title: Social disparities in dietary habits among women: Geographic Research on Wellbeing (GROW) Study.
abstract: Relationships among race/ethnicity, individual socio-economic status (SES), neighbourhood SES and acculturation are complex. We sought to answer whether: (i) race/ethnicity, individual SES and neighbourhood SES have independent effects on women's fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC); (ii) SES modifies the effects of race/ethnicity on FVC; and (iii) nativity modifies the effect of Latina ethnicity on FVC.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional surveys from the population-based Geographic Research on Wellbeing (GROW) Study were linked with census-tract level data. FVC was indicated by (i) consuming fruits and vegetables less often than daily (LOWFV) and (ii) not having fruits and vegetables in the home very often. Other variables included age, marital status, race/ethnicity, country of birth, educational attainment, family income and longitudinal neighbourhood poverty (based on latent class growth models). Weighted logistic regression models accounting for the complex sample design were constructed.
  
  
  
  California, USA, 2012-2013.
  
  
  
  Women (n 2669).
  
  
  
  In adjusted models, race/ethnicity, education and income were independently associated with FVC, but not neighbourhood poverty. Women of colour, high-school graduates and women with incomes at 301-400 % of the federal poverty level were at higher odds of LOWFV compared with non-Hispanic Whites, college graduates and those with incomes >400 % of the federal poverty level. Little evidence for interactions between race/ethnicity and individual or neighbourhood SES was found; similar patterns were observed for immigrant and US-born Latinas.
  
  
  
  Addressing the dietary needs of lower-SES communities requires multilevel interventions that simultaneously provide culturally tailored nutrition education and address the physical and economic accessibility of culturally acceptable fruits and vegetables.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Community Health Sciences,University of California,Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health,Los Angeles,CA,USA.
authors.forename: May
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Family and Community Medicine,University of California,San Francisco,San Francisco,CA,USA.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heck
authors.affiliation: 3Stanford Prevention Research Center,Medical School Office Building (MSOB),Stanford,CA,USA.
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Winkleby
authors.affiliation: 4School of Social Work,University of Texas at Austin,1925 San Jacinto Boulevard,D3500,Mail code R5100,Austin,TX 78712-0358,USA.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cubbin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002140:California; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005006:Ethnicity; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D011203:Poverty; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014675:Vegetables; D016387:Women's Health; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Fruits and vegetables; Immigrant Latinas; Neighbourhood poverty; Race/ethnicity; Socio-economic status