyid
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Department of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.|Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nöthen
authors.affiliation: Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Science Malmo, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden.
authors.forename: Nikolay N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Oskolkov
authors.affiliation: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Katharine R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
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authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sonali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pechlivanis
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.|Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peltonen
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: John R B
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.affiliation: Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) Research Center, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway.|Department of Internal Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trondelag Health Trust, Levanger, Norway.
authors.forename: Carl G P
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Platou
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research, partner site Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany.|Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roden
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ruderfer
authors.affiliation: Boston University Data Coordinating Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rybin
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yvonne T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: van der Schouw
authors.affiliation: Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sennblad
authors.affiliation: Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.|Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sigurðsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stančáková
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Central Laboratory, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steinbach
authors.affiliation: Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Science Malmo, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden.
authors.forename: Petter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Storm
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strauch
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Stringham
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thorand
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Emmi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tikkanen
authors.affiliation: Integrated Treatment and Research (IFB) Center for Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tonjes
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trakalo
authors.affiliation: Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.|Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tremoli
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland.|Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Research Program for Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tiinamaija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuomi
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wennauer
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiltshire
authors.affiliation: Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Eleftheria
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zeggini
authors.affiliation: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dunham
authors.affiliation: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Ewan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Birney
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.|Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.|CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pasquali
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.|Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Centre Esther Koplowitz, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.|Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.|Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.|Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Ruth J F
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Loos
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Josée
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dupuis
authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Diabetes Research Center, Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jose C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Florez
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.|Human Genome Sequencing Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boerwinkle
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Pankow
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing and Center for Medical Systems Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Duijn
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sijbrands
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meigs
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Unnur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Thorsteinsdottir
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stefansson
authors.affiliation: Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland.|Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Timo A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lakka
authors.affiliation: Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rauramaa
authors.affiliation: Integrated Treatment and Research (IFB) Center for Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stumvoll
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Sirkka M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
authors.affiliation: South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinajoki, Finland.
authors.forename: Eeva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Korpi-Hyövälti
authors.affiliation: Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland.|Pirkanmaa District Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Timo E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Saaristo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyvasklya, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saltevo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuusisto
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laakso
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Metspalu
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Cardiology, West German Heart Centre, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisdurg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Raimund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Erbel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jöcke
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moebus
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.|Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Samuli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ripatti
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Veikko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Salomaa
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ingelsson
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany.|Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
authors.forename: Bernhard O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.affiliation: National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Francis S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Mohlke
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koistinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.|Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria.|Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
authors.affiliation: Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) Research Center, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway.
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hveem
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway.
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Njølstad
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.|William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deloukas
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.affiliation: Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Frayling
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hattersley
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: de Faire
authors.affiliation: Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamsten
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Illig
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.|DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Lille Institute of Biology, European Genomics Institute of Diabetes, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cauchi
authors.affiliation: Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sladek
authors.affiliation: Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.|Lille Institute of Biology, European Genomics Institute of Diabetes, Lille, France.|CNRS UMR 8199, Institute of Biology and Lille 2 University, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Froguel
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Oluf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK.|Pharmacogenomics Centre, Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Collin N A
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Sekar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kathiresan
authors.affiliation: Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Science Malmo, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden.
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Melander
authors.affiliation: Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Science Malmo, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland.|Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Science Malmo, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden.
authors.forename: Leif C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.|University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK.|National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barroso
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Langenberg
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Gloyn
authors.affiliation: Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Diabetes Research Center, Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7250-4107
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Altshuler
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boehnke
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Tanya M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Teslovich
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.|Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D056426:Genetic Loci; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D023281:Genomics; D051542:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D044123:Receptor, Melatonin, MT2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C496502:FOXA2 protein, human; D044123:Receptor, Melatonin, MT2; D051542:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta