title: Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) detected in azoospermic testicular biopsies of adult survivors of childhood cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infertility is a known side-effect of oncotherapy in cancer survivors, and often compromises the quality of life. The present study was undertaken to detect very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) in testicular biopsies from young adult survivors of childhood cancer who had azoospermia. VSELs have been earlier reported in human and mouse testes. They resist busulphan treatment in mice and potentially restore spermatogenesis when the somatic niche is restored by transplanting Sertoli or mesenchymal cells. VSELs also have the potential to differentiate into sperm in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study had clearance from Institutional review board (IRB). Seven azoospermic survivors of childhood cancer were included in the study after obtaining their informed consent. Semen analysis was done to confirm azoospermia prior to inclusion in the study. Testicular biopsies were performed at the Uro-oncology Unit of the hospital and then used for various studies to detect VSELs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hematoxylin and Eosin stained tubular sections confirmed azoospermia and smears revealed the presence of very small, spherical VSELs with high nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, in addition to the Sertoli cells. Immuno-localization studies on testicular smears showed that the VSELs were CD133+/CD45-/LIN-, expressed nuclear OCT-4, STELLA and cell surface SSEA-4. Pluripotent transcripts Oct-4A, Nanog and Sox-2 were detected in azoospermic samples whereas marked reduction was observed in germ cell markers Oct-4 and Boule.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates the presence of pluripotent VSELs in the testicular biopsy of azoospermic adult survivors of childhood cancer. It is likely that these persisting VSELs can restore spermatogenesis as demonstrated in mice studies. Therefore, pilot studies need to be undertaken using autologous mesenchymal cells with a hope to restore testicular function and fertility in cancer survivors. The results of this study assume a great significance in the current era, where cryopreservation of testicular tissue in young pre-pubertal boys for restoring spermatogenesis in adulthood is still in experimental stages.
authors.affiliation: ACT Clinic, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India. purna.kurkure@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Purna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kurkure
authors.affiliation: ACT Clinic, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India. maya.prasad@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.affiliation: ACT Clinic, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India. vandana_padgaonkar@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Vandana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dhamankar
authors.affiliation: Division of Uro-oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India. gkbakshi1973@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bakshi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053713:Azoospermia / Q000473:pathology*; D001706:Biopsy; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D017741:Survivors; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult