title: Anterior cruciate ligament tears for the primary care sports physician: what to know on the field and in the office.
abstract: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are relatively common and can lead to knee dysfunction. The classic presentation is a non-contact twisting injury with an audible pop and the rapid onset of swelling. Prompt evaluation and diagnosis of ACL injuries are important. Acute treatment consists of cessation of the sporting activity, ice, compression, and elevation with evaluation by a physician familiar with ACL injuries and their management. The diagnosis is made with the use of patient history and physical examination as well as imaging studies. Radiographs may show evidence of a bony injury. MRI confirms the diagnosis and evaluates the knee for concomitant injuries to the cartilage, menisci and other knee ligaments. For active patients, operative treatment is often recommended while less-active patients may not require surgery. The goal of this review is to discuss the diagnosis of an ACL injury and provide clear management strategies for the primary-care sports medicine physician.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Wendell M R
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Heard
authors.affiliation: a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Wade C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: VanSice
authors.affiliation: a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Felix H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Savoie
mesh_terms: D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery; D011320:Primary Health Care; D013177:Sports; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament; knee injury; knee instability; ligament tear