title: Association of pulse wave velocity with total lung capacity: A cross-sectional analysis of the BOLD London study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low lung function, measured using spirometry, has been associated with mortality from cardiovascular disease, but whether this is explained by airflow obstruction or restriction is a question that remains unanswered.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association of total lung capacity (TLC), forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) with several cardio-metabolic and inflammatory markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the follow up of the Burden of Lung Disease (BOLD) study in London, acceptable post-bronchodilator spirometric, pulse rate, pulse wave velocity and blood pressure data were obtained from 108 participants. Blood samples for measurement of cardio-metabolic and inflammatory markers were also collected from these participants. Association of lung function and volume with the different biomarkers was examined in multivariable linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following adjustment for age, sex, height, and ethnicity, TLC (adjusted coefficient = -1.53; 95% CI: -2.57, -0.49) and FVC (adjusted coefficient = -2.66; 95% CI: -4.98, -0.34) were inversely associated with pulse wave velocity, and further adjustment for smoking status, pack-years and body mass index (BMI) did not materially change these results. FEV1 was inversely associated with systolic blood pressure, and adjustment for smoking status, pack-years and BMI made this association stronger (adjusted coefficient = -9.47; 95% CI: -15.62, -3.32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inverse association of pulse wave velocity, which is a marker of cardiovascular disease, with TLC suggests that the association of the former with low FVC is independent of airflow obstruction. The association between FEV1 with systolic blood pressure after adjustment for FVC suggests an association with airflow obstruction rather than with restricted spirometry.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK. Electronic address: a.amaral@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: André F S
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jaymini
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Louisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gnatiuc
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Meinir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Peter G J
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Burney
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis / Q000379:methods; D014109:Total Lung Capacity / Q000502:physiology; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000502:physiology; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Airflow obstruction; Cardiovascular disease; Lung function; Pulmonary restriction; Pulse wave velocity; Total lung capacity