title: Experimental diabetes induced by alloxan and streptozotocin: The current state of the art.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with a high prevalence worldwide. Animal models of diabetes represent an important tool in diabetes investigation that helps us to avoid unnecessary and ethically challenging studies in human subjects, as well as to obtain a comprehensive scientific viewpoint of this disease. Although there are several methods through which diabetes can be induced, chemical methods of alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced diabetes represent the most important and highly preferable experimental models for this pathological condition. Therefore, the aim of this article was to review the current knowledge related to quoted models of diabetes, including to this point available information about mechanism of action, particular time- and dose-dependent protocols, frequent problems, as well as major limitations linked to laboratory application of alloxan and sterptozotocin in inducing diabetes. Given that diabetes is known to be closely associated with serious health consequences it is of fundamental importance that current animal models for induction of diabetes should be continuously upgraded in order to improve overall prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this pathological condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, PO Box 38, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: mradenkovic@med.bg.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radenković
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, PO Box 38, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: marko.stojanovic@mfub.bg.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stojanović
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, PO Box 38, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: mprostran@doctor.com.
authors.forename: Milica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prostran
mesh_terms: D000496:Alloxan; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D013311:Streptozocin
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D013311:Streptozocin; D000496:Alloxan
keywords: Alloxan; Alloxan (PubChem CID: 5781); Experimental diabetes; Methods; Nicotinamide (PubChem CID: 936); Phlorizin (PubChem CID: 6072); Streptozotocin; Streptozotocin (PubChem CID: 29327)