title: Clinicopathologic features and prognostic implications of Gankyrin protein expression in non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The expression of Gankyrin, a liver cancer-related oncoprotein, has been observed in several human malignancies including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the clinic relevance of Gankyrin expression in NSCLC remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gankyrin expression was assessed using immunohistochemical (IHC) methods in 166 paired paraffin-embedded NSCLC specimens and adjacent normal tissues. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were employed to measure the expression of Gankyrin in 24 paired fresh NSCLC specimens and the corresponding normal tissues. The association of Gankyrin expression with clinicopathological parameters was also evaluated. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effect of Gankyrin expression on survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data showed that Gankyrin was expressed in 78.3% (130/166) and 28.9% (48/166) of cancer lesions and corresponding adjacent normal tissue, respectively. And the Gankyrin overexpression in tumor tissue occurred in 53.6% (89/166) of patients, while overexpression of Gankyrin in normal tissue occurred only in 4.8% (8/166) of patients (P<0.001). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting showed that NSCLC specimens had increased Gankyrin mRNA and protein expression compared to the corresponding normal tissues. Out of all the clinicopathological factors analyzed, Gankyrin overexpression was significantly correlated with lymphatic metastasis (P<0.001) and p-TNM stage (P<0.001). Gankyrin-overexpressed NSCLC patients had a significantly shorter survival time (P<0.001, Log-rank test), and the prognostic significance of Gankyrin overexpression was apparent in both squamous cell carcinoma patients (P=0.028) and adenocarcinoma patients (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that Gankyrin overexpression may be an independent prognostic factor in NSCLC (hazard ratio [HR], 1.51; P=0.041).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that Gankyrin overexpression is of clinical significance and can serve as a prognostic biomarker in NSCLC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China. Electronic address: wwp_9@163.com.
authors.forename: Wu-ping
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China. Electronic address: yanxiaolong@fmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiao-long
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China. Electronic address: liweimiao6229@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Wei-Miao
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China. Electronic address: niyunfng@fmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yun-feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China. Electronic address: zhaojinbo@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Jin-bo
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China. Electronic address: luqianglu@126.com.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China. Electronic address: snow-siren@163.com.
authors.forename: Xue-jiao
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China. Electronic address: suny_an1314@163.com.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China. Electronic address: 13402988668@163.com.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China. Electronic address: yan533221@163.com.
authors.forename: Bing-yang
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China. Electronic address: sqsf156@163.com.
authors.forename: Yuanbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China. Electronic address: zzpzyy@fmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhi-Pei
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China. Electronic address: lxfchest@fmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiao-Fei
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C403591:PSMD10 protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
keywords: Gankyrin; Immunohistochemistry; Lung cancer; NSCLC; Oncoprotein; Prognosis; Survival