title: Systematic review and clinical recommendations for dosage of supported home-based standing programs for adults with stroke, spinal cord injury and other neurological conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sitting for more than 8 h a day has been shown to negatively impact health and mortality while standing is the recommended healthier alternative. Home-based standing programs are commonly recommended for adults who cannot stand and/or walk independently. The aim of this systematic review is to review effectiveness of home-based standing programs for adults with neurological conditions including stroke and spinal cord injury; and to provide dosage guidelines to address body structure and function, activity and participation outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight electronic databases were searched, including Cochrane Library databases, MEDLINE, CINAHL and EMBASE. From 376 articles, 36 studies addressing impact of a standing intervention on adults with sub-acute or chronic neurological conditions and published between 1980 and September 2015 were included. Two reviewers independently screened titles, reviewed abstracts, evaluated full-text articles and rated quality and strength of evidence. Evidence level was rated using Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine Levels and quality evaluated using a domain-based risk-of-bias rating. Outcomes were divided according to ICF components, diagnoses and dosage amounts from individual studies. GRADE and the Evidence-Alert Traffic-Lighting system were used to determine strength of recommendation and adjusted in accordance with risk-of-bias rating.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stronger evidence supports the impact of home-based supported standing programs on range of motion and activity, primarily for individuals with stroke or spinal cord injury while mixed evidence supports impact on bone mineral density. Evidence for other outcomes and populations is weak or very weak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standing should occur 30 min 5 times a week for a positive impact on most outcomes while 60 min daily is suggested for mental function and bone mineral density.
authors.affiliation: Montgomery County Infants and Toddlers Program, Rockville, MD, USA. ginny@paleg.com.
authors.forename: Ginny
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paleg
authors.affiliation: Sunny Hill Health Centre for Children, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Roslyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Livingstone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000592:standards; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation