title: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes as solid-phase extraction sorbents for simultaneous determination of type A trichothecenes in maize, wheat and rice by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: A solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as sorbents coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed for simultaneous determination of four type A trichothecenes in maize, wheat and rice for the first time. Several key parameters including the composition of sample loading solutions, washing and elution solvents were thoroughly investigated to achieve optimal SPE recoveries and efficiency. Performance of the MWCNTs materials was significantly affected by pH, and after optimization, n-hexane and 5% methanol aqueous solution as the washing solutions and methanol containing 1% formic acid as the elution solvent presented an excellent purification efficiency for the four targets in the different matrices. The method was validated by determining the linearity (R(2)≥0.992), recovery (73.4-113.7%), precision (1.2-17.1%) and sensitivity (limit of quantification in the range of 0.02-0.10μg/kg), and was further applied for simultaneous determination of type A trichothecenes in 30 samples. Although low contamination levels of type A trichothecenes in wheat, maize and rice were observed revealing mitigated risks to consumers in Shanghai, China, the developed method has proven to be a valuable tool for type A trichothecenes monitoring in complex crop matrices.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
authors.forename: Maofeng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
authors.forename: Wenshuai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Si
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Keqiu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
authors.forename: Dongxia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yongjiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
authors.forename: Zhihui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Saeger
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: Hanzheng_ok@163.com.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D064088:Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points / Q000379:methods*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry; D006109:Poaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000032:analysis*; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D014255:Trichothecenes; D014867:Water
keywords: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes; Solid-phase extraction; Type A trichothecenes; Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry