title: Evodiamine inhibits the migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro via repressing MMP-2 expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evodiamine is one of active alkaloids isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham and has various pharmacological properties. In this study, we investigated its effects on the migration, invasion, and associated mechanism in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell viability was determined by MTT assay after evodiamine treatment. Wound-healing assay and Boyden transwell system were used to evaluate the inhibitory effects of evodiamine on cell migration and invasion. MMP-2/9 activity was determined using commercial detection kits. The levels of associated proteins involved in the regulation of cell migration and invasion were analyzed by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evodiamine effectively inhibited the migration and invasion of HONE1 and CNE1 cells, and hardly affected cell proliferation, but significantly suppressed cell adhesion activity in vitro. Additionally, evodiamine treatment significantly decreased mRNA and protein levels of MMP-2 and its activity in the NPC cells, but had little effects on MMP-9 mRNA and protein levels and its activity. Further investigation revealed that evodiamine inhibited the translocation of NF-κB p65, which involves the regulation of MMP-2 expression in cancer invasion. Additionally, evodiamine treatment did not significantly affect the protein levels of JNK, p38, Akt, and their phosphorylated forms and ERK1/2, but strongly attenuated ERK1/2 phosphorylation level, which at least partly accounts for the signal pathway of evodiamine-inhibited migration and invasion of NPC cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that evodiamine inhibits the migration and invasiveness of NPC cells, and it is probably a potential agent for the treatment of NPC invasion and metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngologieal Department, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China.
authors.forename: Xianbing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngologieal Department, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China. qun_zhang8@sina.com.
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngologieal Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngologieal Department, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngologieal Department, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China.
authors.forename: Lixin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngologieal Department, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ai
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002277:Carcinoma; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D000077274:Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D011799:Quinazolines; C049639:evodiamine; C535150:MAPK1 protein, human; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: Evodiamine; Invasion; Matrix metalloproteinase-2; Migration; Nasopharyngeal carcinoma