title: Risk Factors and Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Five Largest Islands of Indonesia: A Preliminary Study.
abstract: The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Indonesia is still controversial and mainly investigated in the largest ethnic group, Javanese. We examined the prevalence of H. pylori infection using four different tests including culture, histology confirmed by immunohistochemistry and rapid urease test. We also analyzed risk factors associated with H. pylori infection in five largest islands in Indonesia. From January 2014-February 2015 we consecutively recruited a total of 267 patients with dyspeptic symptoms in Java, Papua, Sulawesi, Borneo and Sumatera Island. Overall, the prevalence of H. pylori infection was 22.1% (59/267). Papuan, Batak and Buginese ethnics had higher risk for H. pylori infection than Javanese, Dayak and Chinese ethnics (OR = 30.57, 6.31, 4.95; OR = 28.39, 5.81, 4.61 and OR = 23.23, 4.76, 3.77, respectively, P <0.05). The sensitivity and specificity for RUT and culture were 90.2%, 92.9% and 80.5%, 98.2%, respectively. The patients aged 50-59 years group had significantly higher H. pylori infection than 30-39 years group (OR 2.98, P = 0.05). Protestant had significantly higher H. pylori infection rate than that among Catholic (OR 4.42, P = 0.008). It was also significantly lower among peoples who used tap water as source of drinking water than from Wells/river (OR 9.67, P = 0.03). However only ethnics as become independent risk factors for H. pylori infection. Although we confirmed low prevalence of H. pylori in Javanese; predominant ethnic in Indonesia, several ethnic groups had higher risk of H. pylori infection. The age, religion and water source may implicate as a risk factor for H. pylori infection in Indonesia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Ari Fahrial
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Syam
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.|Gastroentero-Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Airlangga University Faculty of Medicine, Surabaya, Indonesia.|Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miftahussurur
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Dadang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Makmun
authors.affiliation: Gastroentero-Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Airlangga University Faculty of Medicine, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Iswan Abbas
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Nusi
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroentero-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Lukman Hakim
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Zain
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroentero-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia.
authors.lastname: Zulkhairi
authors.affiliation: Center of Gastroentero-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Fardah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akil
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Santo Antonius Hospital, Pontianak, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Willi Brodus
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Uswan
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yowari Hospital, Jayapura, Indonesia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simanjuntak
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pathology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Pangestu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adi
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Amanda Pitarini
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Utari
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Yudith Annisa Ayu
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Rezkitha
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.
authors.forename: Phawinee
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Subsomwong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.lastname: Nasronudin
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.
authors.forename: Rumiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.|Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaoka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D003710:Demography; D004724:Endoscopy; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D062312:Islands; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012499:Sanitation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult