title: THE EFFECT OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS ON BONE AND MUSCLE.
abstract: This article examines the current knowledge of the effects of both exogenous and endogenous glucocorticoids on bone and muscle. It demonstrates the similarity of effects of supraphysiologic loads of glucocorticoids regardless of whether they enter the body in the form of medication or are manufactured by the body in response to stimuli such as inflammation. The effects of endogenous glucocorticoids and the systemic inflammatory response resulting from pediatric burn injury are compared and the difficulty in sorting out which of the two factors is responsible for the ultimate effects on bone and muscle is pointed out. The focus then switches to the body's response to the influence of both glucocorticoids and inflammatory cytokines and evidence supporting a common pathway of response to oxidative damage caused by both is discussed. Current recommended medical management of glucocorticoid-induced bone and muscle loss is discussed and the failure to reconcile current management with known mechanisms is highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners Burns Hospital, Galveston Texas 77555 USA.
authors.forename: Gordon L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Klein
keywords: bone; forkhead box O; glucocorticoids; muscle; oxidative stress