title: Sexual and physical violence victimization among senior high school  students in Ghana: Risk and protective factors.
abstract: Violence in all forms poses a concern because of associations with multiple adverse effects including injuries and mental health problems. There is however limited data on violence in general and youth violence in particular in Ghana. To explore the nature and scope of youth violence in Ghana, we used the nationwide Global School-based Health Survey, conducted among senior high school students in Ghana, to explore risk and protective factors at the individual, family, and environmental levels associated with sexual and physical violence victimization. A fifth of these students reported being forced to have sex in their lifetime while two out of five had been a victim of a physical attack in the year preceding the survey. In final multivariate analysis, for sexual violence victimization, history of sexual activity with or without condom use at last sex, feeling sad or hopeless, and being a victim of bullying and electronic bullying were identified as risk factors, while having friends who were not sexually active was protective. Independent risk factors for physical violence victimization were attempting suicide in the last year, alcohol use in the past month, and bullying other students in the past month. Parent respect for privacy just reached significance as a protective factor for physical violence victimization in the final model. Recognition of the magnitude of violence victimization among Ghanaian students and associated factors must be used to guide development and implementation of appropriate concrete measures to prevent and address the problem.
authors.forename: Sally-Ann
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ohene
authors.forename: Kiana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Atunah-Jay
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Owusu
authors.forename: Iris Wagman
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Borowsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D058025:Interdisciplinary Studies; D008297:Male; D000066550:Physical Abuse / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D065840:Protective Factors; D012307:Risk Factors; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult