title: Photoreceptor Outer Segment on Internal Limiting Membrane after Macular Hole Surgery: Implications for Pathogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This report presents a case, which highlights key principles in the pathophysiology of macular holes. It has been hypothesized that anteroposterior (AP) and tangential vitreous traction on the fovea are the primary underlying factors causing macular holes [Nischal and Pearson; in Kanski and Bowling: Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systemic Approach, 2011, pp 629-631]. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) has subsequently corroborated this theory in part but shown that AP vitreofoveal traction is the more common scenario [Steel and Lotery: Eye 2013;27:1-21].
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted as a single case report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 63-year old female presented to her optician with blurred and distorted vision in her left eye. OCT showed a macular hole with a minimum linear diameter of 370 µm, with persistent broad vitreofoveal attachment on both sides of the hole edges. The patient underwent combined left phacoemulsification and pars plana vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane (ILM) peel and gas injection. The ILM was examined by electron microscopy and showed the presence of a cone outer segment on the retinal side. Post-operative OCT at 11 weeks showed a closed hole with recovery of the foveal contour and good vision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our case shows the presence of a photoreceptor outer segment on the retinal side of the ILM and reinforces the importance of tangential traction in the development of some macula holes. The case highlights the theory of transmission of inner retinal forces to the photoreceptors via Müller cells and how a full thickness macular hole defect can occur in the absence of AP vitreomacular traction.
authors.affiliation: Sunderland Eye Infirmary, Sunderland, UK.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Grinton
authors.affiliation: Sunderland Eye Infirmary, Sunderland, UK.
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Sandinha
authors.affiliation: Sunderland Eye Infirmary, Sunderland, UK.
authors.forename: David H W
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Steel
keywords: Internal limiting membrane; Macular hole; Photoreceptors; Tangential vitreomacular traction