title: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of both kidneys in healthy, non-anaesthetized cats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in perfusion are considered to play a key role in the pathophysiology of renal disease. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has shown a promising diagnostic imaging technique to non-invasively and repetitively quantify tissue perfusion. Examination protocols have varied between studies regarding US equipment, quantification software, the use of sedation or anaesthesia, and animals. The purpose of the present study was, to assess the feasibility of a standardized CEUS protocol for perfusion analysis of both kidneys in nine healthy, non-anaesthetized cats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CEUS was fairly tolerable for all but one cat. In 6/18 kidneys (2 left, 4 right), a second contrast medium injection was needed due to motion artifacts. Perfusion variables such as peak intensity (PI), wash-in slope (WIS), wash-out slope (WOS) and mean transit time (MTT) did not significantly differ between left and right renal cortex and medulla nor between the cranial and caudal renal cortex within each kidney. In contrast, for all kidneys, mean PI, WIS, and MTT were significantly higher in the cortex than in the medulla (P = 0.001, 0.012 and <0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The herein reported CEUS protocol and the perfusion measurements may serve as a baseline protocol and normal reference values for the evaluation of feline patients. However, the protocol and results may be of limited value in uncooperative animals.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. hanna.schweiger@icloud.com.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schweiger
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. sohlerth@vetclinics.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohlerth
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. bgerber@vetclinics.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gerber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D003287:Contrast Media; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media