title: Diagnosis of children's attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its association with cytomegalovirus infection with ADHD: a historical review.
abstract: As the most common mental disorder identified in children and teenagers, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects millions of children and their families, making it a critical health issue worldwide. This article reviewed the historical opinions about the diagnosis of ADHD and defined different subtypes of this disorder. It also summarized the current diagnostic criteria and available medications. After re-visiting the etiology of ADHD in the sense of both genetic and environment factors, it was further hypothesized that viral infection might be involved in ADHD pathogenesis. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection may be associated with ADHD, although both clinical observations and animal studies need to be performed for validation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China.
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China.
authors.forename: Huaiyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China.
authors.forename: Yongli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China.
authors.forename: Jiali
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
keywords: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection; mental disorders childhood mental disorder