title: Natural occurrence of bisphenol F in mustard.
abstract: Bisphenol F (BPF) was found in mustard up to a concentration of around 8 mg kg(-1). Contamination of the raw products or caused by the packaging could be ruled out. Also, the fact that only the 4,4'-isomer of BPF was detected spoke against contamination from epoxy resin or other sources where technical BPF is used. Only mild mustard made of the seeds of Sinapis alba contained BPF. In all probability BPF is a reaction product from the breakdown of the glucosinolate glucosinalbin with 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol as an important intermediate. Hot mustard made only from brown mustard seeds (Brassica juncea) or black mustard seeds (Brassica nigra) contained no BPF. BPF is structurally very similar to bisphenol A and has a similar weak estrogenic activity. The consumption of a portion of 20 g of mustard can lead to an intake of 100-200 µg of BPF. According to a preliminary risk assessment, the risk of BPF in mustard for the health of consumers is considered to be low, but available toxicological data are insufficient for a conclusive evaluation. It is a new and surprising finding that BPF is a natural food ingredient and that this is the main uptake route. This insight sheds new light on the risk linked to the family of bisphenols.
authors.affiliation: a Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Risk Assessment Division , Bern , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Otmar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zoller
authors.affiliation: a Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Risk Assessment Division , Bern , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Beat J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Brüschweiler
authors.affiliation: a Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Risk Assessment Division , Bern , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Roxane
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Magnin
authors.affiliation: a Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Risk Assessment Division , Bern , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reinhard
authors.affiliation: a Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Risk Assessment Division , Bern , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rhyn
authors.affiliation: a Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Risk Assessment Division , Bern , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rupp
authors.affiliation: a Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Risk Assessment Division , Bern , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zeltner
authors.affiliation: a Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Risk Assessment Division , Bern , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Felleisen
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009149:Mustard Plant / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D000098833:Bisphenol F Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; C008745:4,4'-bisphenol F; D000098833:Bisphenol F Compounds
keywords: 2,4-bis(4-hydroxybenzyl)-phenol; bamboo shoots; 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol; Bisphenol F; Sinapis alba; bisphenols; endocrine disruptor; glucosinalbin; mustard; taxiphyllin