title: Complex routes into HIV care for migrant workers: a qualitative study from north India.
abstract: Migrant workers are designated a bridge population in the spread of HIV and therefore if infected, should be diagnosed and treated early. This study examined pathways to HIV diagnosis and access to care for rural-to-urban circular migrant workers and partners of migrants in northern India, identifying structural, social and individual level factors that shaped their journeys into care. We conducted a qualitative study using in-depth interviews with HIV-positive men (n = 20) and women (n = 13) with a history of circular migration, recruited from an antiretroviral therapy centre in one district of Uttar Pradesh, north India. Migrants and partners of migrants faced a complex series of obstacles to accessing HIV testing and care. Employment insecurity, lack of entitlement to sick pay or subsidised healthcare at destination and the household's economic reliance on their migration-based livelihood led many men to continue working until they became incapacitated by HIV-related morbidity. During periods of deteriorating health they often exhausted their savings on private treatments focused on symptom management, and sought HIV testing and treatment at a public hospital only following a medical or financial emergency. Wives of migrants had generally been diagnosed following their husbands' diagnosis or death, with access to testing and treatment mediated via family members. For some, a delay in disclosure of husband's HIV status led to delays in their own testing. Diagnosing and treating HIV infection early is important in slowing down the spread of the epidemic and targeting those at greatest risk should be a priority. However, despite targeted campaigns, circumstances associated with migration may prevent migrant workers and their partners from accessing testing and treatment until they become sick. The insecurity of migrant work, the dominance of private healthcare and gender differences in health-seeking behaviour delay early diagnosis and treatment initiation.
authors.affiliation: a School of Public Health , Imperial College London , London , UK.
authors.forename: Tanvi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: b School of Social and Community Medicine , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK.
authors.forename: Helen S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: a School of Public Health , Imperial College London , London , UK.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D017057:Medically Uninsured; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012747:Sexual Partners; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: HIV infections/prevention & control; India; Transients and migrants; care pathways; qualitative research