title: Retrospective Analysis of Protein- and Carbohydrate-Focused Diets Combined with Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence in Overweight and Obese Women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To examine the effect of protein-focused (PRO, 1.14 g/kg/day) and carbohydrate-focused (CHO, ∼2.2 g/kg/day) diets (∼1600 kcals) combined with 10 weeks of circuit exercise training in sedentary overweight/obese women (N = 661, age 46 ± 11 years) on metabolic syndrome (MetS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed eight exercise training studies performed from 2002-2014. Primary (MetS), secondary (MetS z-scores and individual MetS components), and tertiary outcomes [body mass index (BMI) by WHO cut points] were analyzed using chi-square, GLM, and McNemar's tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups experienced significant weight loss, improvements in fitness, and reductions in MetS prevalence from baseline to follow-up (PRO: 49% to 42%, CHO: 42% to 36%, both P < 0.01). MetS z-score improvement (∼66.5%) was similar for both groups with no significant between-group differences noted. There were also no significant differences for individual component features between groups for the following: waist circumference (-0.28 ± 0.02 vs. -0.28 ± 0.025 cm, P = 0.97), glucose (-0.07 ± 0.03 vs. -0.08 ± 0.04 mM, P = 0.87), triglycerides (-0.16 ± 0.04 vs. -0.09 ± 0.04 mM, P = 0.20), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-0.21 ± 0.03 vs. -0.19 ± 0.04 mM, P = 0.68), and systolic BP (-0.16 ± 0.4 vs. -0.24 ± 0.05 mmHg, P = 0.26). Diastolic BP showed a minor advantage for the PRO group (-0.14 ± 0.05 vs. -0.30 ± 0.05 mmHg P = 0.02). When stratified by BMI, those with morbid obesity did not show a significant improvement in MetS while following a PRO-focused diet; however, caution is warranted given the exploratory nature of this analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that a low-moderate calorie diet partitioned for CHO and PRO preference is equally effective when combined with a structured exercise program for reducing the prevalence of MetS prevalence in overweight/obese women.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas.
authors.forename: Brittanie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lockard
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas.
authors.forename: Conrad P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Earnest
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University , Fort Worth, Texas.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas.
authors.forename: Chelsea
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goodenough
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas.
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Kreider
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins