title: Evaluation of radiofrequency ablation using the 1-Fr wire electrode in the porcine pancreas, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidney, stomach, and lymph nodes: A pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The frequency of detecting asymptomatic incidental lesions of the pancreas is increasing. A substantial number of these lesions are either malignant or premalignant, thus mandating pancreatic resection. A less invasive treatment option may be feasible for selected patients. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) may be offered as a treatment option for these patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance characteristics of monopolar RFA using a 1-Fr wire electrode in the porcine pancreas, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidney, stomach, and lymph nodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six Yorkshire pigs were used for this study. The internal organs were accessed after a midline laparotomy. Manual monopolar RFAs were performed over a 90-second period using a wide range of power settings (3, 4, 5, 10, 15, and 25 W). The pancreas was exposed at all power settings; the other organs were exposed at power settings of 3, 4, 5, and 10 W. The maximum diameter of coagulative necrosis was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all study animals, RFA was performed in the target organs without difficulty. Only the pancreas showed definite coagulative necrosis. The maximum diameter of coagulative necrosis (8.0±1.7 mm) was achieved at 5 W. No definite coagulative necrosis was noted in the other organs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monopolar RFA using a 1-Fr wire electrode resulted in coagulative necrosis in the porcine pancreas. RFA in higher power settings resulted in relatively homogeneous necrosis. At a given power setting, the RFA effect is likely to be differ according to electrical properties of the target tissue. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Jung-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Won Jae
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ebubekir S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Daglilar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamionek
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mino-Kenudson
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Brugge
keywords: ablation techniques; endosonography; pancreas; swine