title: Ambient air concentrations exceeded health-based standards for fine particulate matter and benzene during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
abstract: The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is considered one of the largest marine oil spills in the history of the United States. Air emissions associated with the oil spill caused concern among residents of Southeast Louisiana. The purpose of this study was to assess ambient concentrations of benzene (n=3,887) and fine particulate matter (n=102,682) during the oil spill and to evaluate potential exposure disparities in the region. Benzene and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in the targeted parishes were generally higher following the oil spill, as expected. Benzene concentrations reached 2 to 19 times higher than background, and daily exceedances of PM2.5 were 10 to 45 times higher than background. Both benzene and PM2.5 concentrations were considered high enough to exceed public health criteria, with measurable exposure disparities in the coastal areas closer to the spill and clean-up activities. These findings raise questions about public disclosure of environmental health risks associated with the oil spill. The findings also provide a science-based rationale for establishing health-based action levels in future disasters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Benzene and particulate matter monitoring during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill revealed that ambient air quality was a likely threat to public health and that residents in coastal Louisiana experienced significantly greater exposures than urban residents. Threshold air pollution levels established for the oil spill apparently were not used as a basis for informing the public about these potential health impacts. Also, despite carrying out the most comprehensive air monitoring ever conducted in the region, none of the agencies involved provided integrated analysis of the data or conclusive statements about public health risk. Better information about real-time risk is needed in future environmental disasters.
authors.affiliation: a Texas Southern University , Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Earthea
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nance
authors.affiliation: a Texas Southern University , Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Denae
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: b Dillard University , Deep South Center for Environmental Justice , New Orleans , LA , USA.
authors.forename: Beverly
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: a Texas Southern University , Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Bullard
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D001554:Benzene / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D004190:Disasters; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008145:Louisiana; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D059392:Petroleum Pollution / Q000032:analysis* / Q000266:history; D011634:Public Health; D012424:Rural Population; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001554:Benzene