title: Growth, immune, antioxidant, and bone responses of heat stress-exposed broilers fed diets supplemented with tomato pomace.
abstract: A study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation of dried tomato pomace (DTP) on growth performance, relative weights of viscera, serum biological parameters, antioxidant status, immune response, and bone composition of broilers exposed to a high ambient temperature. A total of 352 one-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly divided into four groups consisting of four replicates with 22 birds each. One group was reared under the thermoneutral zone and fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet. The other three groups were subjected to a cyclic heat stress from 29 to 42 days of age (34 ± 1 °C, 55 % RH, 5 h/day). These birds were fed corn-soybean meal basal diet or the same diet supplemented with 3 % DTP (420 mg lycopene/kg diet) or 5 % (708 mg lycopene/kg diet) of DTP. Blood samples were collected on days 28 and 42, and the birds were slaughtered at the same times. Supplementation of 5 % of DTP increased body weight and production index and decreased feed conversion ratio during 1-28 days of age. On day 28, the broilers supplemented with 5 % DTP had lower serum triglycerides and higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration than those on the other dietary treatments. The activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were higher and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower in the broilers fed 5 % TP than those of the broilers fed other diets at 28 days of age. The effects of heat stress (HS) were impaired body weight, enhanced serum activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lipase, and MDA concentration while reducing the activities of GPx and SOD. Dried tomato pomace supplementation did not influence growth performance under HS but ameliorated the negative effects of HS on the serum enzyme activities, GPx activity, and lipid peroxidation. Heat stress did not change the relative weights of the lymphoid organs but reduced the total and IgG titers for secondary antibody response to sheep red blood cells and titer against Newcastle disease virus and increased the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio. The supplementation with 5 % of DTP completely alleviated the negative effects of HS on immune responses. The ash, Ca, and P contents of the tibia bone were decreased under HS. The ash and Ca contents of the tibia were not significantly different between thermoneutral and heat-stressed broilers supplemented with 5 % DTP. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of DTP, particularly 5 % DTP, to broiler diet attenuated the detrimental effects of HS on the activities of serum enzymes, oxidative status, immune response, and bone composition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, PO Box 91775-163, Islamic Republic of Iran. jhosseiniv@birjand.ac.ir.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hosseini-Vashan
authors.affiliation: The Excellence Center for Animal Sciences and Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1163, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Golian
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Department, Animal Research Institute, Karj, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yaghobfar
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002645:Chickens / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000276:immunology; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D008049:Lipase / Q000097:blood; D000077276:Lycopene; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000276:immunology; D012756:Sheep; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D013977:Tibia / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D014280:Triglycerides; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D002338:Carotenoids; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D008049:Lipase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000077276:Lycopene; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Antioxidant status; Broiler; Dried tomato pomace; Heat stress; Immune response