title: Comparative Effectiveness of Insecticides for Use Against the House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae): Determination of Resistance Levels on a Malaysian Poultry Farm.
abstract: In this study, the toxicology of two commercial larvicides--cyromazine (Neporex 50SP) and ChCy (combination of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin, Naga 505)--and five commercial adulticides--thiamethoxam (Agita 10WG), cyfluthrin (Responsar WP), lambda-cyhalothrin (Icon 2.8EC), fipronil (Regent 50SC), and imidacloprid (Toxilat 10WP)--was examined against the WHO/VCRU (World Health Organization/ Vector Control Research Unit) susceptible strain and the AYTW (Ayer Tawar) field strain of house fly, Musca domestica L. These pesticides were administered topically, in the diet, or as a dry residue treatment on plywood. Probit analysis using at least five concentrations and the concentration that was lethal to 50% (LC(50)) of the organisms was applied to compare the toxicology and resistance levels of the AYTW population to different insecticides. In the larvicide laboratory study, ChCy was more effective than cyromazine, with a significantly lower LC(50) value when administered topically or in the diet, although the AYTW population was susceptible to both larvicides with a resistance ratio (RR) <10. For the adulticide laboratory study, cyfluthrin and fipronil exhibited the lowest LC50 values of the adulticides, indicating that they are both effective at controlling adult flies, although lambda-cyhalothrin showed moderate resistance (RR = 11.60 by topical application; 12.41 by plywood treatment). Further investigation of ChCy, cyromazine, cyfluthrin, and fipronil under field conditions confirmed that ChCy and cyromazine strikingly reduced larval density, and surprisingly, ChCy also exhibited adulticidal activity, which significantly reduced adult fly numbers compared with the control group. Cyfluthrin and fipronil were also confirmed to be effective, with a significant reduction in adult fly numbers compared with the control group.
authors.affiliation: Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University Science Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia (songguan26@gmail.com; hamdana@usm.my; zairi@usm.my; adnanrus@usm.my) songguan26@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Song-Quan
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.affiliation: Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University Science Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia (songguan26@gmail.com; hamdana@usm.my; zairi@usm.my; adnanrus@usm.my).
authors.forename: Hamdan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University Science Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia (songguan26@gmail.com; hamdana@usm.my; zairi@usm.my; adnanrus@usm.my).
authors.forename: Zairi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jaal
authors.affiliation: Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University Science Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia (songguan26@gmail.com; hamdana@usm.my; zairi@usm.my; adnanrus@usm.my).
authors.forename: Adanan Che
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rus
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D006793:Houseflies; D006799:Housing, Animal; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides; D008296:Malaysia
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides
keywords: Musca domestica; diet treatment; resistance level; topical application; toxicology