title: Genetic and environmental predictors of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic foot ulcer: a pilot study.
abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often observed among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic foot (DF) leading to end stage renal disease. The aim of this pilot study was to determine genetic and environmental factors involved in the etiology of CKD among patients with DF. The following polymorphisms were studied: rs1800469, rs759853, rs1553005, rs1799983, rs1801133, rs3134069, rs2073618, rs8192678, rs6330, rs11466112, rs121917832 in terms of alleles distribution in patients with DF and T2DM, with or without CKD. The study includes 101 patients with T2DM and DF. Studied groups were divided into 39 individuals with CKD (cases) and 62 controls, depending on the presence of kidney failure defined as eGFR < 60ml/min/1.73m(2) and coexistence of microalbuminuria > 30 mg/dl in at least 3 urine samples. Cases and controls were matched according to mean age, gender, mean duration of T2DM, mean duration of insulin therapy, mean duration of DF cholesterol levels and smoking frequencies. The study showed that CKD risk factors were the following variables: creatinine level, body weight, hips circumference, ischemic heart disease, hypertension and diabetic retinopathy. Moreover, the results suggest the protective role of the allele C of rs3134069 polymorphism in CKD development in patients with T2DM and DF in the following allelic variants: [AA] vs. [AC] and [AA] vs. [AC + CC]. The allele C was observed to be less frequent than the allele A in patients with T2DM and DF. None of the other following polymorphisms was observed to be a potential risk factor of CKD in T2DM and DF population: rs6330, rs759853, rs1553005, rs1799983, rs1801133, rs1800469, rs8192678, rs11466112, rs121917832. We concluded that the rs3134069 polymorphism seems to be the most likely protective genetic factor in CKD development in patients with T2DM and DF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases and Diabetology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. rakowskab123@gmail.com.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases and Diabetology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maroszek
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases and Diabetology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nehring
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sobczyk-Kopciol
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases and Diabetology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krzyzewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases and Diabetology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kaszuba
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases and Diabetology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lukawska
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases and Diabetology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chojnowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, 5th Military Hospital, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kozka
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacodynamics, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bujalska-Zadrozny
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetic, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ploski
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases and Diabetology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krzymien
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases and Diabetology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Czupryniak
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000235:genetics*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; C506030:TNFRSF11B protein, human