title: Soft Lithography Using Nectar Droplets.
abstract: In spite of significant advances in replication technologies, methods to produce well-defined three-dimensional structures are still at its infancy. Such a limitation would be evident if we were to produce a large array of simple and, especially, compound convex lenses, also guaranteeing that their surfaces would be molecularly smooth. Here, we report a novel method to produce such structures by cloning the 3D shape of nectar drops, found widely in nature, using conventional soft lithography.The elementary process involves transfer of a thin patch of the sugar solution coated on a glass slide onto a hydrophobic substrate on which this patch evolves into a microdroplet. Upon the absorption of water vapor, such a microdroplet grows linearly with time, and its final size can be controlled by varying its exposure time to water vapor. At any stage of the evolution of the size of the drop, its shape can be cloned onto a soft elastomer by following the well-known methods of molding and cross-linking the same. A unique new science that emerges in our attempt to understand the transfer of the sugar patch and its evolution to a spherical drop is the elucidation of the mechanics underlying the contact of a deformable sphere against a solid support intervening a thin liquid film. A unique aspect of this work is to demonstrate that higher level structures can also be generated by transferring even smaller nucleation sites on the surface of the primary lenses and then allowing them to grow by absorption of water vapor. What results at the end is either a well-controlled distribution of smooth hemispherical lenses or compound structures that could have potential applications in the fundamental studies of contact mechanics, wettability, and even in optics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University , Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States.
authors.forename: Saheli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University , Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States.
authors.forename: Aditi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.affiliation: Soft Matter Science and Engineering Laboratory (SIMM), CNRS/UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR 7615, ESPCI, F-75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chateauminois
authors.affiliation: CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8237, Laboratoire Jean Perrin (LJP), F-75005, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Elie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wandersman
authors.affiliation: CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8237, Laboratoire Jean Perrin (LJP), F-75005, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Alexis M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Prevost
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University , Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States.
authors.forename: Manoj K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Chaudhury