title: Chronic fructose intake accelerates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the presence of essential hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The growing epidemic of metabolic syndrome has been related to the increased use of fructose by the food industry. In fact, the use of fructose as an ingredient has increased in sweetened beverages, such as sodas and juices. We thus hypothesized that fructose intake by hypertensive rats would have a worse prognosis in developing metabolic disorder and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar and SHR rats aged 6weeks were given water or fructose (10%) for 6weeks. Blood glucose was measured every two weeks, and insulin and glucose sensitivity tests were assessed at the end of the follow-up. Systolic blood pressure was measure by plethysmography. Lean mass and abdominal fat mass were collected and weighed. Liver tissue was analyzed to determine interstitial fat deposition and fibrosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting glucose increased in animals that underwent a high fructose intake, independent of blood pressure levels. Also, insulin resistance was observed in normotensive and mostly in hypertensive rats after fructose intake. Fructose intake caused a 2.5-fold increase in triglycerides levels in both groups. Fructose intake did not change lean mass. However, we found that fructose intake significantly increased abdominal fat mass deposition in normotensive but not in hypertensive rats. Nevertheless, chronic fructose intake only increased fat deposition and fibrosis in the liver in hypertensive rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that, in normotensive and hypertensive rats, fructose intake increased triglycerides and abdominal fat deposition, and caused insulin resistance. However, hypertensive rats that underwent fructose intake also developed interstitial fat deposition and fibrosis in liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av Marechal Campos 1468, Maruipe, 29042-755, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: Layla Mendonça
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lírio
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av Marechal Campos 1468, Maruipe, 29042-755, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ludimila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Forechi
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av Marechal Campos 1468, Maruipe, 29042-755, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tadeu Caliman
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Zanardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Rod Alto Universitário, Guararema, 29500-000, Alegre, ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hiago Martins
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av Marechal Campos 1468, Maruipe, 29042-755, Vitória, ES, Brazil; Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Rod Alto Universitário, Guararema, 29500-000, Alegre, ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Frizera
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Meira
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av Marechal Campos 1468, Maruipe, 29042-755, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: Breno Valentim
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av Marechal Campos 1468, Maruipe, 29042-755, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Geraldo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Mill
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av Marechal Campos 1468, Maruipe, 29042-755, Vitória, ES, Brazil. Electronic address: marcelobaldo@ymail.com.
authors.forename: Marcelo Perim
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Baldo
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000473:pathology; D050154:Adiposity; D000818:Animals; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000075222:Essential Hypertension; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000209:etiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000209:etiology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009929:Organ Size; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D005632:Fructose
keywords: Fat liver disease; Fructose; Hypertension; Metabolic disorder; Visceral fat