title: Molecular characterization of coxsackievirus A21 in Shandong, China.
abstract: Coxsackievirus A21 (CV-A21) is a rarely detected serotype belonging to the species Enterovirus C (EV-C). In this study, we report the isolation and genetic characterization of CV-A21 in Shandong Province, China, during 1997 to 2013. A total of 13 strains were obtained from surveillance of cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) (n = 9) and from environmental sewage (n = 4). Sequence comparison of the VP1 genes revealed high nucleotide sequence similarity (94.1 % to 99.8 % identity) among these Shandong strains during the period of 17 years and 75.8 % to 98.5 % sequence identity to foreign strains. Bayesian phylodynamic evolutionary analysis of Shandong and global CV-A21 VP1 sequences revealed that the inferred CV-A21 ancestral sequence dated back to 1750 (1643-1841) and evolved with 2.943 × 10(-3) substitutions per site per year. Alignment of the deduced VP1 amino acid sequences revealed changes that might alter the hydropathicity of the encoded protein. The complete genome of one strain from 2013 was sequenced and evidence of recombination was detected by similarity plot and bootscanning analyses. This study describes the complete genome characterization and molecular epidemiology of CV-A21 in China and gives further insight into CV-A21 evolution.
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Suting
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Minglei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaojuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.|School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Aiqiang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China. zexin.tao@163.com.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China. zexin.tao@163.com.
authors.forename: Zexin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China. zhangdf1961@126.com.
authors.forename: Dongfeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003384:Coxsackievirus Infections / Q000821:virology*; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins
keywords: Complete genome; Coxsackievirus A21; Genetic analysis; Phylogeny; Recombination