title: A measure of regularity for polygonal mosaics in biological systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The quantification of the spatial order of biological patterns or mosaics provides useful information as many properties are determined by the spatial distribution of their constituent elements. These are usually characterised by methods based on nearest neighbours distances, by the number of sides of cells, or by angles defined by the adjacent cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  A measure of regularity in polygonal mosaics of different kinds in biological systems is proposed. It is based on the condition of eutacticity, expressed in terms of eutactic stars, which is closely related to regularity of polytopes. Thus it constitutes a natural measure of regularity. The proposed measure is tested with numerical and real data. Numerically is tested with a hexagonal lattice that is distorted progressively and with a non-periodic regular tiling. With real data, the distribution of oak trees in forests from three locations in the State of Querétaro, Mexico, and the spiral pattern of florets in a flowering plant are characterised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed measure performs well and as expected while tested with a numerical experiment, as well as when applied to a known non-periodic tiling of the plane. Concerning real data, the measure is sensitive to the degree of perturbation observed in the distribution of oak trees and detects high regularity in a phyllotactic pattern studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measure here proposed has a clear geometrical meaning, establishing what regularity means, and constitute an advantageous general purposes alternative to analyse spatial distributions, capable to indicate the degree of regularity of a mosaic or an array of points.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias s/n, Juriquilla, Querétaro, 76230, Mexico. anaranjado_de_metilo@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Contreras-Figueroa
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias s/n, Juriquilla, Querétaro, 76230, Mexico. lhernandezs@conacyt.mx.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hernández-Sandoval
authors.affiliation: Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, 76230, Mexico. aragon@fata.unam.mx.
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Aragón
mesh_terms: D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D065928:Forests; D008800:Mexico; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D029963:Quercus / Q000502:physiology*; D062206:Spatial Analysis