title: Nutraceuticals as potential therapeutic agents for colon cancer: a review.
abstract: Colon cancer is a world-wide health problem and the second-most dangerous type of cancer, affecting both men and women. The modern diet and lifestyles, with high meat consumption and excessive alcohol use, along with limited physical activity has led to an increasing mortality rate for colon cancer worldwide. As a result, there is a need to develop novel and environmentally benign drug therapies for colon cancer. Currently, nutraceuticals play an increasingly important role in the treatment of various chronic diseases such as colon cancer, diabetes and Alzheimer׳s disease. Nutraceuticals are derived from various natural sources such as medicinal plants, marine organisms, vegetables and fruits. Nutraceuticals have shown the potential to reduce the risk of colon cancer and slow its progression. These dietary substances target different molecular aspects of colon cancer development. Accordingly, this review briefly discusses the medicinal importance of nutraceuticals and their ability to reduce the risk of colorectal carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Mammalian Cell Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Palaniselvam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuppusamy
authors.affiliation: Mammalian Cell Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mashitah M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Yusoff
authors.affiliation: Mammalian Cell Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Gaanty Pragas
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Maniam
authors.affiliation: Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Solachuddin Jauhari Arief
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ichwan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Animal Science, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 441706, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ilavenil
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Soundharrajan
authors.affiliation: Mammalian Cell Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Natanamurugaraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Govindan
keywords: 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; ACC, acetyl CoA carboxylase; ACF, aberrant crypt foci; ACL, ATP-citrate lyase; ASTX, astaxanthin; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; Colon cancer; DHA, decahexaenoic acid; DMH, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine; DR, death receptor; EGCG, epigallocatechingallate; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; FAS, fatty acid synthase; GADD, growth arrest and DNA damage; HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl CoA; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IL, interleukin; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MMP, matrix metallo-proteins; Marine organisms; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; Nutraceuticals; PRAP, prolactin receptor associated protein; Plant derivatives; TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-induced ligand; Therapeutics; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor