title: Experimental evidence of pharmacological management of anchorage in Orthodontics: A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orthodontic anchorage is one of the most challenging aspects of Orthodontics. Preventing undesired movement of teeth could result in safer and less complicated orthodontic treatment. Recently, several reviews have been published about the effects of different molecules on bone physiology and the clinical side effects in Orthodontics. However, the effects of local application of these substances on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement have not been assessed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this research was to analyze the scientific evidence published in the literature about the effects of different molecules on orthodontic anchorage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature was systematically reviewed using PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Cochrane databases from 2000 up to July 31st, 2014. Articles were independently selected by two different researchers based on previously established inclusion and exclusion criteria, with a concordance Kappa index of 0.86. The methodological quality of the reviewed papers was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Search strategy identified 270 articles. Twenty-five of them were selected after application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, and only 11 qualified for final analysis. Molecules involved in orthodontic anchorage were divided into three main groups: osteoprotegerin (OPG), bisphosphonates (BPs) and other molecules (OMs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different drugs are able to alter the bone remodeling cycle, influencing osteoclast function and, therefore, tooth movement. Thus, they could be used in order to provide maximal anchorage while preventing undesired movements. OPG was found the most effective molecule in blocking the action of osteoclasts, thereby reducing undesired movements.
authors.affiliation: University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
authors.forename: Felipe José
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Fernández-González
authors.affiliation: University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Aránzazu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cañigral
authors.affiliation: University of Andes, Chile.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Balbontín-Ayala
authors.affiliation: Department Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, Léon, Spain.
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gonzalo-Orden
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
authors.forename: Felix de
authors.initials: Fd
authors.lastname: Carlos
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cobo
authors.affiliation: University of Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Pedro
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fernández-Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Department of Construction and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Lasheras
authors.affiliation: Department Morphology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vega
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects; D000068579:Celecoxib / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004002:Clodronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051379:Mice; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000187:drug effects; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077268:Pamidronate; D051381:Rats; D000077185:Resveratrol; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014086:Tooth Mobility / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques; D000077211:Zoledronic Acid
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D004164:Diphosphonates; D007093:Imidazoles; D007555:Isoxazoles; D007783:Lactones; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D013267:Stilbenes; D013450:Sulfones; D004002:Clodronic Acid; C116926:rofecoxib; D004008:Diclofenac; D000077211:Zoledronic Acid; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C409945:parecoxib; D000068579:Celecoxib; D000077268:Pamidronate; D000077185:Resveratrol; D000111:Acetylcysteine