title: Ammonia concentrations in different size classes of ovarian follicles of sheep (Ovis aries): Possible mechanisms of accumulation and its effect on oocyte and granulosa cell growth in vitro.
abstract: The present study investigated the concentrations and the mechanisms of accumulation of ammonia in different sizes of ovarian follicles and the effect of ammonia on oocyte and granulosa cell growth and functions in vitro with sheep (Ovis aries) as an animal model. The effects of cyclicity, seasonality, phases of the estrous cycle, and seasons (environmental) on ammonia concentrations in follicular fluid were also investigated. The effect of ammonia on in vitro development of oocytes (maturation rate, viability rate, cleavage rate, morulae/blastocysts yield) recovered from different sizes of follicles was examined at the levels of 0, 50, 100, 150, 250, 300, and 500 μM. Same concentrations of ammonia were examined on growth parameters (metabolic activity, viability, cell number increment, monolayer formation, apoptosis rate) and hormone (progesterone, estrogen) secretion activity of granulosa cells in vitro. Results suggested as the follicle size increased, ammonia concentrations decreased. The ammonia concentrations in ovine follicular fluid were found to be 261.5 ± 32.4, 157.7 ± 19.2, and 42.9 ± 8.3 μM, respectively, for small, medium, and large follicles. The corresponding ranges were 290 to 238 μM, 184 to 142 μM, and 70 to 22 μM. The differences were due to more accumulation of fluid, less metabolic activity of granulosa cells, and elevation of protein, potassium, and chloride as the follicle size increased. The seasonality and phases of the estrous cycle did not have any effect on ammonia level in ovarian follicles. Ammonia concentrations in all size classes of follicles examined were significantly reduced in ewes during hot seasons compared to cold seasons and in acyclic animals compared to cyclic ones. Ammonia impaired oocyte development at 300 μM when the oocytes were isolated from small follicles and at 250 μM when the oocytes were isolated from medium and large follicles. In contrast, ammonia caused the negative impact on granulosa cells growth and secretary activity at 250 μM when the cells were isolated from small and medium follicles and at 150 μM when the cells were isolated from large follicles.
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Physiology, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (ICAR-NIANP), Bangalore, India. Electronic address: snandi71@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nandi
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Physiology, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (ICAR-NIANP), Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: P S P
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Physiology, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (ICAR-NIANP), Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mondal
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D030762:Estrous Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D015571:Follicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D059471:In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques / Q000662:veterinary; D009028:Morula; D009865:Oocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons; D012756:Sheep / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia
keywords: Ammonia; Embryo; Follicle; Granulosa cell; Oocyte; Ovary