title: Combined Effect of Blood Cadmium and Lead Levels on Coronary Heart Disease Prediction Risk in Korean Men.
abstract: This study was designed to investigate the combined effects of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) on 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risk calculated using the Framingham risk score. The heavy metal data set of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV and V (2008-2010) was analyzed. The 10-year CHD risk was significantly associated with the log-transformed blood Cd and Pb levels in Korean men. For the highest quartile of Cd and Pb, the odds ratio (OR) of the intermediate risk and beyond for CHD (10-year risk ≥10%) compared to the lowest quartile was 6.870 (Cd, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.58-10.30) and 3.127 (Pb, 95% CI: 2.09-4.69) after adjusting for confounders, respectively. The adjusted OR of the intermediate risk and beyond for CHD (10-year risk ≥10%) in the fourth quartile of both Cd and Pb was 12.2 (95% CI: 8.0-18.5) compared to the reference group (first and second quartiles of Cd and Pb). However, the association between log-transformed blood Cd and Pb and the 10-year CHD risk was not significant in Korean women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hye-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Doo-Yeoun
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: United States Navy, United States Naval Hospital Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Young-Seok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea ktwonm@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Kyu-Nam
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead
keywords: Framingham risk score; cadmium; coronary heart disease; lead