title: Injury rate and injury patterns in FIS World Cup Alpine skiing (2006-2015): have the new ski regulations made an impact?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New regulations for ski equipment were implemented prior to the 2012/2013 season in the International Ski Federation (FIS) Alpine World Cup (WC).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of the new ski regulations on the rate and pattern of injuries by comparing data before (2006-2012) and after the implementation (2012-2015).
  
  
  METHODS
  Injuries were recorded on the basis of the FIS Injury Surveillance System (FIS ISS) through retrospective interviews at the end of each of the nine WC seasons. All acute injuries that required medical attention were registered. Exposure was calculated on the basis of the official result lists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The absolute injury rate (injuries/100 athletes/season) was lower in the three seasons after the new ski regulations compared with the six seasons before (risk ratio (RR) 0.74, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.87). This was also the case for the relative injury rate (injuries/1000 runs) (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.98). These changes were evident for male skiers, not for female skiers. There was a lower absolute injury rate for upper body injuries (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.77), while no difference was found for lower extremity injuries (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a lower rate of injuries in the three seasons after the new ski regulation compared with the six seasons before. However, the ability to draw conclusions on the effects of the equipment change in subgroups of sex, discipline or body part is restricted by the limited statistical power.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Bjørnar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haaland
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Sophie E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Steenstrup
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Tone
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bere
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Roald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bahr
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway Department of Orthopaedics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nordsletten
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004867:Equipment Design; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000293:injuries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012865:Skiing / Q000293:injuries* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D019876:Sports Equipment / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence