title: Low Alpha-Fetoprotein Levels Are Associated with Improved Survival in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients with Portal Vein Thrombosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macroscopic portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a common and dire prognostic feature of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and often precludes many treatments as a result. Little is known about its causes or mechanisms or clinical associations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine patients with PVT in order to possibly identify prognostically different subsets.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large cohort of non-curable patients with advanced and biopsy-proven HCC in which survival was documented, were retrospectively examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed a large HCC cohort containing 366 (63.3%) PVT-positive patients and found that PVT is associated with patients having larger tumors and higher levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and des-gamma carboxyprothrombin (DCP). We identified in patients with normal bilirubin levels (≤ 2.0 mg/dl) two PVT-positive patients, having higher and lower AFP levels, respectively. They differed in the significantly better prognosis of the low AFP patients, which may be useful for patient management decisions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with PVT are heterogeneous with respect to AFP levels. AFP-negative patients have a significantly better survival than those who have elevated AFP.
authors.affiliation: Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. brianicarr@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Brian I
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6111-5077
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.affiliation: IRCCS de Bellis, National Institute for Digestive Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Italy.
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guerra
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011169:Portal Vein; D011379:Prognosis; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011498:Protein Precursors; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; C008208:acarboxyprothrombin; D011516:Prothrombin
keywords: AFP; DCP; Portal vein thrombosis; Survival