title: Characterization of the products attained from a thermal treatment of a mix of zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries.
abstract: This study applies a thermal separation process (TSP) to recover Fe, Mn, and Zn from hazardous spent zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries. In the TSP, the batteries were heated together with a reducing additive and the metals in batteries, according to their boiling points and densities, were found to move into three major output materials: slag, ingot (mainly Fe and Mn), and particulate (particularly Zn). The slag well encapsulated the heavy metals of interest and can be recycled for road pavement or building materials. The ingot had high levels of Fe (522,000 mg/kg) and Mn (253,000 mg/kg) and can serve as an additive for stainless steel-making processes. The particulate phase had a Zn level of 694,000 mg/kg which is high enough to be directly sold for refinement. Overall, the TSP effectively recovered valuable metals from the hazardous batteries.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering , Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology , Tainan City , Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yi-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: b Department of Marine Environmental Engineering , National Kaohsiung Marine University , Kaohsiung City , Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chitsan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: a Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering , Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology , Tainan City , Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Jian-Wen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: c Department of Environmental Engineering and Science , National Ping Tung University of Science and Technology , Ping Tung , Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Kuo-Lin
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: d Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences , Kaohsiung City , Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Cheng-Hsien
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: a Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering , Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology , Tainan City , Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chih-Ta
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D005740:Gases / Q000737:chemistry*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry*; D059027:Recycling; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005740:Gases; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002244:Carbon; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Metal distribution; crystalline phase; ingot; particulate phase; slag