title: Discovery of Black Dye Crystal Structure Polymorphs: Implications for Dye Conformational Variation in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.
abstract: We present the discovery of a new crystal structure polymorph (1) and pseudopolymorph (2) of the Black Dye, one of the world's leading dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells, DSSCs (10.4% device performance efficiency). This reveals that Black Dye molecules can adopt multiple low-energy conformers. This is significant since it challenges existing models of the Black Dye···TiO2 adsorption process that renders a DSSC working electrode; these have assumed a single molecular conformation that refers to the previously reported Black Dye crystal structure (3). The marked structural differences observed between 1, 2, and 3 make the need for modeling multiple conformations more acute. Additionally, the ordered form of the Black Dye (1) provides a more appropriate depiction of its anionic structure, especially regarding its anchoring group and NCS bonding descriptions. The tendency toward NCS ligand isomerism, evidenced via the disordered form 2, has consequences for electron injection and electron recombination in Black Dye embedded DSSC devices. Dyes 2 and 3 differ primarily by the absence or presence of a solvent of crystallization, respectively; solvent environment effects on the dye are thereby elucidated. This discovery of multiple Black Dye conformers from diffraction, with atomic-level definition, complements recently reported nanoscopic evidence for multiple dye conformations existing at a dye···TiO2 interface, for a chemically similar DSSC dye; those results emanated from imaging and spectroscopy, but were unresolved at the submolecular level. Taken together, these findings lead to the general notion that multiple dye conformations should be explicitly considered when modeling dye···TiO2 interfaces in DSSCs, at least for ruthenium-based dye complexes.
authors.affiliation: Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom.|Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 S Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States.
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kian Sing
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Low
authors.affiliation: Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gong
keywords: black dye; dye-sensitized solar cell; dye···TiO2; multiconformation; polymorph; structure