title: Analysis of persistence of human papillomavirus infection in men evaluated by sampling multiple genital sites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been studied extensively in women, data on male infection are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate persistence of HPV infection at multiple genital sites in men and to define potential associations with socio-behavioural characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Penile, urethral and seminal specimens were tested by the INNO-LiPA HPV system (Innogenetics) and a PCR assay. Persistence was defined as the detection of same HPV type at ≥ 2 consecutive visits. The Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test were applied to estimate the likelihood of persistence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 50 men (median age: 33 years) were followed for a median of 14.7 months. Altogether, 49%, 36%, 26% and 11% of baseline HPV-positive men had 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month persistent infection with any HPV type, respectively. The 6-, 12- and 18- month persistence was more common for oncogenic HPV infections; 24-month persistence was similar. The median duration of persistence was 21.7 months for any HPV. The median duration of persistence for any HPV type was significantly longer in the penile sample (22.5 months, 95% CI: 18.3-26.7) than the semen sample (15.3 months, 95% CI: 14.5-16.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over a third of type-specific HPV infections in men remained persistent over a 24-month period. The median duration of HPV infection was longer in penile samples compared to seminal samples. As being increasing the attention of HPV vaccination as a potential preventive approach also for men, it is imperative to obtain additional insight on natural history of HPV infection in men, particularly as far as incidence and duration are concerned.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", "Paolo Giaccone" Polyclinic University Hospital, Palermo, Italy. lucia.giovannelli@unipa.it.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Capra
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Nyitray
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perino
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marci
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schillaci
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matranga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Firenze
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caleca
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bellavia
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guarneri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giuliano
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giovannelli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010413:Penis / Q000821:virology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012661:Semen / Q000821:virology*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D014521:Urethra / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult