title: Cellular and molecular hypoxic response in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to linear alkylbenzene sulfonate at sublethal concentrations.
abstract: Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is an anionic surfactant commonly used in cleaning agents such as laundry detergents. Trace amounts of LAS are released into environmental waters after processing in wastewater treatment plants after the use of this chemical. Acute toxicity of LAS has been well-studied using various organisms, and its effects are particularly well known in fish. LAS damages fish gill morphology and induces mucous excretion from these organs. LAS also causes hematological changes. These observations suggest that LAS might induce hypoxic conditions in fish. However, the connections between hypoxia and hematological changes at the cellular and molecular levels remain unknown. Common carp were exposed to LAS at concentrations of 625, 1250, and 2500 μg/L for 96 h. A total of 9-10 fish were sampled at the end of the exposure period for each concentration. For hematological analysis, carp blood was sampled from the caudal vein. Gill tissue was used for real-time PCR analysis to evaluate transcriptional changes of hypoxia-induced genes. The number of normal red blood cells and the number of immature red blood cells were significantly decreased and increased, respectively, in fish exposed to 2500 µg/L LAS. The hypoxic marker genes hypoxia inducible factor 1α, myoglobin 1, and erythropoietin 2 were upregulated in these fish. Our results suggest that LAS decreases erythrocyte numbers and induces hypoxic conditions. In addition, LAS-exposed fish increase production of immature erythrocytes and upregulate myoglobin expression in gills to improve oxygen transport and absorption. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 122-130, 2017.
authors.affiliation: R&D Core Technology Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan.
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tasaki
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Ichiyo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: WDB Corporation, Yusen Building 2F, 2-3-2 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 100-0005, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: R&D Core Technology Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: R&D Core Technology Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan.
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.affiliation: R&D Core Technology Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamane
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002347:Carps; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004906:Erythrocyte Count; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005880:Gills / Q000473:pathology; D006128:Growth / Q000187:drug effects; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D009211:Myoglobin; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C030641:alkylbenzyl sulfonic acid; D004921:Erythropoietin
keywords: common carp; erythrocyte number; hypoxia; linear alkylbenzene sulfonate; molecular response; sublethal concentration