title: Assessing equitable care for Indigenous and Afrodescendant women in Latin America.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and understand the barriers to equitable care within health care settings that women of ethnic minorities encounter in Latin America and to examine possible strategies for mitigating the issues.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a comprehensive review of the literature from 2000-2015 available from the online databases PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, and SciELO in Spanish, English, and Portuguese, using a keyword search that included the Region and country names.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Health provider discrimination against Indigenous and Afrodescendant women is a primary barrier to quality health care access in Latin America. Discrimination is driven by biases against ethnic minority populations, women, and the poor in general. Discriminatory practices can manifest as patient-blaming, purposeful neglect, verbal or physical abuse, disregard for traditional beliefs, and the non-use of Indigenous languages for patient communication. These obstacles prevent delivery of appropriate and timely clinical care, and also produce fear of shame, abuse, or ineffective treatment, which, in addition to financial barriers, deter women from seeking care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To ensure optimal health outcomes among Indigenous and Afrodescendant women in Latin America, the issue of discrimination in health care settings needs to be understood and addressed as a key driver of inequitable health outcomes. Strategies that target provider behavior alone have limited impact because they do not address women's needs and the context of socioeconomic inequality in which intra-hospital relations are built.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Equity in Latin America.
authors.forename: Arachu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Equity in Latin America.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Equity in Latin America.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044467:American Indian or Alaska Native; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D015706:Bibliometrics; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America; D008297:Male; D008318:Malpractice; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000066550:Physical Abuse; D011247:Pregnancy; D063505:Racism; D016079:Refusal to Treat; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology; D014933:Women's Rights