title: Brain injury biomarkers in the setting of cardiac surgery: Still a world to explore.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brain injury is an important, potentially devastating, complication in cardiac surgery. A significant number of patients suffer perioperative complications involving the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations of brain injury are associated with significantly increased mortality, morbidity and health resource utilization. Serum biomarkers have been studied in cardiac surgery to measure the degree and incidence of brain injury and to improve patient management.
  
  
  METHODS
  All relevant studies were identified by computerized searches of PubMed using the following Medical Subject Headings and keywords term: biomarker, cardiac surgery, brain injury and neurological complication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The biomarkers that appear to be better indicators of brain injury severity in cardiac surgery and its consequences are S100B protein, neuron-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, tau protein, matrix metalloproteinase-9, ubiquitin C terminal hydroxylase-L1 and neurofilaments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These biomarkers, independently of clinical and radiological findings, show global cerebral situation at the cellular level and the degree of brain dysfunction. However, up to date, there is no biomarker entirely suitable for the detection of brain injury after cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, IBiS/CSIC/University of Seville , Seville , Spain , and.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hernández-García
authors.affiliation: b NeuroCritical Care Unit , Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, IBiS/CSIC/University of Seville , Seville , Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: b NeuroCritical Care Unit , Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, IBiS/CSIC/University of Seville , Seville , Spain.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Egea-Guerrero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Brain injury; cardiac surgery; neurological biomarkers; neurological injury