title: Ghrelin, adipokines, metabolic factors in relation with weight status in school-children and results of a 1-year lifestyle intervention program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overweight in Guadeloupe is a public health matter affecting children and adults. In the present study we evaluated the metabolic profile, including serum ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin levels, in normal weight, overweight and obese school children and we analyzed the potential changes in anthropometric and metabolic risk factors after a 1-year lifestyle intervention program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parameters were assessed at baseline and at 1 year. Three groups (G) were defined according the International Obesity Task Force reference values, G1: normal weight / G2: overweight / G3: obese. The lifestyle intervention included dietary counseling, regular physical activity and family support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 120 children (G1: n = 44, G2: n = 39, G3: n = 37), aged 11- 15 years and 59 % girls were enrolled. Obese children showed significant lower HDL-C, adiponectin and ghrelin concentrations, higher triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, insulin and leptin levels and also higher frequencies of abdominal obesity (G1: 2.3 %, G2: 28.2 %, G3: 73 %) and insulin resistance (GI: 39 %, G2: 72 %, G3: 89 %) than the other groups. In the overall sample, the linear regressions exploring the associations of ghrelin, adiponectin and leptin with age, gender, BMI z-score, HOMA-IR and tanner stage as independent variables showed strong associations of leptin levels with weight status and insulin resistance at baseline. The models accounted for 58 % of variability in leptin levels compared with 26 and 15 % for adiponectin and ghrelin levels respectively. In 83 children who completed the program, significant decreases in BMI z-score in overweight and obese children were noted. Leptin levels decreased significantly only in the obese group whereas adiponectin concentrations increased significantly in the three groups, In obese children, a significant correlation was found between changes in BMI Z-score, and changes in leptin levels (r = 0.39; P = 0.049) but not with changes in adiponectin levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abdominal obesity and insulin resistance were highly prevalent in obese children highlighting their risk of metabolic complications in adulthood. A 1-year long lifestyle intervention was associated with improvement in BMI z-score and metabolic parameters.
authors.affiliation: Equipe de recherche sur le Risque Cardio métabolique, ECM/LAMIA EA4540, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Guadeloupe, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rambhojan
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, ICAN, F-75005 Paris, France ; INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN, F-75005 Paris, France ; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Biochimie Endocrinienne et Oncologique, F-75651 Paris, Cedex France.
authors.forename: Elodie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bouaziz-Amar
authors.affiliation: Equipe de recherche sur le Risque Cardio métabolique, ECM/LAMIA EA4540, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Guadeloupe, France ; Service de cardiologie, CHU de Guadeloupe, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Larifla
authors.affiliation: Equipe de recherche sur le Risque Cardio métabolique, ECM/LAMIA EA4540, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Guadeloupe, France.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deloumeaux
authors.affiliation: Réseau GRANDIR, Guadeloupe, France.
authors.forename: Josiane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clepier
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Examens de Santé, AGREXAM, Guadeloupe, France.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plumasseau
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, ICAN, F-75005 Paris, France ; INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN, F-75005 Paris, France ; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Biochimie Endocrinienne et Oncologique, F-75651 Paris, Cedex France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lacorte
authors.affiliation: Equipe de recherche sur le Risque Cardio métabolique, ECM/LAMIA EA4540, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Guadeloupe, France ; Département de Santé Publique, CHU, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, FWI France.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Foucan
keywords: Adipokines; Adolescents; Ghrelin; Lifestyle intervention; Obesity