title: Botrydial and botcinins produced by Botrytis cinerea regulate the expression of Trichoderma arundinaceum genes involved in trichothecene biosynthesis.
abstract: Trichoderma arundinaceum IBT 40837 (Ta37) and Botrytis cinerea produce the sesquiterpenes harzianum A (HA) and botrydial (BOT), respectively, and also the polyketides aspinolides and botcinins (Botcs), respectively. We analysed the role of BOT and Botcs in the Ta37-B. cinerea interaction, including the transcriptomic changes in the genes involved in HA (tri) and ergosterol biosynthesis, as well as changes in the level of HA and squalene-ergosterol. We found that, when confronted with B. cinerea, the tri biosynthetic genes were up-regulated in all dual cultures analysed, but at higher levels when Ta37 was confronted with the BOT non-producer mutant bcbot2Δ. The production of HA was also higher in the interaction area with this mutant. In Ta37-bcbot2Δ confrontation experiments, the expression of the hmgR gene, encoding the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, which is the first enzyme of the terpene biosynthetic pathway, was also up-regulated, resulting in an increase in squalene production compared with the confrontation with B. cinerea B05.10. Botcs had an up-regulatory effect on the tri biosynthetic genes, with BotcA having a stronger effect than BotcB. The results indicate that the interaction between Ta37 and B. cinerea exerts a stimulatory effect on the expression of the tri biosynthetic genes, which, in the interaction zone, can be attenuated by BOT produced by B. cinerea B05.10. The present work provides evidence for a metabolic dialogue between T. arundinaceum and B. cinerea that is mediated by sesquiterpenes and polyketides, and that affects the outcome of the interaction of these fungi with each other and their environment.
authors.affiliation: Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain.
authors.forename: Mónica G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Malmierca
authors.affiliation: Biomolecules Institute, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Izquierdo-Bueno
authors.affiliation: Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, 61604, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Susan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Mccormick
authors.affiliation: Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Cardoza
authors.affiliation: Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, 61604, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: Biomolecules Institute, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moraga
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14040-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eriston V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, 61604, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.affiliation: Biomolecules Institute, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Isidro G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Collado
authors.affiliation: Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37185, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Monte
authors.affiliation: Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D020171:Botrytis / Q000737:chemistry*; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004875:Ergosterol / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects*; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D011753:Pyrones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013185:Squalene / Q000378:metabolism; D013729:Terpenes / Q000378:metabolism; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; D011753:Pyrones; D013729:Terpenes; D014255:Trichothecenes; C087546:harzianum A; C432873:botrydial; D013185:Squalene; D004875:Ergosterol
keywords: Botrytis cinerea; Trichoderma arundinaceum; chemical dialogue; fungal interactions; pathway co-regulation