title: [Therapeutic applications of closed-loop brain stimulation. Success and expectations].
abstract: The therapeutic application of brain stimulation is still limited to relatively few indications and small groups of patients due to variable efficacy. Individualization of stimulation parameters by employing a closed-loop system, i.e. synchronization of stimulation with endogenous brain activity with millisecond precision, has the potential to significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy when compared to open-loop systems. In this article the theoretical and experimental results are reviewed including first clinical trials that support the superiority of closed-loop brain stimulation, fundamental aspects in the development of closed loop methods are discussed and clinical studies which could quantify an increase in effectiveness are summarized. A significant increase in the indications for therapeutic applications of closed-loop systems is to be expected in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Neurologie mit Schwerpunkt neurovaskuläre Erkrankungen und Hertie-Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zrenner
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Neurologie mit Schwerpunkt neurovaskuläre Erkrankungen und Hertie-Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland. ulf.ziemann@uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ziemann
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D058765:Neurofeedback / Q000379:methods*; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000639:trends*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000639:trends*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Brain oscillations; Deep brain stimulation; Electroencephalogram; Real time; Transcranial magnetic stimulation