title: Quantitative, single-step dual measurement of hemoglobin A1c and total hemoglobin in human whole blood using a gold sandwich immunochromatographic assay for personalized medicine.
abstract: We describe a gold nanoparticle-based sandwich immunoassay for the dual detection and measurement of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and total hemoglobin in the whole blood (without pretreatment) in a single step for personalized medicine. The optimized antibody-functionalized gold nanoparticles immunoreact simultaneously with HbA1c and total hemoglobin to form a sandwich at distinctive test lines to transduce visible signals. The applicability of this method as a personal management tool was demonstrated by establishing a calibration curve to relate % HbA1c, a useful value for type 2 diabetes management, to the signal ratio of captured HbA1c to all other forms of hemoglobin. The platform showed excellent selectivity (100%) toward HbA1c at distinctive test lines when challenged with HbA0, glycated HbA0 and HbA2. The reproducibility of the measurement was good (6.02%) owing to the dual measurement of HbA1c and total hemoglobin. A blood sample stability test revealed that the quantitative measurement of % HbA1c was consistent and no false-positive results were detected. Also, this method distinguished the blood sample with elevated HbF from the normal samples and the variants. The findings of this study highlight the potential of a lateral flow immunosensor as a simple, inexpensive, consistent, and convenient strategy for the dual measurement of HbA1c and total Hb to provide useful % HbA1c values for better on-site diabetes care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shu Hwang
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Musalman
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rambeli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: T Malathi
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Thevarajah
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yatimah Binti
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Alias
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: naomikhor@um.edu.my.
authors.forename: Sook Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Khor
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006046:Gold; D006454:Hemoglobins; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic assay; Hemoglobin A1c; Lateral flow immunosensor; Single-step dual measurement; Total hemoglobin; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus