title: Image scanning microscopy with a quadrant detector.
abstract: Confocal scanning microscopy (CSM) is the most widely used modern optical microscopy technique. Theoretically, it allows the diffraction barrier to be surpassed by a factor of 2, but practically this improvement is sacrificed to obtain a good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Image scanning microscopy (ISM) solves this limitation but, in the current implementations, the system complexity is increased and the versatility of CSM is reduced. Here we show that ISM can be straightforwardly implemented by substituting the single point detector of a confocal microscope with a quadrant detector of the same size, thus using a small number of detector elements. This implementation offers resolution close to the CSM theoretical value and improves the SNR by a factor of 1.5 with respect to the CSM counterpart without losing the optical sectioning capability and the system versatility.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castello
authors.forename: Colin J R
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sheppard
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diaspro
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vicidomini