title: Spatial working memory is enhanced in children by differential outcomes.
abstract: Working memory (WM) is essential to academic achievement. Any enhancement of WM abilities may improve children's school performance. We tested the usefulness of the differential outcomes procedure (DOP) to enhance typically developing children's performance on a spatial WM task. The DOP involves a conditional discriminative learning task in which a correct choice response to a specific stimulus-stimulus association is reinforced with a particular reinforcer (outcome). We adapted a spatial memory task to be used with the DOP. Participants had to learn and retain in their WM four target locations of eight possible locations where a shape could be presented. Two groups of 5- and 7-year-old children performed the low-attentional version of the spatial task, and an additional group of 7-year-old children performed the high-attentional version. The results showed that compared with the standard non-differential outcomes procedure (NOP), the DOP produced better memory-based performance in 5-year-old children with the low-attentional task and in 7-year-old children with the high-attentional task. Additionally, delay intervals impaired performance in the NOP but not in the DOP. These findings suggest that the DOP may be a useful complement to other WM intervention programs targeted to improve children's academic performance at school.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Esteban
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, The University of Sheffield International Faculty, City College, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Ana B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Vivas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicología Básica y Metodología and Regional Campus of Excellence "Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain.
authors.forename: Angeles F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Estévez
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D065852:Spatial Memory