title: Chlamydial Lytic Exit from Host Cells Is Plasmid Regulated.
abstract: Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that is a globally important human pathogen. The chlamydial plasmid is an attenuating virulence factor, but the molecular basis for attenuation is not understood. Chlamydiae replicate within a membrane-bound vacuole termed an inclusion, where they undergo a biphasic developmental growth cycle and differentiate from noninfectious into infectious organisms. Late in the developmental cycle, the fragile chlamydia-laden inclusion retains its integrity by surrounding itself with scaffolds of host cytoskeletal proteins. The ability of chlamydiae to developmentally free themselves from this cytoskeleton network is a fundamental virulence trait of the pathogen. Here, we show that plasmidless chlamydiae are incapable of disrupting their cytoskeletal entrapment and remain intracellular as stable mature inclusions that support high numbers of infectious organisms. By using deletion mutants of the eight plasmid-carried genes (Δpgp1 to Δpgp8), we show that Pgp4, a transcriptional regulator of multiple chromosomal genes, is required for exit. Exit of chlamydiae is dependent on protein synthesis and is inhibited by the compound C1, an inhibitor of the type III secretion system (T3S). Exit of plasmid-free and Δpgp4 organisms, which failed to lyse infected cells, was rescued by latrunculin B, an inhibitor of actin polymerization. Our findings describe a genetic mechanism of chlamydial exit from host cells that is dependent on an unknown pgp4-regulated chromosomal T3S effector gene.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Chlamydia's obligate intracellular life style requires both entry into and exit from host cells. Virulence factors that function in exiting are unknown. The chlamydial inclusion is stabilized late in the infection cycle by F-actin. A prerequisite of chlamydial exit is its ability to disassemble actin from the inclusion. We show that chlamydial plasmid-free organisms, and also a plasmid gene protein 4 (pgp4) null mutant, do not disassociate actin from the inclusion and fail to exit cells. We further provide evidence that Pgp4-regulated exit is dependent on the chlamydial type III secretion system. This study is the first to define a genetic mechanism that functions in chlamydial lytic exit from host cells. The findings also have practical implications for understanding why plasmid-free chlamydiae are highly attenuated and have the ability to elicit robust protective immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Chunfu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bacteriology, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA.
authors.forename: Tregei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bacteriology, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA.
authors.forename: Gail L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Sturdevant
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bacteriology, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Beare
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Whitmire
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA hcaldwell@niaid.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Harlan D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Caldwell
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000382:microbiology*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D010957:Plasmids; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000382:microbiology*; D014774:Virulence; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D037521:Virulence Factors