title: Three-dimensional cellulose sponge: Fabrication, characterization, biomimetic mineralization, and in vitro cell infiltration.
abstract: In this study, cellulose based scaffolds were produced by electrospinning of cellulose acetate (CA) solution followed by its saponification with NaOH/ethanol system for 24h. The resulting nonwoven cellulose mat was treated with sodium borohydride (SB) solution. In situ hydrolysis of SB solution into the pores of the membrane produced hydrogen gas resulting a three-dimensional (3D) cellulose sponge. SEM images demonstrated an open porous and loosely packed fibrous mesh compared to the tightly packed single-layered structure of the conventional electrospun membrane. 3D cellulose sponge showed admirable ability to nucleate bioactive calcium phosphate (Ca-P) crystals in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. SEM-EDX and X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the minerals deposited on the nanofibers have the nonstoichiometric composition similar to that of hydroxyapatite, the mineralized component of the bone. 3D cellulose sponge exhibited the better cell infiltration, spreading and proliferation compared to 2D cellulose mat. Therefore, a facile fabrication of 3D cellulose sponge with improved mineralization represents an innovative strategy for the bone tissue engineering applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Mahesh Kumar
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Next Generation, Kalanki, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Hem Raj
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Pant
authors.affiliation: Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Arjun Prasad
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.affiliation: Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bikendra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maharjan
authors.affiliation: Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Technology Engineering, College of Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Han Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: biochan@jbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Chan Hee
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea; Division of Mechanical Design Engineering, School of Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea; Eco-friendly Machine Parts Design Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: chskim@jbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Cheol Sang
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D032701:Biomimetics; D001894:Borohydrides / Q000737:chemistry; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D004560:Electricity; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001894:Borohydrides; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; C005062:acetylcellulose; D000431:Ethanol; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; C025364:sodium borohydride; D002482:Cellulose
keywords: 3D scaffold; Biomimetic mineralization; Cellulose; Saponification