title: Pathogenesis of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp.
abstract: Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), also called early mortality syndrome (EMS), is a recently emergent shrimp bacterial disease that has resulted in substantial economic losses since 2009. AHPND is known to be caused by strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus that contain a unique virulence plasmid, but the pathology of the disease is still unclear. In this study, we show that AHPND-causing strains of V. parahaemolyticus secrete the plasmid-encoded binary toxin PirAB(vp) into the culture medium. We further determined that, after shrimp were challenged with AHPND-causing bacteria, the bacteria initially colonized the stomach, where they started to produce PirAB(vp) toxin. At the same early time point (6 hpi), PirB(vp) toxin, but not PirA(vp) toxin, was detected in the hepatopancreas, and the characteristic histopathological signs of AHPND, including sloughing of the epithelial cells of the hepatopancreatic tubules, were also seen. Although some previous studies have found that both components of the binary PirAB(vp) toxin are necessary to induce a toxic effect, our present results are consistent with other studies which have suggested that PirB(vp) alone may be sufficient to cause cellular damage. At later time points, the bacteria and PirA(vp) and PirB(vp) toxins were all detected in the hepatopancreas. We also show that Raman spectroscopy "Whole organism fingerprints" were unable to distinguish between AHPND-causing and non-AHPND causing strains. Lastly, by using minimum inhibitory concentrations, we found that both virulent and non-virulent V. parahaemolyticus strains were resistant to several antibiotics, suggesting that the use of antibiotics in shrimp culture should be more strictly regulated.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Hung-Chiao
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Tze Hann
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chung-Te
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: I-Tung
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Sheng Long Bio-tech International Co., LTD, Long An, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Jie-Cheng
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Animal Health Research Center, Charoen Pokphand Foods, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Rapeepat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mavichak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Sheng-Hsiung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Mi-De
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yi-An
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takeyama
authors.affiliation: College of Science, National Ciao Tung University, 300, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Hiro-o
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Hamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chu-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: takashi.aoki65@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: wanghc@mail.ncku.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Han-Ching
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D043143:Hepatopancreas / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000382:microbiology*; D013785:Thailand; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014736:Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Q000502:physiology*; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins
keywords: Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND); Early mortality syndrome (EMS); Shrimp; Vibrio parahaemolyticus