title: Bone Mass and Strength in School-Age Children Exhibit Sexual Dimorphism Related to Differences in Lean Mass: The Generation R Study.
abstract: Bone strength, a key determinant of fracture risk, has been shown to display clear sexual dimorphism after puberty. We sought to determine whether sex differences in bone mass and hip bone geometry as an index of strength exist in school-age prepubertal children and the degree to which the differences are independent of body size and lean mass. We studied 3514 children whose whole-body and hip scans were measured using the same densitometer (GE-Lunar iDXA) at a mean age of 6.2 years. Hip dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans underwent hip structural analyses (HSA) with derivation of bone strength indices. Sex differences in these parameters were assessed by regression models adjusted for age, height, ethnicity, weight, and lean mass fraction (LMF). Whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) levels were 1.3% and 4.3% higher in girls after adjustment by LMF. Independent of LMF, boys had 1.5% shorter femurs, 1.9% and 2.2% narrower shaft and femoral neck with 1.6% to 3.4% thicker cortices than girls. Consequent with this geometry configuration, girls observed 6.6% higher stresses in the medial femoral neck than boys. When considering LMF, the sexual differences on the derived bone strength indices were attenuated, suggesting that differences in muscle loads may reflect an innate disadvantage in bone strength in girls, as consequence of their lower muscular acquisition. In summary, we show that bone sexual dimorphism is already present at 6 years of age, with boys having stronger bones than girls, the relation of which is influenced by body composition and likely attributable to differential adaptation to mechanical loading. Our results support the view that early life interventions (ie, increased physical activity) targeted during the pre- and peripubertal stages may be of high importance, particularly in girls, because before puberty onset, muscle mass is strongly associated with bone density and geometry in children. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Medina-Gomez
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Pediatrics, Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Denise H M
authors.initials: DHM
authors.lastname: Heppe
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jia-Lian
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trajanoska
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: André G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Uitterlinden
authors.affiliation: Beck Radiological Innovations Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Pediatrics, Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VWV
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rivadeneira
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology*; D049628:Body Size / Q000502:physiology*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics
keywords: BONE MASS; BONE STRENGTH; LEAN MASS; PREPUBERTAL CHILDREN; SEXUAL DIMORPHISM