title: The role of open stone surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To highlight the role of open stone surgery in the management of urolithiasis in the current era of minimally invasive therapies. The introduction and continuous development of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureterorenoscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) over the past 30 years have led to a significant change in the current management of urolithiasis, where the indications for open stone surgery have been narrowed significantly, making it a second- or third-line treatment option.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the most recent guidelines published by the European Association of Urology and the American Urological Association, and reviewed reports through a MEDLINE search to identify the indications and current role of open stone surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the MEDLINE search, it was obvious that the number of papers published on open renal stone surgery has decreased during the last three decades, soon after the introduction of ESWL and PCNL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although currently most patients with stones can be managed by minimally invasive therapy, we believe that open surgery still has a role, and therefore it is of great importance to recognise that a small group of patients with complex stone disease, and those with anatomical and physiological anomalies, will benefit from this treatment option.
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, New Cross Hospital, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK.
authors.forename: Tamer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: El-Husseiny
authors.affiliation: Endourology and Stone Services, Barts and The London NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Noor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Buchholz
keywords: EAU, European Association of Urology; ESWL; Guidelines; Open stone surgery; PCNL; PCNL, percutaneous nephrolithotomy; Urolithiasis