title: Single- vs. multi-stage repair of proximal hypospadias: The dilemma continues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The surgical reconstruction of distal penile hypospadias in a single stage is the standard practice for managing anterior hypospadias. Unfortunately, it is not simple to extrapolate the same principle to proximal hypospadias. There is no consensus among hypospadiologists about whether a single- or multi-stage operation is the optimal treatment for proximal hypospadias. In this review, we assess the currently reported outcomes and complications of both techniques in proximal hypospadias repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched Medline, Pubmed, Scopus and Ovid for publications in the last 10 years (2002-2012) for relevant articles, using the terms 'proximal hypospadias', 'posterior hypospadias' 'single stage', 'multiple stage', and 'complications'. Articles retrieved were analysed according to the technique of repair, follow-up, complications, success rate, number of included children, and re-operative rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported complications in both techniques were similar, including mostly minor complications in the form of fistula, meatal stenosis, partial glans dehiscence, and urethral diverticulum, with their easy surgical repair. The outcomes of single- and multistage repairs of proximal hypospadias are comparable; no technique can be considered better than any other. Thus, it is more judicious for a hypospadiologist to master a few of these procedures to achieve the best results, regardless of the technique used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Haytham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Badawy
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fahmy
keywords: Complications; Hypospadias; Multi-stage; Repair; Single-stage; TIP, tubularised incised-plate