title: Cardiac repolarization in recently postmenopausal women with or without hot flushes.
abstract: Menopausal hot flushes are associated with elevated activity of the sympathetic nervous system and may be related to increased risk for cardiovascular events. Sympathetic activation may trigger severe arrhythmias by modulating cardiac repolarization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of hot flushes on cardiac repolarization in postmenopausal women with and without hot flushes.
  
  
  
  We assessed 150 recently postmenopausal healthy women-72 with hot flushes and 78 without hot flushes. They underwent 24-hour electrocardiographic recording, comprising a total of over 10,000,000 QT-interval measurements. The cardiac repolarization was assessed by measuring QT-intervals, heat rate dependence of QT-end intervals, and T-waves.
  
  
  
  The maximal QT-end interval was shorter in women with hot flushes compared with those without hot flushes (481 ± 64 ms vs 493 ± 50 ms; P = 0.046). There were no differences between the rate dependence of QT-end intervals and T-wave measures between the groups. During the night-time hot flush period, we detected a steeper rate-dependence of QT-end intervals and a longer maximal T-peak-T-end interval (117 ± 54 ms vs 111 ± 56 ms; P < 0.001) compared with the control period.
  
  
  
  Women with hot flushes did not have clinically significant differences in ambulatory cardiac repolarization measurements compared with asymptomatic women. However, a sudden sympathetic surge occurring during the night-time hot flush may have direct effects on cardiac repolarization.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology 3Department of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 4Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lantto
authors.forename: Tomi S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Mikkola
authors.forename: Pauliina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tuomikoski
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viitasalo
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Väänänen
authors.forename: Anssi R A
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sovijärvi
authors.forename: Petri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Haapalahti
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*