title: Decoupling production from growth by magnesium sulfate limitation boosts de novo limonene production.
abstract: The microbial production of isoprenoids has recently developed into a prime example for successful bottom-up synthetic biology or top-down systems biology strategies. Respective fermentation processes typically rely on growing recombinant microorganisms. However, the fermentative production of isoprenoids has to compete with cellular maintenance and growth for carbon and energy. Non-growing but metabolically active E. coli cells were evaluated in this study as alternative biocatalyst configurations to reduce energy and carbon loss towards biomass formation. The use of non-growing cells in an optimized fermentation medium resulted in more than fivefold increased specific limonene yields on cell dry weight and glucose, as compared to the traditional growing-cell-approach. Initially, the stability of the resting-cell activity was limited. This instability was overcome via the optimization of the minimal fermentation medium enabling high and stable limonene production rates for up to 8 h and a high specific yield of ≥50 mg limonene per gram cell dry weight. Omitting MgSO4 from the fermentation medium was very promising to prohibit growth and allow high productivities. Applying a MgSO4 -limitation also improved limonene formation by growing cells during non-exponential growth involving a reduced biomass yield on glucose and a fourfold increase in specific limonene yields on biomass as compared to non-limited cultures. The control of microbial growth via the medium composition was identified as a key but yet underrated strategy for efficient isoprenoid production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1305-1314. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany.|Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Willrodt
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoschek
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bühler
authors.affiliation: Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany. andreas.schmid@ufz.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
authors.forename: Mattijs K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Julsing
mesh_terms: D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology*; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D000077222:Limonene; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D013729:Terpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D053138:Cyclohexenes; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013729:Terpenes; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate; D000077222:Limonene
keywords: decoupling production from growth; fermentation; industrial biotechnology; limonene; reaction engineering; resting cells