title: Mapping landscape friction to locate isolated tsetse populations that are candidates for elimination.
abstract: Tsetse flies are the cyclical vectors of deadly human and animal trypanosomes in sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse control is a key component for the integrated management of both plagues, but local eradication successes have been limited to less than 2% of the infested area. This is attributed to either resurgence of residual populations that were omitted from the eradication campaign or reinvasion from neighboring infested areas. Here we focused on Glossina palpalis gambiensis, a riverine tsetse species representing the main vector of trypanosomoses in West Africa. We mapped landscape resistance to tsetse genetic flow, hereafter referred to as friction, to identify natural barriers that isolate tsetse populations. For this purpose, we fitted a statistical model of the genetic distance between 37 tsetse populations sampled in the region, using a set of remotely sensed environmental data as predictors. The least-cost path between these populations was then estimated using the predicted friction map. The method enabled us to avoid the subjectivity inherent in the expert-based weighting of environmental parameters. Finally, we identified potentially isolated clusters of G. p. gambiensis habitat based on a species distribution model and ranked them according to their predicted genetic distance to the main tsetse population. The methodology presented here will inform the choice on the most appropriate intervention strategies to be implemented against tsetse flies in different parts of Africa. It can also be used to control other pests and to support conservation of endangered species.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, 34398 Montpellier, France; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites-Environnement dans les Maladies Tropicales Négligées Dues aux Trypanosomatides, 34398 Montpellier, France; Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Parasitologie, BP 2057 Dakar, Senegal; bouyer@cirad.fr.
authors.forename: Jérémy
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1913-416X
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bouyer
authors.affiliation: West African Science Service in Climate Change and Adapted Land Use, Climate Change Economics Research Program, Cheikh Anta Diop University, BP 5683, Dakar, Senegal;
authors.forename: Ahmadou H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Dicko
authors.affiliation: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa, P.O. Box 5536, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cecchi
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites-Environnement dans les Maladies Tropicales Négligées Dues aux Trypanosomatides, 34398 Montpellier, France;
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravel
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche Animal et Gestion Intégrée de Risques, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 34398 Montpellier, France; Department Environment and Societies, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe;
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guerrini
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites-Environnement dans les Maladies Tropicales Négligées Dues aux Trypanosomatides, 34398 Montpellier, France;
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Solano
authors.affiliation: Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Atomic Energy Agency Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A-1400 Vienna, Austria;
authors.forename: Marc J B
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vreysen
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites-Environnement dans les Maladies Tropicales Négligées Dues aux Trypanosomatides, 34398 Montpellier, France; Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Sub-humide, B.P. 454, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: De Meeûs
authors.affiliation: Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, 34398 Montpellier, France;
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lancelot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007300:Insect Control; D007303:Insect Vectors; D016014:Linear Models; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D014352:Trypanosomiasis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000235:genetics
keywords: area-wide integrated pest management; eradication; remote sensing; resistance surface; vector control