title: How to Define Family Meals in "Shokuiku" (Food and Nutrition Education).
abstract: The Japanese government has set 11 targets to promote "Shokuiku." However, among the 11 targets, only two targets (frequency of shared family meals and the proportion of breakfast skipping in children and young men) are quantitative goals. The increase in children eating alone is often lamented in the popular media, but the methodology for identifying the status of family meals ("Kyoshoku"), or how the responses should be validated, is rarely discussed. In the current review, we attempt to clarify how a family meal and survey responses are defined, by searching literature published after 2009, using the following keywords: "family meals" or "shared meals," in the PubMed database for English. For literature published in Japanese, we searched the Igakuchuo-Zassi Database and Google Scholar for relevant studies. In the English literature, questions were likely to focus on whether a dinner or any meal was eaten together with family members living together, while Japanese literature was more focused on "breakfast or dinner" eaten together with family members. The response options varied across different studies, such as the number of family meals a week, or the number of days (per week) these family meals were eaten. We found it quite difficult to compare across the studies, as there is no standardized definition or response options for "family meals." Further studies are needed in order to develop a standardized method to assess the current status of "family meals."
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Education, National Institute of Health and Nutrition.
authors.forename: Hidemi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takimoto
authors.forename: Nobuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sarukura
authors.forename: Kazuko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishikawa-Takata
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D016208:Databases, Factual; D002149:Energy Intake; D005190:Family; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult