title: Children's health risk assessment based on the content of toxic metals Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in urban soil samples of Podgorica, Montenegro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Due to their low tolerance to pollutants and hand-to-mouth pathways the health risk is very high in children's population. The aim of this study was to evaluate risk to children's health based on the content of heavy metals in urban soil samples from Podgorica, Montenegro. This study included the investigation of several toxic metals such as Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in soil samples from public parks and playgrounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sampling was conducted in a period October-November, 2012. Based on cluster analysis, soil samples were divided into two groups related to similarity of metal content at examinated locations: the group I--near by recreational or residential areas of the city, and the group II--near traffic roads. Concentration of toxic metals, in urban soil samples were determined by a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (Pb and Cd) and by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry technique after microwave digestion. Due to exposure to urban soil, non-cancerogenic index hazardous index (HI) for children was estimated using 95th percentile values of total metal concentration. The value of the total (ingestion, dermal and inhalation) HI is calculated for maximum, minimum and the average concentration of metals for children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in the surface layer of the studied urban soils were 85.91 mg/kg, 2.8 mg/kg and 52.9 mg/kg and 112.5 mg/kg, respectively. Samples from group II showed higher metal content compared to group I. Urbanization and traffic are the main sources of pollution of the urban soils of Podgorica. Most of the samples (93.5%) had a high Pb content, 12.9% of the samples had a higher content of Cd, while Cu and Zn were within the limits prescribed by national legislation. At one location the level of security for lead is HI = 0.8 and very closed to maximum acceptable value of 1. It is probably the result of intensive traffic near by.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All metals investigated showed relatively higher concentrations at sites that were close to industrial places and high ways. The mean concentrations of Pb and Zn and maximum concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn were higher than presented values in the National Regulation.
authors.forename: Boban
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mugoša
authors.forename: Dijana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Djurović
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pirnat
authors.forename: Zorica
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bulat
authors.forename: Snežana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barjaktarović-Labović
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000145:classification; D054548:Montenegro / Q000453:epidemiology; D011634:Public Health / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil