title: Reliable low-cost devices for monitoring ammonia concentrations and emissions in naturally ventilated dairy barns.
abstract: This research investigated the use of two relatively cost-effective devices for determining NH3 concentrations in naturally ventilated (NV) dairy barns including an Ogawa passive sampler (Ogawa) and a passive flux sampler (PFS). These samplers were deployed adjacent to sampling ports of a photoacoustic infrared multigas spectroscope (INNOVA), in a NV dairy barn. A 3-day deployment period was deemed suitable for both passive samplers. The correlations between concentrations determined with the passive samplers and the INNOVA were statistically significant (r = 0.93 for Ogawa and 0.88 for PFS). Compared with reference measurements, Ogawa overestimated NH3 concentrations in the barn by ∼ 14%, while PFS underestimated NH3 concentrations by ∼ 41%. Barn NH3 emission factors per animal unit (20.6-21.2 g d(-1) AU(-1)) based on the two passive samplers, after calibration, were similar to those obtained with the reference method and were within the range of values reported in literature.
authors.affiliation: Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. Electronic address: ndegwa@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Pius M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ndegwa
authors.affiliation: Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
authors.forename: HungSoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.affiliation: Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Neerackal
authors.affiliation: Animal Science, Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 West Pioneer, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 646120, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
authors.forename: Claudio O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Stöckle
authors.affiliation: Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 642910, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
authors.forename: Heping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D003612:Dairying; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000641:Ammonia
keywords: Air quality; Natural ventilation; Ogawa passive sampler; Passive flux sampler; Photoacoustic infrared spectroscope