title: Critical realism in nursing: an emerging approach.
abstract: Critical realism, a philosophical framework originally developed by Roy Bhaskar in the 1970s, represents a relatively new approach to research generally and to nursing research in particular. This article explores the ontological and epistemological tenets of critical realism and examines the application of critical realist principles to nursing research and practice through a review of the literature. It is evident that few published nursing research studies have, as of yet, utilized critical realism as their paradigm of choice. Both the strengths and limitations of the presentation and use of critical realism in these studies are discussed in this article. Given the varying degrees of success of the authors in explicating critical realism as a philosophical framework, the value of critical realism to the research study, and the ways in which usage of the critical realist framework influenced development of the study and interpretation of findings, it is evident that the quality of future publications espousing the use of critical realism must continue to be strengthened significantly.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada.
authors.forename: Catharine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Schiller
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D019359:Knowledge; D015399:Nursing Research / Q000379:methods*; D010687:Philosophy, Nursing; D012107:Research Design
keywords: critical realism; literature review; nursing research; philosophy