title: Pharmacological Preventions of Brain Injury Following Experimental Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage: an Up-to-Date Review.
abstract: Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is defined as the rupture of immature blood vessels in the subependymal zone of premature infants with significant mortality and morbidity. Considering the notable social and ecological stress brought by GMH-induced brain injury and sequelae, safe and efficient pharmacological preventions are badly needed. Currently, several appropriate animal models are available to mimic the clinical outcomes of GMH in human patients. In the long run, hemorrhagic strokes are the research target. Previously, we found that minocycline was efficient to alleviate GMH-induced brain edema and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) in rats, which may be closely related to the activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R). However, how the two molecules correlate and the underlined molecular pathway remain unknown. To extensively understand current experimental GMH treatment, this literature review critically evaluates existing therapeutic strategies, potential treatments, and potentially involved molecular mechanisms. Each strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some of the mechanisms are still controversial, requiring an increasing number of animal experiments before the therapeutic strategy would be widely accepted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yihao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qianwei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China. gangzhu6666@sina.com.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China. zhichen@tmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Animal model; Germinal matrix hemorrhage; Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus; Therapeutic strategy