title: Effect of extruded wheat flour as a fat replacer on batter characteristics and cake quality.
abstract: The effects of three levels of fat replacement (1/3, 2/3, and 3/3) by extruded flour paste and the effects of the presence of emulsifier on layer cake batter characteristics and final cake quality were studied. Replacement of oil by extruded flour paste modified the batter density and microscopy, reducing the number of air bubbles and increasing their size, while emulsifier incorporation facilitated air entrapment in batter. Emulsifier addition also increased the elastic and viscous moduli of the batter, while oil reduction resulted in a less structured batter. Emulsifier incorporation leads to good quality cakes, minimizing the negative effect of oil reduction, maintaining the volume and reducing the hardness of cakes. Furthermore, consumer acceptability of the reduced fat cakes was improved by the addition of emulsifier. Thus, the results confirmed the positive effect of partial oil substitution (up to 2/3) by extruded flour paste on the quality of reduced fat cakes when emulsifier was incorporated.
authors.affiliation: Food Technology Area, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Román
authors.affiliation: Food Technology Area, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Food Technology Area, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Mario M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Food Technology Area, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gómez
keywords: Acceptability; Emulsifier; Extruded flour; Layer cake; Reduced fat