title: Behavioural response of female Culex pipiens pallens to common host plant volatiles and synthetic blends.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most mosquito species need to obtain sugar from host plants. Little is known about the chemical cues that Culex pipiens pallens use during their orientation to nectar host plants. In this study, we investigated the behavioural responses of female Cx. pipiens pallens to common floral scent compounds and their blends.
  
  
  METHODS
  Behavioural responses of female Cx. pipiens pallens to 18 individual compounds at different concentrations were determined in the olfactometer bioassays. A synthetic blend composed of behaviourally active compounds was formulated, and its attractiveness to mosquitoes was tested. Several most attractive compounds constituted a reduced blend, and its attractiveness was tested against the solvent and the full blend, respectively. Mosquito response in the olfactometer was analyzed by comparing the percentages of mosquitoes caught in the two arms by χ(2) test (observed versus expected).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen of the 18 compounds were attractive to female Cx. pipiens pallens in the dose-dependent bioassays, with the exception of β-pinene, acetophenone and nonanal. (68.00 ± 2.49) % mosquitoes responded to the full blend composed of these 15 compounds on their optimal doses when tested against the solvent, with the preference index at 46.11 ± 3.57. Six individual compounds whose preference indices were over 40 constituted the reduced blend, and it attracted (68.00 ± 1.33) % mosquitoes when tested against the solvent while its preference index was 42.00 ± 3.54. When tested against the full blend simultaneously in the olfactometer, the reduced blend could attract (45.00 ± 2.69) % of released mosquitoes, which was as attractive as the full blend.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that female Cx. pipiens pallens is differentially attracted by a variety of compounds at different concentrations. Alteration of the concentration strongly affects the attractiveness of the synthetic blend. Several floral scent volatiles might be the universal olfactory cues for various mosquito species to locate their nectar host plants, which could be potentially used in trapping devices for surveillance and control of them.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China. yubaoting@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Bao-Ting
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China. dingyanmei@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yan-Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China. mojianchu@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jian-Chu
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D010675:Pheromones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones; D064209:Phytochemicals; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C010411:insect attractants