title: Intolerance of uncertainty and startle potentiation in relation to different threat reinforcement rates.
abstract: Fear conditioning research on threat predictability has primarily examined the impact of temporal (i.e., timing) predictability on the startle reflex. However, there are other key features of threat that can vary in predictability. For example, the reinforcement rate (i.e., frequency) of threat is a crucial factor underlying fear learning. The present study examined the impact of threat reinforcement rate on the startle reflex and self-reported anxiety during a fear conditioning paradigm. Forty-five participants completed a fear learning task in which the conditioned stimulus was reinforced with an electric shock to the forearm on 50% of trials in one block and 75% of trials in a second block, in counter-balanced order. The present study also examined whether intolerance of uncertainty (IU), the tendency to perceive or experience uncertainty as stressful or unpleasant, was associated with the startle reflex during conditions of low (50%) vs. high (75%) reinforcement. Results indicated that, across all participants, startle was greater during the 75% relative to the 50% reinforcement condition. IU was positively correlated with startle potentiation (i.e., increased startle response to the CS+ relative to the CS-) during the 50%, but not the 75%, reinforcement condition. Thus, despite receiving fewer electric shocks during the 50% reinforcement condition, individuals with high IU uniquely demonstrated greater defense system activation when impending threat was more uncertain. The association between IU and startle was independent of state anxiety. The present study adds to a growing literature on threat predictability and aversive responding, and suggests IU is associated with abnormal responding in the context of uncertain threat.
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University, United States.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University, United States.
authors.forename: Brady D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University, United States.
authors.forename: Felicia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University, United States. Electronic address: greg.hajcak@stonybrook.edu.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hajcak
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D000293:Adolescent; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D035501:Uncertainty; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Intolerance of uncertainty; Reinforcement; Startle; Threat