title: Autophagy Proteins Promote Repair of Endosomal Membranes Damaged by the Salmonella Type Three Secretion System 1.
abstract: Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) is an enteropathogen requiring multiple virulence factors, including two type three secretion systems (T1 and T2). T1 triggers epithelium invasion in which the bacteria are taken up into endosomes that mature into Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCV) and trigger T2 induction upon acidification. Mechanisms controlling endosome membrane integrity or pathogen egress into the cytosol are incompletely understood. We screened for host factors affecting invasion and SCV maturation and identified a role for autophagy in sealing endosomal membranes damaged by T1 during host cell invasion. S.Tm-infected autophagy-deficient (atg5(-/-)) cells exhibit reduced SCV dye retention and lower T2 expression but no effects on steps preceding SCV maturation. However, in the absence of T1, autophagy is dispensable for T2 induction. These findings establish a role of autophagy at early stages of S.Tm infection and suggest that autophagy-mediated membrane repair might be generally important for invasive pathogens and endosomal membrane function.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kreibich
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emmenlauer
authors.affiliation: Dynamics of host-pathogen interaction Unit, Institut Pasteur Paris, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fredlund
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pauli
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rämö
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Münz
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dehio
authors.affiliation: Dynamics of host-pathogen interaction Unit, Institut Pasteur Paris, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Enninga
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: hardt@micro.biol.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Wolf-Dietrich
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Hardt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D002460:Cell Line; D011992:Endosomes / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008566:Membranes / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D000069296:Type III Secretion Systems; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000069296:Type III Secretion Systems; D037521:Virulence Factors