title: Urine cytology in monitoring recurrence in urothelial carcinoma after radical cystectomy and urinary diversion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After radical cystectomy and urinary diversion (RC-UD), upper urinary tract and urethral recurrences of urothelial carcinoma (UCa) are reported to occur in 2% to 17% of patients. The objective of the current study was to determine the performance of urinary cytology (UCy) in the diagnosis of recurrences in the remnant urothelium (RRU) after RC-UD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors retrospectively identified all patients who underwent RC-UD for UCa at the study institution from January 2002 to April 2014, and collected data from all available follow-up UCy and biopsies. Cytologies were classified as unsatisfactory, negative, suspicious, positive for malignancy, or atypical urothelial cells (AUC). The authors calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of suspicious or positive UCy for the diagnosis of histologically confirmed RRU.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 222 patients who underwent RC-UD for UCa of the urinary bladder during the study period, 111 had at least 1 follow-up UCy performed at the study institution, for a total of 477 UCy samples. During a mean follow-up interval of 40.8 months (range, 3-155 months), the RRU rate was 9.9% (11 of 111 patients). Positive/suspicious UCy results were noted in 12 of 111 patients, 9 of whom had RRU. A diagnosis of AUC was made in 8.6% of samples from 29 patients (41 of 477 samples). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of UCy for RRU were 82%, 97%, 75%, and 98%, respectively. Six of the 28 patients with diagnoses of AUC (21.4%) were eventually diagnosed with RRU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the current series, UCy demonstrated good sensitivity and high specificity for the detection of disease recurrence of UCa after RC-UD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois.
authors.forename: Stefan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Pambuccian
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois.
authors.forename: Güliz A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Barkan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois.
authors.forename: Marcus L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Quek
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois.
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wojcik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014547:Urinary Diversion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology*
keywords: monitoring; radical cystectomy and urinary diversion; recurrence; urine cytology; urothelial carcinoma