title: Quality of Sterile Male Tsetse after Long Distance Transport as Chilled, Irradiated Pupae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes that cause human and African animal trypanosomosis, a debilitating disease of humans (sleeping sickness) and livestock (nagana). An area-wide integrated pest management campaign against Glossina palpalis gambiensis has been implemented in Senegal since 2010 that includes a sterile insect technique (SIT) component. The SIT can only be successful when the sterile males that are destined for release have a flight ability, survival and competitiveness that are as close as possible to that of their wild male counterparts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tests were developed to assess the quality of G. p. gambiensis males that emerged from pupae that were produced and irradiated in Burkina Faso and Slovakia (irradiation done in Seibersdorf, Austria) and transported weekly under chilled conditions to Dakar, Senegal. For each consignment a sample of 50 pupae was used for a quality control test (QC group). To assess flight ability, the pupae were put in a cylinder filtering emerged flies that were able to escape the cylinder. The survival of these flyers was thereafter monitored under stress conditions (without feeding). Remaining pupae were emerged and released in the target area of the eradication programme (RF group). The following parameter values were obtained for the QC flies: average emergence rate more than 69%, median survival of 6 days, and average flight ability of more than 35%. The quality protocol was a good proxy of fly quality, explaining a large part of the variances of the examined parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quality protocol described here will allow the accurate monitoring of the quality of shipped sterile male tsetse used in operational eradication programmes in the framework of the Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign.
authors.affiliation: Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal.
authors.forename: Momar Talla
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Seck
authors.affiliation: Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.|Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.|Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 'Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes', Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Soumaïla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pagabeleguem
authors.affiliation: Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal.
authors.forename: Mireille D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bassene
authors.affiliation: Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal.
authors.forename: Assane Gueye
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Fall
authors.affiliation: Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal.
authors.forename: Thérèse A R
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Diouf
authors.affiliation: Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Dakar, Sénégal.
authors.forename: Baba
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sall
authors.affiliation: Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Marc J B
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vreysen
authors.affiliation: Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Jean-Baptiste
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rayaissé
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Section of Molecular and Applied Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Takac
authors.affiliation: Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.|Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Issa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sidibé
authors.affiliation: Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Gratian N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Mutika
authors.affiliation: Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal.|Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.|Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 'Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes', Montpellier, France.|Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 'Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides', Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Jérémy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bouyer
authors.affiliation: Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal.|Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.|Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 'Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes', Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gimonneau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001317:Austria; D002050:Burkina Faso; D003080:Cold Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D011679:Pupa / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D012675:Senegal; D018154:Slovakia; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014186:Transportation / Q000379:methods*; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects