title: REDUCTION OF VITREOUS PROSTAGLANDIN E2 LEVELS AFTER TOPICAL ADMINISTRATION OF INDOMETHACIN 0.5%, BROMFENAC 0.09%, AND NEPAFENAC 0.1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess vitreous concentrations of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in patients treated with NSAIDs before vitrectomy for macular pucker.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, investigator-masked, randomized study was performed in 64 patients scheduled to undergo vitrectomy. The patients were randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive indomethacin 0.5%, bromfenac 0.09%, nepafenac 0.1%, or placebo three times a day. NSAIDs and PGE2 levels were evaluated in vitreous samples collected at the beginning of surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (SD) vitreous concentrations of the study drugs were 503.13 (241.1) pg/mL for indomethacin, 302.5 (91.03) pg/mL for bromfenac, and 284.38 (128.2) pg/mL for nepafenac. Mean (SD) vitreous PGE2 levels were 247.9 (140.9) pg/mL for indomethacin, 322.12 (228.1) pg/mL for bromfenac, 448.8 (261.1) pg/mL for nepafenac, and 1,133 (323.9) pg/mL for placebo. All three NSAIDs reduced vitreous PGE2 levels to a statistically significant extent, without a significant difference among them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All assessed NSAIDs penetrated the vitreous and lowered basal PGE2 levels. A greater penetration was associated with pseudophakic eyes. The important inhibition of prostaglandins in the retina may have a clinical effect on the management of inflammatory retina diseases.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; †Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; and ‡Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morescalchi
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vezzoli
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernini
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Turano
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Costagliola
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Ferrari
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Semeraro
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D044482:Benzeneacetamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001682:Biological Availability; D001969:Bromobenzenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010648:Phenylacetates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014821:Vitrectomy; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D044482:Benzeneacetamides; D001577:Benzophenones; D001969:Bromobenzenes; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010648:Phenylacetates; C414203:nepafenac; C053083:bromfenac; D015232:Dinoprostone; D007213:Indomethacin