title: Effect of Antibiotics on Gut Microbiota, Gut Hormones and Glucose Metabolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The gut microbiota has been designated as an active regulator of glucose metabolism and metabolic phenotype in a number of animal and human observational studies. We evaluated the effect of removing as many bacteria as possible by antibiotics on postprandial physiology in healthy humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meal tests with measurements of postprandial glucose tolerance and postprandial release of insulin and gut hormones were performed before, immediately after and 6 weeks after a 4-day, broad-spectrum, per oral antibiotic cocktail (vancomycin 500 mg, gentamycin 40 mg and meropenem 500 mg once-daily) in a group of 12 lean and glucose tolerant males. Faecal samples were collected for culture-based assessment of changes in gut microbiota composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute and dramatic reductions in the abundance of a representative set of gut bacteria was seen immediately following the antibiotic course, but no changes in postprandial glucose tolerance, insulin secretion or plasma lipid concentrations were found. Apart from an acute and reversible increase in peptide YY secretion, no changes were observed in postprandial gut hormone release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As evaluated by selective cultivation of gut bacteria, a broad-spectrum 4-day antibiotics course with vancomycin, gentamycin and meropenem induced shifts in gut microbiota composition that had no clinically relevant short or long-term effects on metabolic variables in healthy glucose-tolerant males.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov NCT01633762.
authors.affiliation: Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.|NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kristian H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Mikkelsen
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Unit, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.affiliation: National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Martin I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Bahl
authors.affiliation: National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tine R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Licht
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ulrich S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.affiliation: NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Oluf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Endocrine Research Unit, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rehfeld
authors.affiliation: NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.affiliation: Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vilsbøll
authors.affiliation: Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.|NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Filip K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Knop
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058491:Bacterial Load; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects*; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D000077731:Meropenem; D019518:Postprandial Period; D013845:Thienamycins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D005839:Gentamicins; D007328:Insulin; D013845:Thienamycins; D014640:Vancomycin; D000077731:Meropenem; D005947:Glucose