title: Occupational exposures and chronic kidney disease: Possible associations with endotoxin and ultrafine particles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) carries a high public health burden yet there is limited research on occupational factors, which are examined in this retrospective case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Newly diagnosed cases of CKD (n = 547) and controls (n = 508) from North Carolina provided detailed work histories in telephone interviews. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was heterogeneity in the association of CKD and agricultural work, with crop production associated with increased risk and work with livestock associated with decreased risk. Work with cutting/cooling/lubricating oils was associated with a reduced risk. CKD risk was increased for working in dusty conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CKD risk was reduced in subjects with occupational exposures previously reported to involve endotoxin exposure. Further, exposure to dusty conditions was consistently associated with increased risk of glomerulonephritis across industry, suggesting that research on CKD and ultrafine particulates is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Todd R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Sponholtz
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Dale P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Christine G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.|Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Katie M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Applebaum
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000069599:Crop Production; D004391:Dust; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012997:Solvents / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D004391:Dust; D004731:Endotoxins; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012997:Solvents
keywords: heavy metals; kidney disease; nephritis; occupational exposures; particulates; silica