title: Are strict vegetarians protected against prostate cancer?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to the American Cancer Society, prostate cancer accounts for ∼27% of all incident cancer cases among men and is the second most common (noncutaneous) cancer among men. The relation between diet and prostate cancer is still unclear. Because people do not consume individual foods but rather foods in combination, the assessment of dietary patterns may offer valuable information when determining associations between diet and prostate cancer risk.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to examine the association between dietary patterns (nonvegetarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, vegan, and semi-vegetarian) and prostate cancer incidence among 26,346 male participants of the Adventist Health Study-2.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective cohort study, cancer cases were identified by matching to cancer registries. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to estimate HRs by using age as the time variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 1079 incident prostate cancer cases were identified. Around 8% of the study population reported adherence to the vegan diet. Vegan diets showed a statistically significant protective association with prostate cancer risk (HR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.85). After stratifying by race, the statistically significant association with a vegan diet remained only for the whites (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.86), but the multivariate HR for black vegans showed a similar but nonsignificant point estimate (HR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.41, 1.18).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vegan diets may confer a lower risk of prostate cancer. This lower estimated risk is seen in both white and black vegan subjects, although in the latter, the CI is wider and includes the null.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and ytantamango@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yessenia
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2606-2544
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tantamango-Bartley
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and.
authors.forename: Synnove F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Knutsen
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knutsen
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and Department of Community Medicine, Universitetet i Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Bjarne K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and.
authors.forename: W Lawrence
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Beeson
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sabate
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; and.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hadley
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jaceldo-Siegl
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Penniecook
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and.
authors.forename: Patti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herring
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and.
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and.
authors.forename: Hanni
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D000067269:Diet, Vegan; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000066988:Vegetarians; D044465:White People
keywords: Adventist; cancer; diet; prostate; vegan