title: CTX-M-1 and CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli in dog faeces from public gardens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli are increasingly reported in dogs. The objective of this study was to provide data on the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in dog faecal deposits in public gardens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 209 faecal deposits collected in nine public gardens in Copenhagen, Denmark were screened by selective enrichment followed by plating on MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime. Presumptive ESBL-producing E. coli were confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of common cefotaxime resistance determinants (bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CTX-M and bla CMY-2). ESBL-producers were further characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using broth microdilution. Plasmids harbouring ESBL genes were characterized by S1 nuclease pulsed field gel electrophoresis, PCR-based replicon typing, and pMLST. Cefotaxime-resistant E. coli were detected in four (1.9 %) samples. Three samples harboured CTX-M-1-producing isolates, and one sample contained two CTX-M-15-producing isolates displaying distinct colony morphology. All isolates belonged to distinct sequence types (STs), including one E. coli lineage previously associated to a human-specific pathotype (ST59). bla CTX-M-1 was carried on IncI1 plasmids classified as ST3 or ST58 by pMLST, whereas bla CTX-M-15 was located on IncF/Y and non-typeable plasmids in the two strains isolated from the same sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows that dog faeces are a vector for dissemination of CTX-M-producing E. coli within urban areas. The risk derived from human exposure to dog faeces in public gardens depends on the prevalence of these bacteria in the local dog population as well as on the owners' practice to remove and dispose their dog's faeces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark. pedam@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Damborg
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark. malenekjelin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Malene Kjelin
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Morsing
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark. tanja.petersen@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark. vbo@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bortolaia
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark. lguardabassi@rossvet.edu.kn.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies. lguardabassi@rossvet.edu.kn.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guardabassi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004285:Dogs; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000032:analysis*; D047090:beta-Lactams / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D047090:beta-Lactams; C473109:beta-lactamase CTX-M-15; C055184:beta-lactamase TEM-3; D001618:beta-Lactamases