title: Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO) questionnaires for people with pain in any spine region. A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review investigates the measurement properties of Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO) questionnaires which evaluate disability associated with pain in any area of the spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  PRO questionnaires for people with pain in any spinal region were identified from existing systematic reviews and recent studies. Databases were searched for studies which evaluated the measurement properties of the included questionnaires to August 2015. Data synthesis used a levels of evidence approach which considered study methodological quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Extended Aberdeen Back Pain Scale (EA), Functional Rating Index (FRI) and Spine Functional Index (SFI) were identified as eligible for this review. The FRI was evaluated in 15 studies, with positive results for internal consistency, structural validity, hypothesis testing and responsiveness, negative results for measurement error and conflicting results for reliability. The SFI was evaluated in 3 studies with positive results for internal consistency, reliability, content validity, and structural validity. Conflicting results were found for hypothesis testing. The EA was evaluated in 3 studies which found negative results for internal consistency and structural validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FRI is provisionally recommended for the assessment of disability in people with multi-area spinal pain. This conclusion is based on studies of mainly fair methodological quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, Level 5, HS3, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia; Physiotherapy Department, Northern Health, 185 Cooper St, Epping, Vic 3076, Australia. Electronic address: e.leahy@latrobe.edu.au.
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leahy
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, Level 5, HS3, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia. Electronic address: m.davidson@latrobe.edu.au.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, Level 5, HS3, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia. Electronic address: deenikabenjamin@optusnet.com.au.
authors.forename: Deenika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, Level 5, HS3, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia. Electronic address: h.wajswelner@latrobe.edu.au.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wajswelner
mesh_terms: D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D000071066:Patient Reported Outcome Measures; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013131:Spine / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Measurement properties; Outcome; Patient-reported; Spine