title: Dietary Intake according to Gender and Education: A Twenty-Year Trend in a Swiss Adult Population.
abstract: We assessed trends in dietary intake according to gender and education using repeated cross-sectional, population-based surveys conducted between 1993 and 2012 in Geneva, Switzerland (17,263 participants, 52.0 ± 10.6 years, 48% male). In 1993-1999, higher educated men had higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), carotene and vitamin D intakes than lower educated men, and the differences decreased in 2006-2012. In 1993-1999, higher educated women had higher fiber, iron, carotene, vitamin D and alcohol intakes than lower educated women, and the differences decreased in 2006-2012. Total energy, polyunsaturated fatty acids, retinol and alcohol intakes decreased, while mono/disaccharides, MUFA and carotene intake increased in both genders. Lower educated men had stronger decreases in saturated fatty acid (SFA) and calcium intakes than higher educated men: multivariate-adjusted slope and 95% confidence interval -0.11 (-0.15; -0.06) vs. -0.03 (-0.08; 0.02) g/day/year for SFA and -5.2 (-7.8; -2.7) vs. -1.03 (-3.8; 1.8) mg/day/year for calcium, p for interaction <0.05. Higher educated women had a greater decrease in iron intake than lower educated women: -0.03 (-0.04; -0.02) vs. -0.01 (-0.02; 0.00) mg/day/year, p for interaction = 0.002. We conclude that, in Switzerland, dietary intake evolved similarly between 1993 and 2012 in both educational groups. Educational differences present in 1993 persisted in 2012.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1010, Switzerland. Pedro-Manuel.Marques-Vidal@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marques-Vidal
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland. Eirini.Rousi@unil.ch.
authors.forename: Eirini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rousi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland. Fred.Paccaud@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paccaud
authors.affiliation: Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva 1205, Switzerland. Jean-Michel.Gaspoz@hcuge.ch.
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gaspoz
authors.affiliation: Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva 1205, Switzerland. Jean-Marc.Theler@hcuge.ch.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Theler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland. Murielle.Bochud@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Murielle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bochud
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland. Silvia.Stringhini@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stringhini
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland. Idris.Guessous@hcuge.ch.|Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva 1205, Switzerland. Idris.Guessous@hcuge.ch.|Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Idris.Guessous@hcuge.ch.
authors.forename: Idris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guessous
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000639:trends*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D014807:Vitamin D; D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: Switzerland; adult; educational level; epidemiology; gender; nutrients; population-based study; public health; trends