title: Modulation of immune response, physical barrier and related signaling factors in the gills of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed supplemented diet with phospholipids.
abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary phospholipids (PL) on the gill immune response and physical barrier of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A total of 1080 juvenile grass carp with an average initial weight of 9.34 ± 0.03 g were fed six semi-purified diets containing 0.40% (unsupplemented control group), 1.43%, 2.38%, 3.29%, 4.37% and 5.42% PL for 2 months. Compared with the control group, optimal PL supplementation increased (P < 0.05): (1) the lysozyme activity, acid phosphatase activity, complement component 3 (C3) content, liver expressed antimicrobial peptide 1 (LEAP-1) and LEAP-2 mRNA expression; (2) the relative mRNA expression of interleukin 10, transforming growth factor β1, inhibitor factor κBα (IκBα) and target of rapamycin (TOR); (3) the activities of anti-superoxide anion (ASA), anti-hydroxyl radical (AHR), copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione content and mRNA levels of SOD1, CAT, GPx, GR and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) genes; (4) the transcription abundance of occludin, claudin b, claudin c, claudin 12 and zonula occludens 1 genes. At the same time, appropriate PL supplementation decreased (P < 0.05): (1) tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65), IκB kinase β (IKKβ) and IκB kinase γ (IKKγ) mRNA expression; (2) malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and the relative mRNA expression of Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1a (Keap1a) and Keap1b; (3) the transcription abundance of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) genes. In conclusion, the positive effect of PL on gill health is associated with the improvement of the immunity, antioxidant status and tight junction barrier of fish gills. Finally, based on ACP activity, C3 content, PC content and ASA activity in the gills, the optimal dietary PL level for juvenile grass carp (9.34-87.50 g) was estimated to be 3.62%, 4.30%, 3.91% and 3.86%, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Po
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Dan
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China.
authors.forename: Sheng-Yao
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China.
authors.forename: Wu-Neng
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
authors.forename: Yong-An
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China. Electronic address: xqzhouqq@tom.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qiu
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000235:genetics; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000235:genetics; D009113:Muramidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D003176:Complement C3; D016207:Cytokines; D029941:Fish Proteins; D010743:Phospholipids; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D009113:Muramidase
keywords: Antioxidant status; Gill; Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella); Immunity; Phospholipids; Tight junction