title: Screening and In Vitro Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Thermoresponsive System Containing Methylene Blue for Local Photodynamic Therapy of Colorectal Cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with methylene blue (MB) constitutes a potentially useful modality for colorectal cancer treatment. The limitations of the formulations containing MB are problems of administration and the inability to get the closeness contact at the site during the appropriate residence time. Present study aimed to develop and characterize mucoadhesive thermoresponsive system containing MB designed as platform for colorectal cancer therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Formulations composed of different amounts of poloxamer 407 (Polox), Carbopol 934P (Carb), and MB were developed and characterized as rheological, compressional, mucoadhesive and syringeability properties, toxicity, photodynamic action, in vitro MB release profile, and ex vivo MB intestinal permeation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The different compositions resulted in formulations with distinctive macroscopic characteristics and wide range of gelation temperatures. The compressional flow, mucoadhesive, syringeability, and rheological properties were significantly influenced by temperature and/or composition. The MB release from formulation was governed by anomalous transport. In addition, it was observed that MB permeated the intestinal membrane; the formulation possesses photodynamic activity and low toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data obtained from the system composed of 20% Polox, 0.15% Carb, and 0.25% MB indicated a potentially functional role in PDT of the colorectal cancer and suggest it is worthy of clinical evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, K80, S22, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Belincanta
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Borghi-Pangoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, K80, S22, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Volpato
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Junqueira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, K80, S22, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sabrina Barbosa
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: de Souza Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, K80, S22, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Larissa Lachi
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno Ribeiro
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Rabello
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wilker
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Caetano
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, K80, S22, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diniz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, K80, S22, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil. mlbruschi@uem.br.
authors.forename: Marcos Luciano
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bruschi
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D000268:Adhesiveness / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005782:Gels / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D010539:Permeability; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods; D020442:Poloxamer / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D005782:Gels; D020442:Poloxamer; C453622:carbopol 934P; D008751:Methylene Blue
keywords: biodegradable polymers; biological evaluation; mechanical properties; methylene blue; photodynamic therapy