title: Determining optimal threshold for statins prescribing: individualization of statins treatment for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) statin guidelines recommend that people with risk of cardio-vascular disease (CVD) ≥7.5% over 10 years should be treated with statins. This recommendation ignores individual patient CVD risks and preferences. We compared the ACC/AHA guidelines to the following management strategies a) individualized statins treatment based on Framingham Risk Score (FRS), b) treat none, c) treat all.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed regret-based decision curve analysis to evaluate the optimal treatment strategy. We used data on 5013 participants from the second generation of the Framingham Heart Study. We assessed regret of each treatment strategy [treat according to FRS vs. treat none vs. treat all] as a function of emotionally felt loss of treatment benefits and incurred treatment harms. We calculated the difference between regret associated with one strategy compared with the other and expressed it as Net Expected Regret Difference (NERD). Two strategies are identical if NERD = 0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment according to ACC/AHA guidelines represents the optimal strategy only if the patient values avoiding heart disease 12 times more than harms related to statins. For values of benefit/harms (B/H) <12, treatment according to FRS represents the optimal strategy. For B/H <3, 'treat none' represents equally acceptable strategy. Adopting a threshold of 10% recommended by other professional organizations would decrease over-treatment by more than 60% without significantly affecting under-treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under most realistic scenarios, individualizing statins treatment, or not recommending statins at all, represents the optimal strategy for primary prevention of heart disease.
authors.affiliation: USF Health Program for Comparative Effectiveness Research, Division for Evidence-Based Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.|Departments of Hematology and Health Outcome Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.|Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Djulbegovic
authors.affiliation: USF Health Program for Comparative Effectiveness Research, Division for Evidence-Based Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsalatsanis
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Indiana University, Gary, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Iztok
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hozo
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000572:American Heart Association; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D057240:Patient Preference; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008055:Lipids
keywords: clinical guidelines; diagnosis; evaluation