title: Vitamin A deficiency suppresses high fructose-induced triglyceride synthesis and elevates resolvin D1 levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin A and its metabolites are known to regulate lipid metabolism. However so far, no study has assessed, whether vitamin A deficiency per se aggravates or attenuates the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, here, we tested the impact of vitamin A deficiency on the development of NAFLD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male weanling Wistar rats were fed one of the following diets; control, vitamin A-deficient (VAD), high fructose (HFr) and VAD with HFr (VADHFr) of AIN93G composition, for 16weeks, except half of the VAD diet-fed rats were shifted to HFr diet (VAD(s)HFr), at the end of 8(th) week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animals fed on VAD diet with HFr displayed hypotriglyceridemia (33.5mg/dL) with attenuated hepatic triglyceride accumulation (8.2mg/g), compared with HFr diet (89.5mg/dL and 20.6mg/g respectively). These changes could be partly explained by the decreased activity of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and the down-regulation of stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), both at gene and protein levels, the key determinants of triglyceride biosynthesis. On the other hand, n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid and its active metabolite; resolvin D1 (RvD1) levels were elevated in the liver and plasma of VAD diet-fed groups, which was negatively associated with triglyceride levels. All these factors confer vitamin A deficiency-mediated protection against the development of hepatic steatosis, which was also evident from the group shifted from VAD to HFr diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin A deficiency attenuates high fructose-induced hepatic steatosis, by regulating triglyceride synthesis, possibly through GPDH, SCD1 and RvD1.
authors.affiliation: Lipid Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad 500007, India.
authors.forename: Mooli
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raja Gopal Reddy
authors.affiliation: Lipid Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad 500007, India.
authors.forename: Chodisetti
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pavan Kumar
authors.affiliation: Lipid Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad 500007, India.
authors.forename: Malleswarapu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahesh
authors.affiliation: Lipid Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad 500007, India.
authors.forename: Manchiryala
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sravan Kumar
authors.affiliation: Pathology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad 500007, India.
authors.forename: Surekha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mullapudi Venkata
authors.affiliation: Pathology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad 500007, India.
authors.forename: Uday Kumar
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Putcha
authors.affiliation: Lipid Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad 500007, India.
authors.forename: Ayyalasomayajula
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vajreswari
authors.affiliation: Lipid Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad 500007, India. Electronic address: smjkumar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shanmugam M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jeyakumar
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005632:Fructose; D005993:Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013230:Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides; C518399:resolvin D1; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D005632:Fructose; D005993:Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; D013230:Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase; C000594769:stearoyl-CoA desaturase SCD-1, rat
keywords: Desaturase; Elongase; Fatty liver; Glycogen; Inflammation; Lipoxygenase