title: Perchlorate formation during the electro-peroxone treatment of chloride-containing water: Effects of operational parameters and control strategies.
abstract: This study investigated the degradation of clofibric acid and formation of perchlorate during the electro-peroxone (E-peroxone) treatment of chloride-containing (26.1-100 mg L(-1)) water (Na2SO4 electrolytes and secondary effluents). The E-peroxone process involves sparging O2 and O3 gas mixture into an electrolysis reactor where a carbon-based cathode is used to electrochemically convert the sparged O2 to H2O2. The electro-generated H2O2 then reacts with sparged O3 to produce OH, which can rapidly oxidize pollutants in the bulk solution. When boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes were used as the anode, perchlorate concentrations increased significantly from undetectable levels to ∼15-174 mg L(-1) in the different water samples as the applied current density was increased from 4 to 32 mA cm(-2). In contrast, no ClO4(-) was detected when Pt/Ti anodes were used in the E-peroxone process operated under similar reaction conditions. In addition, when sufficient O3 was sparged to maximize OH production from its peroxone reaction with electro-generated H2O2, the E-peroxone process with Pt/Ti anodes achieved comparable clofibric acid degradation and total organic carbon (TOC) removal yields as that with BDD anodes, but did not generate detectable ClO4(-). These results indicate that by optimizing operational parameters and using Pt/Ti anodes, the E-peroxone process can achieve the goal of both fast pollutant degradation and ClO4(-) prevention during the treatment of chloride-containing wastewater.
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Zhirong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Weikun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Electronic address: wangyujue@tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yujue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Shubo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D002995:Clofibric Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D004572:Electrolysis; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D002712:Chlorides; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D010472:Perchlorates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002995:Clofibric Acid; C494474:perchlorate
keywords: Boron-doped diamond electrode; Chlorate; Chloride; Hydrogen peroxide; Ozone; Perchlorate