title: Survival and Transfer of Murine Norovirus within a Hydroponic System during Kale and Mustard Microgreen Harvesting.
abstract: Hydroponically grown microgreens are gaining in popularity, but there is a lack of information pertaining to their microbiological safety. The potential risks associated with virus contamination of crops within a hydroponic system have not been studied to date. Here a human norovirus (huNoV) surrogate (murine norovirus [MNV]) was evaluated for its ability to become internalized from roots to edible tissues of microgreens. Subsequently, virus survival in recirculated water without adequate disinfection was assessed. Kale and mustard seeds were grown on hydroponic pads (for 7 days with harvest at days 8 to 12), edible tissues (10 g) were cut 1 cm above the pads, and corresponding pieces (4 cm by 4 cm) of pads containing only roots were collected separately. Samples were collected from a newly contaminated system (recirculated water inoculated with ∼3 log PFU/ml MNV on day 8) and from a previously contaminated system. (A contaminated system without adequate disinfection or further inoculation was used for production of another set of microgreens.) Viral titers and RNA copies were quantified by plaque assay and real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The behaviors of MNV in kale and mustard microgreens were similar (P > 0.05). MNV was detected in edible tissues and roots after 2 h postinoculation, and the levels were generally stable during the first 12 h. Relatively low levels (∼2.5 to ∼1.5 log PFU/sample of both edible tissues and roots) of infectious viruses were found with a decreasing trend over time from harvest days 8 to 12. However, the levels of viral RNA present were higher and consistently stable (∼4.0 to ∼5.5 log copies/sample). Recirculated water maintained relatively high levels of infectious MNV over the period of harvest, from 3.54 to 2.73 log PFU/ml. Importantly, cross-contamination occurred easily; MNV remained infectious in previously contaminated hydroponic systems for up to 12 days (2.26 to 1.00 PFU/ml), and MNV was detected in both edible tissues and roots. Here we see that viruses can be recirculated in water, even after an initial contamination event is removed, taken up through the roots of microgreens, and transferred to edible tissues. The ease of product contamination shown here reinforces the need for proper sanitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA kniel@udel.edu.
authors.forename: Kalmia E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Kniel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001937:Brassica / Q000254:growth & development / Q000821:virology*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D018527:Hydroponics; D051379:Mice; D009149:Mustard Plant / Q000254:growth & development / Q000821:virology*; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000821:virology; D014675:Vegetables / Q000254:growth & development / Q000821:virology