title: Safety and Efficacy of Anakinra in Severe Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a common skin disorder in which excessive inflammation is believed to have an important role. There is no specific therapy for HS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the safety and efficacy of the anti-inflammatory biological therapy anakinra in HS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial with a 12-week treatment phase and a 12-week follow-up phase. The setting was Attikon University General Hospital, a tertiary care institution in Athens, Greece. Participants were 20 patients with Hurley stage II or III HS. The study and the analysis were conducted between March 1, 2012, and February 28, 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to receive injections from identical syringes containing placebo or anakinra subcutaneously once daily for 12 weeks. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and stimulated for cytokine production before the beginning of treatment and at week 12 (the end of treatment) and week 24.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary end point was the effect of anakinra on HS disease severity. Secondary end points were the time to a new exacerbation and the production of cytokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 20 trial participants, 10 each were randomized to the group to receive anakinra or the placebo group. The mean (SD) ages were 42.8 (13.8) and 36 (11.3) years in the anakinra and placebo groups, respectively. The disease activity score was decreased at the end of treatment in 20% (2 of 10) of the placebo arm compared with 67% (6 of 9) of the anakinra arm (P = .04). Hidradenitis suppurativa clinical response at 12 weeks was achieved in 30% (3 of 10) of the placebo arm and in 78% (7 of 9) of the anakinra arm (P = .04). The production of interferon-γ by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the anakinra arm was decreased, and the production of interleukin 22 was increased. The time to a new HS exacerbation was prolonged in the anakinra arm by log-rank test (log rank, 6.137; P = .01). No serious adverse events were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anakinra has the potential to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment for HS. Inhibition of interleukin 1 is a promising treatment strategy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01558375.
authors.affiliation: Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Vassiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tzanetakou
authors.affiliation: Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Theodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanni
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giatrakou
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexandros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katoulis
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papadavid
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mihai G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Netea
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.|Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver.
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dinarello
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jos W M
authors.initials: JWM
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rigopoulos
authors.affiliation: Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Evangelos J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Giamarellos-Bourboulis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017497:Hidradenitis Suppurativa / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein