title: Sickle cell trait is not associated with chronic kidney disease in adult Congolese patients: a clinic-based, cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the determinants of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with special emphasis on sickle cell trait (SCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and fifty-nine patients (171 men and 188 women), aged 18 years or older, with reduced kidney function (eGFR < 90 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) and seen at secondary and tertiary healthcare in Kinshasa were consecutively recruited in this cross-sectional study. Serum creatinine and haemoglobin electrophoresis were performed in each patient. CKD was defined as < 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Logistic regression analysis was used to assess determinants of CKD with a special emphasis on SCT. A p-value < 0.05 defined the level of statistical significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SCT was present in 19% of the study population; its frequency was 21 and 18% (p > 0.05) in patients with and without CKD, respectively. In multivariate analysis, sickle cell trait was not significantly (OR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.559-1.839; p = 0.235) associated with CKD; the main determinants were dipstick proteinuria (OR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.094-3.168; p = 0.02), the metabolic syndrome (OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.033-2.965; p = 0.03), haemoblobin ≥ 12 g/dl (OR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.210-0.625; p = 0.001), and personal history of hypertension (OR: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.202-3.892; p = 0.01) and of diabetes mellitus (OR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.150-4.454; p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SCT was not an independent determinant of CKD in the present case series. Traditional risk factors emerged as the main determinants of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kinshasa Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mukendi
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kinshasa Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. lepslepira@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Lepira
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Makulo
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kinshasa Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Sumaili
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health/University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kayembe
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kinshasa Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Nseka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015897:Comorbidity; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012805:Sickle Cell Trait / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006454:Hemoglobins; D003404:Creatinine