title: Validation of a Point-of-Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen Urine Cassette Test for Schistosoma mansoni Diagnosis in the Sahel, and Potential Cross-Reaction in Pregnancy.
abstract: On the shores of Lake Chad, schistosomiasis among mobile pastoralists was investigated in a field laboratory. Point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) cassette test, reagent strip, and filtration were conducted on urine samples. Fresh stool samples were subjected to the Kato-Katz technique, and fixed samples were examined with an ether-concentration method at a reference laboratory. POC-CCA urine cassette tests revealed a Schistosoma mansoni prevalence of 6.9%, compared with only 0.5% by stool microscopy. Three pregnant women with otherwise negative urine and stool testing had positive POC-CCA. This observation raises concern of cross-reactivity in pregnancy. Hence, two pregnant women in Switzerland with no history of schistosomiasis were subjected to POC-CCA and one tested positive. Our data suggest that POC-CCA can be performed under extreme Sahelian conditions (e.g., temperatures > 40°C), and it is more sensitive than stool microscopy for S. mansoni diagnosis. However, potential cross-reactivity in pregnancy needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement, N'Djamena, Chad.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Greter
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement, N'Djamena, Chad.
authors.forename: Stefanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Krauth
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement, N'Djamena, Chad.
authors.forename: Bongo N R
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Ngandolo
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement, N'Djamena, Chad.
authors.forename: Idriss O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Alfaroukh
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement, N'Djamena, Chad.
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zinsstag
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement, N'Djamena, Chad juerg.utzinger@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Jürg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Utzinger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000947:Antigens, Helminth; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000379:methods; D003429:Cross Reactions; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010274:Parasitology / Q000379:methods; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D011247:Pregnancy; D011934:Reagent Strips; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni; D012555:Schistosomiasis mansoni / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000947:Antigens, Helminth; D011934:Reagent Strips