title: Amperometric Monitoring of Sensory-Evoked Dopamine Release in Awake Larval Zebrafish.
abstract: Dopamine plays crucial roles in a broad spectrum of brain functions, and neural circuit mechanisms underlying dopaminergic regulation have been intensively studied in the past decade. As larval zebrafish have relatively simple and highly conserved dopaminergic systems, it can serve as an ideal vertebrate animal model to tackle this issue at a whole-brain scale. For this purpose, it is important to develop methods for monitoring endogenous dopamine release in intact larval zebrafish. Here, we developed a real-time method to monitor dopamine release at high spatiotemporal resolution in the brain of awake larval zebrafish using carbon fiber microelectrodes. As an example for application, we combined this method with genetic tools and in vivo calcium imaging and found that food extract can activate pretectal dopaminergic neurons, which in turn release dopamine at the visual center through their projection, providing a dopaminergic circuit mechanism for olfactory modulation of visual functions. Thus, our study demonstrates, for the first time, the utility of carbon fiber microelectrodes for monitoring sensory-evoked dopamine release in the brain of an awake small organism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With carbon fiber microelectrodes, we have succeeded in monitoring sensory-evoked dopamine release in the brain of an awake small organism for the first time. By elucidating the circuitry origin of the dopamine release, we illustrated the potential application of this method in dissection of the neural circuitry mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neuromodulation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
authors.forename: Chun-feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-quan
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China, Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China, Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
authors.forename: Yu-fan
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China forestdu@ion.ac.cn zzhou@pku.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China, Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China, and forestdu@ion.ac.cn zzhou@pku.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jiu-lin
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D004563:Electrochemistry; D018397:Equidae; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007814:Larva; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008839:Microelectrodes; D062308:Optogenetics; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D002118:Calcium; D004298:Dopamine
keywords: carbon fiber electrode; cross-modal; dopamine; electrochemistry; pretectum; zebrafish