title: Multi-breed genome-wide association study reveals novel loci associated with the weight of internal organs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, many genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted to understand the genetic architecture of economic important traits in farm animals. Pig is widely used as a biomedical animal model for its similarity with humans in terms of organ formation and disease mechanisms. Moreover, understanding the mechanisms that underlie the development of internal organs will impact the productive potential of pigs. Our aim was to uncover new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the weight of internal organs and carcass and also potential candidate genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed GWAS for the weight of heart, liver, spleen, kidney and carcass on five pig populations (White Duroc × Erhualian F2 intercross, Sutai population, Laiwu population, Erhualian population and commercial population, for a total of 2650 individuals). Genotype data was produced using the PorcineSNP60 Beadchip array. After quality control, the data was used for association tests under a general linear mixed model. Population stratification was adjusted by including a random polygenic effect based on a matrix of genotypic relationships. A meta-analysis of our GWAS datasets was conducted by summing up the Chi square values across breeds, with the degrees of freedom of the Chi square distribution equal to the effective number of breeds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on 15 chromosomes were identified by the single-population GWAS at the suggestive level. Among these, nine QTL surpassed the 5 % genome-wide significance threshold, including four for heart weight on SSC (Sus scrofa chromosome) 2, 4, 7 and 10, two for liver weight on SSC7, two for spleen weight on SSC5 and SSC7 and one for carcass weight on SSC11. The QTL on SSC7 showed pleiotropic effects for heart, liver and spleen weights in the F2 population. In addition, two QTL were detected in several populations, including one on SSC2 for heart weight in the F2 and Sutai populations and one on SSC7 for liver weight in the F2 and Laiwu populations. The meta-analysis detected four novel QTL on SSC1, 3, 8 and 16 for carcass weight.
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetics, Breeding and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China. heyuna1988@126.com.
authors.forename: Yuna
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetics, Breeding and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China. lxjlongfei@163.com.
authors.forename: Xinjian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetics, Breeding and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China. fengzhang0709@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetics, Breeding and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China. xy19880910@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetics, Breeding and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China. 397999166@qq.com.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetics, Breeding and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China. haochen-jxau@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetics, Breeding and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China. bioducklily@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Zhiyan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetics, Breeding and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China. lushenghuang@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Lusheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D033481:Chromosomes, Mammalian; D066264:Datasets as Topic; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005828:Genetics, Population; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D005838:Genotype; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009929:Organ Size / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D013552:Swine