title: Effects of realistic concentrations of TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles in Prochilodus lineatus juvenile fish.
abstract: The impact of nanoparticles on fish health is still a matter of debate, since nanotechnology is quite recent. In this study, freshwater benthonic juvenile fish Prochilodus lineatus were exposed through water to three concentrations of TiO2 (0.1, 1, and 10 μg l(-1)) and ZnO (7, 70, and 700 μg l(-1)) nanoparticles, as well as to a mixture of both (TiO2 1 μg l(-1) + ZnO 70 μg l(-1)) for 5 and 30 days. Nanoparticle characterization revealed an increase of aggregate size in the function of concentration, but suspensions were generally stable. Fish mortality was high at subchronic exposure to 70 and 700 μg l(-1) of ZnO. Nanoparticle exposure led to decreased acetylcholinesterase activity either in the muscle or in the brain, depending on particle composition (muscle-TiO2 10 μg l(-1); brain-ZnO 7 and 700 μg l(-1)), and protein oxidative damage increased in the brain (ZnO 70 μg l(-1)) and gills (ZnO 70 μg l(-1) and mixture) but not in the liver. Exposed fish had more frequent alterations in the liver (necrosis, vascular congestion, leukocyte infiltration, and basophilic foci) and gills (hyperplasia and epithelial damages, e.g., epithelial disorganization and epithelial loss) than the control fish. Thus, predicted concentrations of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles caused detectable effects on P. lineatus that may have important consequences to fish health. But, these effects are much more subtle than those usually reported in the scientific literature for high concentrations or doses of metal nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 19031, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. renatam.bio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 19031, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: A L R
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Damaso da Silveira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 19031, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: de Jesus
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 19031, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Grötzner
authors.affiliation: Programa Associado de Pós-Graduação em Química, Setor de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Caixa Postal 992, CEP: 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.affiliation: Programa Associado de Pós-Graduação em Química, Setor de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Caixa Postal 992, CEP: 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: S X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: Estação de Piscicultura Panamá, Paulo Lopes, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: J R E
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 19031, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: M A F
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Randi
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 19031, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: C A Oliveira
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 19031, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. filipak@ufpr.br.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Filipak Neto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005399:Fishes; D005618:Fresh Water; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: Cytotoxicity; Fish; Metal oxide nanoparticle; Neurotoxicity; Oxidative stress