title: Review of recent advances in segmentation of the breast boundary and the pectoral muscle in mammograms.
abstract: This paper presents a review of recent advances in the development of methods for segmentation of the breast boundary and the pectoral muscle in mammograms. Regardless of improvement of imaging technology, accurate segmentation of the breast boundary and detection of the pectoral muscle are still challenging tasks for image processing algorithms. In this paper, we discuss problems related to mammographic image preprocessing and accurate segmentation. We review specific methods that were commonly used in most of the techniques proposed for segmentation of mammograms and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Comparative analysis of the methods reported on is made difficult by variations in the datasets and procedures of evaluation used by the authors. We attempt to overcome some of these limitations by trying to compare methods which used the same dataset and have some similarities in approaches to the breast boundary segmentation and detection of the pectoral muscle. In this paper, we will address the most often used methods for segmentation such as thresholding, morphology, region growing, active contours, and wavelet filtering. These methods, or their combinations, are the ones most used in the last decade by the majority of work published in this image processing domain.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. mario.mustra@fer.hr.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mustra
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Mislav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grgic
authors.affiliation: Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Rangaraj M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rangayyan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001940:Breast / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Breast boundary; Mammography; Pectoral muscle; Segmentation