title: Natural History of Food-Triggered Atopic Dermatitis and Development of Immediate Reactions in Children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Case reports suggest that children with food-triggered atopic dermatitis (AD) on elimination diets may develop immediate reactions on accidental ingestion or reintroduction of an avoided food.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to systematically study the incidence and risk factors associated with these immediate reactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of 298 patients presenting to a tertiary-care allergy-immunology clinic based on concern for food-triggered AD was performed. Data regarding triggering foods, laboratory testing, and clinical reactions were collected prospectively from the initial visit. Food-triggered AD was diagnosed by an allergist-immunologist with clinical evaluation and laboratory testing. We identified immediate reactions as any reaction to a food for which there was evidence of sIgE and for which patients developed timely allergic signs and symptoms. Differences between children with and without new immediate reactions were determined by a Mann-Whitney, χ(2), or Fisher's exact test as appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 19% of patients with food-triggered AD and no previous history of immediate reactions developed new immediate food reactions after initiation of an elimination diet. Seventy percent of reactions were cutaneous but 30% were anaphylaxis. Cow's milk and egg were the most common foods causing immediate-type reactions. Avoidance of a food was associated with increased risk of developing immediate reactions to that food (P < .01). Risk was not related to specific IgE level nor a specific food.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant number of patients with food-triggered AD may develop immediate-type reactions. Strict elimination diets need to be thoughtfully prescribed as they may lead to decreased oral tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Ill; Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Robison
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Ill; Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill. Electronic address: anne-singh@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004035:Diet Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007073:Immunoglobulin E
keywords: Anaphylaxis; Atopic dermatitis; Elimination diets; Food allergy