title: Plague in Tanzania: an overview.
abstract: Human plague remains a public health concern in Tanzania despite its quiescence in most foci for years, considering the recurrence nature of the disease. Despite the long-standing history of this problem, there have not been recent reviews of the current knowledge on plague in Tanzania. This work aimed at providing a current overview of plague in Tanzania in terms of its introduction, potential reservoirs, possible causes of plague persistence and repeated outbreaks in the country. Plague is believed to have been introduced to Tanzania from the Middle East through Uganda with the first authentication in 1886. Xenopsylla brasiliensis, X. cheopis, Dinopsyllus lypusus, and Pulex irritans are among potential vectors while Lophuromys spp, Praomys delectorum, Graphiurus murinus, Lemniscomys striatus, Mastomys natalensis, and Rattus rattus may be the potential reservoirs. Plague persistence and repeated outbreaks in Tanzania are likely to be attributable to a complexity of factors including cultural, socio-economical, environmental and biological. Minimizing or preventing people's proximity to rodents is probably the most effective means of preventing plague outbreaks in humans in the future. In conclusion, much has been done on plague diagnosis in Tanzania. However, in order to achieve new insights into the features of plague epidemiology in the country, and to reorganize an effective control strategy, we recommend broader studies that will include the ecology of the pathogen, vectors and potential hosts, identifying the reservoirs, dynamics of infection and landscape ecology.
authors.affiliation: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. michael.ziwa@sacids.org
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ziwa
authors.forename: Mecky I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Matee
authors.forename: Bernard M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hang'ombe
authors.forename: Eligius F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Lyamuya
authors.forename: Bukheti S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kilonzo
mesh_terms: D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D010930:Plague / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history*; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology