title: Population-based survey of overweight and obesity and the associated factors in peri-urban and rural Eastern Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the rising prevalence of overweight, obesity and non-communicable diseases co-exists with the high burden of under-nutrition. The paucity of data on adulthood overweight and obesity, disaggregated by socio-demographic characteristics and in rural settings in SSA calls for research. We determined the prevalence of underweight, overweight/obesity and associated factors among adults in peri-urban and rural Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 1210 randomly selected adults aged ≥ 18 years was conducted in Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in eastern Uganda in 2013. Height, weight and socio-demographic variables were assessed. Overweight was defined as BMI = 25.0-29.99 kg/m(2), obesity ≥ 30 kg/m(2) and overweight/obesity ≥ 25 kg/m(2). Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with overweight/obesity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the participants, 7 % were underweight (8.1 % of men; 5.9 % of women, p = 0.99); 17.8 % were overweight (12.4 % of men; 23.1 % of women, p < 0.001); and 7 % were obese (2.0 % of men; 12.7 % of women, p < 0.001). Overweight prevalence was 15.8 % and 23.8 % among rural and peri-urban adults, respectively (p < 0.001). Obesity prevalence was 3.9 % and 17.8 % among rural and peri-urban adults, respectively (p < 0.001). Factors associated with overweight/obesity were: being female, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 4.3 (95 % confidence interval (PloS one 8:e75640, 20013) 3.2-5.9); peri-urban residence AOR 2.6 (1.9-3.6); being in age group 35-44, AOR 3.1 (1.8-5.3); 45-54 AOR 4.1 (2.3-7.3); 55-64 AOR 2.6 (1.4-5.0); ≥ 65 years AOR 3.1 (1.6-6.0); and having socio-economic status (SES) in the third AOR 2.8 (1.7-4.6), fourth 2.5 (1.5-4.2) and fifth 2.7 (1.6-4.4) quintile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overweight/obesity was prevalent among adults. Overweight/obese was associated with being female, being aged 35 years and older, residing in a peri-urban area and having a higher SES. The time has come to develop interventions to prevent and control overweight/obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. bkirunda@musph.ac.ug.|Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020, Bergen, Norway. bkirunda@musph.ac.ug.
authors.forename: Barbara Eva
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Kirunda
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020, Bergen, Norway. lars.fadnes@cih.uib.no.|Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020, Bergen, Norway. lars.fadnes@cih.uib.no.
authors.forename: Lars Thore
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Fadnes
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Behavioural Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. hwamani@musph.ac.ug.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wamani
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van den Broeck
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020, Bergen, Norway. thorkild.tylleskar@cih.uib.no.
authors.forename: Thorkild
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tylleskär
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013851:Thinness / Q000453:epidemiology; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology