title: Efficient dispersion of crude oil by blends of food-grade surfactants: Toward greener oil-spill treatments.
abstract: Effectiveness of oil spill dispersants containing lecithin/Tween 80 (L/T) blends in ethanol was measured as a function of L:T ratio, surfactant:solvent ratio, solvent composition, and dispersant:oil ratio (DOR) using baffled flask dispersion effectiveness tests. Optimal L:T ratios are between 60:40 and 80:20 (w/w); at higher L:T ratios, effectiveness is limited by high interfacial tension, while at lower L:T ratios, insufficient lecithin is present to form a well-packed monolayer at an oil-water interface. These optimal L:T ratios retain high effectiveness at low DOR: 80:20 (w/w) L:T dispersant is 89% effective at 1:25 DOR (v/v) and 77% effective at 1:100 DOR (v/v). Increasing surfactant:solvent ratio increases dispersant effectiveness even when DOR is proportionally reduced to keep total surfactant concentration dosed into the oil constant. Replacing some of the ethanol with octane or octanol also increases dispersant effectiveness, suggesting that ethanol's hydrophilicity lowers dispersant-oil miscibility, and that more hydrophobic solvents would increase effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Riehm
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 16 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Neilsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 16 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States.
authors.forename: Geoffrey D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Bothun
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States.
authors.forename: Vijay T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: John
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Srinivasa R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Raghavan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States. Electronic address: mccormic@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Alon V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: McCormick
mesh_terms: D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D054709:Lecithins / Q000737:chemistry*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis*; D059392:Petroleum Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D054709:Lecithins; D010578:Petroleum; D011136:Polysorbates; D012997:Solvents; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Crude oil; Dispersant; Lecithin; Oil spill; Tween 80