title: The Importance of Scabies Coinfection in the Treatment Considerations for Impetigo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skin infections account for a high disease burden in indigenous children living in northern Australia. Although the relationship between impetigo and scabies is recognized, the prevalence of scabies in children with impetigo is not well reported. We report the prevalence, demographics and treatment success outcomes of impetigo and scabies coinfection in indigenous children who were participants in a randomized controlled trial of impetigo treatment conducted in remote communities of the Northern Territory, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 1715 screening episodes for impetigo, 508 children were randomized to receive intramuscular benzathine benzylpenicillin (BPG), twice daily co-trimoxazole (SXT) for 3 days (4 mg/kg trimethoprim plus 20 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole per dose) or once daily SXT for 5 days (8 mg/kg trimethoprim plus 40 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole per dose). A clinical diagnosis of scabies; tinea of the skin, scalp or nail; and head lice was made on all children. Scabies presence was not confirmed using diagnostic scrapings. In a post-hoc analysis, we determined whether coinfection with scabies had an impact on treatment success for impetigo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of children randomized to receive treatment for impetigo, 84 of 508 (16.5%) had scabies. The presence of scabies ranged from 14.3% to 20.0% in the 3 treatment groups. Treatment success for impetigo with and without scabies coinfection, independent of the treatment groups, was 75.9% and 86.6%, respectively, absolute difference 10.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): +1% to +21%]. Treatment success for impetigo with and without scabies coinfection in the BPG group was 69.6% and 88.0%, respectively, absolute difference 18.4% (95% CI: -1% to +38%). In the pooled SXT groups, the treatment success for impetigo with and without scabies coinfection was 78.6% and 86.0%, respectively, with absolute difference 7.4% (95% CI: -4% to +18%). Treatment success in the pooled SXT group with scabies (78.6%) was higher than in the BPG group (69.6%) with scabies, absolute difference 9.0% (95% CI: +0.1% to +18%). Prediction of treatment success for impetigo is dependent on the presence or absence of scabies and for scabies coinfected impetigo it was higher in the group treated with SXT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The burden of scabies in an impetigo trial for Indigenous children was high. Treatment success for scabies coinfection was lower than for impetigo overall, with a higher success seen in the SXT group than the BPG group.
authors.affiliation: From the *Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; †Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia; ‡Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia; §Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and ¶Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tasani
authors.forename: Steven Y C
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Ross M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Deborah C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Bart J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Carapetis
authors.forename: Asha C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bowen
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000066491:Clinical Decision-Making; D060085:Coinfection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007169:Impetigo / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D015876:Northern Territory / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012532:Scabies / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents