title: Retrograde upper-pole calyceal access for percutaneous nephrolithotripsy of stones in the lower-pole calyx.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the results of upper calyceal access during percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) for stones in the lower calyx, as PCNL is considered the most effective minimally invasive surgery for managing lower calyceal stones, with percutaneous access either directly to the lower calyx or through an upper or middle calyx.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 76 patients with single (51) and multiple (25) stones in the lower calyx, and stones in the lower calyx plus renal pelvis (six) and associated pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO, five). They were managed by PCNL using retrograde access through the upper-pole calyx in addition to laser endopyelotomy for the PUJO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration required for establishing the retrograde nephrostomy tract was 14.4 min, and for completing the procedure was 40 min. The mean fluoroscopy exposure time was 3.2 min. Access from the upper calyx allowed easy and rapid advancement of the nephroscope to the lower calyx. The stones varied in size, at 10-25 mm. Stones were cleared completely in 70 of the 76 patients (92%); the stone-free rate was 100%. The residual stone fragments (2-4 mm) in the remaining six patients (8%) were considered insignificant. Complications were minor in four patients (5%), and included pleural effusion in two, bleeding in one and an arteriovenous fistula in one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upper-pole calyceal access for PCNL provides easy and effective clearance of stones in the lower calyx. This access should be considered for PCNL of single or multiple stones in the lower calyx.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Khalid M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Al-Otaibi
keywords: Access; Lower calyx; PCNL, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy; PUJO, PUJ obstruction; Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy; Retrograde nephrostomy; Stone