title: Glutamine may repress the weak LPS and enhance the strong heat shock induction of monocyte and lymphocyte HSP72 proteins but may not modulate the HSP72 mRNA in patients with sepsis or trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or heat shock (HS) induction of heat shock protein-72 (HSP72) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with severe sepsis (SS) or trauma-related systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), compared to healthy individuals (H); we also investigated any pre- or posttreatment modulating glutamine (Gln) effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  SS (11), SIRS (10), and H (19) PBMCs were incubated with 1 μg/mL LPS or 43°HS. Gln 10 mM was either added 1 h before or 1 h after induction or was not added at all. We measured monocyte (m), lymphocyte (l), mRNA HSP72, HSP72 polymorphisms, interleukins (ILs), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and cortisol levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline lHSP72 was higher in SS (p < 0.03), and mHSP72 in SIRS (p < 0.02), compared to H. Only HS induced l/mHSP72/mRNA HSP72; LPS induced IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and MCP-1. Induced mRNA was related to l/mHSP72, and was related negatively to cytokines. Intracellular l/mHSP72/HSP72 mRNA was related to serum ILs, not being influenced by cortisol, illness severity, and HSP72 polymorphisms. Gln did not induce mRNA in any group but modified l/mHSP72 after LPS/HS induction unpredictably.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HSP72 mRNA and l/mHSP72 are higher among critically ill patients, further induced by HS, not by LPS. HSP72 proteins and HSP72 mRNA are related to serum ILs and are negatively related to supernatant cytokines, not being influenced by HSP72 polymorphisms, cortisol, or illness severity. Gln may depress l/mHSP72 after LPS exposure and enhance them after HS induction, but it may not affect early induced HSP72 mRNA.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Efrossini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Briassouli
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology-Histocompatibility, Specialized Center & Referral Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies-Paediatric Immunology, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tzanoudaki
authors.affiliation: First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goukos
authors.affiliation: First Critical Care Department, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Routsi
authors.affiliation: First Critical Care Department, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Serafim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nanas
authors.affiliation: First Critical Care Department, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Kostas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vardas
authors.affiliation: First Critical Care Department, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Kleovoulos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Apostolou
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology-Histocompatibility, Specialized Center & Referral Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies-Paediatric Immunology, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanariou
authors.affiliation: First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Daikos
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Briassoulis
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D018869:Heat-Shock Response; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018805:Sepsis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005973:Glutamine