title: Correlative micro-Raman/EPMA analysis of the hydraulic calcium silicate cement interface with dentin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to characterize the chemical interplay of hydraulic calcium silicate cements at dentin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Class I cavities were prepared in non-carious human third molars and filled with Biodentine (Septodont) or ProRoot MTA (Dentsply). After 1-day, 1-week, and 1-month Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) storage, the specimens were cross-sectioned perpendicular to the cement-dentin interface. The interfaces were evaluated using micro-Raman (μRaman) spectroscopy and at a higher spatial resolution using field emission gun electron probe microanalysis (Feg-SEM/EPMA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  μRaman spectroscopy revealed the formation of a transition zone at the interface of both Biodentine (Septodont) and ProRoot MTA (Dentsply) with dentin, having an average thickness of, respectively, 7.5 ± 4.2 and 6.2 ± 5.4 μm, which however was not statistically different. No difference in interfacial ultrastructure and chemistry was found using μRaman spectroscopy between 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month DPBS-stored specimens. The observation of a transition zone at the cement-dentin interfaces contrasts with the EPMA data that revealed a sharper transition from cement to dentin. Again, no difference in interfacial ultrastructure and chemistry was found for different storage periods, with the exception of one 1 month DPBS-stored specimen prepared using Biodentine (Septodont). More specifically, EPMA revealed a gap of about 10-μm wide in the latter specimen that was filled up with newly formed calcium phosphate depositions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Up to 1 month, the interaction of hydraulic calcium silicate cements investigated did not reveal ultrastructural or chemical changes at unaffected dentin with the exception of a calcium phosphate gap-filling property.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydraulic calcium silicate cements were found to fill gaps by calcium phosphate deposition, however, without conducting chemical changes to the adjacent dentin.
authors.affiliation: BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven) & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok A - box 7001, Leuven, BE-3000, Belgium.|The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven) & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok A - box 7001, Leuven, BE-3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pongprueksa
authors.affiliation: BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven) & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok A - box 7001, Leuven, BE-3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Landuyt
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven) & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok A - box 7001, Leuven, BE-3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pedano
authors.affiliation: BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven) & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok A - box 7001, Leuven, BE-3000, Belgium. bart.vanmeerbeek@med.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Meerbeek
authors.affiliation: BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven) & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, blok A - box 7001, Leuven, BE-3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Munck
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008964:Molar, Third; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012823:Silicate Cement / Q000737:chemistry*; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003738:Dental Cements; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010087:Oxides; D017640:Silicates; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D012823:Silicate Cement; C506393:tricalcium silicate
keywords: EPMA; Hydraulic calcium silicate cement; Interfacial interaction; Micro-Raman spectroscopy