title: Differential action of medically important Indian BIG FOUR snake venoms on rodent blood coagulation.
abstract: Snakebite is a global health problem affecting millions of people. According to WHO, India has the highest mortality and/or morbidity due to snakebite. In spite of commendable research on Indian BIG FOUR venomous species; Naja naja and Bungarus caeruleus (elapid); Daboia russelii and Echis carinatus (viperid), no significant progress has been achieved in terms of diagnosis and management of biting species with appropriate anti-snake venom. Major hurdle is identification of offending species. Present study aims at differentiation of Indian BIG FOUR snake venoms based on their distinguish action on rodent blood coagulation. Assessment of coagulation alterations by elapid venoms showed negligible effect on re-calcification time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and factors assay (I, II, V, VIII and X) both in vitro and in vivo. However, viperid venoms demonstrated significant anticoagulant status due to their remarkable fibrinogen degradation potentials as supported by fibrinogenolytic activity, fibrinogen zymography and rotational thromboelastometry. Though results provide hint on probable alterations of Indian BIG FOUR snake venoms on blood coagulation, the study however needs validation from human victim's samples to ascertain its reliability for identification of biting snake species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India.
authors.forename: Vilas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hiremath
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Nanjaraj Urs
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India.
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India.
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Suvilesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Savitha
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India.
authors.forename: Prathap
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Urs Amog
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India.
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Rudresha
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Missouri University, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yariswamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India. Electronic address: vishmy@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Vishwanath
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D017838:Bungarus; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004546:Elapid Venoms / Q000633:toxicity*; D017815:Elapidae; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D005612:Freeze Drying; D007194:India; D007700:Kinetics; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D051379:Mice; D011897:Random Allocation; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012910:Snake Venoms / Q000633:toxicity*; D014757:Viper Venoms / Q000633:toxicity*; D017819:Viperidae
chemical_list: D004546:Elapid Venoms; D012910:Snake Venoms; D014757:Viper Venoms
keywords: BIG FOUR; Blood coagulation; Elapid and viperid venoms; Fibrinogen; Rotational thromboelastometry