title: Acute effects of varying intensities of treadmill walking exercise on inhibitory control in persons with multiple sclerosis: A pilot investigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise training represents a promising approach for managing cognitive impairment in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). There is preliminary evidence that treadmill walking might be the modality of exercise that exerts the greatest beneficial effects on inhibitory control in fully-ambulatory persons with MS. However, the dose-dependent effects of varying intensities of treadmill walking exercise on this cognitive function are unknown. Such an investigation is critical for better delineating the optimal exercise stimulus (or stimuli) for improving inhibitory control in MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study compared the acute effects of light, moderate, and vigorous intensity treadmill walking exercise on inhibitory control (i.e., interference control) relative to quiet rest in 24 fully-ambulatory persons with MS, using a within-subjects, repeated-measures experimental design. Participants completed four experimental conditions that consisted of 20min of light, moderate, and vigorous intensity treadmill walking exercise, and quiet rest in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Participants underwent a modified flanker task as a measure of inhibitory control immediately prior to and following each condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated-measures ANOVAs indicated large, statistically significant reductions in the cost of interfering stimuli on reaction time, but not accuracy, on the modified flanker task for light, moderate, and vigorous intensity exercise compared with quiet rest (F(3,69)=4.27, p=.01, ηp(2)=.16). There were no differences in magnitude of reduction across the three exercise intensities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results support light, moderate, and vigorous intensity treadmill walking as exercise stimuli that might particularly benefit interference control of reaction time. This represents the next step in delineating the optimal exercise stimuli for improving this cognitive function in fully-ambulatory persons with MS, and perhaps is important for informing a subsequent longitudinal exercise training intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Louise Freer Hall, 906 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Electronic address: bsandro2@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Sandroff
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Louise Freer Hall, 906 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Electronic address: chhillma@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hillman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA. Electronic address: benedict@buffalo.edu.
authors.forename: Ralph H B
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Benedict
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Louise Freer Hall, 906 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Electronic address: robmotl@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Motl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005080:Exercise Test; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Cognition; Executive control; Exercise; Inhibition; Multiple sclerosis; Walking