title: Executive Function: Comparing Bilingual and Monolingual Iranian University Students.
abstract: The study aimed to examine whether Kurdish-Persian early Bilingual university students (EBL) and Persian Monolingual university students (ML) differ on tasks of executive function (EF). Thirty male EBL and 30 male ML students from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad completed a Persian Stroop Color-Word task (SCWT), Backward Digit Span Test (BDST), Raven Standard Progressive Matrices, and a demographic questionnaire. The results of an analysis of variance showed EBL students responded faster on the SCWT compared with ML students, suggesting an inhibition advantage for EBL students. Moreover, mean scores of BDST showed better performance of EBL students in working memory than ML students. These results provided evidence of advantaged EF among EBL and were consistent with the possibility that individuals who began speaking a second language (L2) earlier in childhood have greater advantages, due either to effects of acquiring an L2 earlier or to a longer duration of bilingual experience.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. pych.Kazemeini.tok@stu-mail.um.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Toktam
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kazemeini
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.|Department of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.
authors.forename: Javad Salehi
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Fadardi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D019303:Multilingualism; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bilingual; Executive function; Inhibition; Monolingual; Working memory