title: A new method for the extraction of fetal ECG from the dependent abdominal signals using blind source separation and adaptive noise cancellation techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool that records the electrical activity of the heart, and depicts it as a series of graph-like tracings, or waves. Being able to interpret these details allows diagnosis of a wide range of heart problems. Fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) extraction has an important impact in medical diagnostics during the mother pregnancy period. Since the observed FECG signals are often mixed with the maternal ECG (MECG) and the noise induced by the movement of electrodes or by mother motion, the separation process of the ECG signal sources from the observed data becomes quite complicated. One of its complexity is when the ECG sources are dependent, thus, in this paper we introduce a new approach of blind source separation (BSS) in the noisy context for both independent and dependent ECG signal source. This approach consist in denoising the observed ECG signals using a bilateral total variation (BTV) filter; then minimizing the Kullbak-Leibler divergence between copula densities to separate the FECG signal from the MECG one.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present simulation results illustrating the performance of our proposed method. We will consider many examples of independent/dependent source component signals. The results will be compared with those of the classical method called independent component analysis (ICA) under the same conditions. The accuracy of source estimation is evaluated through a criterion, called again the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR). The first experiment shows that our proposed method gives accurate estimation of sources in the standard case of independent components, with performance around 27 dB in term of SNR. In the second experiment, we show the capability of the proposed algorithm to successfully separate two noisy mixtures of dependent source components - with classical criterion devoted to the independent case - fails, and that our method is able to deal with the dependent case with good performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this work, we focus specifically on the separation of the ECG signal sources taken from skin two electrodes located on a pregnant woman's body. The ECG separation is interpreted as a noisy linear BSS problem with instantaneous mixtures. Firstly, a denoising step is required to reduce the noise due to motion artifacts using a BTV filter as a very effective one-pass filter for denoising. Then, we use the Kullbak-Leibler divergence between copula densities to separate the fetal heart rate from the mother one, for both independent and dependent cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Laboratory of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (LAMAI), FSTG, Cadi Ayaad University, Abdelkarim Elkhattabi, Marrakech, 40000, Morrocco. a.ghazdali@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Abdelghani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghazdali
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Laboratory of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (LAMAI), FSTG, Cadi Ayaad University, Abdelkarim Elkhattabi, Marrakech, 40000, Morrocco. abdelilah.hakim@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Abdelilah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hakim
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Laboratory of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (LAMAI), FSTG, Cadi Ayaad University, Abdelkarim Elkhattabi, Marrakech, 40000, Morrocco. laghrib.amine@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Amine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laghrib
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Laboratory of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (LAMAI), FSTG, Cadi Ayaad University, Abdelkarim Elkhattabi, Marrakech, 40000, Morrocco. nezha.mamouni@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nezha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mamouni
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Laboratory of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (LAMAI), FSTG, Cadi Ayaad University, Abdelkarim Elkhattabi, Marrakech, 40000, Morrocco. s.raghay@uca.ma.
authors.forename: Said
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raghay
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000502:physiology*; D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio