title: Life after Adolescent and Adult Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Self-Reported Executive, Emotional, and Behavioural Function 2-5 Years after Injury.
abstract: Survivors of moderate-severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) are at risk for long-term cognitive, emotional, and behavioural problems. This prospective cohort study investigated self-reported executive, emotional, and behavioural problems in the late chronic phase of moderate and severe TBI, if demographic characteristics (i.e., age, years of education), injury characteristics (Glasgow Coma Scale score, MRI findings such as traumatic axonal injury (TAI), or duration of posttraumatic amnesia), symptoms of depression, or neuropsychological variables in the first year after injury predicted long-term self-reported function. Self-reported executive, emotional, and behavioural functioning were assessed among individuals with moderate and severe TBI (N = 67, age range 15-65 years at time of injury) 2-5 years after TBI, compared to a healthy matched control group (N = 72). Results revealed significantly more attentional, emotional regulation, and psychological difficulties in the TBI group than controls. Demographic and early clinical variables were associated with poorer cognitive and emotional outcome. Fewer years of education and depressive symptoms predicted greater executive dysfunction. Younger age at injury predicted more aggressive and rule-breaking behaviour. TAI and depressive symptoms predicted Internalizing problems and greater executive dysfunction. In conclusion, age, education, TAI, and depression appear to elevate risk for poor long-term outcome, emphasising the need for long-term follow-up of patients presenting with risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare-Central Norway, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway ; Division of Mental Healthcare, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway ; Children's Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Torun Gangaune
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Finnanger
authors.affiliation: MI Lab and Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital Trondheim University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital Trondheim University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway ; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Toril
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skandsen
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare-Central Norway, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Stian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lydersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway ; Neuroclinic, Department of Neurosurgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vik
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway ; Department of Physiotherapy, Trondheim Municipality, Norway.
authors.forename: Kari Anne I
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Evensen
authors.affiliation: Child Neuropsychology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia ; Department of Pediatrics and School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Catroppa
authors.affiliation: MI Lab and Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Asta K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Håberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway ; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Stein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare-Central Norway, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway ; Division of Mental Healthcare, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Marit S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Indredavik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult