title: Analysis of DDT and its metabolites in soil and water samples obtained in the vicinity of a closed-down factory in Bangladesh using various extraction methods.
abstract: This study was conducted to monitor the spread of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)) in soil and water to regions surrounding a closed DDT factory in Bangladesh. This fulfillment was accomplished using inter-method and inter-laboratory validation studies. DDTs (DDT and its metabolites) from soil samples were extracted using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and solvent extraction (SE). Inter-laboratory calibration was assessed by SE, and all methods were validated by intra- and inter-day accuracy (expressed as recovery %) and precision (expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD)) in the same laboratory, at three fortified concentrations (n = 4). DDTs extracted from water samples by liquid-liquid partitioning and all samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)-electron capture detector (ECD) and confirmed by GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Linearities expressed as determination coefficients (R (2)) were ≥0.995 for matrix-matched calibrations. The recovery rate was in the range of 72-120 and 83-110%, with <15% RSD in soil and water, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.0165 mg kg(-1) in soil and 0.132 μg L(-1) in water. Greater quantities of DDTs were extracted from soil using the MAE and SE techniques than with the SFE method. Higher amounts of DDTs were discovered in the southern (2.2-936 × 10(2) mg kg(-1)) or southwestern (86.3-2067 × 10(2) mg kg(-1)) direction from the factory than in the eastern direction (1.0-48.6 × 10(2) mg kg(-1)). An exception was the soil sample collected 50 ft (15.24 m) east (2904 × 10(2) mg kg(-1)) of the factory. The spread of DDTs in the water bodies (0.59-3.01 μg L(-1)) was approximately equal in all directions. We concluded that DDTs might have been dumped randomly around the warehouse after the closing of the factory.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.|Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: M N U
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Al Mahmud
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Farzana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Md Musfiqur
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: M I R
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Mamun
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shoeb
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea. abdelaty44@hotmail.com.|Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt. abdelaty44@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abd El-Aty
authors.affiliation: Environmental Measurement & Analysis Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, 404-708, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Hyouk
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho-Chul
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh. nilufarnahar@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Nilufar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nahar
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea. jhshim@chonnam.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jae-Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shim
mesh_terms: D001459:Bangladesh; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis*; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D003634:DDT
keywords: Bangladesh; DDT; Inter-laboratory; Metabolites; Microwave-assisted extraction; Supercritical fluid extraction