title: In vitro dose and duration dependent approaches for the assessment of ameliorative effects of nanoconjugated vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus infection induced oxidative stress in murine peritoneal macrophages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro ameliorative effect of nanoconjugated vancomycin (NV) against vancomycin sensitive and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus infection-induced oxidative stress in murine peritoneal macrophage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peritoneal macrophages from mice were treated with VSSA and VRSA (5 × 10(6) CFU/mL), VSSA + NV (5-250 μg/ml) and VRSA + NV (5-250 μg/ml) for 18 h, having 3 h interval in culture media; and the superoxide anion generation, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, antioxidant enzymes status and glutathione enzymes activity were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The significantly increased free radical generation, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and oxidized glutathione levels were observed in VSSA and VRSA treated group as compared to control group; where as reduced glutathione level, antioxidant enzymes status and glutathione dependent enzymes were decreased significantly. All these changes come near to control in NV treated group in a dose and duration dependent fashion. Among the different doses and duration intervals of NV, maximum ameliorative effect was observed by 100 μg/ml for 12 h treatment which does not produce any damage to the cell.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest the potential use and beneficial role of nanoconjugated vancomycin as a modulator of S. aureus infection-induced cellular damage in murine peritoneal macrophage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Ramananda College, Bishnupur, Bankura 722 122, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Subhankari Prasad
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.affiliation: Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Panchanan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pramanik
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal, India. Electronic address: roysomenath@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Somenath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D013481:Superoxides; D014640:Vancomycin; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Murine peritoneal macrophage; Nanoconjugated vancomycin; Oxidative stress