title: Three-Dimensional Enhanced Imaging of Vitreoretinal Interface in Diabetic Retinopathy Using Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the vitreoretinal interface in diabetic eyes using 3-dimensional wide-field volumes acquired using high-speed, long-wavelength swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six diabetic patients (88 eyes) and 11 healthy nondiabetic controls (22 eyes) were recruited. Up to 8 SSOCT volumes were acquired for each eye. A registration algorithm removed motion artifacts and merged multiple SSOCT volumes to improve signal. Vitreous visualization was enhanced using vitreous windowing method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 88 diabetic eyes, 20 eyes had no retinopathy, 21 eyes had nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) without macular edema, 20 eyes had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) without macular edema, and 27 eyes had diabetic macular edema (DME) with either NPDR or PDR. Thick posterior hyaloid relative to healthy nondiabetic controls was observed in 0 of 20 (0%) diabetic eyes without retinopathy, 4 of 21 (19%) eyes with NPDR, 11 of 20 (55%) eyes with PDR, and 11 of 27 (41%) eyes with DME (P = .0001). Vitreoschisis was observed in 6 of 22 (27%) healthy nondiabetic eyes, 9 of 20 (45%) diabetic eyes without retinopathy, 10 of 21 (48%) eyes with NPDR, 13 of 20 (65%) eyes with PDR, and 17 of 27 (63%) eyes with DME (P = .007). While no healthy nondiabetic controls and diabetic eyes without retinopathy had adhesions/pegs between detached posterior hyaloid and retina, 1 of 21 (4%), 11 of 20 (55%), and 11 of 27 (41%) eyes with NPDR, PDR, and DME, respectively, demonstrated this feature (P = .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SSOCT with motion-correction and vitreous windowing provides wide-field 3-dimensional information of vitreoretinal interface in diabetic eyes. This may be useful in assessing progression of retinopathy, planning diabetic vitreous surgery, and predicting treatment outcomes.
authors.affiliation: New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Mehreen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Brazil, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Emmerson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Badaro
authors.affiliation: Departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jonathan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Pattern Recognition Lab and School of Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.affiliation: New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Caroline R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Baumal
authors.affiliation: New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Andre J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Witkin
authors.affiliation: Pattern Recognition Lab and School of Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hornegger
authors.affiliation: Departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.affiliation: New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jay S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Duker
authors.affiliation: New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: nadiakwaheed@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nadia K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Waheed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000473:pathology*; D020255:Vitreous Detachment / Q000175:diagnosis*