title: Risk factors for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the Bogota birth defects surveillance and follow-up program, Colombia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mortality rate for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remains high and prevention efforts are limited by the lack of known risk factors. The aim of this study was to determine prevalence, risk factors, and neonatal results associated with CDH on a surveillance system hospital-based in Bogotá, Colombia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data used in this study were obtained from The Bogota Birth Defects Surveillance and Follow-up Program (BBDSFP), between January 2001 and December 2013. With 386,419 births, there were 81 cases of CDH. A case-control methodology was conducted with 48 of the total cases of CDH and 192 controls for association analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of CDH was 2.1 per 10,000 births. In the case-control analysis, risk factors found were maternal age ≥35 years (OR, 33.53; 95 % CI, 7.02-160.11), infants with CDH were more likely to be born before 37 weeks of gestation (OR, 5.57; 95 % CI, 2.05-15.14), to weigh less than 2500 g at birth (OR, 9.05; 95 % CI, 3.51-23.32), and be small for gestational age (OR, 5.72; 95 % CI, 2.18-14.99) with a high rate of death before hospital discharge in the CDH population (CDH: 38 % vs BBDSFP: <1 %; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of CDH calculated was similar to the one reported in the literature. CDH is strongly associated with a high rate of death before hospital discharge and the risk factors found were maternal age ≥35 years, preterm birth, be small for gestational age, and have low weight at birth. These neonatal characteristics in developing countries would help to identify early CDH. Prevention efforts have been limited by the lack of known risk factors and established epidemiological profiles, especially in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Genética Humana, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 no. 40-62 edificio 32, Bogotá, 110231, Colombia. agarciag@javeriana.edu.co.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8439-8655
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 no. 40-62, Bogotá, 110231, Colombia. smachicado@javeriana.edu.co.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Machicado
authors.affiliation: Secretaría de Salud de Bogotá, Carrera 32 no. 12-81, Bogotá, 111611, Colombia. gmgracia@saludcapital.gov.co.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gracia
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Genética Humana, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 no. 40-62 edificio 32, Bogotá, 110231, Colombia. izarante@javeriana.edu.co.
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Zarante
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Case–control; Congenital diaphragmatic hernia; Risk factors; Surveillance