title: Practical integration: The art of balancing values, institutions and knowledge - lessons from the History of British Public Health and Town Planning.
abstract: The paper uses two historical examples, public health (1840-1880) and town planning (1945-1975) in Britain, to analyse the challenges faced by goal-driven research, an increasingly important trend in science policy, as exemplified by the prominence of calls for addressing Grand Challenges. Two key points are argued. (1) Given that the aim of research addressing social or global problems is to contribute to improving things, this research should include all the steps necessary to bring science and technology to fruition. This need is captured by the idea of practical integration, which brings this type of research under the umbrella of collective practical reason rather than under the aegis of science. Achieving practical integration is difficult for many reasons: the complexity of social needs, the plurality of values at stake, the limitation of our knowledge, the elusive nature of the skills needed to deal with uncertainty, incomplete information and asymmetries of power. Nevertheless, drawing from the lessons of the case studies, it is argued that (2) practical integration needs a proper balance between values, institutions and knowledge: i.e. a combination of mutual support and mutual limitation. Pursuing such a balance provides a flexible strategy for approximating practical integration.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, NTNU Dragvoll, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. Electronic address: giovanni.de.grandis@ntnu.no.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Grandis
mesh_terms: D002958:City Planning / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D019359:Knowledge; D011634:Public Health / Q000266:history*; D012945:Social Values; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Grand Challenges; Practical reason; Public health; Science policy; Town planning; Transdisciplinary integration