title: Fabrication of tissue-engineered vascular grafts with stem cells and stem cell-derived vascular cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Current surgical treatments for cardiovascular disease include vascular bypass grafting and replacement with autologous blood vessels or synthetic vascular grafts. However, there is a call for better alternative biological grafts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) are promising novel alternatives to replace diseased vessels. However, obtaining enough functional and clinically usable vascular cells for fabrication of TEVGs remains a major challenge. New findings in adult stem cells and recent advances in pluripotent stem cells have opened a new avenue for stem cell-based vascular engineering. In this review, recent advances on stem cell sourcing for TEVGs including the use of adult stem cells and pluripotent stem cells and advantages, disadvantages, and possible future implementations of different types of stem cells will be discussed. In addition, current strategies used during the fabrication of TEVGs will be highlighted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of patient-specific TEVGs constructed with vascular cells derived from immune-compatible stem cells possesses huge clinical potential. Advances in lineage-specific differentiation approaches and innovative vascular engineering strategies will promote the vascular regeneration field from bench to bedside.
authors.affiliation: a Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.|b Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital , Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Hunan , China.
authors.forename: Lunchang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: c Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: a Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Claire E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Sorek
authors.affiliation: a Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Eugene Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: c Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.|d Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.|e Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.|f Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Peter X
authors.initials: PX
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: a Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D042783:Endothelial Cells; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells; D006801:Humans; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Adult stem cell; endothelial cell; fibroblast; pluripotent stem cell; smooth muscle cell; tissue-engineered vascular graft