title: Training to Perform Ankle-Brachial Index: Systematic Review and Perspectives to Improve Teaching and Learning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review focusing on the impact of training programs on ankle-brachial index (ABI) performance by medical students, doctors and primary care providers. Lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a highly prevalent disease affecting ∼202 million people worldwide. ABI is an essential component of medical education because of its ability to diagnose PAD, and as it is a powerful prognostic marker for overall and cardiovascular related mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search was conducted (up to May 2015) using Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five studies have addressed the impact of a training program on ABI performance by either medical students, doctors or primary care providers. All were assigned a low GRADE system quality. The components of the training vary greatly either in substance (what was taught) or in form (duration of the training, and type of support which was used). No consistency was found in the outcome measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to this systematic review, only few studies, with a low quality rating, have addressed which training program should be performed to provide the best way of teaching how to perform ABI. Future high quality researches are required to define objectively the best training program to facilitate ABI teaching and learning.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC 1414, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaudru
authors.affiliation: Movement, Sport and Health Laboratory, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: P-Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: de Müllenheim
authors.affiliation: INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC 1414, Rennes, France; Movement, Sport and Health Laboratory, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France; Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Le Faucheur
authors.affiliation: University of Rennes 1, Signal and Image Processing Laboratory, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaladji
authors.affiliation: Cabinet d'Angiologie, Trélazé, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jaquinandi
authors.affiliation: INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC 1414, Rennes, France; CHU Rennes, Imagerie Cœur-Vaisseaux, Rennes, France. Electronic address: maheguillaume@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mahé
mesh_terms: D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D002309:Cardiology / Q000193:education*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007858:Learning; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013337:Students, Medical; D013663:Teaching
keywords: Curriculum; Diagnosis; Peripheral artery disease; Training program; Vascular medicine