title: Fluid-Fluid Level and Pericardial Hyperdense Ring Appearance Findings on Unenhanced Postmortem CT Can Differentiate Between Postmortem and Antemortem Pericardial Hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine whether selected postmortem unenhanced CT findings can discriminate between antemortem and postmortem pericardial hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one consecutive cases of postmortem CT followed by autopsy identifying at least 50 mL of hemorrhaged blood were reviewed. Seven cases were classified as postmortem pericardial hemorrhage secondary to chest compression (postmortem group), and 24 cases were classified as antemortem pericardial hemorrhage secondary to disease or trauma (antemortem group), on the basis of autopsy findings. Postmortem CT findings of pericardial hemorrhage were classified as stratification comprising upper low-density and lower high-density areas (i.e., fluid-fluid level) and a high-density concentric ring (i.e., pericardial hyperdense ring). Diagnostic values for detecting antemortem or postmortem pericardial hemorrhage using this classification system, along with attenuation (in Hounsfield units) of pericardial hemorrhage lesions and the presence or absence of flattened heart sign on postmortem CT, were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were statistically significant differences in fluid-fluid level and pericardial hyperdense ring between the postmortem and antemortem groups (p < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of fluid-fluid level for detecting postmortem pericardial hemorrhage were 86%, 96%, 86%, and 100%, respectively. The mean attenuation of pericardial hemorrhage lesions differed statistically significantly between the groups (p = 0.004). The presentation of the flattened heart sign did not differ statistically significantly between the groups (p = 0.681).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluid-fluid level and pericardial hyperdense ring on postmortem CT, combined with attenuation, are useful for differentiating between antemortem and postmortem pericardial hemorrhage secondary to chest compression.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.|2 Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Rutsuko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.|2 Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.|3 Education and Research Center of Legal Medicine, Department of Forensic Radiology and Imaging, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yohsuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.|2 Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.|2 Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Suguru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torimitsu
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yajima
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shinozaki
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.|2 Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotaro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwase
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001344:Autopsy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010490:Pericardial Effusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: MDCT; autopsy; cardiac tamponade; hemopericardium; postmortem diagnosis