title: VO2 Kinetics in All-out Arm Stroke, Leg Kick and Whole Stroke Front Crawl 100-m Swimming.
abstract: The VO2 response to extreme-intensity exercise and its relationship with sports performance are largely unexplored. This study investigated the pulmonary VO2 kinetics during all-out 100-m front crawl whole stroke swimming (S), arm stroke (A) and leg kick (L). 26 male and 10 female competitive swimmers performed an all-out S trial followed by A and L of equal duration in random order. Breath-by-breath VO2 was measured using a snorkel attached to a portable gas analyzer. Mean (±SD) primary component parameters and peak blood lactate (Lapeak) during S, A, and L were, respectively: time delay (s), 14.2 ± 4.7, 14.3 ± 4.5, 15.6 ± 5.1; amplitude (ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)), 46.8 ± 6.1, 37.3 ± 6.9, 41.0 ± 4.7; time constant (τ, s): 9.2 ± 3.2, 12.4 ± 4.7, 10.1 ± 3.2; Lapeak (mmol·l(-1)), 6.8 ± 3.1, 6.3 ± 2.5, 7.9 ± 2.8. During A and L respectively, 80% and 87% of amplitude in S was reached, whereas A+L were 68% greater than in S. 100-m performance was associated to shorter cardiodynamic phase and greater VO2 amplitude and Lapeak (accounting up to 61% of performance variance), but not to τ. We conclude that (i) VO2 gain was proportional to exercise intensity and muscle mass involved, (ii) kicking is metabolically less efficient, and (iii) the main limiting factor of peak VO2 appears to be O2 delivery and not muscle extraction.
authors.affiliation: INEFC - Barcelona Sport Science Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Pedagogy and Coaching Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lätt
authors.affiliation: Training and Coaching Sciences, Kinanthropometry, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jürimäe
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Pedagogy and Coaching Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maestu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Purge
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rämson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haljaste
authors.affiliation: Finnish Society of Sport Sciences, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Keskinen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jürimäe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D054874:Athletic Performance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid