title: Evolution of public cooperation in a monitored society with implicated punishment and within-group enforcement.
abstract: Monitoring with implicated punishment is common in human societies to avert freeriding on common goods. But is it effective in promoting public cooperation? We show that the introduction of monitoring and implicated punishment is indeed effective, as it transforms the public goods game to a coordination game, thus rendering cooperation viable in infinite and finite well-mixed populations. We also show that the addition of within-group enforcement further promotes the evolution of public cooperation. However, although the group size in this context has nonlinear effects on collective action, an intermediate group size is least conductive to cooperative behaviour. This contradicts recent field observations, where an intermediate group size was declared optimal with the conjecture that group-size effects and within-group enforcement are responsible. Our theoretical research thus clarifies key aspects of monitoring with implicated punishment in human societies, and additionally, it reveals fundamental group-size effects that facilitate prosocial collective action.
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
authors.forename: Xiaojie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.|Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.|Center for Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Matjaž
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perc
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005716:Game Theory; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011678:Punishment