title: Simultaneous determination of water-soluble whitening ingredients and adenosine in different cosmetic formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Korean Cosmetic Act regulates the use of functional cosmetics) by the law. Four functional cosmetic groups, whitening, anti-wrinkle, UV protection and combination of whitening and anti-wrinkle, were categorized according to the Korean Cosmetic Act and Functional Cosmetics Codex. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with photodiode array detection (DAD) was employed for the simultaneous detection of arbutin (and its decomposition product, hydroquinone), niacinamide, ascorbyl glucoside, ethyl ascorbyl ether and adenosine in functional cosmetic products such as creams, emulsions and lotions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Separation by HPLC-DAD was conducted using a C18 column with a gradient elution of 5 mm KH2PO4 buffer (containing 0.1% phosphoric acid) and methanol (containing 0.1% phosphoric acid). The wavelengths for the detection of arbutin, hydroquinone, niacinamide, adenosine, ascorbyl glucoside and ethyl ascorbyl ether were 283, 289, 261, 257, 238 and 245 nm, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This method exhibited good linearity (R(2) ≥ 0.999), precision (expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) < 2%) and mean recoveries (89.42-104.89%). The results obtained by monitoring 100 market samples showed that the detected levels of the tested materials are within the acceptable authorized concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method developed herein is simple and can be used for market survey and quality control of functional cosmetics.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Research Division, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment, 95, Pajang cheon-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-Si, 440-290, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: J-S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Public Health Research Division, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment, 95, Pajang cheon-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-Si, 440-290, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: H-T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Public Health Research Division, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment, 95, Pajang cheon-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-Si, 440-290, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: M-G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Public Health Research Division, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment, 95, Pajang cheon-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-Si, 440-290, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: M-S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Public Health Research Division, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment, 95, Pajang cheon-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-Si, 440-290, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: S-R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Public Health Research Division, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment, 95, Pajang cheon-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-Si, 440-290, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: M-H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Nuengdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: S-M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Nuengdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: H-C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: J-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramadan
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Nuengdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.|Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abd El-Aty
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003358:Cosmetics; D057230:Limit of Detection; D062327:Skin Lightening Preparations; D012995:Solubility; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet / Q000379:methods; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D062327:Skin Lightening Preparations; D014867:Water; D000241:Adenosine
keywords: adenosine; arbutin; ascorbyl glucoside; ethyl ascorbyl ether; high-performance liquid chromatography; niacinamide