title: Deaths at high altitude: Reducing the risk. A preliminary field study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Altitude-related medical literature provides very few simple clinical studies relating to those on 'adventure holidays'. Systemic blood pressure has seldom been studied closely in relation to altitude. This study aimed to address both these issues and to assist GPs approached by patients for pre-trek advice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 17 hillwalkers, evenly distributed for gender and age, trekked gradually from moderate to extreme altitude on Mera Peak in the Himalaya, noting any altitude sickness symptoms. Heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, peak expiratory flow and core temperature were measured daily. Altitude was double-checked hourly and synchronised with each set of measurements. On each day, two individuals wore 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitors for assessment of altitude effects. Two principal findings emerged. Firstly, none of our 17 developed altitude-related symptoms below 4000 m, consistent with the recognised protective effect of slow rate of ascent; at 3500-4000 m all showed a sharp fall on O2sat and above 4500 m symptoms arose unpredictably. Secondly, hourly blood pressure monitoring showed no altitude effect below 3500 m, but above 5000 m a marked yet asymptomatic rise with delayed and prolonged peak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There may be a critical altitude above which extra vigilance is required; blood pressure here needs further research.
authors.affiliation: Unaffiliated (retired), UK jmacraeturner@btinternet.com.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Macrae Turner
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000531:Altitude; D000532:Altitude Sickness / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D037001:Directive Counseling / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D058006:General Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009051:Mountaineering / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D010809:Physical Fitness; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012606:Scotland
keywords: Critical altitude; self-monitoring; silent hypertension