title: MR-based detection of individual histotripsy bubble clouds formed in tissues and phantoms.
abstract: To demonstrate that MR sequences can detect individual histotripsy bubble clouds formed inside intact tissues.
  
  
  
  A line-scan and an EPI sequence were sensitized to histotripsy by inserting a bipolar gradient whose lobes bracketed the lifespan of a histotripsy bubble cloud. Using a 7 Tesla, small-bore scanner, these sequences monitored histotripsy clouds formed in an agar phantom and in vitro porcine liver and brain. The bipolar gradients were adjusted to apply phase with k-space frequencies of 10, 300 or 400 cm-1. Acoustic pressure amplitude was also varied. Cavitation was simultaneously monitored using a passive cavitation detection system.
  
  
  
  Each image captured local signal loss specific to an individual bubble cloud. In the agar phantom, this signal loss appeared only when the transducer output exceeded the cavitation threshold pressure. In tissues, bubble clouds were immediately detected when the gradients created phase with k-space frequencies of 300 and 400 cm-1. When the gradients created phase with a k-space frequency of 10 cm-1, individual bubble clouds were not detectable until many acoustic pulses had been applied to the tissue.
  
  
  
  Cavitation-sensitive MR-sequences can detect single histotripsy bubble clouds formed in biologic tissue. Detection is influenced by the sensitizing gradients and treatment history. Magn Reson Med 76:1486-1493, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. stevepa@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: FMRI Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Garcia
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D053783:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D005740:Gases
keywords: cavitation; focused ultrasound surgery; histotripsy; intravoxel incoherent motion; tissue erosion; tissue homogenization