title: Lifetime Exposure to Ambient Pollution and Lung Function in Children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have examined associations between exposure to air pollution and childhood lung function after implementation of strict air quality regulations in the 1990s.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess traffic-related pollution exposure and childhood lung function.
  
  
  METHODS
  We geocoded addresses for 614 mother-child pairs enrolled during pregnancy in the Boston area 1999-2002 and followed them until a mid-childhood visit (median age, 7.7). We calculated the proximity of the home to the nearest major roadway. We estimated first year of life, lifetime, and prior-year exposure to particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) by a hybrid model using satellite-derived aerosol optical depth, and to black carbon (BC) by a land-use regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Residential proximity to roadway and prior-year and lifetime PM2.5 and BC exposure were all associated with lower FVC. Associations with FEV1 were also negative and proportionally similar. Pollution exposures were not associated with the FEV1/FVC ratio or bronchodilator response. Compared with distances greater than or equal to 400 m, living less than 100 m from a major roadway was associated with lower FVC (-98.6 ml; -176.3 to -21.0). Each 2 μg/m(3) increment in prior-year PM2.5 was associated with lower FVC (-21.8 ml; -43.9 to 0.2) and higher odds of FEV1 less than 80% predicted (1.41; 1.03-1.93). Each 0.2 μg/m(3) increment in prior-year BC was associated with a 38.9 ml (-70.4 to -7.3) lower FVC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estimates of long-term exposure to ambient pollution, including proximity to major roadway, PM2.5, and BC (a traffic-related PM2.5 constituent), were associated with lower lung function in this Boston-area cohort of children with relatively low pollution exposures.
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine.|Department of Medicine, and 2 Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Mary B
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2538-391X
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.affiliation: 3 Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Sheryl L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rifas-Shiman
authors.affiliation: 4 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Augusto A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Litonjua
authors.affiliation: 3 Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.|5 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oken
authors.affiliation: 3 Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.|5 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and.
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gillman
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Itai
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kloog
authors.affiliation: 5 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and.
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luttmann-Gibson
authors.affiliation: 5 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanobetti
authors.affiliation: 5 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and.
authors.forename: Brent A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Coull
authors.affiliation: 4 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.|5 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: 5 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and.
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koutrakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, and 2 Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.|5 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and.
authors.forename: Murray A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mittleman
authors.affiliation: 4 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.|5 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and.
authors.forename: Diane R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gold
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants
keywords: outdoor air pollution; spirometry; traffic