title: Results of a hypertension and diabetes treatment program in the slums of Nairobi: a retrospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the world's leading cause of death and their prevalence is rising. Diabetes and hypertension, major risk factors for CVD, are highly prevalent among the urban poor in Africa, but treatment options are often limited in such settings. This study reports on the results of an intervention for the treatment of diabetes and hypertension for adult residents of two slums in Nairobi, Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  After setting up two clinics in two slums in Nairobi, hypertension and/or diabetes patients were seen by a clinician monthly. Socio-demographic characteristics and clinical data were collected over a 34-month period. Records were analyzed for 726 patients who visited the clinics at least once to determine clinic attendance and compliance patterns using survival analysis. We also examined changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and random blood glucose (RBG) during the course of the program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was poor compliance with clinic attendance as only 3.4% of patients attended the clinics on a regular (monthly) basis throughout the 34-month period. 75% of hypertension patients were not compliant after four visits and 27% of patients had only one clinic visit. Significant reduction of mean SBP and DBP (150.4 mmHg to 141.5 mmHg, P = .003, and 89.3 mmHg to 83.2 mmHg, P < .001) was seen for all patients that stayed in care for at least one year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Establishing a preventative care and treatment system in low resource settings for CVD is challenging due to high dropout rates and non-compliance. Innovative strategies are needed to ensure that benefits of treatment programs are sustained for long-term CVD risk reduction in poor urban populations.
authors.affiliation: University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. marijewerner@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marie E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya. svijver@gmail.com.|Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. svijver@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van de Vijver
authors.affiliation: African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya. mildredadhiambo038@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mildred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adhiambo
authors.affiliation: African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya. tegondi@aphrc.org.
authors.forename: Thaddaeus
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Egondi
authors.affiliation: African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya. soti@aphrc.org.|Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. soti@aphrc.org.
authors.forename: Samuel O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Oti
authors.affiliation: African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya. ckyobutungi@aphrc.org.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kyobutungi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011204:Poverty Areas; D015995:Prevalence; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult