title: Characterizing the fecal microbiota of infants with botulism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infant botulism is the most prevalent form of botulism in the USA, representing 68.5 % of cases reported from 2001-2012. Infant botulism results when botulinum toxin-producing clostridia (BTPC) colonize the infant gut with concomitant in vivo production of the highly potent botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). The gut microbiota of infants with botulism is largely uncharacterized; therefore, it remains unclear whether the microbiota profile of these patients are distinct in composition, abundance, or diversity. To address this uncertainty, we employed 16S rRNA gene profiling to characterize the fecal microbiota in 14 stool samples among laboratory-confirmed and non-confirmed infant botulism cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven bacterial phyla were identified among all 14 infant stool samples examined. Compared to samples from non-confirmed cases, the fecal microbiota of infant botulism patients displayed significantly higher Proteobacteria abundance. Of the 20 bacterial families identified, Enterobacteriaceae was significantly more abundant in samples from infants with botulism. Firmicutes abundance and the abundance ratio of Firmicutes/Proteobacteria was significantly lower in samples from infants with botulism. Lactobacillus spp. abundance was notably reduced in 12 of the 14 samples. Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium baratii were identified in low relative abundances in confirmed and non-confirmed samples based on their 16S rRNA gene profiles, although their toxigenicity remained undetermined. No significant differences were observed in the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) observed or in fecal microbiota diversity between laboratory-confirmed and non-confirmed samples. Correlations between individual phylum abundances and infant age were variable, and no significant differences were shown in number of OTUs observed or in fecal microbiota diversity between samples delineated by overall mean age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences in Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Enterobacteriaceae abundances were identified in the fecal microbiota of infants with botulism when compared to samples from non-confirmed cases. Fecal microbiota diversity was not significantly altered in infants with botulism, and a limited presence of BTPC was shown. It could not be determined whether the fecal microbiota profiles shown here were comparable prior to patient illness, or whether they were the direct result of infant botulism. The results of this study do, however, provide a detailed and descriptive observation into the infant gut microbiota after intestinal colonization by BTPC.
authors.affiliation: Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA. TShirey@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: T Brian
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Shirey
authors.affiliation: Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA. JDykes@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Janet K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Dykes
authors.affiliation: Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA. CLuquez@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lúquez
authors.affiliation: Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA. sht5@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Maslanka
authors.affiliation: Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA. BRaphael@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Brian H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Raphael
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001906:Botulism / Q000382:microbiology*; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D000068536:Bacillota / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010802:Phylogeny; D020560:Proteobacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D009498:Neurotoxins; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D001905:Botulinum Toxins