title: Rapid and Efficient Production of Coronary Artery Ligation and Myocardial Infarction in Mice Using Surgical Clips.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The coronary artery ligation model in rodents mimics human myocardial infarction (MI). Normally mechanical ventilation and prolonged anesthesia period are needed. Recently, a method has been developed to create MI by popping-out the heart (without ventilation) followed by immediate suture ligation. Mortality is high due to the time-consuming suture ligation process while the heart is exposed. We sought to improve this method and reduce mortality by rapid coronary ligation using a surgical clip instead of a suture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice were randomized into 3 groups: clip MI (CMI), suture MI (SMI), or sham (SHAM). In all groups, heart was manually exposed without intubation through a small incision on the chest wall. Unlike the conventional SMI method, mice in the CMI group received a metal clip on left anterior descending artery (LAD), quickly dispensed by an AutoSuture Surgiclip™. The CMI method took only 1/3 of ligation time of the standard SMI method and improved post-MI survival rate. TTC staining and Masson's trichrome staining revealed a similar degree of infarct size in the SMI and CMI groups. Echocardiograph confirmed that both SMI and CMI groups had a similar reduction of ejection fraction and fraction shortening over the time. Histological analysis showed that the numbers of CD68+ macrophages and apoptotic cells (TUNEL-positive) are indistinguishable between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new method, taking only less than 3 minutes to complete, represents an efficient myocardial infarction model in rodents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: James N B M de
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.|Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Junnan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael Taylor
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hensley
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.|Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vandergriff
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.|Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jhon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cores
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.|Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tyler A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Thomas George
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Caranasos
authors.affiliation: The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Zegen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tianxia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Jinying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.|Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.|The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008026:Ligation; D051379:Mice; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D013536:Suture Techniques; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures