title: Breathing pattern and breathlessness in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: An observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by progressive decline in lung function and increasing dyspnoea. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among IPF, pulmonary function, resting tidal breathing patterns and level of breathlessness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one participants with IPF and 17 matched healthy controls underwent lung function testing, followed by a 2-min period of resting tidal breathing. The IPF cohort was stratified according to disease severity, based on their forced vital capacity and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison to the healthy controls, the IPF cohort showed a higher tidal volume, VT , of 0.22 L (P = 0.026) and a raised minute ventilation in the severest IPF group, while no differences in the timing of inspiration or expiration were observed. In the IPF cohort, the ratio of VT to forced vital capacity was around 15% higher. These changes corresponded with an increase in the self-reported sensation of breathlessness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Those with IPF increased their depth of breathing with worsening disease severity, with IPF-induced changes in pulmonary function and breathlessness associated with an altered tidal breathing pattern.
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Kasope L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Olukogbon
authors.affiliation: Lung Function Laboratory, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Colasanti
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hope-Gill
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Edgar Mark
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D045853:Exhalation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054990:Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001239:Inhalation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011653:Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013990:Tidal Volume; D014797:Vital Capacity
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide
keywords: breathing pattern; cough; diffusion capacity; dyspnoea; flow-volume loop