title: Is preoperative MRCP necessary for patients with gallstones? An analysis of the factors related to missed diagnosis of choledocholithiasis by preoperative ultrasound.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diagnosis of associated choledocholithiasis prior to cholecystectomy for patients with gallstones is important for the surgical decision and treatment efficacy. However, whether ultrasound is sufficient for preoperative diagnosis of choledocholithiasis remains controversial, with different opinions on whether routine magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is needed to detect the possible presence of common bile duct (CBD) stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, a total of 413 patients with gallstones who were admitted to the Department of General Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University in China for a period of 3 years and underwent both ultrasound and MRCP examinations were retrospectively analysed. After reviewing and screening these cases according to the literature, 11 indicators including gender, age, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, γ-aminotransferase, CBD diameter, and concurrent acute cholecystitis were selected and comparatively analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 413 patients, a total of 109 cases showed concurrent gallstones and choledocholithiasis, accounting for 26.39 % of all cases. Among them, 60 cases of choledocholithiasis were revealed by ultrasound examination, accounting for 55.05 %, while 49 cases of choledocholithiasis were not detected by ultrasound examination but were confirmed by MRCP instead (the missed diagnosis rate of ultrasound was 44.95 %). The results of statistical analysis suggested that alanine aminotransferase, acute cholecystitis, and CBD diameter were the three most relevant factors for missed diagnosis by ultrasound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The accuracy of preoperative ultrasonography for the diagnosis of associated CBD stones for patients with gallstones is not high. However, elevated alanine aminotransferase, concurrent acute cholecystitis, and CBD diameter were identified as key factors that may affect the accuracy of the diagnosis. Thus, routine preoperative MRCP examination is suggested for patients with gallstones to rule out possible concomitant CBD stones.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng St., Nangang Dist., 150001, Harbin, China. qiuyan19881020@sina.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng St., Nangang Dist., 150001, Harbin, China. stillyzp@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhengpeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng St., Nangang Dist., 150001, Harbin, China. lizhituo2009@126.com.
authors.forename: Zhituo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng St., Nangang Dist., 150001, Harbin, China. zhangweihui626@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Weihui
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng St., Nangang Dist., 150001, Harbin, China. Dongbo_xue@126.com.
authors.forename: Dongbo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xue
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D049448:Cholangiopancreatography, Magnetic Resonance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D041881:Cholecystitis, Acute / Q000150:complications; D042883:Choledocholithiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000410:Alanine Transaminase