title: The comprehensive immunomodulation of NeurimmiRs in haemocytes of oyster Crassostrea gigas after acetylcholine and norepinephrine stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neural-endocrine-immune (NEI) system is a major modulation network among the nervous, endocrine and immune system and weights greatly in maintaining homeostasis of organisms during stress and infection. Some microRNAs are found interacting with NEI system (designated NeurimmiRs), addressing swift modulations on immune system. The oyster Crassostrea gigas, as an intertidal bivalve, has evolved a primary NEI system. However, the knowledge about NeurimmiRs in oysters remains largely unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six small RNA libraries from haemocytes of oysters stimulated with acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) were sequenced to identify neurotransmitter-responsive miRNAs and survey their immunomodulation roles. A total of 331 miRNAs (132 identified in the present study plus 199 identified previously) were subjected to expression analysis, and twenty-one and sixteen of them were found ACh- or NE-responsive, respectively (FDR < 0.05). Meanwhile, 21 miRNAs exhibited different expression pattern after ACh or NE stimulation. Consequently, 355 genes were predicted as putative targets of these neurotransmitter-responsive miRNAs in oyster. Through gene onthology analysis, multiple genes involved in death, immune system process and response to stimulus were annotated to be modulated by NeurimmiRs. Besides, a significant decrease in haemocyte phagocytosis and late-apoptosis or necrosis rate was observed after ACh and NE stimulation (p < 0.05) while early-apoptosis rate remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A comprehensive immune-related network involving PRRs, intracellular receptors, signaling transducers and immune effectors was proposed to be modulated by ACh- and NE-responsive NeurimmiRs, which would be indispensable for oyster haemocytes to respond against stress and infection. Characterization of the NeurimmiRs would be an essential step to understand the NEI system of invertebrate and the adaptation mechanism of oyster.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China. wanglingling@qdio.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Zhanhui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhaoqun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Weilin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Dahai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Mengqiang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China. lshsong@ms.qdio.ac.cn.|Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China. lshsong@ms.qdio.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Linsheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D056747:Immunomodulation; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000276:immunology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000276:immunology; D010587:Phagocytosis; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D000109:Acetylcholine; D009638:Norepinephrine