title: Gingival crevicular fluid levels of protease-activated receptors type 1 and type 2 in diabetic patients with periodontitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protease activated receptor type 1 (PAR1 ) seems to play a role in periodontal repair, while PAR2 is associated with periodontal inflammation. As diabetes is a known risk factor for periodontal disease, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of type 2 diabetes on PAR1 and PAR2 mRNA expression in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with chronic periodontitis before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gingival crevicular fluid samples and clinical parameters consisting of measuring probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing and plaque index were collected from systemically healthy patients and patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis, at baseline and after non-surgical periodontal therapy. PAR1 and PAR2 , as well as the presence of the proteases RgpB gingipain and neutrophil proteinase-3 were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the gingival crevicular fluid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The periodontal clinical parameters significantly improved after periodontal therapy (p < 0.01). Diabetes led to increased expression of PAR1 in gingival crevicular fluid, and in the presence of chronic periodontitis, it significantly decreased the expression of PAR1 and PAR2 (p < 0.05). Moreover, non-surgical periodontal treatment in diabetics resulted in increased expression of PAR1 and PAR2 (p < 0.05), and decreased expression of RgpB gingipain and proteinase-3 (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data demonstrated that diabetes was associated with an altered expression of PAR1 and PAR2 in the gingival crevicular fluid cells of subjects with chronic periodontitis. Future studies are necessary to elucidate the effects of PAR1 upregulation in periodontally healthy sites and PAR2 downregulation in chronic periodontitis sites on the increased susceptibility and severity of periodontitis in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Abreu
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: V T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Euzebio Alves
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: A P S
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Benedete
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Bueno da Silva
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: França
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saraiva
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holzhausen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000737:chemistry; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053146:Myeloblastin / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss; D010514:Periodontal Pocket; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; D053146:Myeloblastin
keywords: chronic periodontitis; periodontal inflammation; protease activated receptor 1; protease activated receptor 2