title: Epidemiology and cause-specific outcomes of facial fracture in hospitalized children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Facial fractures in the pediatric population have a significant impact on public health. Although some demographic data exists regarding the overall epidemiology of facial fractures, little attention has been paid to the patterns of facial fractures based on the etiology of the trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Kids' Inpatient Database 2000-2009 was utilized to analyze pediatric facial fractures. A total of 21,533 patients were identified. Associations of patient characteristics with outcomes of interest were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The top three etiologies were motor vehicle accident (MVA), intentional trauma (IT), and falls. There was a decrease in the incidence of facial fractures due to MVAs and an increase in injuries due to IT and falls. Concomitant injuries were present in 58.8% and the mortality rate was 2%. The rate of concomitant injuries increased during study period. Age was significantly associated with concomitant injury, mortality, and LOS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increasing rate of IT and falls with concomitant injury warrants special consideration to reduce undiagnosed accompanying injuries. Further programs should be put in place to protect children younger than 5 years of age, who have increased risk of concomitant injury and mortality following intentional trauma.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Tahereh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soleimani
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: S Travis
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Greathouse
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Teresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, Developmental Pediatrics, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Neil
authors.affiliation: NYU Langone Medical Center, Department of Plastic Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Roberto L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Electronic address: stholpad@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Sunil S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tholpady
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002673:Child, Hospitalized; D006801:Humans; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Facial fracture; Fall; Intentional trauma; Motor vehicle accident; Outcome