title: Kidney bioengineering in regenerative medicine: An emerging therapy for kidney disease.
abstract: The prevalence of end-stage renal disease is emerging as a serious worldwide public health problem because of the shortage of donor organs and the need to take lifelong immunosuppressive medication in patients who receive a transplanted kidney. Recently, tissue bioengineering of decellularization and recellularization scaffolds has emerged as a novel strategy for organ regeneration, and we review the critical technologies supporting these methods. We present a summary of factors associated with experimental protocols that may shed light on the future development of kidney bioengineering and we discuss the cell sources and bioreactor techniques applied to the recellularization process. Finally, we review some artificial renal engineering technologies and their future prospects, such as kidney on a chip and the application of three-dimensional and four-dimensional printing in kidney tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Renji School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Qian
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Li-Ren
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Laboratory and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Liang-Liang
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Gui-Qi
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Yue
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jiang-Tao
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braddock
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. Electronic address: zhengmh@wmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ming-Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019149:Bioreactors; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D038081:Organogenesis; D051381:Rats; D012038:Regeneration; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000639:trends*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
keywords: extracellular matrix; kidney decellularization; kidney recellularization; regenerative medicine; tissue engineering