title: Walking patterns induced by learned odors in the honeybee, Apis mellifera L.
abstract: The odor localization strategy induced by odors learned via differential conditioning of the proboscis extension response was investigated in honeybees. In response to reward-associated but not non-reward-associated odors, learners walked longer paths than non-learners and control bees. When orange odor reward association was learned, the path length and the body turn angles were small during odor stimulation and greatly increased after stimulation ceased. In response to orange odor, bees walked locally with alternate left and right turns during odor stimulation to search for the reward-associated odor source. After odor stimulation, bees walked long paths with large turn angles to explore the odor plume. For clove odor, learning-related modulations of locomotion were less pronounced, presumably due to a spontaneous preference for orange in the tested population of bees. This study is the first to describe how an odor-reward association modulates odor-induced walking in bees.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth System Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan Department of Biological Cybernetics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: S Shuichi
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Haupt
authors.affiliation: School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikeno
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth System Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan ai@fukuoka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001245:Association Learning; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D045783:Clove Oil; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D005260:Female; D009812:Odorants; D010938:Plant Oils; D012201:Reward; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking
chemical_list: D045783:Clove Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; C087245:orange oil
keywords: Differential conditioning; Olfactory learning; Proboscis extension response; Trackball locomotion recording