title: Risk factors for reading disability in families with rolandic epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The high prevalence and impact of neurodevelopmental comorbidities in childhood epilepsy are now well known, as are the increased risks and familial aggregation of reading disability (RD) and speech sound disorder (SSD) in rolandic epilepsy (RE). The risk factors for RD in the general population include male sex, SSD, and ADHD, but it is not known if these are the same in RE or whether there is a contributory role of seizure and treatment-related variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study of 108 probands with RE (age range: 3.6-22 years) and their 159 siblings (age range: 1-29 years; 83 with EEG data) were singly ascertained in the US or UK through a proband affected by RE. We used a nested case-control design, multiple logistic regression, and generalized estimating equations to test the hypothesis of an association between RD and seizure variables or antiepileptic drug treatment in RE; we also assessed an association between EEG focal sharp waves and RD in siblings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reading disability was reported in 42% of probands and 22% of siblings. Among probands, RD was strongly associated with a history of SSD (OR: 9.64, 95% CI: 2.45-37.21), ADHD symptoms (OR: 10.31, 95% CI: 2.15-49.44), and male sex (OR: 3.62, 95% CI: 1.11-11.75) but not with seizure or treatment variables. Among siblings, RD was independently associated only with SSD (OR: 4.30, 95% CI: 1.42-13.0) and not with the presence of interictal EEG focal sharp waves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The principal risk factors for RD in RE are SSD, ADHD, and male sex, the same risk factors as for RD without epilepsy. Seizure or treatment variables do not appear to be important risk factors for RD in probands with RE, and there was no evidence to support interictal EEG focal sharp waves as a risk factor for RD in siblings. Future studies should focus on the precise neuropsychological characterization of RD in families with RE and on the effectiveness of standard oral-language and reading interventions.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Yaiza Hernández
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.affiliation: King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cockerill
authors.affiliation: King's College London, UK; King's Health Partners, London, UK.
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Canterbury, UK.
authors.forename: Zaloa
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Agirre-Arrizubieta
authors.affiliation: King's Health Partners, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sushma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.affiliation: King's Health Partners, London, UK.
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pina
authors.affiliation: Neurological Institute, Columbia University, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Cigdem I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Akman
authors.affiliation: East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Canterbury, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jolleff
authors.affiliation: King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Colm
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McGinnity
authors.affiliation: Lewisham Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Kumudini
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: Tunbridge Wells Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: King's Health Partners, London, UK.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: King's Health Partners, London, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jackman
authors.affiliation: King's Health Partners, London, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.affiliation: Northwick Park Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oren
authors.affiliation: Conquest Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Barnet and Chase Farm Hospitals, UK.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trounce
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kugler
authors.affiliation: Hasbro Children's Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Mandelbaum
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Medical Center, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGoldrick
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Medical Center, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Strug
authors.affiliation: King's College London, UK; King's Health Partners, London, UK. Electronic address: deb.pal@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Deb K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Pal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D019305:Epilepsy, Rolandic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011932:Reading; D012307:Risk Factors; D035781:Siblings; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Comorbidity; Epilepsy; Etiology; Neurodevelopment; Reading