title: Modeling gene flow distribution within conventional fields and development of a simplified sampling method to quantify adventitious GM contents in maize.
abstract: Genetically modified (GM) crops have been commercially grown for two decades. GM maize is one of 3 species with the highest acreage and specific events. Many countries established a mandatory labeling of products containing GM material, with thresholds for adventitious presence, to support consumers' freedom of choice. In consequence, coexistence systems need to be introduced to facilitate commercial culture of GM and non-GM crops in the same agricultural area. On modeling adventitious GM cross-pollination distribution within maize fields, we deduced a simple equation to estimate overall GM contents (%GM) of conventional fields, irrespective of its shape and size, and with no previous information on possible GM pollen donor fields. A sampling strategy was designed and experimentally validated in 19 agricultural fields. With 9 samples, %GM quantification requires just one analytical GM determination while identification of the pollen source needs 9 additional analyses. A decision support tool is provided.
authors.affiliation: Plant Genetics Department, Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (IRTA), 08348 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Enric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Melé
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nadal
authors.affiliation: Plant Genetics Department, Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (IRTA), 08348 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joaquima
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Messeguer
authors.affiliation: External consultant, InboundCycle S.L., 08039 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melé-Messeguer
authors.affiliation: Plant Genetics Department, Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (IRTA), 08348 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palaudelmàs
authors.affiliation: Plant Genetics Department, Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (IRTA), 08348 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peñas
authors.affiliation: Estació Experimental Mas Badia, IRTA, 17134 La Tallada d'Empordà, Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Piferrer
authors.affiliation: Estació Experimental Mas Badia, IRTA, 17134 La Tallada d'Empordà, Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Capellades
authors.affiliation: Estació Experimental Mas Badia, IRTA, 17134 La Tallada d'Empordà, Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pla
mesh_terms: D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D051456:Gene Flow; D017343:Genes, Plant; D024861:Genetic Enhancement; D008957:Models, Genetic; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D054817:Pollination; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology