title: Cough event classification by pretrained deep neural network.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cough is an essential symptom in respiratory diseases. In the measurement of cough severity, an accurate and objective cough monitor is expected by respiratory disease society. This paper aims to introduce a better performed algorithm, pretrained deep neural network (DNN), to the cough classification problem, which is a key step in the cough monitor.
  
  
  METHODS
  The deep neural network models are built from two steps, pretrain and fine-tuning, followed by a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) decoder to capture tamporal information of the audio signals. By unsupervised pretraining a deep belief network, a good initialization for a deep neural network is learned. Then the fine-tuning step is a back propogation tuning the neural network so that it can predict the observation probability associated with each HMM states, where the HMM states are originally achieved by force-alignment with a Gaussian Mixture Model Hidden Markov Model (GMM-HMM) on the training samples. Three cough HMMs and one noncough HMM are employed to model coughs and noncoughs respectively. The final decision is made based on viterbi decoding algorihtm that generates the most likely HMM sequence for each sample. A sample is labeled as cough if a cough HMM is found in the sequence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experiments were conducted on a dataset that was collected from 22 patients with respiratory diseases. Patient dependent (PD) and patient independent (PI) experimental settings were used to evaluate the models. Five criteria, sensitivity, specificity, F1, macro average and micro average are shown to depict different aspects of the models. From overall evaluation criteria, the DNN based methods are superior to traditional GMM-HMM based method on F1 and micro average with maximal 14% and 11% error reduction in PD and 7% and 10% in PI, meanwhile keep similar performances on macro average. They also surpass GMM-HMM model on specificity with maximal 14% error reduction on both PD and PI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this paper, we tried pretrained deep neural network in cough classification problem. Our results showed that comparing with the conventional GMM-HMM framework, the HMM-DNN could get better overall performance on cough classification task.
authors.forename: Jia-Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mingyu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Guo-Zheng
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xianghuai
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Zhongmin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qiu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003371:Cough / Q000145:classification*; D066264:Datasets as Topic; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D016011:Normal Distribution; D012720:Severity of Illness Index