title: Effectiveness of group discussions and commitment in improving cleaning behaviour of shared sanitation users in Kampala, Uganda slums.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Access to and use of hygienic shared sanitation facilities is fundamental in reducing the high risk of diseases such as diarrhoea and respiratory infections. We evaluated the effectiveness of group discussions and commitment in improving the cleaning behaviour of shared sanitation users in three urban slums in Kampala, Uganda. The study follows the risk, attitudes, norms, abilities and self-regulation (RANAS) model of behaviour change and some factors of the social dilemma theory.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pre-versus post-intervention survey was conducted in three slums of Kampala, Uganda, between December 2012 and September 2013. From the pre-intervention findings, users of dirty sanitation facilities were randomly assigned to discussions, discussions + commitment and control interventions. The interventions were implemented for 3 months with the aim of improving cleaning behaviour. This paper provides an analysis of 119 respondents who belonged to the intervention discussion-only (n = 38), discussions + commitment (n = 41) and the control (no intervention, n = 40) groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the control, discussions and discussions + commitment significantly improved shared toilet users' cleaning behaviour. The rate of improvement was observed through behavioural determinants such as cleaning obligation, cleaning ease, cleaning approval and affective beliefs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study findings show that group discussions and commitment interventions derived from RANAS model of behaviour change are effective in improving the shared sanitation users' cleaning behaviour.
authors.affiliation: University of Zurich, Department of Psychology, Switzerland; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland. Electronic address: kamara.innocent@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Innocent K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Tumwebaze
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Mosler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene / Q000193:education*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012499:Sanitation / Q000592:standards*; D012927:Social Control, Informal; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014038:Toilet Facilities / Q000592:standards*; D014454:Uganda; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cleaning behaviour; Commitment; Group discussions; RANAS; Shared sanitation; Uganda; Urban slums