title: Evaluation of Ceftriaxone utilization in internal medicine wards of general hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a comparative retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The irrational use of reserved antimicrobials, such as ceftriaxone, is one of the global public health issues particularly to low income countries like Ethiopia, leading to high costs of treatment or therapeutic failure. The purpose of the present study, thus, is to evaluate the appropriateness of ceftriaxone utilization in the medicine wards of general hospitals in Addis Ababa, with reference to the standard treatment guideline of Ethiopia for general hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  An institution based retrospective cross sectional study design was conducted in the internal medicine wards of Hayat and Zewditu Memorial hospital from 20 January to 20 February, 2014. Medication records of all patients who were admitted and prescribed with ceftriaxone during the previous one year to the study period were evaluated in reference to the Ethiopian Standard Treatment Guideline (STG 2010) for general hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of patients who received ceftriaxone was 59.3 % and 49 % in the public & the private hospital, respectively. Pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis were the common diagnoses in which ceftriaxone was prescribed in both hospitals. Maintenance fluids were the top ranked co-prescribed drugs in either hospital. Only 48.9 % in the public hospital and 44.6 % of records in the private hospital showed overall ceftriaxone use compliance to the guideline. Days of hospital stay was associated with appropriateness of ceftriaxone therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though ceftriaxone is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in both hospitals, appropriateness of its use, according to the Ethiopian standard treatment guideline, was less than expected. This was so mainly from its indication and duration of therapy. Increasing the duration of hospital stay, however, showed to improve the appropriateness of ceftriaxone utilization.
authors.affiliation: Federal Police Commission Health Services Directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Tariku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimels
authors.affiliation: Departement of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Arebu I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Bilal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Anwar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mulugeta
keywords: Ceftriaxone; Drug use evaluation; Ethiopia; General hospitals; Medicine wards; Retrospective study