title: Serum Cystatin C, Markers of Chronic Kidney Disease, and Retinopathy in Persons with Diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the association of CKD defined by serum creatinine, serum cystatin C, and albuminuria with moderate diabetic retinopathy (DR).
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 1,119 Indian adults with diabetes, aged 40-80 years, who participated in the Singapore Indian Eye Study (2007-2009), a population-based cross-sectional study. The associations of CKD defined by each of the three markers alone and in combination with moderate DR were examined using logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors including duration of diabetes, smoking, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and HbA1c.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of moderate DR was significantly higher among those with CKD defined by triple markers (41.1%) compared to CKD defined separately by creatinine (26.6%), cystatin C (20.9%), and albuminuria (23.4%). People with CKD defined by triple markers had a fourteenfold higher odds of moderate DR (OR (95% CI) = 13.63 (6.08-30.54)) compared to those without CKD by any marker. Nearly half (48.7%) of participants with cystatin C ≥ 1.12 mg/L have moderate DR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CKD defined by a triple marker panel was strongly associated with moderate DR in this Asian population with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856.
authors.forename: Chee Wai
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Singapore National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074.
authors.forename: Boon Wee
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856 ; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 119074 ; Department of Ophthalmology, Singapore National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074.
authors.forename: Ecosse
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lamoureux
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856 ; Department of Ophthalmology, Singapore National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074.
authors.forename: Mohammad Kamran
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ikram
authors.affiliation: Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, C24 Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Jie Jin
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Singapore National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074.
authors.forename: E Shyong
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Singapore National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856 ; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 119074 ; Department of Ophthalmology, Singapore National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074.
authors.forename: Tien Yin
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856 ; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 119074 ; Department of Ophthalmology, Singapore National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074.
authors.forename: Charumathi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sabanayagam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D055316:Cystatin C; D003404:Creatinine