title: Overexpression of SREBP1 (sterol regulatory element binding protein 1) promotes de novo fatty acid synthesis and triacylglycerol accumulation in goat mammary epithelial cells.
abstract: Sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1; gene name SREBF1) is known to be the master regulator of lipid homeostasis in mammals, including milk fat synthesis. The major role of SREBP1 in controlling milk fat synthesis has been demonstrated in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Except for a demonstrated role in controlling the expression of FASN, a regulatory role of SREBP1 on milk fat synthesis is very likely, but has not yet been demonstrated in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC). To explore the regulatory function of SREBP1 on de novo fatty acids and triacylglycerol synthesis in GMEC, we overexpressed the mature form of SREBP1 (active NH2-terminal fragment) in GMEC using a recombinant adenovirus vector (Ad-nSREBP1), with Ad-GFP (recombinant adenovirus of green fluorescent protein) as control, and infected the GMEC for 48 h. In infected cells, we assessed the expression of 20 genes related to milk fat synthesis using real time-quantitative PCR, the protein abundance of SREBP1 and FASN by Western blot, the production of triacylglycerol, and the fatty acid profile. Expression of SREBF1 was modest in mammary compared with the other tissues in dairy goats but its expression increased approximately 30-fold from pregnancy to lactation. The overexpression of the mature form of SREBP1 was confirmed by >200-fold higher expression of SREBF1 in Ad-nSREBP1 compared with Ad-GFP. We observed no changes in amount of the precursor form of SREBP1 protein but a >10-fold increase of the mature form of SREBP1 protein with Ad-nSREBP1. Compared with Ad-GFP cells (control), Ad-nSREBP1 cells had a significant increase in expression of genes related to long-chain fatty acid activation (ACSL1), transport (FABP3), desaturation (SCD1), de novo synthesis of fatty acids (ACSS2, ACLY, IDH1, ACACA, FASN, and ELOVL6), and transcriptional factors (NR1H3 and PPARG). We observed a >10-fold increase in expression of INSIG1 but SCAP was downregulated by Ad-nSREBP1. Among genes related to milk fat synthesis and lipid droplet formation, only LPIN1 and DGAT1 were upregulated by Ad-nSREBP1. Compared with the Ad-GFP, the cellular triacylglycerol content was higher and the percentage of C16:0 and C18:1 increased, whereas that of C16:1, C18:0, and C18:2 decreased in Ad-nSREBP1 cells. Overall, the data provide strong support for a central role of SREBP1 in the regulation of milk fat synthesis in goat mammary cells.
authors.affiliation: Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China. Electronic address: luojun@nwsuaf.edu.cn.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331. Electronic address: massimo.bionaz@oregonstate.edu.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bionaz
mesh_terms: D050156:Adipogenesis; D000818:Animals; D003066:Coenzyme A Ligases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006041:Goats; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000378:metabolism*; D013230:Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; D014280:Triglycerides; D013230:Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase; D003066:Coenzyme A Ligases
keywords: adenovirus; goat; milk fat synthesis; sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1)