title: Prostate cancer screening practices and diagnoses in patients age 50 and older, Southeastern Michigan, pre/post 2012.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies investigating the regional impact of the 2012 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation against the use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer have been limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study was conducted on men age 50years and older in Southeastern Michigan pre (n=3647) and post (n=3618) USPSTF recommendation. PSA screening, transrectal ultrasound, and prostate biopsy rates were evaluated pre/post using a generalized piecewise linear model with a Poisson distribution, and log link. A knot was placed at year 2011 to estimate pre/post slope coefficients. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the marginal probability of a prostate diagnosis as a logistic function of pre and post-period, and comorbidities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PSA utilization significantly increased (β=0.28; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.31) during the pre-period, but significantly decreased in the post-period (β=-0.29; 95% CI: -0.34, -0.25). Prostate biopsies decreased pre (β=-0.16; 95% CI: -0.25, -0.08) and did not change post (β=0.01; 95% CI: -0.09, 0.12). Transrectal ultrasounds were stable pre (β=0.16; 95% CI: -0.03, 0.35) and significantly decreased post (β=-0.27; 95% CI: -0.50, -0.04). Patients in the post-period had a decreased probability of having a diagnosis of prostate cancer (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.74-0.89) compared to the pre-period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates how PSA tests are still being frequently used in Southeastern Michigan. Further research is needed to better understand regional variation in prostate cancer screening practices in the U.S.
authors.affiliation: Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States. Electronic address: merezaee@oakland.edu.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rezaee
authors.affiliation: Center for Healthcare Studies, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors.forename: Charlotte E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Odom
authors.affiliation: Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pollock
mesh_terms: D026683:Advisory Committees; D000368:Aged; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008824:Michigan; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: Healthcare utilization; Population health; Prostate cancer screening; Prostate specific antigen