title: The leaching behavior of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide from soil in the presence of co-contaminant--Mixture sorption approach.
abstract: Anticancer drugs (ACDs) exhibit high biological activity, they are cytotoxic, genotoxic, and are constantly released into the environment as a result of incomplete metabolism. Consequently they pose a serious threat to the environment and human health due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic and/or reproductive toxicity properties. Knowledge of their bioavailability, including their sorption to soils and their impact on the soil-groundwater pathway, is crucial for their risk assessment. Laboratory batch and column leaching tests are important tools for determining the release potential of contaminants from soil or waste material. Batch and column tests were carried out with soils differing in physicochemical properties, each spiked with cyclophosphamide (CK) or ifosfamide (IF). Moreover, due to the fact that environmental pollutants may occur as coexisting compounds in the soil the mobility evaluation for ACDs in the mixture with metoprolol (MET; β-blocker) as a co-contaminant was performed. In order to assess appropriateness, the batch and column tests were compared. The release depended on the properties of both the soil and the presence of co-contaminants. The faster release was observed for coarse-grained soil with the smallest organic matter content (MS soil: 90% decrease in concentration until liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) of 0.3 L kg(-1) for all tests' layout) than for loamy sand (LS soil: 90% decrease in concentration until ratio L/S of 0.75 L kg(-1)). ACDs are highly mobile in soil systems. Furthermore, the decrease of mobility of ifosfamide was observed with the presence of a co-contaminant (metoprolol) in both of the soils (in MS soil a decrease of 29%; in LS soil a decrease of 26%). The mobility of cyclophosphamide does not depend on the presence of a contaminant for MS soil, but also exhibits a decrease of 21% in LS soil.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, PL-80-308 Gdańsk, Poland. Electronic address: katarzyna.mioduszewska@ug.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mioduszewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, PL-80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maszkowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, PL-80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Białk-Bielińska
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kalbe
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, PL-80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liberek
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, PL-80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Łukaszewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, PL-80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stepnowski
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D007069:Ifosfamide
keywords: Anticancer drugs; Beta-blocker; Metoprolol; Sorption