title: Toward the Development of a Universal Outcome Instrument for Spine Trauma: A Systematic Review and Content Comparison of Outcome Measures Used in Spine Trauma Research Using the ICF as Reference.
abstract: METHODS
  A systematic literature review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was (1) to identify patient-reported and clinician-based outcome measures most frequently used to evaluate the function and health of spine trauma patients, (2) to identify and quantify the concepts of these measures using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) as reference, and (3) to describe their clinimetric properties.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is a real need for a disease-specific outcome instrument to measure the effect size of various treatment options in a variety of traumatic spinal column injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was conducted in several databases. From the included studies, outcome measures were extracted. The items and underlying concepts of the identified outcome measures were specified and linked to the ICF categories. Finally, as far as available in literature, the clinimetric properties of the obtained measures were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 5117 screened references, 245 were included, and 17 different frequently used outcome measures were identified. Meaningful concepts of the items and response options of the retrieved outcome measures were linked to a total of 105 different ICF categories, aggregated to 57 first- or second-level categories. The categories were linked to the components activities and participation (n = 31), body functions (n = 17), environmental factors (n = 8), and body structures (n = 1). Overall, there is only limited evidence on the measurement properties, except for some disease-specific questionnaires, such as Oswestry Disability Index, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, Neck Disability Index, and Cervical Spine Outcome Questionnaire.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current systematic literature review revealed great diversity in the use and content of outcome measures to evaluate the functioning and health of spine trauma patients, with 17 different outcome measures linked to 57 unique ICF categories. This study creates an evidence base for a consensus meeting during which a core set of ICF categories for outcome measurement in spine trauma will be decided.
  
  
  METHODS
  2.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands†Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands‡Rehabilitation Center "De Hoogstraat," Utrecht, The Netherlands§Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Rehabilitation, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands¶Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA||Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA**Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada††Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada‡‡Center for Spinal Surgery, BGU-Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany§§Department of Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India¶¶Department of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University and Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: F Cumhur
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Oner
authors.forename: Wilco C H
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: A Mechteld
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lehr
authors.forename: Said
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadiqi
authors.forename: Marcel W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Bizhan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aarabi
authors.forename: Jens R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Marcel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fehlings
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kandziora
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajasekaran
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D064702:International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome