title: Tailoring and recycling of deep eutectic solvents as sustainable and efficient extraction media.
abstract: The present study demonstrates that deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with the highest extractability can be designed by combining effective DES components from screening diverse DESs. The extraction of polar ginseng saponins from white ginseng was used as a way to demonstrate the tuneability as well as recyclability of DESs. A newly designed ternary DES (GPS-5) composed of glycerol, l-proline, and sucrose at 9:4:1 was used as a sustainable and efficient extraction medium. Based on the anti-tumor activity on HCT-116 cancer cells, it was confirmed that GPS-5 was merely an extraction solvent with no influence of the bioactivity of the ginsenosides extracted. Excellent recovery of the extracted saponins was easily achieved through solid-phase extraction (SPE). Recycling of the DES was accomplished by simple freeze-drying of the washed solutions from the SPE. The extraction efficiencies of the DESs recycled once, twice, and thrice were 92%, 85%, and 83% of that of the freshly synthesized solvent.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seoburo, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seoburo, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min Sang
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seoburo, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min Woo
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seoburo, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seoburo, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Kyu
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seoburo, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seoburo, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jlee0610@skku.edu.
authors.forename: Jeongmi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005990:Glycerol / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D011392:Proline / Q000737:chemistry; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D036145:Ginsenosides; D012997:Solvents; D013395:Sucrose; D011392:Proline; D005990:Glycerol
keywords: Deep eutectic solvent; Ginsenoside; Green extraction; Solvent design; Solvent recycling