title: A cell wall protein-based vaccine candidate induce protective immune response against Sporothrix schenckii infection.
abstract: Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by several closely related thermo-dimorphic fungi of the Sporothrix schenckii species complex, affecting humans and other mammals. In the last few years, new strategies have been proposed for controlling sporotrichosis owning to concerns about its growing incidence in humans, cats, and dogs in Brazil, as well as the toxicity and limited efficacy of conventional antifungal drugs. In this study, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective properties of two aluminum hydroxide (AH)-adsorbed S. schenckii cell wall protein (ssCWP)-based vaccine formulations in a mouse model of systemic S. schenckii infection. Fractioning by SDS-PAGE revealed nine protein bands, two of which were functionally characterized: a 44kDa peptide hydrolase and a 47kDa enolase, which was predicted to be an adhesin. Sera from immunized mice recognized the 47kDa enolase and another unidentified 71kDa protein, whereas serum from S. schenckii-infected mice recognized both these proteins plus another unidentified 9.4kDa protein. Furthermore, opsonization with the anti-ssCWP sera led to markedly increased phagocytosis and was able to strongly inhibit the fungus' adhesion to fibroblasts. Immunization with the higher-dose AH-adjuvanted formulation led to increased ex vivo release of IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17, whereas only IL-12 and IFN-γ were induced by the higher-dose non-adjuvanted formulation. Lastly, passive transference of the higher-dose AH-adjuvanted formulation's anti-ssCWP serum was able to afford in vivo protection in a subsequent challenge with S. schenckii, becoming a viable vaccine candidate for further testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: deivysleandro@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Deivys Leandro
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Portuondo
authors.affiliation: Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University, Autopista Nacional Km. 1 1/2CP 90400, AP 4033 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Electronic address: batistaduhartea@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Batista-Duharte
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: gigabreath@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Lucas Souza
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: damianatellezm@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Damiana Téllez
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: marisapolesi@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Marisa Campos
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Polesi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: robduarte@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Roberta Aparecida
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: ana_alpasi@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina Alves
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Paula E Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: marcos_caroline@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Caroline Maria
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Marcos
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: almeidaf@fcfar.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Ana Marisa Fusco de
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: deivysleandro@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Iracilda Zeppone
authors.initials: IZ
authors.lastname: Carlos
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000908:Antibodies, Fungal / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000276:immunology; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005657:Fungal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D007106:Immune Sera / Q000737:chemistry; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013175:Sporothrix / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D013174:Sporotrichosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000908:Antibodies, Fungal; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D005657:Fungal Vaccines; D007106:Immune Sera; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
keywords: Adjuvant; Aluminum; Immunogenicity; Sporothrix schenckii; Sporotrichosis; Vaccine