title: Mucocutaneous manifestations of helminth infections: Trematodes and cestodes.
abstract: In the 21st century, despite increased international travel for vacation, work, and medical missions and immigration into the United States, there is little published in the dermatology literature regarding the cutaneous manifestations of helminth infections. It has been estimated that 20% to 70% of international travelers suffer from some travel-related health problem. Approximately 17% of travelers seek medical care because of cutaneous disorders, many related to infectious etiologies. This review will focus on cutaneous diseases caused by helminth infections. Part I of the review focused on nematode infections; part II will focus on trematode and cestode infections. Nematodes are roundworms that cause diseases with cutaneous manifestations, such as cutaneous larval migrans, onchocerciasis, filariasis, gnathostomiasis, loiasis, dracunculiasis, strongyloidiasis, ascariasis, streptocerciasis, dirofilariasis, and trichinosis. Tremadotes, also known as flukes, cause schistosomiasis, paragonimiasis, and fascioliasis. Cestodes (tapeworms) are flat, hermaphroditic parasites that cause diseases such as sparganosis, cysticercosis, and echinococcus.
authors.affiliation: Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro and Policlinica Geral do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janerio, Brazil.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lupi
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas. Electronic address: Christopher.P.Downing@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Downing
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.affiliation: Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giglio
authors.affiliation: National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Laila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Woc-Colburn
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, Texas; Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Stephen K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tyring
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000923:Anticestodal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000980:Antiplatyhelmintic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002589:Cestoda / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002590:Cestode Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015994:Incidence; D007815:Larva Migrans / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D035583:Rare Diseases; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012876:Skin Diseases, Parasitic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D014195:Travel; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014200:Trematoda / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014201:Trematode Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014329:Tropical Climate
chemical_list: D000923:Anticestodal Agents; D000980:Antiplatyhelmintic Agents
keywords: cysticercosis; echinococcus; fascioliasis; helminth; paragonimiasis; parasite; schistosomiasis; travel