title: Production of Nanoemulsions from Palm-Based Tocotrienol Rich Fraction by Microfluidization.
abstract: In the present study, tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) nanoemulsions were produced as an alternative approach to improve solubility and absorption of tocotrienols. In the present study, droplet size obtained after 10 cycles of homogenization with increasing pressure was found to decrease from 120 to 65.1 nm. Nanoemulsions stabilized with Tween series alone or emulsifier blend Brij 35:Span 80 (0.6:0.4 w/w) homogenized at 25,000 psi and 10 cycles, produced droplet size less than 100 nm and a narrow size distribution with a polydispersity index (PDI) value lower than 0.2. However blend of Tween series with Span 80 produced nanoemulsions with droplet size larger than 200 nm. This work has also demonstrated the amount of tocols losses in TRF nanoemulsion stabilized Tweens alone or emulsifier blend Brij 35:Span 80 (0.6:0.4 w/w) ranged between 3%-25%. This can be attributed to the interfacial film formed surrounding the droplets exhibited different level of oxidative stability against heat and free radicals created during high pressure emulsification.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. selcygoh@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Pik Seah
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: Milling & Processing Unit, Engineering & Processing Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia. meihan@mpob.gov.my.
authors.forename: Mei Han
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Milling & Processing Unit, Engineering & Processing Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia. choo@mpob.gov.my.
authors.forename: Yuen May
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Choo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. amru@um.edu.my.
authors.forename: Nasrulhaq Boyce
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Amru
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. chchuah@um.edu.my.
authors.forename: Cheng Hock
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chuah
mesh_terms: D004655:Emulsions; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D012995:Solubility; D024508:Tocotrienols / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D024508:Tocotrienols
keywords: microfluidization; nanoemulsion; nonionic emulsifiers; tocotrienols