title: Protective Effects of Cardamom in Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats.
abstract: Cardamom is a popular spice that has been commonly used in cuisines for flavor since ancient times. It has copious health benefits such as improving digestion, stimulating metabolism, and exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The current study investigated the effect of cardamom on hemodynamic, biochemical, histopathological and ultrastructural changes in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction. Wistar male albino rats were randomly divided and treated with extract of cardamom (100 and 200 mg/kg per oral) or normal saline for 30 days with concomitant administration of ISO (85 mg/kg, subcutaneous) on 29th and 30th days, at 24 h interval. ISO injections to rats caused cardiac dysfunction evidenced by declined arterial pressure indices, heart rate, contractility and relaxation along with increased preload. ISO also caused a significant decrease in endogenous antioxidants, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, depletion of cardiomyocytes enzymes, creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase and increase in lipid peroxidation. All these changes in cardiac and left ventricular function as well as endogenous antioxidants, lipid peroxidation and myocyte enzymes were ameliorated when the rats were pretreated with cardamom. Additionally, the protective effects were strengthened by improved histopathology and ultrastructural changes, which specifies the salvage of cardiomyocytes from the deleterious effects of ISO. The present study findings demonstrate that cardamom significantly protects the myocardium and exerts cardioprotective effects by free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India. goyal.aiims@gmail.com.|Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India. goyal.aiims@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sameer N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi 17666, United Arab Emirates. charusharma@uaeu.ac.ae.
authors.forename: Charu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India. umeshmahajan41@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Umesh B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India. pchandragouda@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Chandragouda R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India. goyalyogita@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Yogeeta O
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agriculture Research institute, New Delhi 110029, India. smile.santosh.kumari@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumari
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India. dsarya16@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Dharamvir Singh
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Arya
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India. shreeshojha@uaeu.ac.ae.|Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi 17666, United Arab Emirates. shreeshojha@uaeu.ac.ae.
authors.forename: Shreesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ojha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D015415:Biomarkers; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D028523:Elettaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000009:adverse effects; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form; D005978:Glutathione; D007545:Isoproterenol
keywords: ROS; antioxidants; cardamom; isoproterenol; myocardial infarction