title: Three-dimensional printed optical phantoms with customized absorption and scattering properties.
abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers the promise of fabricating optical phantoms with arbitrary geometry, but commercially available thermoplastics provide only a small range of physiologically relevant absorption (µa) and reduced scattering (µs`) values. Here we demonstrate customizable acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filaments for dual extrusion 3D printing of tissue mimicking optical phantoms. µa and µs` values were adjusted by incorporating nigrosin and titanium dioxide (TiO2) in the filament extrusion process. A wide range of physiologically relevant optical properties was demonstrated with an average repeatability within 11.5% for µa and 7.71% for µs`. Additionally, a mouse-simulating phantom, which mimicked both the geometry and optical properties of a hairless mouse with an implanted xenograft tumor, was printed using dual extrusion methods. 3D printed tumor optical properties matched the live tumor with less than 3% error at a wavelength of 659 nm. 3D printing with user defined optical properties may provide a viable method for durable optically diffusive phantoms for instrument characterization and calibration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA ; These authors contributed equally to this work.
authors.forename: Phuong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Diep
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA ; These authors contributed equally to this work.
authors.forename: Sanjana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pannem
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA ; These authors contributed equally to this work.
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sweer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Justine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stueber
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Yanyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Syeda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tabassum
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Raeef
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Istfan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Junjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA ; Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Shyamsunder
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erramilli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roblyer
keywords: (110.0113) Imaging through turbid media; (110.7050) Turbid media; (160.4670) Optical materials; (170.5280) Photon migration