title: Inter-rater Reliability of Real-Time Ultrasound to Measure Acromiohumeral Distance.
abstract: Real-time ultrasound (RTUS) has been suggested as a reliable measure of acromiohumeral distance. However, to date, no vigorous assessment and reporting of inter-rater reliability of this method has been performed with the shoulder in a neutral position or with active and passive arm abduction.
  
  
  
  To assess intrasession inter-rater reliability of using RTUS to measure acromiohumeral distance with the shoulder in a neutral position and with 60° active and passive abduction.
  
  
  
  Inter-rater intrasession reliability of repeated measures.
  
  
  
  Human performance laboratory.
  
  
  
  Twenty persons (12 male and 8 female) with an average age of 29.86 years (standard deviation, 7.8).
  
  
  
  In an inter-rater, intrasession study, RTUS was used to measure the acromiohumeral distance with the shoulder in a neutral position and with 60° of both active and passive abduction.
  
  
  
  Acromiohumeral distance.
  
  
  
  Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)2.1 scores ranged between 0.65-0.88 (standard error of the mean = 0.81-1.2 mm and minimal detectable differences with 95% confidence = 2.2-2.3 mm) for inter-rater intrasession reliability.
  
  
  
  RTUS was found to have fair to good inter-rater reliability as a tool to measure acromiohumeral distance with the shoulder in a neutral position and with 60° of both active and passive arm abduction.
authors.affiliation: Salford University, Health, Sports and Rehabilitation Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom(∗). Electronic address: t.a.mackenzie@edu.salford.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Tanya Anne
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.affiliation: Salford University, Health, Sports and Rehabilitation Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom(†).
authors.forename: Alya H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Bdaiwi
authors.affiliation: Salford University, Health, Sports and Rehabilitation Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom(‡).
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Herrington
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Science and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium(¶).
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cools
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012782:Shoulder; D012785:Shoulder Joint; D014463:Ultrasonography