title: In vitro antimicrobial activity of crude ethanol extracts and fractions of Terminalia catappa and Vitex doniana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The spread of microorganisms resistant to some antimicrobial agents necessitates the need to search for novel and effective antimicrobial agents. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of Terminalid catappa Linn. (Combretaceae) and Vitex doniana Sweet. (Verbenaceae), two Nigerian medicinal plants used in folk medicines for the management of various ailments related to microbial infections were evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the crude ethanol extracts and fractions of the leaves and stem bark of T. catappa and V. doniana.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four crude ethanol extracts and 16 (n-hexane, ethylacetate, n-butanol and aqueous) fractions of leaves and stem bark of T. catappa and V doniana were evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial activity against fifteen (15) strains of bacteria and fungi. The antimicrobial activity was determined in a 96-well plate using a resazurin based broth microdilution method. Two standard antimicrobial drugs ampicillin and nystatin were included as positive control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The butanoL fraction of stem bark of T. catappa and ethanol crude extract of leaf of V don iana displayed the highest antibacterial activity with similar minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 93.75 microg/mL against S. aureus and B. subtilis. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction of stem bark of T. catappa showed the highest antifungal activity with MIC of 187.5 microg/mL against A. sydowi. Amp icillin had MIC of 15.6 and 31.3 microg/mL against S. aureus and B. subtili, respectively while nystatin produced MIC of 3.9 microg/mL against A. sydowi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Termninalia catappa and Vitex doniana may serve as useful sources of plant derived antimicrobial agents.
authors.forename: O O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Abiodun
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Osiyemi
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Agnihotri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gulati
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Ajaiyeoba
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000440:Butanols / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional; D009549:Nigeria; D008517:Phytotherapy; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D029766:Terminalia; D020950:Vitex
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000440:Butanols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000431:Ethanol