title: Mechanisms Underlying Footshock and Psychological Stress-Induced Abrupt Awakening From Posttraumatic "Nightmares".
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posttraumatic nightmares are a highly prevalent and distressing symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but have been the subject of limited phenomenological investigations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized a communication box to establish PTSD symptoms in rats through exposure to footshock stress (FS) and psychological stress (PS). The immunohistochemical test and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection were used to detect the activity and monoamine levels in the rats' arousal systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one days after traumatic stress, 14.17% of FS and 12.5% of PS rats exhibited startled awakening, and the same rats showed hyperfunction of the locus coeruleus/noradrenergic system and hypofunction of the perifornical nucleus/orexinergic system. Changes in serotonin levels in the dorsal raphe nucleus showed opposite trends in the FS and PS rats that were startled awake. No differences were found in other sleep/arousal systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that different clinically therapeutic strategies should be considered to treat different trauma-induced posttraumatic nightmares.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China (Ms Yu, Zhang, Li, Cao, Song, and Ding, Drs S-Y Cui, X-Y Cui, and Y-H Zhang, and Mr Sheng, Huang, Xu, Lin and Yang).
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China (Ms Yu, Zhang, Li, Cao, Song, and Ding, Drs S-Y Cui, X-Y Cui, and Y-H Zhang, and Mr Sheng, Huang, Xu, Lin and Yang).
authors.forename: Su-Ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China (Ms Yu, Zhang, Li, Cao, Song, and Ding, Drs S-Y Cui, X-Y Cui, and Y-H Zhang, and Mr Sheng, Huang, Xu, Lin and Yang).
authors.forename: Xue-Qiong
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China (Ms Yu, Zhang, Li, Cao, Song, and Ding, Drs S-Y Cui, X-Y Cui, and Y-H Zhang, and Mr Sheng, Huang, Xu, Lin and Yang).
authors.forename: Xiang-Yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China (Ms Yu, Zhang, Li, Cao, Song, and Ding, Drs S-Y Cui, X-Y Cui, and Y-H Zhang, and Mr Sheng, Huang, Xu, Lin and Yang).
authors.forename: Sheng-Jie
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China (Ms Yu, Zhang, Li, Cao, Song, and Ding, Drs S-Y Cui, X-Y Cui, and Y-H Zhang, and Mr Sheng, Huang, Xu, Lin and Yang).
authors.forename: Zhao-Fu
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China (Ms Yu, Zhang, Li, Cao, Song, and Ding, Drs S-Y Cui, X-Y Cui, and Y-H Zhang, and Mr Sheng, Huang, Xu, Lin and Yang).
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China (Ms Yu, Zhang, Li, Cao, Song, and Ding, Drs S-Y Cui, X-Y Cui, and Y-H Zhang, and Mr Sheng, Huang, Xu, Lin and Yang).
authors.forename: Yuan-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China (Ms Yu, Zhang, Li, Cao, Song, and Ding, Drs S-Y Cui, X-Y Cui, and Y-H Zhang, and Mr Sheng, Huang, Xu, Lin and Yang).
authors.forename: Ya-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China (Ms Yu, Zhang, Li, Cao, Song, and Ding, Drs S-Y Cui, X-Y Cui, and Y-H Zhang, and Mr Sheng, Huang, Xu, Lin and Yang).
authors.forename: Zhi-Ge
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China (Ms Yu, Zhang, Li, Cao, Song, and Ding, Drs S-Y Cui, X-Y Cui, and Y-H Zhang, and Mr Sheng, Huang, Xu, Lin and Yang).
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China (Ms Yu, Zhang, Li, Cao, Song, and Ding, Drs S-Y Cui, X-Y Cui, and Y-H Zhang, and Mr Sheng, Huang, Xu, Lin and Yang).
authors.forename: Jin-Zhi
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China (Ms Yu, Zhang, Li, Cao, Song, and Ding, Drs S-Y Cui, X-Y Cui, and Y-H Zhang, and Mr Sheng, Huang, Xu, Lin and Yang).
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China (Ms Yu, Zhang, Li, Cao, Song, and Ding, Drs S-Y Cui, X-Y Cui, and Y-H Zhang, and Mr Sheng, Huang, Xu, Lin and Yang). zhyh@hsc.pku.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yong-He
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004597:Electroshock; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D020184:Night Terrors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D000068797:Orexins / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000068797:Orexins; D012701:Serotonin; D009638:Norepinephrine
keywords: 5-HT; NE; Orexin; female rats; startled awakening