title: Evolutionary fate and implications of retrocopies in the African coelacanth genome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The coelacanth is known as a "living fossil" because of its morphological resemblance to its fossil ancestors. Thus, it serves as a useful model that provides insight into the fish that first walked on land. Retrocopies are a type of novel genetic element that are likely to contribute to genome or phenotype innovations. Thus, investigating retrocopies in the coelacanth genome can determine the role of retrocopies in coelacanth genome innovations and perhaps even water-to-land adaptations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We determined the dS values, dN/dS ratios, expression patterns, and enrichment of functional categories for 472 retrocopies in the African coelacanth genome. Of the retrocopies, 85-355 were shown to be potentially functional (i.e., retrogenes). The distribution of retrocopies based on their dS values revealed a burst pattern of young retrocopies in the genome. The retrocopy birth pattern was shown to be more similar to that in tetrapods than ray-finned fish, which indicates a genomic transformation that accompanied vertebrate evolution from water to land. Among these retrocopies, retrogenes were more prevalent in old than young retrocopies, which indicates that most retrocopies may have been eliminated during evolution, even though some retrocopies survived, attained biological function as retrogenes, and became old. Transcriptome data revealed that many retrocopies showed a biased expression pattern in the testis, although the expression was not specifically associated with a particular retrocopy age range. We identified 225 Ensembl genes that overlapped with the coelacanth genome retrocopies. GO enrichment analysis revealed different overrepresented GO (gene ontology) terms between these "retrocopy-overlapped genes" and the retrocopy parent genes, which indicates potential genomic functional organization produced by retrotranspositions. Among the 225 retrocopy-overlapped genes, we also identified 46 that were coelacanth-specific, which could represent a potential molecular basis for coelacanth evolution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study identified 472 retrocopies in the coelacanth genome. Sequence analysis of these retrocopies and their parent genes, transcriptome data, and GO annotation information revealed novel insight about the potential role of genomic retrocopies in coelacanth evolution and vertebrate adaptations during the evolutionary transition from water to land.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China. dukang@ihb.ac.cn.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. dukang@ihb.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China. clad@ihb.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Shunping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019295:Computational Biology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D016678:Genome; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D013045:Species Specificity; D059467:Transcriptome; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000235:genetics*