title: D-4F Decreases White Matter Damage After Stroke in Mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke-induced neuroinflammation and white matter damage are associated with neurological deficits. Whether D-4F, an apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide, treatment of stroke decreases neuroinflammation and white matter damage and improves functional outcome has not been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and were orally administered saline as a vehicle control and different doses of D-4F (2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 mg/kg) starting at 2 h after MCAo and daily until euthanized at 7 days after MCAo. D-4F treatment did not alter the blood levels of high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood-brain barrier leakage, and infarction volume compared with control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  D-4F (16 mg/kg) treatment of stroke significantly improved functional outcome, increased the white matter density and the number of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the ischemic boundary zone of the ipsilateral striatum, and increased myelin basic protein, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), but decreased inflammatory factor Toll-like receptor-4 and tumor necrosis factor-α expression in the ischemic brain 7 days after MCAo (P<0.05, n=11/group). The neurite/axonal outgrowth in primary cultured neurons was significantly increased when treated with D-4F (100 ng/mL) and IGF1 (100 ng/mL) compared with the nontreatment control. Inhibition of IGF1 significantly attenuated D-4F or IGF1 treatment-induced axonal outgrowth. D-4F-treatment did not increase oligodendrocyte-progenitor cell proliferation but decreased oligodendrocyte-progenitor cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  D-4F treatment initiated 2 h after MCAo decreases neuroinflammation and white matter damage and improves functional outcome after stroke. D-4F-induced increase in IGF1 may contribute to D-4F-induced neurite/axonal outgrowth after stroke.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., C.C., T.Y., R.N., J.C.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.).
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., C.C., T.Y., R.N., J.C.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.).
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chopp
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., C.C., T.Y., R.N., J.C.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.).
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zacharek
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., C.C., T.Y., R.N., J.C.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.).
authors.forename: Chengcheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., C.C., T.Y., R.N., J.C.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.).
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., C.C., T.Y., R.N., J.C.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.).
authors.forename: Ruizhuo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., C.C., T.Y., R.N., J.C.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.). jieli@neuro.hfh.edu.
authors.forename: Jieli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D066127:White Matter / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; C465468:D-4F peptide
keywords: axon; insulin-like growth factor-1; neuroinflammation; stroke; white matter