title: Metabolism of deoxynivalenol and deepoxy-deoxynivalenol in broiler chickens, pullets, roosters and turkeys.
abstract: Recently, deoxynivalenol-3-sulfate (DON-3-sulfate) was proposed as a major DON metabolite in poultry. In the present work, the first LC-MS/MS based method for determination of DON-3-sulfate, deepoxy-DON-3-sulfate (DOM-3-sulfate), DON, DOM, DON sulfonates 1, 2, 3, and DOM sulfonate 2 in excreta samples of chickens and turkeys was developed and validated. To this end, DOM-3-sulfate was chemically synthesized and characterized by NMR and LC-HR-MS/MS measurements. Application of the method to excreta and chyme samples of four feeding trials with turkeys, chickens, pullets, and roosters confirmed DON-3-sulfate as the major DON metabolite in all poultry species studied. Analogously to DON-3-sulfate, DOM-3-sulfate was formed after oral administration of DOM both in turkeys and in chickens. In addition, pullets and roosters metabolized DON into DOM-3-sulfate. In vitro transcription/translation assays revealed DOM-3-sulfate to be 2000 times less toxic on the ribosome than DON. Biological recoveries of DON and DOM orally administered to broiler chickens, turkeys, and pullets were 74%-106% (chickens), 51%-72% (roosters), and 131%-151% (pullets). In pullets, DON-3-sulfate concentrations increased from jejunum chyme samples to excreta samples by a factor of 60. This result, put into context with earlier studies, indicates fast and efficient absorption of DON between crop and jejunum, conversion to DON-3-sulfate in intestinal mucosa, liver, and possibly kidney, and rapid elimination into excreta via bile and urine.
authors.affiliation: Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln 3430, Austria. heidi.schwartz@boku.ac.at.
authors.forename: Heidi E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Schwartz-Zimmermann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 4060, Austria. philipp.fruhmann@tuwien.ac.at.|Centre of Electrochemical Surface Technology, Wiener Neustadt 2700, Austria. philipp.fruhmann@tuwien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fruhmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig 38116, Germany. sven.daenicke@fli.bund.de.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dänicke
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln 3430, Austria. gerlinde.wiesenberger@boku.ac.at.
authors.forename: Gerlinde
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wiesenberger
authors.affiliation: Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln 3430, Austria. sylvia.caha@boku.ac.at.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caha
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 4060, Austria. julia.weber@tuwien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln 3430, Austria. franz.berthiller@boku.ac.at.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berthiller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D002645:Chickens / Q000378:metabolism*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D007583:Jejunum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D014422:Turkeys / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins; D013431:Sulfates; D014255:Trichothecenes; C048238:deepoxy-deoxynivalenol; C007262:deoxynivalenol
keywords: HPLC-MS/MS; biomarkers; deoxynivalenol sulfonates; deoxynivalenol-3-sulfate; mycotoxins; poultry