title: Telephone-Based Coaching.
abstract: Many Americans continue to smoke, increasing their risk of disease and premature death. Both telephone-based counseling and in-person tobacco cessation classes may improve access for smokers seeking convenient support to quit. Little research has assessed whether such programs are effective in real-world clinical populations.
  
  
  
  Retrospective cohort study comparing wellness coaching participants with two groups of controls.
  
  
  
  Kaiser Permanente Northern California, a large integrated health care delivery system.
  
  
  
  Two hundred forty-one patients who participated in telephonic tobacco cessation coaching from January 1, 2011, to March 31, 2012, and two control groups: propensity-score-matched controls, and controls who participated in a tobacco cessation class during the same period. Wellness coaching participants received an average of two motivational interviewing-based coaching sessions that engaged the patient, evoked their reason to consider quitting, and helped them establish a quit plan.
  
  
  
  Self-reported quitting of tobacco and fills of tobacco cessation medications within 12 months of follow-up.
  
  
  
  Logistic regressions adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and primary language.
  
  
  
  After adjusting for confounders, tobacco quit rates were higher among coaching participants vs. matched controls (31% vs. 23%, p < .001) and comparable to those of class attendees (31% vs. 29%, p = .28). Coaching participants and class attendees filled tobacco-cessation prescriptions at a higher rate (47% for both) than matched controls (6%, p < .001).
  
  
  
  Telephonic wellness coaching was as effective as in-person classes and was associated with higher rates of quitting compared to no treatment. The telephonic modality may increase convenience and scalability for health care systems looking to reduce tobacco use and improve health.
authors.affiliation: 1 Regional Health Education, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Mindy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boccio
authors.affiliation: 1 Regional Health Education, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Rashel S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sanna
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Sara R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: 3 Kaiser Permanente Northern California Wellness Coaching Center, Vallejo, California.
authors.forename: Nancy C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Goler
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Susan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Romain S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Neugebauer
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Assiamira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Deanne M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wiley
authors.affiliation: 3 Kaiser Permanente Northern California Wellness Coaching Center, Vallejo, California.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bellamy
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schmittdiel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002140:California; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000071252:Mentoring; D008875:Middle Aged; D062405:Motivational Interviewing / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D013689:Telephone
keywords: Health focus: smoking control; Manuscript format: research; Motivational Interviewing; Outcome measure: behavioral; Prevention Research; Program Evaluation; Research purpose: program evaluation; Setting: clinical/health care; Strategy: behavior change; Study design: quasi-experimental; Target population age: adults; Target population circumstances: geographic location; Tobacco Cessation; Wellness Coaching