title: Annual Acoustic Presence of Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Offshore Eastern Sicily, Central Mediterranean Sea.
abstract: In recent years, an increasing number of surveys have definitively confirmed the seasonal presence of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in highly productive regions of the Mediterranean Sea. Despite this, very little is yet known about the routes that the species seasonally follows within the Mediterranean basin and, particularly, in the Ionian area. The present study assesses for the first time fin whale acoustic presence offshore Eastern Sicily (Ionian Sea), throughout the processing of about 10 months of continuous acoustic monitoring. The recording of fin whale vocalizations was made possible by the cabled deep-sea multidisciplinary observatory, "NEMO-SN1", deployed 25 km off the Catania harbor at a depth of about 2,100 meters. NEMO-SN1 is an operational node of the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water-column Observatory (EMSO) Research Infrastructure. The observatory was equipped with a low-frequency hydrophone (bandwidth: 0.05 Hz-1 kHz, sampling rate: 2 kHz) which continuously acquired data from July 2012 to May 2013. About 7,200 hours of acoustic data were analyzed by means of spectrogram display. Calls with the typical structure and patterns associated to the Mediterranean fin whale population were identified and monitored in the area for the first time. Furthermore, a background noise analysis within the fin whale communication frequency band (17.9-22.5 Hz) was conducted to investigate possible detection-masking effects. The study confirms the hypothesis that fin whales are present in the Ionian Sea throughout all seasons, with peaks in call detection rate during spring and summer months. The analysis also demonstrates that calls were more frequently detected in low background noise conditions. Further analysis will be performed to understand whether observed levels of noise limit the acoustic detection of the fin whales vocalizations, or whether the animals vocalize less in the presence of high background noise.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche e Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.|Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) - Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sciacca
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche e Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.|Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) - Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Roma, Italy.|EMSO Interim Office c/o Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beranzoli
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica - Istituto di Radioastronomia (INAF-IRA), Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chierici
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche e Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Domenico
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Embriaco
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Roma, Italy.|EMSO Interim Office c/o Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Favali
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giovanetti
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) - Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Larosa
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuditta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marinaro
authors.affiliation: Bioacoustics Lab, IAMC Capo Granitola, National Research Council, Torretta Granitola (TP), Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papale
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinare di Bioacustica e Ricerche Ambientali (CIBRA), Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pavan
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) - Bologna, Bologna, Italy.|Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Università di Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pellegrino
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) - Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pulvirenti
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) - Roma1, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Simeone
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) - Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) - Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riccobene
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D050617:Fin Whale / Q000502:physiology*; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D009622:Noise; D012621:Seasons; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000502:physiology*