title: Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: clinical characteristics, predictors of outcome and the knowledge gap in southwest China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to analyse the clinical profiles and outcomes of patients with anti- N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in China was performed between June 2011 and June 2014. The clinical characteristics and predictors of poor outcome were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 51 patients with a definitive diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis were included in this study. Four of them were surgically confirmed to have a neoplasm. Thirty-two patients, amongst whom 24 were female, presented with psychiatric disorder as the initial symptom, whereas 14 patients, of whom nine were male, presented with seizure as the initial symptom (P = 0.011). Twenty-nine patients (56.86%) were initially misdiagnosed with psychosis, viral encephalitis or other diseases, and 58.8% of the patients experienced at least one type of complication. It typically took 3 weeks before these patients were admitted to our hospital and another 2 weeks before the correct diagnosis was made. Forty-one patients (80%) reached a good outcome; 10 patients (20%) had a poor outcome. Older age, extended hospital stay, memory deficits, decreased consciousness, central hypoventilation, complications and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid results were associated with poor outcome (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female patients more frequently initially present with psychiatric disorder but male patients more frequently initially present with seizure. Patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis in China have a lower incidence of neoplasm. Nevertheless, this study reveals several challenges in treating anti-NMDAR encephalitis in China that may contribute to poor outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: F-Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D060426:Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
keywords: anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis; knowledge gap; misdiagnosis rate; prognosis