title: Deviations from Boltzmann-Gibbs Statistics in Confined Optical Lattices.
abstract: We investigate the semiclassical phase-space probability distribution P(x,p) of cold atoms in a Sisyphus cooling lattice with an additional harmonic confinement. We pose the question of whether this nonequilibrium steady state satisfies the equivalence of energy and probability. This equivalence is the foundation of Boltzmann-Gibbs and generalized thermostatic statistics, and a prerequisite for the description in terms of a temperature. At large energies, P(x,p) depends only on the Hamiltonian H(x,p) and the answer to the question is yes. In distinction to the Boltzmann-Gibbs state, the large-energy tails are power laws P(x,p)∝H(x,p)(-1/D), where D is related to the depth of the optical lattice. At intermediate energies, however, P(x,p) cannot be expressed as a function of the Hamiltonian and the equivalence between energy and probability breaks down. As a consequence the average potential and kinetic energy differ and no well-defined temperature can be assigned. The Boltzmann-Gibbs state is regained only in the limit of deep optical lattices. For strong confinement relative to the damping, we derive an explicit expression for the stationary phase-space distribution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.|Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dechant
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barkai