title: National and state prevalence of smoke-free rules in homes with and without children and smokers: Two decades of progress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The home is the primary source of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure for children. We assessed national and state progress in smoke-free home (SFH) rule adoption in homes with and without children and adult smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data came from the 1992-1993 and 2010-2011 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey, a U.S. national probability household survey. Households were defined as having a SFH rule if all household respondents aged ≥18 indicated no one was allowed to smoke inside the home at any time. Households with children were those with occupants aged <18. Smokers were those who smoked ≥100 lifetime cigarettes and now smoked "everyday" or "some days".
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1992-1993 to 2010-2011, SFH rule prevalence increased from 43.0% to 83.0% (p<.05). Among households with children, SFH rules increased overall (44.9% to 88.6%), in households without smokers (59.7% to 95.0%), and households with ≥1 smokers (9.7% to 61.0%) (p<.05). Among households without children, SFH rules increased overall (40.8% to 81.1%), in households without smokers (53.4% to 90.1%), and households with ≥1 smokers (6.3% to 40.9%) (p<.05). Prevalence increased in all states, irrespective of smoker or child occupancy (p<.05). In 2010-2011, among homes with smokers and children, SFH rule prevalence ranged from 36.5% (West Virginia) to 86.8% (California).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considerable progress has been made adopting SFH rules, but many U.S. children continue to be exposed to SHS because their homes are not smoke-free. Further efforts to promote adoption of SFH rules are essential to protect all children from this health risk.
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: baking@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Roshni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Babb
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.affiliation: Indoor Environments Division, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D061845:Smoke-Free Policy / Q000639:trends*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Child; Households; Secondhand smoke; Smoking; Tobacco smoke pollution