title: Effect of a 2-year home-based endurance training intervention on physiological function and PSA doubling time in prostate cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Physical activity after prostate cancer diagnosis has been shown to reduce the risk of disease progression. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of a 2-year home-based endurance training intervention on body composition, biomarkers levels, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time as a surrogate end-point for progressing disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Out-clinic patients with either biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy or patients managed on active surveillance were randomized to either 24 months (3 times/week) of home-based endurance training or usual care. Aerobic fitness, body composition, insulin sensitivity, and biomarkers were measured at 0, 6, and 24 months of intervention. PSA doubling time (PSADT) was calculated based on monthly PSA measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five patients were enrolled, and 19 patients completed the study. PSADT increased in the training group from 28 to 76 months (p < 0.05) during the first 6 months and was correlated with changes in VO2max (p < 0.01, r (2) = 0.41). The training group lost 3.6 ± 1.0 kg (p < 0.05) exclusively as fat mass, yet the changes in body composition were not associated with the increased PSADT. The training group showed significant improvements in plasma triglycerides, adiponectin, IGF-1, IGFBP-1, and fasting glucose levels, but no changes in insulin sensitivity (measured as Matsuda index), testosterone, cholesterols, fasting insulin, plasma TNF-alpha, IL-6, or leptin levels. The control group showed no changes in any of the evaluated parameters across the 2-year intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this small randomized controlled trial, we found that improvements in fitness levels correlated with increasing PSADT, suggesting a link between training and disease progression.
authors.affiliation: The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre of Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet M7641, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hvid
authors.affiliation: The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre of Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet M7641, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Birgitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindegaard
authors.affiliation: The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre of Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet M7641, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kamilla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Winding
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iversen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brasso
authors.affiliation: The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre of Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet M7641, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas P J
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.affiliation: The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre of Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet M7641, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bente K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre of Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet M7641, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. phojman@inflammation-metabolism.dk.
authors.forename: Pernille
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hojman
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000368:Aged; D001823:Body Composition; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D005080:Exercise Test; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000097:blood*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010807:Physical Endurance; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000601:surgery; D012306:Risk; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin; C439524:TNF protein, human; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D002784:Cholesterol; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: Exercise; Insulin sensitivity and body composition; PSA; PSA doubling time