title: Lipid production in association of filamentous fungi with genetically modified cyanobacterial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous strategies have evolved recently for the generation of genetically modified or synthetic microalgae and cyanobacteria designed for production of ethanol, biodiesel and other fuels. In spite of their obvious attractiveness there are still a number of challenges that can affect their economic viability: the high costs associated with (1) harvesting, which can account for up to 50 % of the total biofuel's cost, (2) nutrients supply and (3) oil extraction. Fungal-assisted bio-flocculation of microalgae is gaining increasing attention due to its high efficiency, no need for added chemicals and low energy inputs. The implementation of renewable alternative carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources from agricultural wastes and wastewaters for growing algae and fungi makes this strategy economically attractive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This work demonstrates that the filamentous fungi, Aspergillus fumigatus can efficiently flocculate the unicellular cyanobacteria Synechocystis PCC 6803 and its genetically modified derivatives that have been altered to enable secretion of free fatty acids into growth media. Secreted free fatty acids are potentially used by fungal cells as a carbon source for growth and ex-novo production of lipids. For most of genetically modified strains the total lipid yields extracted from the fungal-cyanobacterial pellets were found to be higher than additive yields of lipids and total free fatty acids produced by fungal and Synechocystis components when grown in mono-cultures. The synergistic effect observed in fungal-Synechocystis associations was also found in bioremediation rates when animal husbandry wastewater was used an alternative source of nitrogen and phosphorus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fungal assisted flocculation can complement and assist in large scale biofuel production from wild-type and genetically modified Synechocystis PCC 6803 strains by (1) efficient harvesting of cyanobacterial cells and (2) producing of high yields of lipids accumulated in fungal-cyanobacterial pellets.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia.
authors.forename: Ana F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taha
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia.
authors.forename: Digby
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wrede
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia.
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia.
authors.forename: Aidyn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mouradov
keywords: Biofuel; Bioremediation; Flocculation; Fungi; Genetic modification; Renewable energy; Synechocystis PCC 6803; Wastewater treatment