title: Does impulsivity change rate dependently following stimulant administration? A translational selective review and re-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rate dependence refers to an orderly relationship between a baseline measure of behavior and the change in that behavior following an intervention. The most frequently observed rate-dependent effect is an inverse relationship between the baseline rate of behavior and response rates following an intervention. A previous report of rate dependence in delay discounting suggests that the discounting of delayed reinforcers, and perhaps, other impulsivity measures, may change rate dependently following acute and chronic administration of potentially therapeutic medications in both preclinical and clinical studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the current paper was to review the effects of stimulants on delay discounting and other impulsivity tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies identified from the literature were required to include (1) an objective measure of impulsivity; (2) administration of amphetamine, methylphenidate, or modafinil; (3) presentation of a pre- and postdrug administration impulsivity measure; and (4) the report of individual drug effects or results in groups split by baseline or vehicle impulsivity. Twenty-five research reports were then reanalyzed for evidence consistent with rate dependence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the total possible instances, 67 % produced results consistent with rate dependence. Specifically, 72, 45, and 80 % of the data sets were consistent with rate dependence following amphetamine, methylphenidate, and modafinil administration, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that rate dependence is a more robust phenomenon than reported in the literature. Impulsivity studies should consider this quantitative signature as a process to determine the effects of variables and as a potential prognostic tool to evaluate the effectiveness of future interventions.
authors.affiliation: Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA. wkbickel@vtc.vt.edu.|Virginia Tech, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA. wkbickel@vtc.vt.edu.
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Bickel
authors.affiliation: Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Quisenberry
authors.affiliation: Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Snider
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077408:Modafinil
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate; D000661:Amphetamine; D000077408:Modafinil
keywords: Addiction; Amphetamine; Impulsivity; Methylphenidate; Modafinil; Psychostimulants; Rate dependence