title: Ribosome profiling reveals dynamic translational landscape in maize seedlings under drought stress.
abstract: Plants can respond to environmental changes with various mechanisms occurred at transcriptional and translational levels. Thus far, there have been relatively extensive understandings of stress responses of plants on transcriptional level, while little information is known about that on translational level. To uncover the landscape of translation in plants in response to drought stress, we performed the recently developed ribosome profiling assay with maize seedlings growing under normal and drought conditions. Comparative analysis of the ribosome profiling data and the RNA-seq data showed that the fold changes of gene expression at transcriptional level were moderately correlated with that of translational level globally (R(2) = 0.69). However, less than half of the responsive genes were shared by transcription and translation under drought condition, suggesting that drought stress can introduce transcriptional and translational responses independently. We found that the translational efficiencies of 931 genes were changed significantly in response to drought stress. Further analysis revealed that the translational efficiencies of genes were highly influenced by their sequence features including GC content, length of coding sequences and normalized minimal free energy. In addition, we detected potential translation of 3063 upstream open reading frames (uORFs) on 2558 genes and these uORFs may affect the translational efficiency of downstream main open reading frames (ORFs). Our study indicates that plant can respond to drought stress with highly dynamic translational mechanism, that acting synergistically with that of transcription.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.|State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Junpeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Silong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Shaojun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Xiaojie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Biao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Lizeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hauck
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Haiming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Weibin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Zaifeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Jinsheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000502:physiology*; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D059467:Transcriptome; D014867:Water; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: RNA-seq; drought stress; maize; ribosome profiling; translational efficiency; uORFs