title: Dynamic Patterns of Adolescent Substance Use: Results From a Nationally Representative Sample of High School Students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Use of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs increases during the high school years, yet little is known about individual patterns over time, particularly patterns of contemporaneous multiple-substance use. This study examined trajectories of contemporaneous substance use and how individual and social factors differentially predict patterns of substance use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal trajectories of substance use were examined in a nationally representative sample of students (N = 2,512) over a 3-year period (10th through 12th grades) using latent class analysis. Individual, parental, and peer risk factors in 10th grade were examined in relation to membership in trajectory classes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A five-class model was identified: nonusers (45.5%); tobacco, alcohol, and other drug users (9.2%); alcohol and other drug users (9.2%); increasing multiple-substance users (16.7%); and decreasing multiple-substance users (19.4%). Depressive symptoms at baseline were associated with a higher likelihood of membership in all classes except the increasing multiple-substance-user class, but the association becomes insignificant when social influence factors were adjusted. Parental-monitoring knowledge was associated with a lower likelihood of membership in all classes except increasing multiple-substance-user class, whereas perceived parental disapproval was associated with a lower likelihood of membership in the tobacco, alcohol, and other drug user class. Peer substance use was associated with a higher likelihood of membership in each of the substance use classes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identified longitudinal profiles highlight the pervasiveness and dynamic patterns of contemporaneous multiple-substance use during 10th through 12th grades. Negative peer influence increased risk, whereas positive parenting behaviors decreased risk. The findings are consistent with the need to foster social influences and protective factors against adolescent substance use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brooks-Russell
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Danping
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.|Glotech, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Yunlong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.|Kelly Government Solutions, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Genevieve C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Vullo
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kaigang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Iannotti
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Wilson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Compton
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Simons-Morton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents; D010379:Peer Group; D012306:Risk; D012574:Schools; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*