title: Women in Academic Medicine: Measuring Stereotype Threat Among Junior Faculty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gender stereotypes in science impede supportive environments for women. Research suggests that women's perceptions of these environments are influenced by stereotype threat (ST): anxiety faced in situations where one may be evaluated using negative stereotypes. This study developed and tested ST metrics for first time use with junior faculty in academic medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under a 2012 National Institutes of Health Pathfinder Award, Stanford School of Medicine's Office of Diversity and Leadership, working with experienced clinicians, social scientists, and epidemiologists, developed and administered ST measures to a representative group of junior faculty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  174 School of Medicine junior faculty were recruited (62% women, 38% men; 75% assistant professors, 25% instructors; 50% white, 40% Asian, 10% underrepresented minority). Women reported greater susceptibility to ST than did men across all items including ST vulnerability (p < 0.001); rejection sensitivity (p = 0.001); gender identification (p < 0.001); perceptions of relative potential (p = 0.048); and, sense of belonging (p = 0.049). Results of career-related consequences of ST were more nuanced. Compared with men, women reported lower beliefs in advancement (p = 0.021); however, they had similar career interest and identification, felt just as connected to colleagues, and were equally likely to pursue careers outside academia (all p > 0.42).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Innovative ST metrics can provide a more complete picture of academic medical center environments. While junior women faculty are susceptible to ST, they may not yet experience all of its consequences in their early careers. As such, ST metrics offer a tool for evaluating institutional initiatives to increase supportive environments for women in academic medicine.
authors.affiliation: 1 Office of Faculty Development and Diversity, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Magali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fassiotto
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Elizabeth Otto
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Hamel
authors.affiliation: 3 Apple, Inc. , Cupertino, California.
authors.forename: Manwai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Sociology, Stanford University , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Correll
authors.affiliation: 5 Office of the Vice Provost for Undergraduate Education, Stanford University , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Daisy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grewal
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lavori
authors.affiliation: 7 Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Periyakoil
authors.affiliation: 8 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.affiliation: 9 Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Christy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sandborg
authors.affiliation: 10 Department of Psychology, Stanford University , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.affiliation: 7 Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Winkleby
authors.affiliation: 7 Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.|11 National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Valantine
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000124:Achievement; D000328:Adult; D002140:California; D002322:Career Mobility; D005180:Faculty, Medical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000523:psychology*; D011287:Prejudice / Q000523:psychology*; D012577:Schools, Medical; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013240:Stereotyping; D014481:United States