title: Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) as the reference standard for diagnosis of hypertension and assessment of vascular risk in adults.
abstract: New information has become available since the ISC, AAMCC, and SECAC released their first extensive guidedelines to improve the diagnosis and treatment of adult arterial hypertension. A critical assessment of evidence and a comparison of what international guidelines now propose are the basis for the following statements, which update the recommendations first issued in 2013. Office blood pressure (BP) measurements should no longer be considered to be the "gold standard" for the diagnosis of hypertension and assessment of cardiovascular risk. Relying on office BP, even when supplemented with at-home wake-time self-measurements, to identify high-risk individuals, disregarding circadian BP patterning and asleep BP level, leads to potential misclassification of 50% of all evaluated persons. Accordingly, ambulatory BP monitoring is the recommended reference standard for the diagnosis of true hypertension and accurate assessment of cardiovascular risk in all adults ≥18 yrs of age, regardless of whether office BP is normal or elevated. Asleep systolic BP mean is the most significant independent predictor of cardiovascular events. The sleep-time relative SBP decline adds prognostic value to the statistical model that already includes the asleep systolic BP mean and corrected for relevant confounding variables. Accordingly, the asleep systolic BP mean is the recommended protocol to diagnose hypertension, assess cardiovascular risk, and predict cardiovascular event-free interval. In men, and in the absence of compelling clinical conditions, reference thresholds for diagnosing hypertension are 120/70 mmHg for the asleep systolic/diastolic BP means derived from ambulatory BP monitoring. However, in women, in the absence of complicating co-morbidities, the same thresholds are lower by 10/5 mmHg, i.e., 110/65 mmHg for the asleep means. In high-risk patients, including those diagnosed with diabetes or chronic kidney disease, and/or those having experienced past cardiovascular events, the thresholds are even lower by 15/10 mmHg, i.e., 105/60 mmHg. Bedtime treatment with the full daily dose of ≥1 hypertension medications is recommended as a cost-effective means to improve the management of hypertension and reduce hypertension-associated risk. Bedtime treatment entailing the full daily dose of ≥1 conventional hypertension medications must be the therapeutic regimen of choice for the elderly and those with diabetes, resistant and secondary hypertension, chronic kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and medical history of past cardiovascular events, among others, given their documented high prevalence of sleep-time hypertension.
authors.affiliation: a Bioengineering & Chronobiology Laboratories; Atlantic Research Center for Information and Communication Technologies (AtlantTIC); E.E. Telecomunicación , University of Vigo , Vigo , Spain .
authors.forename: Ramón C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hermida
authors.affiliation: b Cockrell School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas , USA , and.
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Smolensky
authors.affiliation: a Bioengineering & Chronobiology Laboratories; Atlantic Research Center for Information and Communication Technologies (AtlantTIC); E.E. Telecomunicación , University of Vigo , Vigo , Spain .
authors.forename: Diana E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.affiliation: c Hypertension Center , University Hospital S. Anna and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy .
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Portaluppi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents
keywords: Clinical guidelines for the application of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; cardiovascular risk; hypertension chronotherapy; masked hypertension; masked normotension; sleep-time blood pressure; true hypertension