title: WITHDRAWN--a resource for withdrawn and discontinued drugs.
abstract: Post-marketing drug withdrawals can be associated with various events, ranging from safety issues such as reported deaths or severe side-effects, to a multitude of non-safety problems including lack of efficacy, manufacturing, regulatory or business issues. During the last century, the majority of drugs voluntarily withdrawn from the market or prohibited by regulatory agencies was reported to be related to adverse drug reactions. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of toxicity is of utmost importance for current and future drug discovery. Here, we present WITHDRAWN, a resource for withdrawn and discontinued drugs publicly accessible at http://cheminfo.charite.de/withdrawn. Today, the database comprises 578 withdrawn or discontinued drugs, their structures, important physico-chemical properties, protein targets and relevant signaling pathways. A special focus of the database lies on the drugs withdrawn due to adverse reactions and toxic effects. For approximately one half of the drugs in the database, safety issues were identified as the main reason for withdrawal. Withdrawal reasons were extracted from the literature and manually classified into toxicity types representing adverse effects on different organs. A special feature of the database is the presence of multiple search options which will allow systematic analyses of withdrawn drugs and their mechanisms of toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Structural Bioinformatics Group, ECRC Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Vishal B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Siramshetty
authors.affiliation: Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Janette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nickel
authors.affiliation: Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Omieczynski
authors.affiliation: Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Bjoern-Oliver
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Gohlke
authors.affiliation: Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany malgorzata.drwal@charite.de robert.preissner@charite.de.
authors.forename: Malgorzata N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Drwal
authors.affiliation: Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany BB3R - Berlin Brandenburg 3R Graduate School, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany malgorzata.drwal@charite.de robert.preissner@charite.de.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Preissner
mesh_terms: D062313:Databases, Pharmaceutical; D056736:Drug Recalls; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011506:Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D056737:Safety-Based Drug Withdrawals; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011506:Proteins