title: Novel avenues in immunotherapies for colorectal cancer.
abstract: Since it is known that the immune system affects tumor growth, it has been studied if immunotherapy can be developed to combat cancer. While some successes have been claimed, the increasing knowledge on tumor-immune interactions has, however, also shown the limitations of this approach. Tumors may show selective outgrowth of cells escaped from immune control. Escape variants arise spontaneously due to the genetically instable nature of tumor cells. This is one of the most obvious limitations of cancer immunotherapy. However, new therapies are becoming available, designed to respond to tumor-immune escape.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Surgery , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Iris N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Pardieck
authors.affiliation: a Department of Surgery , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Priscilla A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jawahier
authors.affiliation: a Department of Surgery , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marloes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swets
authors.affiliation: a Department of Surgery , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelis J H
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van de Velde
authors.affiliation: a Department of Surgery , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter J K
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kuppen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D010641:Phenotype; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019139:Tumor Escape; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
keywords: CRC; cancer immunoediting; clinical trials; colorectal cancer; immune system; immunotherapy; tumor microenvironment