title: The efficacy of tamsulosin vs. nifedipine for the medical expulsive therapy of distal ureteric stones: A randomised clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess and compare, in a randomised clinical trial, the efficacy of tamsulosin and nifedipine as medical expulsive therapy for distal ureterolithiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 128 symptomatic patients with stones in the juxtavesical tract of the ureter were randomly divided into group 1 (64 patients) receiving oral nifedipine sustained-release 30 mg/day, and group 2 (64 patients) receiving tamsulosin 0.4 mg/day. Both groups received oral prednisolone 30 mg/day for 10 days and diclofenac 75 mg intramuscularly on demand. Patients were assessed by weekly ultrasonography with or with no abdominal computed tomography, during a follow-up of 4 weeks. The stone passage rate and time, analgesic use, hospitalisation and endoscopic interventions were evaluated. The results were analysed statistically using appropriate tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stone expulsion rate was 55% for group 1 and 80% for group 2 (P = 0.004). The mean stone size was 8.59 and 8.85 mm in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The mean expulsion time was 23 days for group 1 and 9 days for group 2 (P < 0.001). The mean number of diclofenac injections was 1.19 for group 1 and 0.42 for group 2 (P < 0.001). Eleven patients in group 1 vs. two in group 2 were hospitalised (P = 0.001). Twenty-six patients in group 1 and 13 in group 2 underwent ureteroscopy (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical expulsive therapy with tamsulosin should be considered as a first-line treatment for index cases of distal ureterolithiasis with no complications. The use of tamsulosin provides better stone expulsion than does nifedipine.
authors.affiliation: Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Ponekkera, Kochi, Kerela, India.
authors.forename: Himesh R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
authors.forename: Chandrasekhar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agrawal
keywords: JVT, juxtavesical tract; MET, medical expulsive therapy; Nifedipine; Pain; Renal colic; Tamsulosin; US, ultrasonography; Ureteric calculi; VUJ, vesico-ureteric junction