title: Cardiac pacing in 21 patients with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy: a single-centre study with a 39-year follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is a genetic condition associated with cardiac arrhythmias. The patients typically develop early, asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia, which may lead to sudden death, preventable with a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED). EDMD may be characterised by atrial electrical silence. Intra-operative electrophysiological evaluation of the myocardium helps ultimately determine the true nature of the disorder and select an appropriate CIED.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse permanent electrotherapy procedures in EDMD patients: atrial pacing limitations that stem from the electrophysiological properties of the myocardium and long-term follow-up of implanted devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 21 EDMD patients (mean age 29 ± 9 years) with a CIED implanted (1976-2014) due to bradyarrhythmia were included in the study. The implantation procedures and factors determining the CIED type selection were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CIEDs were implanted in five women and in 16 men with EDMD types 1 and 2 (mean follow-up: 11 ± 8 years). Intra-operatively assessed atrial electrophysiology resulted in changing the planned CIED type during the procedure in three men with EDMD type 1. Eventually, we implanted: eight DDD, one VDD, 11 VVI, and one CD-DR device, with four of the patients' devices switched later from DDD to VVI mode in response to electrophysiological changes in the atria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intra-operative assessment of atrial electrophysiological properties resulted in changing the planned DDD mode for VVI in 19% of patients with EDMD type 1. Progression of the underlying disease over a 39-year follow-up resulted in a later change of the initially selected pacing mode from DDD to VVI in 40% of cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw. r.steckiewicz@pro.onet.pl.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steckiewicz
authors.forename: Przemysław
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stolarz
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Świętoń
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madej-Pilarczyk
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grabowski
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marchel
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pieniak
authors.forename: Krzysztof J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Filipiak
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Opolski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020389:Muscular Dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss / Q000150:complications*; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy; cardiac arrhythmias; cardiac pacing; conduction abnormalities