title: Cheers, proost, saúde: Cultural, contextual and psychological factors of wine and beer consumption in Portugal and in the Netherlands.
abstract: Wine and beer consumption are an integral part of European culture: Southern Europe is associated with wine and Northern Europe is associated with beer. When consumed in moderation, these alcoholic beverages can be part of a balanced and healthy diet. In the 1990s, non-alcoholic beer (NAB), which has no cultural roots, became available in the market. This review identifies determinants for consumption of wine, beer, and NAB, using data on consumption patterns from Portugal and the Netherlands. Since the 1960s the image of Portugal as a wine country declined, whereas the image of the Netherlands as a beer country remained stable. In each country beer is now the most consumed alcoholic beverage and is mainly a men's beverage, whereas wine is the second most consumed and is consumed by both genders. Cultural differences define Portuguese as "outdoors, everyday drinkers", within a meal context, and Dutch as "at home, weekend drinkers." Wine is perceived as the healthiest beverage, followed by NAB, and regular beer. Motivation for consumption is related to context: wine for special occasions, beer for informal occasions, and NAB for occasions when alcohol is not convenient. Moderate wine and beer consumption seems to be surrounded by positive emotions. This review is relevant for public health, for industry market strategies, and identifies opportunities of future research on drinking behaviour.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Human Nutrition , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands.|b Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Patricia
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: a Division of Human Nutrition , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jager
authors.affiliation: c Heineken Supply Chain B.V. , Zoeterwoude , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hannelize
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Zyl
authors.affiliation: d Voss ID , Almere , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.affiliation: b Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pintado
authors.affiliation: b Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.affiliation: a Division of Human Nutrition , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Graaf
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001515:Beer / Q000032:analysis*; D003469:Culture; D000072001:Diet, Healthy / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D009426:Netherlands; D011174:Portugal; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
keywords: Non-alcoholic beer; alcohol consumption; beverages; cross-cultural; drinking behaviour