title: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns activate expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, immunity and detoxification in the amebocyte-producing organ of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata.
abstract: The anterior pericardial wall of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata has been identified as a site of hemocyte production, hence has been named the amebocyte-producing organ (APO). A number of studies have shown that exogenous abiotic and biotic substances, including pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), are able to stimulate APO mitotic activity and/or enlarge its size, implying a role for the APO in innate immunity. The molecular mechanisms underlying such responses have not yet been explored, in part due to the difficulty in obtaining sufficient APO tissue for gene expression studies. By using a modified RNA extraction technique and microarray technology, we investigated transcriptomic responses of APOs dissected from snails at 24 h post-injection with two bacterial PAMPs, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PGN), or with fucoidan (FCN), which may mimic fucosyl-rich glycan PAMPs on sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni. Based upon the number of genes differentially expressed, LPS exhibited the strongest activity, relative to saline-injected controls. A concurrent activation of genes involved in cell proliferation, immune response and detoxification metabolism was observed. A gene encoding checkpoint 1 kinase, a key regulator of mitosis, was highly expressed after stimulation by LPS. Also, seven different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases that play an essential role in protein synthesis were found to be highly expressed. In addition to stimulating genes involved in cell proliferation, the injected substances, especially LPS, also induced expression of a number of immune-related genes including arginase, peptidoglycan recognition protein short form, tumor necrosis factor receptor, ficolin, calmodulin, bacterial permeability increasing proteins and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Importantly, significant up-regulation was observed in four GiMAP (GTPase of immunity-associated protein) genes, a result which provides the first evidence suggesting an immune role of GiMAP in protostome animals. Moreover, altered expression of genes encoding cytochrome P450, glutathione-S-transferase, multiple drug resistance protein as well as a large number of genes encoding enzymes associated with degradation and detoxification metabolism was elicited in response to the injected substances.
authors.affiliation: Center for Evolutionarily and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. Electronic address: zhangsm@unm.edu.
authors.forename: Si-Ming
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Center for Evolutionarily and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Parasite Division, Museum of Southwestern Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Loker
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001700:Biomphalaria / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015870:Gene Expression; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D000069452:Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D000069452:Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules
keywords: Amebocyte-producing organ (APO); Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase; Biomphalaria glabrata; GiMAP; Mollusk; Pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP)