title: Validation of serum free light chain reference ranges in primary care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The demand for measurement of serum immunoglobulin free kappa (κ) and lambda (λ) light chains has increased. The κ:λ ratio is used to assist in diagnosis/monitoring of plasma cell disorders. The binding site reference range for serum-free light chain κ:λ ratios of 0.26-1.65 was derived from healthy volunteers. Subsequently, a reference range of 0.37-3.1 for patients with chronic kidney disease has been proposed. Elevated free light chain concentrations and borderline raised free light chain ratios also may be found in polyclonal gammopathies and with other non-renal illnesses. This assessment was conducted to validate the established free light chain reference ranges in individuals from primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 130 samples were identified from routine blood samples collected in primary care for routine biochemistry testing and estimated glomerular filtration rate calculation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median and range of κ:λ ratios found in each estimated glomerular filtration rate group used for chronic kidney disease classification were higher than previously described. This was the case for individuals with normal or essentially normal renal function with estimated glomerular filtration rates>90, (0.58-1.76) and estimated glomerular filtration rate of 60-90 mL/min/1.73 m(2), (0.71-1.93). Individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rate 15-30, (0.72-4.50) and estimated glomerular filtration rate <15 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (0.71-4.95) also had higher values when compared to the current renal reference range of 0.37-3.10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevation of free light chain-κ:λ ratios may occur in the absence of a reduced renal function shown by a normal estimated glomerular filtration rate and in the presence of reduced renal function by estimated glomerular filtration rate when comparing results with the established reference ranges. Explanations include choice of analytical systems or the presence of other concurrent non-plasma cell illness.
authors.affiliation: Prenton, Birkenhead, UK.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galvani
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Directorate of Laboratory Medicine, Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Wirral, UK.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Directorate of Laboratory Medicine, Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Wirral, UK.
authors.forename: Mansour
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sargazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Directorate of Laboratory Medicine, Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Wirral, UK duncan.neithercut@nhs.net.
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Neithercut
mesh_terms: D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007147:Immunoglobulin Light Chains / Q000097:blood*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D011320:Primary Health Care
chemical_list: D007147:Immunoglobulin Light Chains
keywords: FLC; Free light chains; eGFR