title: Nutritional Modulation of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance.
abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) covers a spectrum of disorders ranging from simple steatosis (non-alcoholic fatty liver, NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. NAFL increases the risk of liver fibrosis. If the liver is fatty due to causes of insulin resistance such as obesity and physical inactivity, it overproduces glucose and triglycerides leading to hyperinsulinemia and a low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration. The latter features predispose to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Understanding the impact of nutritional modulation of liver fat content and insulin resistance is therefore of interest for prevention and treatment of NAFLD. Hypocaloric, especially low carbohydrate ketogenic diets rapidly decrease liver fat content and associated metabolic abnormalities. However, any type of caloric restriction seems effective long-term. Isocaloric diets containing 16%-23% fat and 57%-65% carbohydrate lower liver fat compared to diets with 43%-55% fat and 27%-38% carbohydrate. Diets rich in saturated (SFA) as compared to monounsaturated (MUFA) or polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids appear particularly harmful as they increase both liver fat and insulin resistance. Overfeeding either saturated fat or carbohydrate increases liver fat content. Vitamin E supplementation decreases liver fat content as well as fibrosis but has no effect on features of insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, and Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland. Hannele.Yki-Jarvinen@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Hannele
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yki-Järvinen
mesh_terms: D031204:Caloric Restriction; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D014810:Vitamin E
keywords: carbohydrate; fructose; liver fat; saturated fat; steatosis.