title: Upper Airway Length is Predictive of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Syndromic Craniosynostosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Midfacial hypoplasia is a characteristic feature of the syndromic craniosynostoses and predisposes these patients to developing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The purpose of this study was to identify anatomic factors associated with airway obstruction in patients with syndromic craniosynostoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study. The authors enrolled a study sample composed of patients with syndromic craniosynostoses. The predictor variables were age, gender, body mass index (BMI), syndromic diagnosis, and parameters of upper airway length and size measured on lateral cephalograms. To control for age, upper airway length was corrected for differences in patient height. The outcome variable was OSA status (present or absent). Descriptive, bivariate, and regression statistics were computed. For all analyses, a P value less than or equal to .05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample was composed of 50 patients with a mean age of 10.3 ± 0.6 years, 50% were boys, and 24 (48%) had OSA. Patients with and without OSA did not differ statistically in age, gender, BMI, or syndromic diagnosis. Those with OSA had increased upper airway length (P = .016), decreased posterior airway space (P = .001), and more severe midfacial retrusion (P = .022) compared to patients without OSA. After adjusting for covariates, the odds ratio for OSA was 32.9 in patients with an upper airway longer than 45.3 mm per meter of height (P = .018), and for every 1-mm decrease in posterior airway space, the risk of OSA increased by 30% (P = .022).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with syndromic craniosynostosis and OSA have a longer upper airway, smaller posterior airway space, and more severe midfacial retrusion than those without OSA.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School, Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Kelley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dentino
authors.affiliation: Dental Student, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Karan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ganjawalla
authors.affiliation: Dental Student, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Gino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Inverso
authors.affiliation: Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mulliken
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Harvard School of Dental Medicine; Chief, Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA. Electronic address: Bonnie.Padwa@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Bonnie L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Padwa
mesh_terms: D000168:Acrocephalosyndactylia / Q000150:complications; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003394:Craniofacial Dysostosis / Q000150:complications; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000150:complications*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000473:pathology; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000473:pathology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000473:pathology*; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000209:etiology*; D013577:Syndrome; D014716:Vertical Dimension