title: Methods of Melanoma Detection.
abstract: Detection and removal of melanoma, before it has metastasized, dramatically improves prognosis and survival. The purpose of this chapter is to (1) summarize current methods of melanoma detection and (2) review state-of-the-art detection methods and technologies that have the potential to reduce melanoma mortality. Current strategies for the detection of melanoma range from population-based educational campaigns and screening to the use of algorithm-driven imaging technologies and performance of assays that identify markers of transformation. This chapter will begin by describing state-of-the-art methods for educating and increasing awareness of at-risk individuals and for performing comprehensive screening examinations. Standard and advanced photographic methods designed to improve reliability and reproducibility of the clinical examination will also be reviewed. Devices that magnify and/or enhance malignant features of individual melanocytic lesions (and algorithms that are available to interpret the results obtained from these devices) will be compared and contrasted. In vivo confocal microscopy and other cellular-level in vivo technologies will be compared to traditional tissue biopsy, and the role of a noninvasive "optical biopsy" in the clinical setting will be discussed. Finally, cellular and molecular methods that have been applied to the diagnosis of melanoma, such as comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, CH16D, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. leachmas@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Sancy A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Leachman
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3125 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L468R, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. cassidyp@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Pamela B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1525 Clifton Road NE, 1st Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. schen2@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Suephy C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 N Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA. ccuriel@email.arizona.edu.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Curiel
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Harvard School of Public Health and Massachusetts General Hospital, Landmark Center, 401 Park Drive, 3rd Floor East, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. ageller@hsph.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. daniel.gareau@rockefeller.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gareau
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, Modena, Italy. giovanni.pellacani@unimore.it.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pellacani
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Room 912, BRB (R-125), 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA. grichnik@miami.edu.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Grichnik
authors.affiliation: Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. jmalvehy@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malvehy
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, 1701 Divisadero Street, Suite 280, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA. jeffrey.north@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: North
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, CH13B, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. jacquess@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, CH13B, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. petrie@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Petrie
authors.affiliation: Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. spuig@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Puig
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology/Cutaneous Oncology, Stanford University, 900 Blake Wilbur Drive, W3045, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. sswetter@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Swetter
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, CH16D, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. toftes@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tofte
authors.affiliation: Departments of Dermatology and Epidemiology, Brown University, V A Medical Center 111D, 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI, 02908, USA. maw@brown.edu.
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Weinstock
mesh_terms: D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D046169:Dermoscopy; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008545:Melanoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D016353:Self-Examination
keywords: Atypical nevi; Dermoscopy; Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); Gene expression profiling; Hyperspectral imaging; In vivo confocal microscopy; Melanoma detection; Melanoma digital photography; Melanoma prevention; Melanoma screening; Optical biopsy; Optical coherence tomography; Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)