title: Effect of Habits and Nutritional Status on Clinical Grading and Histopathological Staging in Patients with Oral Sub Mucous Fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic progressive debilitating disease affecting the oral, oropharyngeal and sometimes the oesophageal mucosa resulting in inability to eat due to burning, ulcers and stiffness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study was undertaken, to evaluate the correlation of clinical staging, histological grading and nutritional status using body mass index (BMI) with gutkha (habit) index in OSMF patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group comprised of 50 patients clinically diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed cases of OSMF. Habit (gutkha) index was calculated by multiplying duration and frequency. Body mass index was calculated by dividing weight in kilograms and height in centimetres of the patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male to female ratio was 2.8:1. Clinical grading increased with increase in gutkha index, patients with gutkha index 1-50, maximum were in mild stage; with gutkha index 51-100, maximum in moderate and patients with gutkha index 101-150, all were in severe stage. Histological staging showed direct correlation with gutkha index, it increased with increase in gutkha index with p <0.05. Site analysis showed that buccal mucosa and retromolar area were involved in all the patient and floor of mouth in 46% of patients Body mass index analysis revealed that out of 27 patients with moderate clinical staging 3 was underweight; out of 3 with severe clinical staging, 2 was underweight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The duration and frequency of areca nut product use effects on the incidence and severity of OSMF and the patient becomes unable to eat due to burning, ulcers and inability to open mouth which affect the health of the individual. Thus it is important to access the nutritional status to improve the survival rate of patients.
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Maharaja Ganga Singh Dental College and Research Centre , Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Abhayjeet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Private Practioner, Smile Dental Care , Hyderabad, India .
authors.forename: Rama Brahmam
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lanke
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Vananchal Dental College , Garhwa, India .
authors.forename: Rakhith
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.affiliation: Reader, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Daswani Dental College and Hospital , Kota, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Syed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akifuddin
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, Career Dental College , Lucknow, India .
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sahu
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Maharaja Ganga Singh Dental College and Research Centre , Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Navneet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Maharaja Ganga Singh Dental College and Research Centre , Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Gagandeep
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Maharaja Ganga Singh Dental College and Research Centre , Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Garish
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goyal
keywords: Burning sensation; Gutkha index; OSMF