title: Farm Community Impacts of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Cattle and Buffaloes in Karnataka State, India.
abstract: This study was conducted to assess the impact of Foot-and-mouth Disease (FMD) outbreak in cattle and buffaloes on farming community in Kolar district, Karnataka state, India. Primary data were collected using pre-tested schedule from 178 sample farms using multistage random cluster sample technique. The results revealed that 78% of surveyed villages were affected with FMD. The FMD incidence risk was high across the herd sizes, whereas the mortality risk was high in small herds. In indigenous cattle, the highest loss due to FMD was distress sale (208 USD) followed by other losses, whereas, in Crossbred cattle, the highest loss was mortality loss (515 USD) followed by distress sale (490 USD), milk yield loss (327 USD), treatment cost (38 USD) and extra labour engagement expenses for nursing of FMD-affected bovines (30 USD). In local and upgraded buffaloes, the mean total loss per affected animal was 440 USD and 513 USD, respectively. A very high variability in the loss per animal was observed across the type of losses in the Crossbred cattle, and it may be due to differences in age of the FMD-infected animal, value of the animal, milking stage, lactation levels, herd sizes and labour engagement levels, etc. In local and upgraded buffaloes, the mean total loss per animal was 639 USD and 1008 USD, respectively. The sensitivity analysis for 5% change in price revealed that the mean total loss per animal was positively correlated with price. Further, the social impact elicitation revealed that majority of the livestock owners perceived FMD had caused permanent asset loss, which in turn increased psychological stress of the family. The estimated losses and social impact due to FMD signify the importance of the intervention to control the disease and thus socio-economic gain to the farmer and society at large.
authors.affiliation: ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Govindaraj
authors.affiliation: ICAR-National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ganeshkumar
authors.affiliation: ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Nethrayini
authors.affiliation: ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shalini
authors.affiliation: ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Balamurugan
authors.affiliation: ICAR - Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nanital, India.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pattnaik
authors.affiliation: ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rahman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002020:Buffaloes; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary; D000072480:Farms / Q000191:economics; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: distress sale; extra labour expenses; foot-and-mouth disease; milk yield loss; mortality loss; treatment cost