title: In Vivo Microdialysis To Determine Subcutaneous Interstitial Fluid Penetration and Pharmacokinetics of Fluconazole in Intensive Care Unit Patients with Sepsis.
abstract: The objective of the study was to describe the subcutaneous interstitial fluid (ISF) pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in critically ill patients with sepsis. This prospective observational study was conducted at two tertiary intensive care units in Australia. Serial fluconazole concentrations were measured over 24 h in plasma and subcutaneous ISF using microdialysis. The concentrations in plasma and microdialysate were measured using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography system with electrospray mass spectrometer detector method. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. Twelve critically ill patients with sepsis were enrolled. The mean in vivo fluconazole recovery rates ± standard deviation (SD) for microdialysis were 51.4% ± 16.1% with a mean (±SD) fluconazole ISF penetration ratio of 0.52 ± 0.30 (coefficient of variation, 58%). The median free plasma area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24) was significantly higher than the median ISF AUC0-24 (340.4 versus 141.1 mg · h/liter; P = 0.004). There was no statistical difference in median fluconazole ISF penetration between patients receiving and not receiving vasopressors (median, 0.28 versus 0.78; P = 0.106). Both minimum and the maximum concentrations of drug in serum (Cmax and Cmin) showed a significant correlation with the fluconazole plasma exposure (Cmax, R(2) = 0.86, P < 0.0001; Cmin, R(2) = 0.75, P < 0.001). Our data suggest that fluconazole was distributed variably, but incompletely, from plasma into subcutaneous interstitial fluid in this cohort of critically ill patients with sepsis. Given the variability of fluconazole interstitial fluid exposures and lack of clinically identifiable factors by which to recognize patients with reduced distribution/exposure, we suggest higher than standard doses to ensure that drug exposure is adequate at the site of infection.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Mahipal G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sinnollareddy
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lipman
authors.affiliation: Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lassig-Smith
authors.affiliation: Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Peake
authors.affiliation: Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia Pharmacy Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia j.roberts2@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001315:Australia; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects; D058387:Candidemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003422:Critical Care; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015725:Fluconazole