title: Microwave treated Salvadora oleoides as an eco-friendly biosorbent for the removal of toxic methyl violet dye from aqueous solution--A green approach.
abstract: In the present study, microwave treated Salvadora oleoides (MW-SO) has been investigated as a potential biosorbent for the removal of toxic methyl violet dye. A batch adsorption method was experimented for biosorptive removal of toxic methyl violet dye from the aqueous solution. The effect of various operating variables, viz., adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time and temperature on the removal of the dye was studied and it was found that nearly 99% removal of the dye was possible under optimum conditions. Kinetic study revealed that a pseudo-second-order mechanism was predominant and the overall process of the dye adsorption involved more than one step. Hence, in order to investigate the rate determining step, intra-particle diffusion model was applied. Adsorption equilibrium study was made by analyzing Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) adsorption isotherm models and the biosorption data was found to be best represented by the Langmuir model. The biosorption efficiency of MW-SO was also compared with unmodified material, Salvadora oleoides (SO). It was found that the sorption capacity (qmax) increased from 58.5 mg/g to 219.7 mg/g on MW treatment. Determination of thermodynamic parameters such as free energy change (ΔG°), enthalpy change (ΔH°) and entropy change (ΔS°) confirmed the spontaneous, endothermic and feasible nature of the adsorption process. The preparation of MW-SO did not require any additional chemical treatment and a high percentage removal of methyl violet dye was obtained in much lesser time. Thus, it is in agreement with the principles of green chemistry. The results of the present research work suggest that MW-SO can be used as an environmentally friendly and economical alternative biosorbent for the removal of methyl violet dye from aqueous solutions.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Imran
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Din
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Zaib
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hifza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Munir
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naz
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Azeem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Intisar
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan.
authors.forename: M Nouman
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Makshoof
authors.affiliation: c University of Sargodha , Sargodha , Pakistan.
authors.forename: M Latif
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mirza
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D005840:Gentian Violet / Q000378:metabolism*; D008872:Microwaves; D032121:Salvadoraceae / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005840:Gentian Violet
keywords: Biosorbent; Salvadora oleoides; kinetics; methyl violet