title: Are selected IL-1 polymorphisms and selected subgingival microorganisms significantly associated to periodontitis in type 2 diabetes patients? a clinical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated the periodontal conditions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to metabolically healthy controls, and determined whether periodontal interleukin genotypes and microorganisms differed between participants with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  From April 2011 to July 2012, we prospectively enrolled healthy controls and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Evaluation included assessment of medical and periodontal findings. We also recorded the presence of several interleukin gene variants and specific microorganisms, both available through commercially available diagnostic kits. Statistical significance was tested by the chi-square test and student's t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 52 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 52 healthy controls. Compared with controls, periodontal disease was significantly more severe in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for the following: plaque index, bleeding on probing, pocket probing depth, clinical attachment loss, severe periodontal destruction (i.e., clinical attachment loss ≥ 5 mm), and number of teeth. However, statistical analysis failed to detect significant differences with respect to the periodontal-related interleukin genotypes (p ≥ 0.58) or the selected oral microbiota (p ≥ 0.15).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these results, it may be assumed that chronic periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is most strongly associated with inadequate oral hygiene. Periodontal interleukin genotypes and differences in oral microbiota seem to play a subordinate role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Homburg Saar, D-81675 Munich, Germany. herbert.deppe@tum.de.
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deppe
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Homburg Saar, D-81675 Munich, Germany. th.mucke@gmx.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mücke
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Saarland, Homburg Saar, Germany. sw@med-imbei.uni-saarland.de.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wagenpfeil
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Homburg Saar, D-81675 Munich, Germany. kesting@tum.de.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kesting
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Homburg Saar, D-81675 Munich, Germany. praxis@spitzpleyer.de.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medical Department II, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Homburg Saar, Germany. sebastian.noe@lrz.tum.de.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noe
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland. anton.sculean@zmk.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sculean
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010518:Periodontitis; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1