title: 1H NMR metabolic profiling of cod (Gadus morhua) larvae: potential effects of temperature and diet composition during early developmental stages.
abstract: Marine aquaculture offers a great source of protein for the increasing human population, and farming of, for example, Atlantic salmon is a global industry. Atlantic cod farming however, is an example of a promising industry where the potential is not yet realized. Research has revealed that a major bottleneck to successful farming of cod is poor quality of the larvae and juveniles. A large research program was designed to increase our understanding of how environmental factors such as temperature and nutrition affects cod larvae development. Data on larvae growth and development were used together with nuclear magnetic resonance. The NMR data indicated that the temperature influenced the metabolome of the larvae; differences were related to osmolytes such as betaine/TMAO, the amino acid taurine, and creatine and lactate which reflect muscle activity. The larvae were fed Artemia from stage 2, and this was probably reflected in a high taurine content of older larvae. Larvae fed with copepods in the nutrition experiment also displayed a high taurine content, together with higher creatine and betaine/TMAO content. Data on the cod larvae metabolome should be coupled to data on gene expression, in order to identify events which are regulated on the genetic level versus regulation resulting from temperature or nutrition during development, to fully understand how the environment affects larval development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Resources Technology, SINTEF Fiskeri og Havbruk, Trondheim N-7465, Norway matilde.chauton@sintef.no.
authors.forename: Matilde Skogen
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chauton
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Resources Technology, SINTEF Fiskeri og Havbruk, Trondheim N-7465, Norway.
authors.forename: Trina Falck
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim N-7491, Norway.
authors.forename: Elin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kjørsvik
authors.affiliation: Department Environmental Technology, SINTEF Materialer og kjemi, Trondheim N-7465, Norway.
authors.forename: Trond Røvik
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Størseth
authors.affiliation: Nofima Marine, PO Box 6122, Tromsø N-9291, Norway.
authors.forename: Velmurugu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Puvanendran
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Storebø NO-5392, Norway.
authors.forename: Terje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Meeren
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Storebø NO-5392, Norway.
authors.forename: Ørjan
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Karlsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5020, Norway.
authors.forename: Ivar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rønnestad
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Bergen N-5817, Norway.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamre
keywords: Gadus morhua; Larvae development; Nutrition; Temperature; metabolomics