title: Rapidly Evolving Outbreak of a Febrile Illness in Rural Haiti: The Importance of a Field Diagnosis of Chikungunya Virus in Remote Locations.
abstract: Although rarely fatal, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection can lead to chronic debilitating sequelae. We describe the outbreak of suspected CHIKV in 93 subjects who presented voluntarily over 2 months to a remote rural Haitian general medical clinic staffed by international health care providers. Diagnosis was made on clinical signs and symptoms because no serum analysis was available in this remote rural site. The subjects were 18.0 ± 16.2 (median ± standard deviation) years of age and were of similar gender distribution. The presenting vital signs included a temperature of 102.3°F ± 0.6°F with fever lasting for 3.0 ± 0.7 days. Symptoms mainly consisted of symmetrical polyarthralgias in 82.8%, headache in 28.0%, abdominal pain in 17.2%, cough in 8.6%, maculopapular rash in 30.0%, and extremity bullae in 12.9%. In 84.9% of subjects, symptoms persisted for 7.1 ± 8.3 days with 16.1% having ongoing disability due to persistent pain (≥ 14 days duration). There were no deaths. In Haiti, especially in remote, rural regions, the risk for CHIKV spread is high given the shortage of detection methods and treatment in this tropical climate and the lack of preventative efforts underway. Implications for global public health are likely, with outbreak expansion and spread to neighboring countries, including the United States.
authors.affiliation: Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine , Bryan, Texas.
authors.forename: Ian T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: McGraw
authors.affiliation: Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine , Bryan, Texas.
authors.forename: Naila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dhanani
authors.affiliation: Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine , Bryan, Texas.
authors.forename: Lee Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine , Bryan, Texas.
authors.forename: Regina M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.affiliation: Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine , Bryan, Texas.
authors.forename: Ruth L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.affiliation: Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine , Bryan, Texas.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Vanderpool
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D065632:Chikungunya Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002646:Chikungunya virus; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006205:Haiti / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population
keywords: Chikungunya virus; Epidemic; Field diagnosis; Haiti; Mosquito; Vector borne