title: Provitamin A potential of landrace orange maize variety (Zea mays L.) grown in different geographical locations of central Malawi.
abstract: The provitamin A potential of landrace orange maize from different locations (A, B, C and D) of central Malawi has been evaluated. Physicochemical compositions, color, total carotenoid content (TCC), carotenoid profiles, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity as antioxidant capacities of maize were determined. Color values of orange maize had correlations with β-cryptoxanthin (r>0.36). TCC of white and orange maize averaged 2.12 and 59.5 mg/kg, respectively. Lutein was the most abundant carotenoid (47.8%) in orange maize, followed by zeaxanthin (24.2%), β-carotene (16.4%) and β-cryptoxanthin (11.6%). Location D showed the highest levels of lutein, zeaxanthin and antioxidant capacity. Provitamin A content of orange maize met the target level (15 μg/g) of biofortification. Retinol activity equivalent (RAE) from β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene in orange maize averaged 81.73 μg/100g. In conclusion, orange maize has the potential to be a natural source of provitamin A.
authors.affiliation: University of Manitoba, Department of Food Science, 250 Ellis Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada; Jungwon University, Department of Food Science and Industry, Goesan, Chungbook 367-805, South Korea.
authors.forename: Taeyoung
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: University of Manitoba, Department of Food Science, 250 Ellis Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada; University of Malawi, Chancellor College, Department of Human Ecology, Faculty of Science, Box 280, Zomba, Malawi.
authors.forename: Victoria U
authors.initials: VU
authors.lastname: Ndolo
authors.affiliation: University of Malawi, Chancellor College, Department of Human Ecology, Faculty of Science, Box 280, Zomba, Malawi.
authors.forename: Mangani
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katundu
authors.affiliation: University of Malawi, Chancellor College, Department of Human Ecology, Faculty of Science, Box 280, Zomba, Malawi.
authors.forename: Blessings
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nyirenda
authors.affiliation: Cornell University, Department of Development Sociology, 262 Warren Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; University of Western Ontario, Department of Geography, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5C2, Canada.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bezner-Kerr
authors.affiliation: University of Manitoba, Department of Food Science, 250 Ellis Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arntfield
authors.affiliation: University of Manitoba, Department of Food Science, 250 Ellis Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada; University of Manitoba, Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada. Electronic address: Trust.Beta@umanitoba.ca.
authors.forename: Trust
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beta
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008295:Malawi; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000737:chemistry*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry*; D065146:Zeaxanthins / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D065146:Zeaxanthins; D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: 1-Butanol (PubChem CID: 263); 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (PubChem CID: 2735032); 2,2′-Azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (PubChem CID: 76344); 6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) (PubChem CID: 40634); Agrobiodiversity; Carotenoids; Fluorescein (PubChem CID: 16850); Lutein (PubChem CID: 181579); Methyl-t-butyl ether (MtBE) (PubChem CID: 15413); Orange maize; Provitamin A; Proximate composition; Traditional landrace maize; Zeaxanthin (PubChem CID: 5280899); β-Carotene (PubChem CID: 5280489); β-Cryptoxanthin (PubChem CID: 5281235)