title: A TME study with the fungicide pyrimethanil combined with different moisture regimes: effects on enchytraeids.
abstract: Today's ecosystems are influenced by different factors that could evolve into stressors. Effects of pesticides, especially in agricultural areas, may interact with environmental factors, such as soil moisture fluctuation caused by global climate change. In this contribution, two semi-field studies conducted in Germany and Portugal with terrestrial model ecosystems are presented. Their aim was to assess the effects of the fungicide pyrimethanil under different soil moisture levels on Enchytraeidae. In Portugal a no observed effect concentration design was chosen, using two concentration levels: the maximum application rate (MAR) according to the safe use registration within the European Union and five times the MAR (1.82 and 9.09 mg/kg dry soil, respectively). Both concentrations did neither affect the total enchytraeid abundance nor single populations. In Germany an ECx design (effect concentration) was conducted, using 11 concentrations. In general, 14 EC50 values for different combinations of single species, moisture level and sampling date were determined. The strongest effects were found in dry soil, particularly for Fridericia connata (EC50: 3.48 mg/kg dry soil after 8 weeks of exposure). The advantages and challenges of these test designs are discussed with regard to the registration process of pesticides in the European Union. In any case, enchytraeids are suitable test organisms in such higher tier studies for the combined evaluation of chemical and climatic stressors due to their usually high diversity and abundances and their close contact with the soil solution.
authors.affiliation: LOEWE Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BiK-F, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany. c.bandow@ect.de.|ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstrasse 2-14, 65439, Flörsheim, Germany. c.bandow@ect.de.|Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany. c.bandow@ect.de.
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bandow
authors.affiliation: Future Soils Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Ee Ling
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstrasse 2-14, 65439, Flörsheim, Germany.|Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Science Faculty, University of A Coruña, Coruña, Spain.
authors.forename: Rüdiger M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Schmelz
authors.affiliation: CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: José Paulo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.affiliation: LOEWE Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BiK-F, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany.|ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstrasse 2-14, 65439, Flörsheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Römbke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D005858:Germany; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D011174:Portugal; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000633:toxicity*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D011743:Pyrimidines; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C108337:pyrimethanil
keywords: Climate change; Mesocosm; Multivariate analysis; Oligochaeta; Pesticide; Semi-field