title: Domestication selected for deceleration of the circadian clock in cultivated tomato.
abstract: The circadian clock is a critical regulator of plant physiology and development, controlling key agricultural traits in crop plants. In addition, natural variation in circadian rhythms is important for local adaptation. However, quantitative modulation of circadian rhythms due to artificial selection has not yet been reported. Here we show that the circadian clock of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has slowed during domestication. Allelic variation of the tomato homolog of the Arabidopsis gene EID1 is responsible for a phase delay. Notably, the genomic region harboring EID1 shows signatures of a selective sweep. We find that the EID1 allele in cultivated tomatoes enhances plant performance specifically under long day photoperiods, suggesting that humans selected slower circadian rhythms to adapt the cultivated species to the long summer days it encountered as it was moved away from the equator.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Niels A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Cris L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wijnen
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Arunkumar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ryngajllo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
authors.forename: Itai
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ofner
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.|Agricultural Genomic Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Aashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ranjan
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Donnelly
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: West
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Julin N
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9623-2599
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Maloof
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Neelima R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.|Agricultural Genomic Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Sanwen
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-5309
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
authors.forename: Dani
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zamir
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.|Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France.
authors.forename: José M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5033-7192
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Gómez
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D057906:Circadian Clocks / Q000235:genetics*; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000235:genetics*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D017440:Photoperiod; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D012641:Selection, Genetic
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins