title: Do open youth unemployment and youth programs leave the same mental health scars?--Evidence from a Swedish 27-year cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent findings suggest that the mental health costs of unemployment are related to both short- and long-term mental health scars. The main policy tools for dealing with young people at risk of labor market exclusion are Active Labor Market Policy programs for youths (youth programs). There has been little research on the potential effects of participation in youth programs on mental health and even less on whether participation in such programs alleviates the long-term mental health scarring caused by unemployment. This study compares exposure to open youth unemployment and exposure to youth program participation between ages 18 and 21 in relation to adult internalized mental health immediately after the end of the exposure period at age 21 and two decades later at age 43.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study uses a five wave Swedish 27-year prospective cohort study consisting of all graduates from compulsory school in an industrial town in Sweden initiated in 1981. Of the original 1083 participants 94.3% of those alive were still participating at the 27-year follow up. Exposure to open unemployment and youth programs were measured between ages 18-21. Mental health, indicated through an ordinal level three item composite index of internalized mental health symptoms (IMHS), was measured pre-exposure at age 16 and post exposure at ages 21 and 42. Ordinal regressions of internalized mental health at ages 21 and 43 were performed using the Polytomous Universal Model (PLUM). Models were controlled for pre-exposure internalized mental health as well as other available confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show strong and significant relationships between exposure to open youth unemployment and IMHS at age 21 (OR = 2.48, CI = 1.57-3.60) as well as at age 43 (OR = 1.71, CI = 1.20-2.43). No such significant relationship is observed for exposure to youth programs at age 21 (OR = 0.95, CI = 0.72-1.26) or at age 43 (OR = 1.23, CI = 0.93-1.63).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A considered and consistent active labor market policy directed at youths could potentially reduce the short- and long-term mental health costs of youth unemployment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Work, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden. mattias.strandh@soc.umu.se.|Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Karlstad University, SE-651 88, Karlstad, Sweden. mattias.strandh@soc.umu.se.
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strandh
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden. karina.nilsson@umu.se.
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden. madelene.nordlund@umu.se.
authors.forename: Madelene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nordlund
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden. anne.hammarstrom@umu.se.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hammarström
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D008603:Mental Health; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011640:Public Policy; D012946:Social Welfare; D013548:Sweden; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult