title: Health-related quality of life among children with adenoid hypertrophy in Xi'an, China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in 5-7-year-old children diagnosed with adenoid hypertrophy and the impact of adenoid hypertrophy on affected families.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional case-control study evaluating 5-7-year-old children with adenoid hypertrophy (n=195), 5-7-year-old healthy children (n=156), and associated caregivers (parents and/or grandparents). A Chinese version of the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scale was used to assess childhood HRQOL, and a Chinese version of the Family Impact Module (FIM) was used to assess the impact of adenoid hypertrophy on family members. HRQOL scores were compared between the children with adenoid hypertrophy and healthy children. In addition, a multiple step-wise regression with demographic variables of children and their caregivers, family economic status, and caregiver's HRQOL as independent variables were referenced to determine the factors that may influence HRQOL in children with adenoid hypertrophy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with adenoid hypertrophy showed significantly lower physical, emotional, social, and school functioning scores than healthy children (p<0.001 in all these dimensions). Caregivers for children with adenoid hypertrophy also scored significantly lower than caregivers for healthy children on physical, emotional, social, cognitive, and communication functioning (p<0.001 in all these dimensions). Caregivers for adenoid hypertrophy-affected children also exhibited significantly higher levels of worry than healthy children (p<0.001). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that children's age, children's relation with caregivers, caregiver's educational level, caregiver's own HRQOL, and the size of adenoid may all influence the HRQOL in children with adenoid hypertrophy (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current data suggested that adenoid hypertrophy were associated with lower HRQOL in both children and their caregivers, and may negatively influence family functioning. In addition, caregivers' social characteristics may also significantly affect the HRQOL in children with adenoid hypertrophy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Haiqin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Huanan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169, Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China. Electronic address: shanglei@fmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shang
mesh_terms: D000234:Adenoids / Q000473:pathology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Adenoid hypertrophy; Caregiver; Children; Quality of life