title: Evaluation of different smoking habits during music festivals through wastewater analysis.
abstract: Wastewater analysis is a powerful method that can provide useful information about the abuse of legal and illicit drugs. The aim of our study was to determine nicotine consumption during four different music festivals and to find a connection between smoking and preferences for specific music styles using wastewater analysis. The amount of the nicotine metabolite cotinine was monitored in wastewater at the influent of three waste water treatment plants WWTPs in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, where the festivals took place. Urinary bio-markers of nicotine utilization were analyzed by LC-HRMS. More than 80,000 festival participants were monitored during our study from June to September 2014. A significant increase of nicotine consumption was observed in wastewaters during music festivals. The nicotine ingestion level was back-calculated and expressed as mass of pure drug consumed per day and per 1000 inhabitants for selected cities of both countries. The highest differences between typical levels of cotinine in wastewaters and the levels during music festivals were detected in Piešťany: 4 g/L/1000 inhabitants during non-festival days compared to 8 g/L/1000 inhabitants during the Topfest pop-rock festival and 6g/L/1000 inhabitants during the Grape dance festival. No significant increase of the amounts of cotinine in wastewater was recorded for the Country and Folk festivals.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia. Electronic address: mackulakt@azet.sk.
authors.forename: Tomáš
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mackuľak
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 01 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grabic
authors.affiliation: Technical University in Košice, Faculty of Economics, Letná 9, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Marián
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gál
authors.affiliation: Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gál
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry, Nutrition and Health Protection, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Birošová
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bodík
mesh_terms: D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis*; D018153:Czech Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D009146:Music; D018154:Slovakia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Cotinine; Music festivals; Nicotine consumption monitoring; Smoking; Wastewater analysis