title: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: An update.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current role and outcome of laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) in the management of adrenal tumours.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline search using the keywords (adrenalectomy, laparoscopy, adrenal masses/tumours) was done for reports published between 1990 and 2011. Key articles were used to find more relevant references on the evaluation and laparoscopic management of adrenal masses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hormonal evaluation is not standardised, but initial screening tests are recommended and followed with confirmatory ones when positive, equivocal or the clinical presentation suggest adrenal hyperfunction. The imaging studies had, and continued to, advance, especially computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging and positron-emission tomography/CT. These advances have increased the accuracy of the diagnosis of adrenal masses, with a reported high sensitivity and specificity of 95-100%. The introduction of laparoscopy has resulted in more adrenal lesions being removed, especially incidental lesions smaller than the 5-6 cm that was previously the indication for surgical excision. The technique has developed and larger lesions of >6 cm are now considered for LA in the proper setting. The transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches are currently widely practised, with minor differences in the outcome. The reported outcome, although mostly retrospective, is excellent and with fewer complications. The role of LA for adrenal malignancy should be considered cautiously. Preoperative imaging signs of invasion into surrounding structures should be considered a contraindication for LA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LA is the standard procedure for most adrenal lesions of appropriate size and no signs of surrounding tissue invasion, giving an excellent outcome.
authors.affiliation: King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hassan Mesfer
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Al-Zahrani
keywords: ACC, adrenocortical carcinoma; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; Adrenal mass; Adrenalectomy; CSI, chemical shift imaging; FDG, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose; HU, Hounsfield unit; IVC, inferior vena cava; LA, laparoscopic adrenalectomy; Laparoscopy; Malignancy; PET, positron-emission tomography; US, ultrasonography