title: Current concepts of protective ventilation during general anaesthesia.
abstract: Mechanical ventilation with high tidal volumes (VT) has been common practice in operating theatres because this strategy recruits collapsed lung tissue and improves ventilation-perfusion mismatch, thus decreasing the need for high inspired oxygen concentrations. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was not used routinely because it was thought to impair cardiovascular function. Over the past two decades there have been advances in our understanding of the causes and importance of ventilation-induced lung injury based on studies in animals with healthy lungs, and trials in critically ill patients with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome. Recent data from randomised controlled trials in patients receiving ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery have demonstrated that lung-protective strategies (use of low VT, use of PEEP if indicated, and avoidance of excessive oxygen concentrations) are also of importance during intraoperative ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Program of Post-Graduation, Innovation and Research, Facul.
authors.forename: Ary
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serpa Neto
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L·E·I·C·A), Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcus J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.affiliation: Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, Canada; Department of Medicine, and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Arthur S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Slutsky
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000209:etiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000009:adverse effects; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen