title: An Optimal Set of Flesh Points on Tongue and Lips for Speech-Movement Classification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors sought to determine an optimal set of flesh points on the tongue and lips for classifying speech movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used electromagnetic articulographs (Carstens AG500 and NDI Wave) to record tongue and lip movements from 13 healthy talkers who articulated 8 vowels, 11 consonants, a phonetically balanced set of words, and a set of short phrases during the recording. We used a machine-learning classifier (support-vector machine) to classify the speech stimuli on the basis of articulatory movements. We then compared classification accuracies of the flesh-point combinations to determine an optimal set of sensors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When data from the 4 sensors (T1: the vicinity between the tongue tip and tongue blade; T4: the tongue-body back; UL: the upper lip; and LL: the lower lip) were combined, phoneme and word classifications were most accurate and were comparable with the full set (including T2: the tongue-body front; and T3: the tongue-body front).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified a 4-sensor set--that is, T1, T4, UL, LL--that yielded a classification accuracy (91%-95%) equivalent to that using all 6 sensors. These findings provide an empirical basis for selecting sensors and their locations for scientific and emerging clinical applications that incorporate articulatory movements.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samal
authors.forename: Panying
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rong
authors.forename: Jordan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010700:Phonetics; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology; D013068:Speech Production Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D060388:Support Vector Machine; D014059:Tongue / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult