title: Social benefits of non-kin food sharing by female vampire bats.
abstract: Regurgitations of blood among vampire bats appear to benefit both direct and indirect fitness. To maximize inclusive fitness, reciprocal food sharing should occur among close kin. Why then do females with kin roost-mates help non-kin? We tested the hypothesis that helping non-kin increases a bat's success at obtaining future donations by expanding its network of potential donors. On six occasions, we individually fasted 14 adult females and measured donations from 28 possible donors. Each female was fasted before, during and after a treatment period, when we prevented donations from past donors (including 10 close relatives) by simultaneously fasting or removing them. This experiment was designed to detect partner switching and yielded three main results. First, females received less food when we prevented donations from a past donor versus a control bat. Donors within a group are therefore not interchangeable. Second, the treatment increased the variance in donors' contributions to food received by subjects, suggesting the possibility of alternative responses to a partner's inability to reciprocate. Finally, bats that fed more non-kin in previous years had more donors and received more food during the treatment. These results indicate that a bat can expand its network of possible donors by helping non-kin.
authors.affiliation: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama, Republic of Panama gerry@socialbat.org.
authors.forename: Gerald G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Gerald S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food
keywords: Desmodus rotundus; bet-hedging; cooperation; reciprocity; social bonds; social networks