title: Mixed method integrative review exploring nurses' recognition and response to unsafe practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine how nurses recognize and respond to unsafe practice.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Practice guidelines and standards outline safe practice. Nurses face challenges in recognizing and responding unsafe practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whittemore and Knafl's revised framework for integrative reviews guided the analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive search of literature exploring the identification and response to unsafe practice, was undertaken in CINAHL, Medline, Embase and PsychoINFO databases for the period 2004-2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen articles from 15 studies were included in the review. A mixed method integrative approach was used to review data and draw conclusions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behaviours and cues that indicate unsafe practice are influenced by organizational and individual characteristics. Individual nurses responses are variable and there are professional and personal costs associated with being reported or reporting unsafe practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The small number of studies reviewed limits the conclusions that can be drawn from the review but suggest that nurses can identify unsafe practice in their peers. Individual nurses' recognition and response to unsafe practice in their peers contributes to patient outcomes and safety. Nurses need awareness training and strategies to respond to unsafe practice and reporting systems that protect reporters from repercussions. Further research investigating organizational factors and individual factors that contribute to a shift in practice across safety boundaries is required.
authors.affiliation: New Zealand Nurses Organisation, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kable
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.|Senior Research Fellow Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Courtney-Pratt
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Doran
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000592:standards*; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000592:standards*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D017751:Safety Management / Q000592:standards*
keywords: literature review; nursing; practice; reporting; unsafe; whistleblowing