title: A new 3D approach to evaluate facial profile changes following BSSO.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the soft tissue facial profile in patients who underwent bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) using 3D stereophotogrammetry and principal component analysis (PCA). Twenty-five female patients (mean age, 24 years; range: 18-26) who underwent BSSO and 70 female controls (mean age, 24 years; range: 18-26) participated in this prospective study. Three-dimensional photographs of all patients and controls were acquired. PCA was used to determine the unique morphological variations (UV) between the dysgnathic group and the control group. The most prominent facial morphologic difference between the dysgnathic group and the control group (UV1) was a clockwise rotation of the mandible and shortening of the lower part of the face, followed by a protrusion of the upper lip, retrusion of the mandible and over-accentuation of the labial-mental fold (UV2). The combination of UV1 and UV2 could be used to simulate a typical Class II facial profile and to automatically differentiate between the preoperative patients, postoperative patients and the control group. Based on the applied PCA method, this study demonstrated that BSSO advancement surgery could only provide a suboptimal improvement of the soft tissue facial profile in the majority of cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Jene.Meulstee@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Jene
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meulstee
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Jeroen.Liebregts@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liebregts
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Tong.Xi@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: frankvos89@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Martien.deKoning@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Martien
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Koning
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Stefaan.Berge@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bergé
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Thomas.Maal@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D059229:Osteotomy, Sagittal Split Ramus / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: 3D; BSSO; Facial profile; Orthognathic surgery; Principal component analysis; Statistical modelling