title: Pregnancy in renal transplantation: Recipient and donor aspects in the Arab world.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are many kidney transplant recipients and living donors of reproductive age, and the prevalence of pregnancies in kidney transplant recipients can reach 55% in the Middle Eastern countries. Living kidney donation is predominant in this region. As the risks and outcomes of pregnancy should be a part of counselling for both recipients and donors, we reviewed available reports on maternal and foetal outcomes in these particular populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was obtained from retrospective analyses of a large database, and from single-centre reports indexed in PubMed on pregnancy in donors and kidney transplant recipients. The keywords used for the search included 'fertility', 'kidney disease', 'pregnancy', 'maternal/foetal outcomes', 'kidney transplant recipient', 'immunosuppression side-effects', 'living donor' and 'Arab countries'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnancies in kidney transplant recipients are most successful in those with adequate kidney function and controlled comorbidities. Similarly to other regions, pregnant recipients in the Middle East had a higher risk of pre-eclampsia (26%) and gestational diabetes (7%) than in the general population. Caesarean section was quite common, with an incidence rate of 61%, and the incidence of pre-term birth reached 46%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most living donors can have successful pregnancies and should not be routinely discouraged. Women who had pregnancies before and after donation were more likely to have adverse maternal outcomes (gestational diabetes, hypertension, proteinuria, and pre-eclampsia) in the latter, but no adverse foetal outcomes were found after donation. The evaluation before donation should include a gestational history and counselling about the potential risks.
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kukla
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Naim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Issa
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Hassan N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
keywords: CMV, cytomegalovirus; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; Fertility; Immunosuppression; KDIGO, kidney disease: improving global outcomes; Side-effects