title: Clinical Use of Cancer Biomarkers in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Updated Guidelines From the European Group on Tumor Markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present an update of the European Group on Tumor Markers guidelines for serum markers in epithelial ovarian cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic literature survey from 2008 to 2013. The articles were evaluated by level of evidence and strength of recommendation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Because of its low sensitivity (50-62% for early stage epithelial ovarian cancer) and limited specificity (94-98.5%), cancer antigen (CA) 125 (CA125) is not recommended as a screening test in asymptomatic women. The Risk of Malignancy Index, which includes CA125, transvaginal ultrasound, and menopausal status, is recommended for the differential diagnosis of a pelvic mass. Because human epididymis protein 4 has been reported to have superior specificity to CA125, especially in premenopausal women, it may be considered either alone or as part of the risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm, in the differential diagnosis of pelvic masses, especially in such women. CA125 should be used to monitor response to first-line chemotherapy using the previously published criteria of the Gynecological Cancer Intergroup, that is, at least a 50% reduction of a pretreatment sample of 70 kU/L or greater. The value of CA125 in posttherapy surveillance is less clear. Although a prospective randomized trial concluded that early administration of chemotherapy based on increasing CA125 levels had no effect on survival, European Group on Tumor Markers state that monitoring with CA125 in this situation should occur, especially if the patient is a candidate for secondary cytoreductive surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present, CA125 remains the most important biomarker for epithelial ovarian cancer, excluding tumors of mucinous origin.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Copenhagen North Zealand Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark; †Clinical Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital and UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute of Bimolecular and Biomedical, Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; ‡Department of Gynecological Oncology, University Medical, Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; §Department of Oncology, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Uppsala, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; ∥Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gynecologic Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; ¶Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; #Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; **Senior Expert Clinical Laboratories, PUM Netherlands Senior Experts, Heemstede, the Netherlands; ††Norwegian Quality Improvement of Primary Care Laboratories (NOKLUS), Section for General Practice, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; ‡‡Emeritus Scientist from Abbott, Limburg, Germany; §§Consultant, Centro Ippocrate, Bogliasco, Italy; ∥∥Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Center of Oncology - M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Cracow Division, Poland; ¶¶Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark; and ##Laboratory of Biochemistry, Hospital Clinico, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: György
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sölétormos
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Suher
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Othman Abu Hassan
authors.forename: René H M
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Verheijen
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tholander
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bast
authors.forename: Katja N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Gaarenstroom
authors.forename: Catharine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sturgeon
authors.forename: Johannes M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bonfrer
authors.forename: Per Hyltoft
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Troonen
authors.forename: Gian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: CarloTorre
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kanty Kulpa
authors.forename: Malgorzata K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Tuxen
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Molina
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D018394:CA-125 Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D000077216:Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009375:Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D011379:Prognosis; D012958:Societies, Scientific
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018394:CA-125 Antigen