title: Ultrasound assisted dispersal of a copper nanopowder for electroless copper activation.
abstract: This paper describes the ultrasound assisted dispersal of a low wt./vol.% copper nanopowder mixture and determines the optimum conditions for de-agglomeration. A commercially available powder was added to propan-2-ol and dispersed using a magnetic stirrer, a high frequency 850 kHz ultrasonic cell, a standard 40 kHz bath and a 20 kHz ultrasonic probe. The particle size of the powder was characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Z-Average diameters (mean cluster size based on the intensity of scattered light) and intensity, volume and number size distributions were monitored as a function of time and energy input. Low frequency ultrasound was found to be more effective than high frequency ultrasound at de-agglomerating the powder and dispersion with a 20 kHz ultrasonic probe was found to be very effective at breaking apart large agglomerates containing weakly bound clusters of nanoparticles. In general, the breakage of nanoclusters was found to be a factor of ultrasonic intensity, the higher the intensity the greater the de-agglomeration and typically micron sized clusters were reduced to sub 100 nm particles in less than 30 min using optimum conditions. However, there came a point at which the forces generated by ultrasonic cavitation were either insufficient to overcome the cohesive bonds between smaller aggregates or at very high intensities decoupling between the tip and solution occurred. Absorption spectroscopy indicated a copper core structure with a thin oxide shell and the catalytic performance of this dispersion was demonstrated by drop coating onto substrates and subsequent electroless copper metallization. This relatively inexpensive catalytic suspension has the potential to replace precious metal based colloids used in electronics manufacturing.
authors.affiliation: Functional Materials Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK. Electronic address: j.graves@coventry.ac.uk.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.affiliation: Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugden
authors.affiliation: Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Litchfield
authors.affiliation: Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hutt
authors.affiliation: The Sonochemistry Centre at Coventry University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.affiliation: Functional Materials Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cobley
keywords: Catalytic ink; Copper nanoparticles; Dispersion; Electroless copper; Ultrasound