title: Addressing contact tracing challenges-critical to halting Ebola virus disease transmission.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delayed and ineffective contact tracing contributed to the extensive transmission of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the 2014-2015 West African outbreak. Understanding and addressing the challenges to implementing and managing contact tracing is essential to stopping EVD transmission and preventing large-scale EVD outbreaks in the future.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews were conducted with United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention staff members engaged in contact tracing activities in the affected West African countries of Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, Nigeria, and Mali from September through December 2014. Two staff members from each country were interviewed. The five most frequently cited contact tracing challenges were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Challenges have been evident in every step of the contact tracing process from implementation to management, including identifying, locating, and enrolling contact-persons, as well as managing personnel and ensuring contact tracing performance. Common themes observed in all of the affected West African countries have included fear, stigma, and community misperceptions regarding EVD. Countries that have overcome these challenges, ensuring immediate and comprehensive contact tracing, have been successful in halting EVD transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addressing challenges to contact tracing implementation and management in the West African EVD outbreak is essential to stopping ongoing transmission.
authors.affiliation: Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE,Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. Electronic address: agreiner@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Ashley L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.affiliation: Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE,Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Kristina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Angelo
authors.affiliation: Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McCollum
authors.affiliation: Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE,Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mirkovic
authors.affiliation: International Task Force, 2014 Ebola Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.affiliation: High-risk Unaffected Countries Team, International Task Force, 2014 Ebola Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Angulo
mesh_terms: D000354:Africa, Western / Q000453:epidemiology; D016358:Contact Tracing; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D019142:Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D014481:United States
keywords: Contact tracing; Ebola virus disease; Hemorrhagic fever; West Africa