title: Update on Urinary Tract Markers in Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome.
abstract: Interstitial cystitis (IC)/painful bladder syndrome/bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is a chronic hypersensory condition of unknown etiology. Moreover, the optimal modality for diagnosing IC remains disputed. Several urinary markers have been investigated that may have potential utility in the diagnosis or confirmation of IC/BPS. Thus, inflammatory mediators, proteoglycans, urinary hexosamines, proliferative factors, nitric oxide (NO), BK polyomavirus family, and urothelial proinflammatory gene analysis have been found to correlate with varying degrees with the clinical diagnosis or cystoscopic findings in patients with IC/BPS. The most promising urinary biomarker for IC/BPS is antiproliferative factor, a sialoglycopeptide that has demonstrated inhibitory effects on urothelial cell proliferation and a high sensitivity and specificity for IC/BPS symptoms and clinical findings. In this article, we review the urinary markers, possible future therapies for IC/BPS, and the clinical relevance and controversies regarding the diagnosis of IC/BPS.
authors.affiliation: From the *Division of Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop-University Hospital; and †Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; ‡Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; §State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY.
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grigorescu
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lazarou
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006595:Hexosamines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006595:Hexosamines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011509:Proteoglycans; C490708:antiproliferative factor APF, human; D009569:Nitric Oxide