title: The arrhythmogenic effect of ultrasonic exposure with acoustic radiation force (ARF) impulse on the rabbit heart with ultrasound contrast agent perfluorobutane.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acoustic radiation force (ARF) impulse can be used to estimate the elasticity of cardiac muscle. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ARF on the heart with concomitant administration of the ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) perfluorobutane for recently developed elasticity imaging such as shear wave imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasound with ARF was applied to the heart of Japanese white rabbit with or without UCA administration. During the exposure, electrocardiographs were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following the exposure of ultrasound with a duration of 10 ms and a mechanical index (MI) of 4.0 to the heart, extra waves (QRS complex) were observed only after UCA administration. Although life-threatening arrhythmia was not observed, a greater increase in the frequency of the extra waves was observed following a drip infusion compared with a single (bolus) UCA infusion. In addition, 16.3 % of extra waves were followed by arterial pressure pulse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac ultrasound with higher MI and longer duration should be carefully considered, particularly with the concomitant use of UCA and higher MI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan. yasunao-i@jichi.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yasunao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasanuma
authors.affiliation: Human Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Naotaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nitta
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiyo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Iwaki
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Akiyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D003287:Contrast Media; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D006321:Heart / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C108042:perfluorobutane
keywords: Acoustic radiation force; Arrhythmia; Heart; High MI; Long duration; Rabbit; Ultrasound contrast agent