title: Remote monitoring of breathing dynamics using infrared thermography.
abstract: An atypical or irregular respiratory frequency is considered to be one of the earliest markers of physiological distress. In addition, monitoring of this vital parameter plays a major role in diagnosis of respiratory disorders, as well as in early detection of sudden infant death syndrome. Nevertheless, the current measurement modalities require attachment of sensors to the patient's body, leading to discomfort and stress. The current paper presents a new robust algorithm to remotely monitor breathing rate (BR) by using thermal imaging. This approach permits to detect and to track the region of interest (nose) as well as to estimate BR. In order to study the performance of the algorithm, and its robustness against motion and breathing disorders, three different thermal recordings of 11 healthy volunteers were acquired (sequence 1: normal breathing; sequence 2: normal breathing plus arbitrary head movements; and sequence 3: sequence of specific breathing patterns). Thoracic effort (piezoplethysmography) served as "gold standard" for validation of our results. An excellent agreement between estimated BR and ground truth was achieved. Whereas the mean correlation for sequence 1-3 were 0.968, 0.940 and 0.974, the mean absolute BR errors reached 0.33, 0.55 and 0.96 bpm (breaths per minute), respectively. In brief, this work demonstrates that infrared thermography is a promising, clinically relevant alternative for the currently available measuring modalities due to its performance and diverse remarkable advantages.
authors.affiliation: Chair for Medical Information Technology, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Carina Barbosa
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Chair for Medical Information Technology, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Xinchi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czaplik
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rossaint
authors.affiliation: Chair for Medical Information Technology, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Blazek
authors.affiliation: Chair for Medical Information Technology, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leonhardt
keywords: (040.3060) Infrared; (040.6808) Thermal (uncooled) IR detectors, arrays and imaging; (170.2655) Functional monitoring and imaging