title: Utilization of Human Papillomavirus DNA Detection for Cervical Cancer Screening in Women Presenting With Abnormal Cytology in Lokoja, Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cervical cancer is regarded as the second highest cause of cancer deaths in Nigeria, with an overall prevalence similar to most developing countries. Screening for cervical cancer is primarily performed using papanicolaou (PAP) staining procedure, in Nigeria.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to use human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA typing, as a means of ascertaining the presence of high risk HPV in cytology samples, which are positive for the presence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), using the PAP screening procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Amplification of DNA was done using polymerase chain reaction. Gene sequencing was carried out to determine the presence of high risk HPV from cervical smears that were positive for abnormal cytology, from a cross-sectional study involving women between the ages of 16 - 65 years, screened for CIN and cervical cancer, in Lokoja, Nigeria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Result showed a 100% presence of high risk HPV in all the samples with abnormal cytology. The HPV genotype 35 accounted for the highest percentage of the HPVs cases, with a 40% incidence. The HPV genotype 31 accounted for 30% of samples, while HPV genotype 16 and 18 accounted for 20% and 10% of samples, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high prevalence of HPV in abnormal cytology underlines to the fact that the presence of HPV is a critical factor in the development of cervical cancer. The use of HPV DNA techniques could actually become an effective and fast means of ascertaining the presence of HPV in abnormal cytology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olatunji
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kolawole
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Jeremiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ogah
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology Federal Medical Centre, Lokoja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olatunde
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Alabi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Mustapha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suleiman
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Oluwatomi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Amuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Folashade
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kolawole
keywords: Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia; DNA; DNA Probes; HPV; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms