title: A Review of Evidence-Based Care of Symptomatic Trichomoniasis and Asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis Infections.
abstract: Trichomonas vaginalis is the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection, affecting an estimated 3.7 million women and men in the United States. Health disparities are prominent in the epidemiology of this infection, which affects 11% of women aged ≥40 years and a disproportionately high percentage of black women. Particularly high prevalences have been identified among sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic patients and incarcerated individuals. This article reviews and updates scientific evidence in key topic areas used for the development of the 2015 STD Treatment Guidelines published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Current evidence is presented regarding conditions associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and pregnancy complications such as preterm birth. Nucleic acid amplification tests and point-of-care tests are newly available diagnostic methods that can be conducted on a variety of specimens, potentially allowing highly sensitive testing and screening of both women and men at risk for infection. Usually, trichomoniasis can be cured with single-dose therapy of an appropriate nitroimidazole antibiotic, but women who are also infected with HIV should receive therapy for 7 days. Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging concern.
authors.affiliation: Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Elissa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meites
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Charlotte A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gaydos
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Marcia M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kissinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nyirjesy
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Jane R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Schwebke
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: W Evan
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Secor
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: Jack D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sobel
authors.affiliation: Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Workowski
mesh_terms: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058345:Asymptomatic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D014245:Trichomonas Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014247:Trichomonas Vaginitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents
keywords: Trichomonas infections; Trichomonas vaginalis; Trichomonas vaginitis; antitrichomonal agents; sexually transmitted diseases