title: Decline in objective physical activity over a 10-year period in a Japanese elementary school.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to examine the change in accelerometer-derived daily physical activity (PA) and activity record-derived daily activities over a 10-year period in urban elementary schoolchildren in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 233 sixth-grade children (11-12 years old) in a same elementary school in Kyoto participated in the study (n = 125 and 108 in 1999 and 2009, respectively). The participant rate is 91.9 and 98.2% in 1999 and 2009, respectively. The size and shape of the school district was not changed. The children were instructed to wear an accelerometer for 5 consecutive days of weekday and to keep minute-by-minute 24-h activity records with the assistance of their parents. The school-day scheduling was similar between 1999 and 2009 (29 and 27 sessions of 45-min class per week, respectively).
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1999 to 2009, step counts considerably decreased (20,832 vs. 12,237 steps per day in boys and 16,087 vs. 10,748 steps per day in girls; P < 0.001) with concomitant significant decreases in total energy expenditure (P = 0.011), activity energy expenditure (P < 0.001), and physical activity level (P < 0.001). Time spent playing outdoors and walking to school were also significantly less in 2009 than 1999 (P < 0.001). Accelerometer-measured PA was significantly associated with the amount of time spent playing outdoors and walking to school.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that elementary schoolchildren in 2009 spend less time playing outdoors and walking to school, perform less PA, and take fewer steps than children of a decade ago.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Sports and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Kobe Women's University, 4-7-2 Minatojima Nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0046, Japan. aitoi@kwjc.kobe-wu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Itoi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan. yamaday@nih.go.jp.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan. snakae@nih.go.jp.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakae
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bio-environmental Science, Kyoto Gakuen University, 1-1, Nanjo-Otani, Sogabe, Kameoka, Kyoto, 621-8555, Japan. misaka@kyotogakuen.ac.jp.|Laboratory of Sports and Health Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan. misaka@kyotogakuen.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Misaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry; D000886:Anthropometry; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016138:Walking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*