title: Food Protein-Induced Non-Immunoglobulin E-Mediated Allergic Colitis in Infants and Older Children: What Cytokines Are Involved?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) is mostly a non-immunoglobulin E-mediated disease where a T-cell-mediated reaction to cow's milk protein has been suggested. We determined the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, TGF-β receptor-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, CD86, and CD23 on the colon mucosa to investigate their roles in the pathogenesis of the two subtypes of FPIAP, i.e. infantile FPIAP and FPIAP in older children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Group 1 comprised children with infantile FPIAP (age <6 months, n = 21), group 2 referred to FPIAP in older children (age >1.5 years, n = 7), and group 3 included children with juvenile hyperplastic polyps (n = 22). Immunohistochemical staining of colonic biopsy specimens was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of TNF-α was significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 compared to group 3. Group 2 patients had a significantly lower TGF-β expression compared to the other groups. The expression of CD86 was higher in group 1 than in group 3 (p = 0.012). Eosinophil counts per high-power field in the lamina propria were significantly correlated with CD86 expression (p = 0.026, r = 0.388).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that TNF-α is implicated in the pathogenesis of both types of FPIAP. The decreased activity of TGF-β receptor-1 accompanied by the increased expression of CD86 in infants and the decreased activity of TGF-β in older children appear to play a role in the development of FPIAP.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozen
authors.forename: Enver Mahir
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gulcan
authors.forename: Hulya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ercan Saricoban
authors.forename: Ferda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: Reha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cengizlier
mesh_terms: D051940:B7-2 Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D001706:Biopsy; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003092:Colitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D004760:Enterocolitis / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology*; D007223:Infant; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D016269:Milk Hypersensitivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000276:immunology; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D017455:Receptors, IgE / Q000276:immunology; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D016207:Cytokines; D017455:Receptors, IgE; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I