title: Three-Dimensional Analysis and Surgical Planning in Craniomaxillofacial Surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three-dimensional (3D) analysis and planning are powerful tools in craniofacial and reconstructive surgery. The elements include 1) analysis, 2) planning, 3) virtual surgery, 4) 3D printouts of guides or implants, and 5) verification of actual to planned results. The purpose of this article is to review different applications of 3D planning in craniomaxillofacial surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case examples involving 3D analysis and planning were reviewed. Common threads pertaining to all types of reconstruction are highlighted and contrasted with unique aspects specific to new applications in craniomaxillofacial surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six examples of 3D planning are described: 1) cranial reconstruction, 2) craniosynostosis, 3) midface advancement, 4) mandibular distraction, 5) mandibular reconstruction, and 6) orthognathic surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Planning in craniomaxillofacial surgery is useful and has applicability across different procedures and reconstructions. Three-dimensional planning and virtual surgery enhance efficiency, accuracy, creativity, and reproducibility in craniomaxillofacial surgery.
authors.affiliation: Director of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Associate Professor Plastic Surgery and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Plastic and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Electronic address: derek.steinbacher@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Derek M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Steinbacher
mesh_terms: D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003394:Craniofacial Dysostosis / Q000601:surgery; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000601:surgery; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000601:surgery; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D008339:Mandibular Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D063175:Mandibular Reconstruction / Q000379:methods; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery; D008844:Micrognathism / Q000601:surgery; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction / Q000379:methods; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort / Q000379:methods; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D063173:Retrognathia / Q000601:surgery; D012886:Skull / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014584:User-Computer Interface