title: BMAA detected as neither free nor protein bound amino acid in blue mussels.
abstract: The results of this study imply that β-methylamino-alanine (BMAA) obtained from extracts of blue mussels from the Swedish west coast is neither free nor protein bound. The results were obtained by separation (precipitation and ultrafiltration) of low and high molecular weight compounds from neutral extracts of blue mussels, and treatment of these extracts with low and high concentrations of acids, varying time and temperature. The main portion of BMAA was obtained from the low molecular weight fraction, released or formed at 95 °C in dilute acids. The measured amount of BMAA did not increase by strong acid treatment. Lysine was used as reference and was only released at significant amounts when treating the high molecular weight fraction with concentrated acid. The results also indicated that breakage of peptide bonds was not involved in the formation/release of BMAA in these extracts unless any BMAA peptide bond would be significantly more susceptible to dilute acid than e.g. the monitored lysine peptide bond. BMAA was measured using isotope dilution and detection of the underivatized compound by HILIC-UHPLC-MS/MS (Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography, Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography, tandem Mass Spectrometry). The findings might add to the understanding of conflicting data in the literature regarding the occurrence of BMAA, and have implications for studies on possible biomagnification of BMAA in the food chain and bioavailability from food.
authors.affiliation: National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: johan.rosen@slv.se.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosén
authors.affiliation: National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: erik.westerberg@slv.se.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Westerberg
authors.affiliation: National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: sebastian.schmiedt@gmx.de.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmiedt
authors.affiliation: National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: karl-erik.hellenas@slv.se.
authors.forename: Karl-Erik
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hellenäs
mesh_terms: D000599:Amino Acids, Diamino / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry*; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D008239:Lysine / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000599:Amino Acids, Diamino; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; C001824:beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine; D008239:Lysine
keywords: Analysis; BMAA; Extraction; HILIC–UHPLC–MS/MS; Mussels; Neurodegenerative disease