title: Breast cancer-related lymphoedema and venepuncture: a review and evidence-based recommendations.
abstract: Lymphoedema is a recognised complication of axillary surgery in women with early breast cancer. Such women are widely advised to avoid venepuncture on the ipsilateral side lest this cause complications including lymphoedema. This can lead to multiple failed venepuncture attempts causing distress to both patient and healthcare professional. We reviewed current guidelines and critically appraised the evidence relating the development of lymphoedema to venepuncture to educate healthcare professionals and develop evidence-based guidelines. A systematic search of bibliographic databases was performed and an Internet search undertaken to identify patient information leaflets from societies and support groups. Seven published articles were identified together with 15 published patient information leaflets. Only one small prospective study was identified (level of evidence 2), the remainder being case-control studies (level 3) or retrospective reviews (level 4). There is no good evidence that venepuncture can precipitate lymphoedema. New, patient-centred, evidence-based recommendations for venepuncture in women with breast cancer are proposed. Whenever possible, venepuncture should be performed on the contralateral arm. If this is not readily achieved, in the absence of lymphoedema it is preferable to consider venepuncture in the ipsilateral arm or insertion of a central venous device than to make further attempts in the contralateral arm or resort to sites such as veins in the foot. In the absence of lymphoedema, venesection in the ipsilateral arm carries little, if any, risk of additional complications. We offer evidence-based, patient-centred guidelines for venepuncture in patients with breast cancer following an axillary intervention.
authors.affiliation: St James's Institute of Oncology, Leeds, UK. adam.jakes@hyms.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Jakes
authors.affiliation: St James's Institute of Oncology, Leeds, UK. C.J.Twelves@leeds.ac.uk.|Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Leeds, UK. C.J.Twelves@leeds.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Twelves
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla / Q000601:surgery; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000209:etiology*; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Axillary lymph node clearance; Breast cancer; Lymphoedema; Sentinel node biopsy; Venepuncture