title: Histological analysis of cross-sectional area of quadruple hamstring tendons and patellar ligament samples in relation to age and gender.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The middle of the patellar ligament and the quadruple hamstring tendons (gracilis and semitendinosus) are two types of graft predominantly used in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric characteristics of patellar ligament grafts and hamstring tendon grafts and to compare the results according to subject age and gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted on a total of 120 samples: 40 of gracilis tendon, 40 of semitendinosus tendon and 40 of patellar ligament, distributed equally according to gender, age (50-75 years) and the side of the body from which the sample was harvested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphometric and histological analyses showed that patellar ligament samples had less cross-sectional area than quadruple tendon samples (49.29 mm(2) compared with 51.46 mm(2), respectively). Sexual dimorphism was noticed in distal cross-sections of gracilis tendons (p=0.09), cross-sections of quadruple tendons (p=0.07) and patellar ligament samples (p=0.01) because of different muscular build.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All samples obtained from male subjects had larger cross-sectional areas compared with the samples taken from females. Furthermore, samples obtained from subjects aged 60 years or under had larger cross-sectional areas than samples obtained from subjects aged at least 61 years for all types of graft.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Osijek University Hospital, Josipa Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, JJ Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10 E, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia. Electronic address: egon.biuk@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Egon
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Osijek University Hospital, Josipa Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, JJ Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10 E, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zelić
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Osijek University Hospital, Josipa Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, JJ Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10 E, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
authors.forename: Saša
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rapan
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Surgery, Osijek University Hospital, Josipa Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, JJ Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10 E, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lovric
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Osijek University Hospital, Josipa Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; Department of Ophtalmology, Faculty of Medicine, JJ Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10 E, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
authors.forename: Dubravka
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Biuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, JJ Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10 E, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
authors.forename: Radivoje
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Radic
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000379:methods*; D017523:Croatia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017847:Patellar Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation
keywords: Morphometric analysis; Patellar ligament; Quadruple tendons