title: Evolving Role of Ultrasound in Therapeutic Injections of the Upper Extremity.
abstract: Ultrasound machines are creating more refined pictures and becoming more user-friendly and readily accessible. As a result, ultrasound is being increasingly used for therapeutic purposes. One example involves the use of ultrasound guidance in musculoskeletal interventional procedures, such as joint injections, tendon sheath injections, and peripheral nerve blocks. Technical considerations and therapeutic results have been described for multiple locations about the upper extremities, with varying levels of success. The implementation of ultrasound-guided injections in the orthopedist's clinic has therapeutic, financial, and provider role implications. Given these potential benefits, orthopedic providers, both in practice and residency, would benefit from increased exposure and education in ultrasound use. Ultrasound provides the benefit of real-time, dynamic imaging without the radiation exposure of fluoroscopy, and ultrasound-guided injections can be performed in the office, as opposed to the operating room, which is frequently required when using fluoroscopy. A basic knowledge of the principles and terms used in ultrasound is required. With these simple principles, a practitioner can review techniques for specific areas of the musculoskeletal system and begin using ultrasound to guide injections. Many locations for diagnostic and/or therapeutic injections in the upper extremities have improved accuracy and benefit with the use of ultrasound vs blind techniques, although a few have not been shown to have a significant difference in the literature. The educational and professional implications can be significant, but these potential benefits need to be carefully weighed against costs by each orthopedic practice.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Scully
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rawlings
mesh_terms: D002349:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000379:methods*; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D007596:Joints / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009407:Nerve Block; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms; D013710:Tendons / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D052582:Trigger Finger Disorder / Q000628:therapy; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*