title: Calretinin and parvalbumin in schizophrenia and affective disorders: a mini-review, a perspective on the evolutionary role of calretinin in schizophrenia, and a preliminary post-mortem study of calretinin in the septal nuclei.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The septal nuclei are important limbic regions that are involved in emotional behavior and connect to various brain regions such as the habenular complex. Both the septal nuclei and the habenular complex are involved in the pathology of schizophrenia and affective disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We characterized the number and density of calretinin-immunoreactive neurons in the lateral, medial, and dorsal subregions of the septal nuclei in three groups of subjects: healthy control subjects (N = 6), patients with schizophrenia (N = 10), and patients with affective disorders (N = 6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our mini-review of the combined role of calretinin and parvalbumin in schizophrenia and affective disorders summarizes 23 studies. We did not observe significant differences in the numbers of calretinin-immunoreactive neurons or neuronal densities in the lateral, medial, and dorsal septal nuclei of patients with schizophrenia or patients with affective disorders compared to healthy control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most post-mortem investigations of patients with schizophrenia have indicated significant abnormalities of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in various brain regions including the hippocampus, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. This study also provides an explanation from an evolutionary perspective for why calretinin is affected in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brisch
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bielau
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia ; Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saniotis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany ; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bogerts
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krell
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany ; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.affiliation: Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg, Germany ; Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krzyżanowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krzyżanowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jankowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaliszan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Gert
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gos
keywords: affective disorders; calretinin; evolution of the human brain; parvalbumin; post-mortem studies; schizophrenia; septal nuclei