title: Effect of Temperature-Sensitive Poloxamer Solution/Gel Material on Pericardial Adhesion Prevention: Supine Rabbit Model Study Mimicking Cardiac Surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the mobility of a temperature-sensitive poloxamer/Alginate/CaCl2 mixture (PACM) in relation to gravity and cardiac motion and the efficacy of PACM on the prevention of pericardial adhesion in a supine rabbit model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 50 rabbits were randomly divided into two groups according to materials applied after epicardial abrasion: PACM and dye mixture (group PD; n = 25) and saline as the control group (group CO; n = 25). In group PD, rabbits were maintained in a supine position with appropriate sedation, and location of mixture of PACM and dye was assessed by CT scan at the immediate postoperative period and 12 hours after surgery. The grade of adhesions was evaluated macroscopically and microscopically two weeks after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group PD, enhancement was localized in the anterior pericardial space, where PACM and dye mixture was applied, on immediate post-surgical CT scans. However, the volume of the enhancement was significantly decreased at the anterior pericardial space 12 hours later (P < .001). Two weeks after surgery, group PD had significantly lower macroscopic adhesion score (P = .002) and fibrosis score (P = .018) than did group CO. Inflammation score and expression of anti-macrophage antibody in group PD were lower than those in group CO, although the differences were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a supine rabbit model study, the anti-adhesion effect was maintained at the area of PACM application, although PACM shifted with gravity and heart motion. For more potent pericardial adhesion prevention, further research and development on the maintenance of anti-adhesion material position are required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Heart Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon Sang
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Heart Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Geun Joo
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Beom Gyu
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Suk Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ju Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Seok
authors.affiliation: Heart Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Joonhwa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D003287:Contrast Media; D005355:Fibrosis; D005782:Gels; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D010496:Pericardium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000601:surgery; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020442:Poloxamer / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011817:Rabbits; D016683:Supine Position; D013696:Temperature; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001323:Autoantibodies; D003287:Contrast Media; D005782:Gels; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; D020442:Poloxamer; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; C044834:iodixanol; D002122:Calcium Chloride