title: FT-Raman and chemometric tools for rapid determination of quality parameters in milk powder: Classification of samples for the presence of lactose and fraud detection by addition of maltodextrin.
abstract: FT-Raman spectroscopy has been explored as a quick screening method to evaluate the presence of lactose and identify milk powder samples adulterated with maltodextrin (2.5-50% w/w). Raman measurements can easily differentiate samples of milk powder, without the need for sample preparation, while traditional quality control methods, including high performance liquid chromatography, are cumbersome and slow. FT-Raman spectra were obtained from samples of whole lactose and low-lactose milk powder, both without and with addition of maltodextrin. Differences were observed between the spectra involved in identifying samples with low lactose content, as well as adulterated samples. Exploratory data analysis using Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis was also developed to classify samples with PCA and PLS-DA. The PLS-DA models obtained allowed to correctly classify all samples. These results demonstrate the utility of FT-Raman spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics to infer about the quality of milk powder.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Henrique
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rodrigues Júnior
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular (NEEM), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kamila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Sá Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular (NEEM), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Eduardo Rocha
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular (NEEM), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Fernando Cappa
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: De Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular (NEEM), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 MG, Brazil; Gemacom Tech, Juiz de Fora, 36092-050 MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stephani
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Michele da Silva
authors.initials: Mda S
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antônio Fernandes
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Electronic address: italo.perrone@ufv.br.
authors.forename: Ítalo Tuler
authors.initials: ÍT
authors.lastname: Perrone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D007785:Lactose / Q000032:analysis*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000032:analysis*; D011208:Powders / Q000737:chemistry*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011134:Polysaccharides; D011208:Powders; C008315:maltodextrin; D007785:Lactose
keywords: Chemometrics tools; Glucose (PubChem CID: 79025); Lactose (PubChem CID: 6134); Low-lactose; Maltodextrin; Milk powder; Raman spectroscopy