title: Early perception of stink bug damage in developing seeds of field-grown soybean induces chemical defences and reduces bug attack.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Southern green stink bugs (Nezara viridula L.) invade field-grown soybean crops, where they feed on developing seeds and inject phytotoxic saliva, which causes yield reduction. Although leaf responses to herbivory are well studied, no information is available about the regulation of defences in seeds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study demonstrated that mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6 are expressed and activated in developing seeds of field-grown soybean and regulate a defensive response after stink bug damage. Although 10-20 min after stink bug feeding on seeds induced the expression of MPK3, MPK6 and MPK4, only MPK6 was phosphorylated after damage. Herbivory induced an early peak of jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation and ethylene (ET) emission after 3 h in developing seeds, whereas salicylic acid (SA) was also induced early, and at increasing levels up to 72 h after damage. Damaged seeds upregulated defensive genes typically modulated by JA/ET or SA, which in turn reduced the activity of digestive enzymes in the gut of stink bugs. Induced seeds were less preferred by stink bugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that stink bug damage induces seed defences, which is perceived early by MPKs that may activate defence metabolic pathways in developing seeds of field-grown soybean. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Cátedra de Bioquímica/Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.|CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Romina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giacometti
authors.affiliation: Cátedra de Bioquímica/Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.|CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Jesica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barneto
authors.affiliation: Cátedra de Biomoléculas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Lucia G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Barriga
authors.affiliation: CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.|Cátedra de Zoología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Pedro M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sardoy
authors.affiliation: Cátedra de Bioquímica/Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.|CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Balestrasse
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina.
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Cátedra de Bioquímica/Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Eduardo A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Pagano
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina.
authors.forename: Sergio G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Alemano
authors.affiliation: Cátedra de Bioquímica/Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.|CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zavala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000378:metabolism; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D060434:Herbivory / Q000502:physiology*; D020062:Heteroptera / Q000502:physiology*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000378:metabolism; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology; D013025:Glycine max / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D003517:Cyclopentanes; D005030:Ethylenes; D054883:Oxylipins; C011006:jasmonic acid; C036216:ethylene; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020156:Salicylic Acid
keywords: Glycine max L; MAPK signalling; Nezara viridula L; herbivory; jasmonic acid; plant-insect interactions; salicylic acid