title: Bone Graft Substitution and Augmentation.
abstract: Selection of appropriate bone graft or bone graft substitute requires careful recognition of the bone healing needs of the patient's specific clinical problem and a thorough understanding of the different properties possessed by the available bone grafts and substitutes. Although autogenous iliac crest bone graft remains the gold standard of treatment for delayed unions, nonunions, and bone defects, there are a number of promising alternatives available, and emerging evidence suggests that they can be very effective when used in the proper setting. Among these, reamer-irrigator-aspirator bone graft, bone marrow concentrate, bone morphogenetic proteins, and calcium phosphate cements have received a great deal of attention in the literature. This review describes these grafts in detail along with the evidence for their use. In addition, a framework is provided for selecting the appropriate graft or substitute based on their provided properties.
authors.affiliation: *Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; †Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; ‡Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; and §Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nauth
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: J Tracy
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giannoudis
mesh_terms: D001843:Bone Cements / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D018786:Bone Substitutes