title: Integrating psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of premature ejaculation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the different approaches to the treatment of premature ejaculation (PE), with a final focus on integrated treatment, as conventional theories and therapies for PE are based on an organic or psychogenic dichotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We list the principal hypotheses of the causes and therapy of PE on the basis of psychological and medical perspectives, after identifying all relevant studies available on Medline up to 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cognitive feedback from PE can lead to a 'performance anxiety', which can combine with other conditions to further impair ejaculatory control. For these reasons, a psychological approach is always useful in treating PE, the most useful of which are sex therapy and behavioural therapy. For pharmacological treatment, reports suggest that dapoxetine (60 mg) significantly improves the control of the ejaculatory reflex, and it thus represents the first-line officially approved pharmacotherapy for PE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A holistic approach which considers the biological, psychological and relational aspects is the advised treatment for PE. Integrated medical and psycho-sexological therapy requires a mutual understanding of and respect for the different disciplines involved in sexology. In this aspect two very important roles are those of the physician and the psychologist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciocca
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Limoncin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mollaioli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni Luca
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Gravina
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Sante
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Pathophysiology, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lenzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Emmanuele A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jannini
keywords: Dichotomy; ED, erectile dysfunction.; Holistic approach; IELT, intravaginal ejaculation latency time; Integrated model; PE, premature ejaculation; Premature ejaculation