title: The anatomic findings during operative exploration for non-palpable testes: A prospective evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We conducted a randomized trial comparing 1 and 2-stage laparoscopic orchiopexy for intra-abdominal testes. During recruitment, it became apparent that most patients with non-palpable testes do not require vascular division. In this report, we outline the location and quality of testes found during operative exploration in patients who consented for the study but were not randomized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis was performed on 80 patients undergoing operative exploration for non-palpable testes between 2007 and 2014. The location and pathology of undescended testes were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 87 preoperative non-palpable testes in 80 patients that were consented but not randomized to 1 or 2 stage orchiopexy with vascular division. Forty (46%) of nonrandomized testes were atrophic or absent, and 47 (54%) were normal in appearance. Sixty eight testes were evaluated via laparoscopy. The most common location for normal (81%) and absent/atrophic (70%) testes was the inguinal canal. Atrophic testes were more often left sided (72.5%) with normal testes equally divided. Patients with atrophic or absent testicles were more likely to have a closed internal ring (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the majority of patients undergoing operative exploration for non-palpable testes will not require vascular division, and instead would be either atrophic or able to undergo traditional orchiopexy.
  
  
  METHODS
  III.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO.
authors.forename: Katherine W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO.
authors.forename: Brian G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO.
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Leys
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO. Electronic address: sspeter@cmh.edu.
authors.forename: Shawn D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: St Peter
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ostlie
mesh_terms: D001284:Atrophy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007264:Inguinal Canal / Q000601:surgery; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D056126:Orchiopexy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Atrophy; Laparoscopy; Location; Undescended testicle