title: Ambient Air Pollution Exposure Estimation for the Global Burden of Disease 2013.
abstract: Exposure to ambient air pollution is a major risk factor for global disease. Assessment of the impacts of air pollution on population health and evaluation of trends relative to other major risk factors requires regularly updated, accurate, spatially resolved exposure estimates. We combined satellite-based estimates, chemical transport model simulations, and ground measurements from 79 different countries to produce global estimates of annual average fine particle (PM2.5) and ozone concentrations at 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resolution for five-year intervals from 1990 to 2010 and the year 2013. These estimates were applied to assess population-weighted mean concentrations for 1990-2013 for each of 188 countries. In 2013, 87% of the world's population lived in areas exceeding the World Health Organization Air Quality Guideline of 10 μg/m(3) PM2.5 (annual average). Between 1990 and 2013, global population-weighted PM2.5 increased by 20.4% driven by trends in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China. Decreases in population-weighted mean concentrations of PM2.5 were evident in most high income countries. Population-weighted mean concentrations of ozone increased globally by 8.9% from 1990-2013 with increases in most countries-except for modest decreases in North America, parts of Europe, and several countries in Southeast Asia.
authors.affiliation: School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia , 3rd Floor-2206 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z3, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brauer
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington , Seattle Washington 98195, United States.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington , Seattle Washington 98195, United States.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frostad
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Donkelaar
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
authors.forename: Randall V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dentener
authors.affiliation: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Dingenen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington , Seattle Washington 98195, United States.
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Estep
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Heresh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amini
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Austin Texas 78712, United States.
authors.forename: Joshua S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Apte
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Kalpana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barregard
authors.affiliation: Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Civil and Environmental Engineering, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Broday
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Stroke & Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology , Aukland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Valery
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Feigin
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Santu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Clarkson University , Potsdam, New York 13699, United States.
authors.forename: Philip K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Hopke
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Luke D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Knibbs
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kokubo
authors.affiliation: Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore , Singapore.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morawska
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health, Cuernevaca, Mexico.
authors.forename: José Luis Texcalac
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sangrador
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath , Bath, U.K.
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shaddick
authors.affiliation: Population Health Research Institute, St. George's University of London , London, U.K.
authors.forename: H Ross
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington , Seattle Washington 98195, United States.
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington , Seattle Washington 98195, United States.
authors.forename: Mohammad H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Forouzanfar
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Burnett
authors.affiliation: Health Effects Institute , Boston, Massachusetts 02110-1817, United States.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D010126:Ozone / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D010126:Ozone