title: Extracellular Citrate in Health and Disease.
abstract: Citrate is one of the major substrates for intracellular metabolism. The extracellular level of citrate is stable in blood but varies locally, with slightly increased levels in brain and high levels in prostate. Recent metabolomics research suggests that citrate level is a potential harbinger of different pathophysiological states; its decrease has been correlated with male infertility, brain diseases and metastatic cancer. In this review we discuss the role of citrate as an energy substrate for sperm. We also review the function of citrate released by astrocytes in the normal operation of neurons, and consequently we suggest a potential role of neuronal plasma membrane citrate transporters in mental disorders. Finally, we review recent relevant publications studying blood, urine and tissue citrate levels in cancer patients and hypothesize that extracellular citrate supports cancer cell metabolism critical for metastasis. Despite the importance of extracellular citrate in physiological and pathophysiological processes, surprisingly little is known about citrate synthesis in specialized cells, or about citrate transporters controlling citrate movement across various membranes. Determination of the molecular origin of citrate transporters in astrocytes, sperm and cancer cells could offer novel therapeutic targets and the possibility to pharmacologically regulate citrate release and uptake for preventing male infertility, treating mental diseases and targeting cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz- Josef-Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. maria.mycielska@ukr.de.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mycielska
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Milenkovic
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wetzel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rümmele
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Geissler
mesh_terms: D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001692:Biological Transport; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D003704:Dementia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D019343:Citric Acid