title: Diurnal Emotional States Impact the Sleep Course.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diurnal emotional experiences seem to affect several characteristics of sleep architecture. However, this influence remains unclear, especially for positive emotions. In addition, electrodermal activity (EDA), a sympathetic robust indicator of emotional arousal, differs depending on the sleep stage. The present research has a double aim: to identify the specific effects of pre-sleep emotional states on the architecture of the subsequent sleep period; to relate such states to the sympathetic activation during the same sleep period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy volunteers (20.1 ± 1.0 yo.) participated in the experiment and each one slept 9 nights at the laboratory, divided into 3 sessions, one per week. Each session was organized over three nights. A reference night, allowing baseline pre-sleep and sleep recordings, preceded an experimental night before which participants watched a negative, neutral, or positive movie. The third and last night was devoted to analyzing the potential recovery or persistence of emotional effects induced before the experimental night. Standard polysomnography and EDA were recorded during all the nights.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Firstly, we found that experimental pre-sleep emotional induction increased the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep rate following both negative and positive movies. While this increase was spread over the whole night for positive induction, it was limited to the second half of the sleep period for negative induction. Secondly, the valence of the pre-sleep movie also impacted the sympathetic activation during Non-REM stage 3 sleep, which increased after negative induction and decreased after positive induction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-sleep controlled emotional states impacted the subsequent REM sleep rate and modulated the sympathetic activity during the sleep period. The outcomes of this study offer interesting perspectives related to the effect of diurnal emotional influences on sleep regulation and open new avenues for potential practices designed to alleviate sleep disturbances.
authors.affiliation: SCALab, CNRS UMR 9193, Université de Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delannoy
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research Center, Ashikaga Institute of Technology, Ashikaga, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mandai
authors.affiliation: SCALab, CNRS UMR 9193, Université de Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Honoré
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research Center, Ashikaga Institute of Technology, Ashikaga, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: SCALab, CNRS UMR 9193, Université de Lille, Lille, France.|Neurosciences, UFR Biologie, Université de Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sequeira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D012890:Sleep; D012894:Sleep Stages; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult