title: A virtual shopping task for the assessment of executive functions: Validity for people with stroke.
abstract: The importance of assessing executive functions (EF) using ecologically valid assessments has been discussed extensively. Due to the difficulty of carrying out such assessments in real-world settings on a regular basis, virtual reality has been proposed as a technique to provide complex functional tasks under a variety of differing conditions while measuring various aspects of performance and controlling for stimuli. The main goal of this study was to examine the discriminant, construct-convergent and ecological validity of the Adapted Four-Item Shopping Task, an assessment of the Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL) of shopping. Nineteen people with stroke, aged 50-85 years, and 20 age- and gender-matched healthy participants performed the shopping task in both the SeeMe Virtual Interactive Shopping environment and a real shopping environment (the hospital cafeteria) in a counterbalanced order. The shopping task outcomes were compared to clinical measures of EF. The findings provided good initial support for the validity of the Adapted Four-Item Shopping Task as an IADL assessment that requires the use of EF for people with stroke. Further studies should examine this task with a larger sample of people with stroke as well as with other populations who have deficits in EF.
authors.affiliation: a Geriatric Division, Sheba Medical Center , Rehabilitation Hospital , Tel Hashomer , Israel.|b Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel.
authors.forename: Shira Yama
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Nir-Hadad
authors.affiliation: b Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel.
authors.forename: Patrice L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.affiliation: a Geriatric Division, Sheba Medical Center , Rehabilitation Hospital , Tel Hashomer , Israel.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waizman
authors.affiliation: a Geriatric Division, Sheba Medical Center , Rehabilitation Hospital , Tel Hashomer , Israel.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: b Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel.|c Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center , Rehabilitation Hospital , Tel Hashomer , Israel.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kizony
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D004777:Environment; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Ecological validity; Executive functions; IADL; Stroke; Virtual reality