title: Assessment of Apical Extrusion during Root Canal Irrigation with the Novel GentleWave System in a Simulated Apical Environment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study assessed apical extrusion during treatment with GentleWave (GW; Sonendo Inc, Laguna Hills, CA), a conventional open-ended 30-G needle (CN), or Endovac (EV; SybronEndo, Orange, CA) in root canals enlarged to different dimensions with and without apical constriction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen mandibular molars were mounted in an in vitro apparatus. Roots were immersed in a pressure-regulated chamber containing distilled water with pressure kept at 5.88 ± 0.15 mm Hg to simulate periapical back pressure. Mesiobuccal (curved ≤30°) and distal (straight) canals were instrumented to the working length (WL) as follows: minimal instrumentation (MI, #15/.04), traditional instrumentation (#35/.06), or overinstrumentation (OI, #35/.06, to the WL + 1 mm). Canals were tested 5 times each with distilled water using GW, CN (at WL-3 mm), or EV and the mass (g) of extruded water recorded. Extrusion frequency and mean extruded mass were compared for each canal, irrigation group, and canal instrumentation mode (Wilcoxon t test, P < .05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No extrusion occurred with GW and EV, whereas the frequency of extrusion with CN was 33%. Mean extruded water mass using CN ranged in mesial canals from 0.000 ± 0.000 g (OI) to 0.047 ± 0.098 g (MI) and in distal canals from 0.123 ± 0.191 g (MI) to 0.505 ± 0.490 g (OI). With traditional instrumentation and OI instrumentation, extruded mass in distal canals was significantly higher than in mesial canals (P < .002) and distal canals with MI (P < .020).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within this study's limitations, root canal treatment with GW and irrigation with EV was not associated with extrusion. Extruded irrigation mass using the open-ended 30-G needle depended on the canal type and enlargement. These results have to be interpreted with caution, and further investigations are warranted to evaluate the possibility of extrusion using GW in different tooth types and clinical situations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Département de Restauration, Section Endodontie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: karine.charara@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Charara
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Shimon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.affiliation: Sonendo Inc, Laguna Hills, California.
authors.forename: Adria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kishen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Gevik
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malkhassian
authors.affiliation: Sonendo Inc, Laguna Hills, California.
authors.forename: Mehrzad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khakpour
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Basrani
mesh_terms: D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity; D006801:Humans; D008963:Molar; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite
keywords: Apical extrusion; Endovac; GentleWave; apical foramen; hypochlorite accidents; needle irrigation