title: Prevention and rehabilitation of paediatric anterior cruciate ligament injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current knowledge on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention and ACL rehabilitation in individuals who have not yet reached musculoskeletal maturity.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a narrative review based on a targeted and systematic literature search for paediatric ACL injury risk factors, injury prevention and rehabilitation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search strategies resulted in 119 hits on risk factor studies, 57 hits on prevention and 37 hits on rehabilitation. Modifiable risk factors for ACL injury are largely unknown in the paediatric population. ACL injury prevention using neuromuscular training is highly successful in the adolescent population, and existing injury prevention programmes are cost-effective. The efficacy of ACL injury prevention programmes in children is, however, investigated to a markedly lesser degree. Paediatric ACL injury rehabilitation is poorly described, although supervised active rehabilitation progressed through phases with functional milestones is generally encouraged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although limited, current evidence supports implementation of injury prevention programmes in female football players from the age of 12. Supervised active rehabilitation where progression is guided by functional milestones is also advocated. Future identification of modifiable risk factors is needed to design prevention programmes for younger children. There is a need for international multicentre studies on treatment algorithms and rehabilitation to increase knowledge on the short- and long-term outcomes following existing algorithms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Narrative review, level III.
authors.affiliation: Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PB 4014 Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway. havard.moksnes@nih.no.
authors.forename: Håvard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moksnes
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Research Center for Active Rehabilitation (NAR), Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Hege
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grindem
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Adolescents; Anterior cruciate ligament; Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; Children; Knee function; Rehabilitation