title: Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae.
abstract: The family Arteriviridae presently includes a single genus Arterivirus. This genus includes four species as the taxonomic homes for equine arteritis virus (EAV), lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV), respectively. A revision of this classification is urgently needed to accommodate the recent description of eleven highly divergent simian arteriviruses in diverse African nonhuman primates, one novel arterivirus in an African forest giant pouched rat, and a novel arterivirus in common brushtails in New Zealand. In addition, the current arterivirus nomenclature is not in accordance with the most recent version of the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature. Here we outline an updated, amended, and improved arterivirus taxonomy based on current data. Taxon-specific sequence cut-offs are established relying on a newly established open reading frame 1b phylogeny and pairwise sequence comparison (PASC) of coding-complete arterivirus genomes. As a result, the current genus Arterivirus is replaced by five genera: Equartevirus (for EAV), Rodartevirus (LDV + PRRSV), Simartevirus (SHFV + simian arteriviruses), Nesartevirus (for the arterivirus from forest giant pouched rats), and Dipartevirus (common brushtail arterivirus). The current species Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is divided into two species to accommodate the clear divergence of the European and American "types" of PRRSV, both of which now receive virus status. The current species Simian hemorrhagic fever virus is divided into nine species to accommodate the twelve known simian arteriviruses. Non-Latinized binomial species names are introduced to replace all current species names to clearly differentiate them from virus names, which remain largely unchanged.
authors.affiliation: Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA. kuhnjens@mail.nih.gov.
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authors.affiliation: Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.
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authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6560-9680
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authors.affiliation: D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
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authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1842-3899
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authors.lastname: Shchetinin
authors.affiliation: D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
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authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6963-8681
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authors.affiliation: Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Mosaic, Yaoundé, Cameroon.|Metabiota, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Metabiota, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7642-0018
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authors.affiliation: Metabiota, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Global Viral Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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authors.affiliation: Global Viral Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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authors.initials: Jle D
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authors.affiliation: Global Viral Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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authors.affiliation: Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Center for Vectorborne Diseases, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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authors.initials: LL
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authors.affiliation: Metabiota, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6296-4484
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authors.affiliation: Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Clawson
authors.affiliation: Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0275-2148
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authors.affiliation: Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2174-9630
authors.initials: MG
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authors.affiliation: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
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authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8976-8056
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authors.affiliation: Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9846-0846
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authors.affiliation: Scientific-Research Institute of Experimental Pathology and Therapy, Sukhumi, Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, Georgia.
authors.forename: Zinaida V
authors.initials: ZV
authors.lastname: Shevtsova
authors.affiliation: Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9775-3724
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Jahrling
authors.affiliation: Scientific-Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Sochi, Russia.
authors.forename: Boris A
authors.initials: BA
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authors.affiliation: D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
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authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-9554
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Deriabin
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authors.forename: Magdalena
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authors.lastname: Dunowska
authors.affiliation: D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Sergey V
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6913-5841
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Alkhovsky
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.|Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.|Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
authors.forename: David H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2139-470X
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. tgoldberg@vetmed.wisc.edu.|Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715, USA. tgoldberg@vetmed.wisc.edu.
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mesh_terms: D028382:Arteriviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016679:Genome, Viral; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D012327:RNA Virus Infections / Q000662:veterinary*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017385:Sequence Homology; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral