title: Notochord manipulation does not impact oesophageal and tracheal formation from isolated foregut in 3D explant culture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tracheo-oesophageal malformations result from disturbed foregut separation during early development. The notochord, a specialised embryonic structure, forms immediately adjacent to the dividing foregut. In the Adriamycin mouse model of oesophageal atresia, foregut and notochord abnormalities co-exist, and the site and severity of foregut malformations closely correlate to the position and extent of the notochord defects. Notochord and foregut abnormalities also co-exist in the Noggin Knockout mouse as well in a small number of human cases. The notochord is a source of powerful molecular signals during early embryogenesis, being particularly important for neural crest development. The influence of notochord signaling on the adjacent foregut is not known. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of notochord manipulation on foregut separation using a robust 3D explant method for culturing isolated foregut which permits oeosphageal and tracheal formation in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Foregut was micro-dissected from embryonic day 9 mice (License B100/4447 Irish Medicines Board), embedded in collagen and cultured for 48 h with native notochord intact (n = 6), notochord removed (n = 10) or additional notochord transplanted from stage matched controls (n = 8). Specimens were analysed for foregut morphology and molecular patterning using immunohistochemistry for Hnf3b (an endoderm marker) and Sox2 (a notochord and oesophageal marker) on cryosections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Foregut separation into distinct oesophagus and trachea was observed in isolated foregut specimens with or without their native notochord. In specimens with additional notochord transplants, foregut morphology and molecular patterning were comparable to controls whether or not the native notochord was maintained. In particular foregut separation was not disrupted by the transplantation of additional notochord at the dorsal foregut endoderm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship between the embryonic foregut and notochord is complex and ill-defined; however, the notochord does not contribute essentially to oesophagus and trachea formation beyond E9 in the mouse, and the transplantation of additional notochord does not disrupt foregut separation in 3D explant culture.
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.|National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.|Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mc Laughlin
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland. prem.puri@ucd.ie.
authors.forename: Prem
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004947:Esophagus / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009672:Notochord / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology; D014132:Trachea / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology
keywords: Culture; Foregut; Notochord; Oesophagus; Trachea