title: An update on clinical applications of magnetic nanoparticles for increasing the resolution of magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: Today, technologies based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are regularly applied to biological systems with diagnostic or therapeutic aims. Nanoparticles made of the elements iron (Fe), gadolinium (Gd) or manganese (Mn) are generally used in many diagnostic applications performed under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Similar to molecular-based contrast agents, nanoparticles can be used to increase the resolution of imaging while offering well biocompatibility, poisonousness and biodistribution. Application of MNPs enhanced MRI sensitivity due to the accumulation of iron in the liver caused by discriminating action of the hepatobiliary system. The aim of this study is about the use, properties and advantages of MNPs in MRI.
authors.affiliation: a Young Researchers and Elite Club , Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tabriz , Iran.|b Higher Academic Education Institute of Rabe Rashid , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zeinali Sehrig
authors.affiliation: a Young Researchers and Elite Club , Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tabriz , Iran.|b Higher Academic Education Institute of Rabe Rashid , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Sima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majidi
authors.affiliation: c Biotechnology Research Center, Sahand University of Technology , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Sahar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asvadi
authors.affiliation: d Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biology , Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hsanzadeh
authors.affiliation: e Medical Bioengineering Department, School of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.|f Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.|g Department of Biomedical Physics , School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK.
authors.forename: Seyed Hossein
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Rasta
authors.affiliation: h Department of Chemistry Engineering , Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University , Ahar , Iran.
authors.forename: Masumeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emamverdy
authors.affiliation: c Biotechnology Research Center, Sahand University of Technology , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Jamshid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Akbarzadeh
authors.affiliation: h Department of Chemistry Engineering , Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University , Ahar , Iran.
authors.forename: Sahar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jahangiri
authors.affiliation: h Department of Chemistry Engineering , Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University , Ahar , Iran.
authors.forename: Shahrzad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farahkhiz
authors.affiliation: i Biotechnology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.|j Department of Medical Nanotechnologies , Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Abolfazl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akbarzadeh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles
keywords: Diagnostic applications; gadolinium; magnetic nanoparticles; magnetic resonance imaging