title: Risk factors for adverse outcomes of Indigenous infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hospitalized bronchiolitis imposes a significant burden among infants, particularly among Indigenous children. Traditional or known risk factors for severe disease are well described, but there are limited data on risks for prolonged hospitalization and persistent symptoms. Our aims were to determine factors (clinical and microbiological) associated with (i) prolonged length of stay (LOS); (ii) persistent respiratory symptoms at 3 weeks; (iii) bronchiectasis up to ∼24 months post-hospitalisation; and (iv) risk of respiratory readmissions within 6 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Indigenous infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis were enrolled at Royal Darwin Hospital between 2008 and 2013. Standardized forms were used to record clinical data. A nasopharyngeal swab was collected at enrolment to identify respiratory viruses and bacteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of 232 infants was 5 months (interquartile range 3-9); 65% male. On multivariate regression, our 12 point severity score (including accessory muscle use) was the only factor associated with prolonged LOS but the effect was modest (+3.0 hr per point, 95%CI: 0.7, 5.1, P = 0.01). Presence of cough at 3 weeks increased the odds of bronchiectasis (OR 3.0, 95%CI: 1.1, 7.0, P = 0.03). Factors associated with respiratory readmissions were: previous respiratory hospitalization (OR 2.3, 95%CI: 1.0, 5.4, P = 0.05) and household smoke (OR 2.6, 95%CI: 1.0, 6.3, P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased severity score is associated with prolonged LOS in Indigenous children hospitalized with bronchiolitis. As persistent symptoms at 3 weeks post-hospitalization are associated with future diagnosis of bronchiectasis, optimising clinical care beyond hospitalization is needed to improve long-term respiratory outcomes for infants at risk of respiratory disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:613-623. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, 0811, Northern Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: Gabrielle B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: McCallum
authors.affiliation: Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, 0811, Northern Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Chatfield
authors.affiliation: Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, 0811, Northern Territory, Australia.|Department of Paediatrics, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, 0811, Northern Territory, Australia.|Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Children's Health Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001988:Bronchiolitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006303:Health Services, Indigenous / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: bacteria; bronchiolitis; indigenous; risk factors; viruses