title: Estimated levator ani subtended volume: a novel assay for predicting surgical failure after uterosacral ligament suspension.
abstract: Levator ani muscle complex plays an important role in pelvic support and defects or laxity in this muscle complex contributes to pelvic organ prolapse and recurrence after surgical repair.
  
  
  
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether estimated levator ani subtended volume can predict surgical outcomes for laparoscopic bilateral uterosacral ligament suspension.
  
  
  
  A retrospective cohort study was performed in patients who underwent laparoscopic uterosacral ligament suspension from 2010-2012. Only patients with a preoperative pelvic magnetic resonance image were included. Surgical failure was defined as a composite score that included the presence of anatomic bulge beyond the hymen with sensation of vaginal bulge or repeat treatment for prolapse via pessary or surgery by 1-year follow-up evaluation. Standard protocol pelvic magnetic resonance imaging measurements pubococcygeal line, H-line, and M-line were collected along with the calculation of the width of the levator ani hiatus. Estimated levator ani subtended volume was calculated for each subject. An optimal cutoff point was calculated and compared against categoric values of surgical success/failure. A Fisher exact test, an area under receiver operating characteristics curve, and logistic regression analysis were performed. A probability value of <.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  
  Ninety-three women underwent laparoscopic bilateral uterosacral ligament suspension during study period. Of these, 66 women had a standardized preoperative pelvic magnetic resonance image per institutional protocol. Thirteen patients (19.6%) met the criteria for surgical failure by 1 year. An optimal cutoff point of 38.5 was calculated by Liu's method for optimization. Among the patients with defined surgical failures, 84.6% (11/13) had an estimated levator ani subtended volume above cutoff point of 38.5. Among the patients with defined surgical success, 39.6% (21/53) had an estimated levator ani subtended volume above the cutoff point (84.6% vs 39.6%; P = .0048) with a significant odds ratio of 8.38 (95% confidence interval, 1.69-41.68; P = .009). An area under receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.725 (95% confidence interval, 0.603-0.847), sensitivity of 84.6% (95% confidence interval, 54.6%-98.1%), and specificity of 60.4% (95% confidence interval, 46%-73.5%) at 38.5 were predictors of surgical success/failure by 1 year. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated no significant confounders among age, body mass index, stage, or parity.
  
  
  
  Estimated levator ani subtended volume may predict surgical failure for laparoscopic bilateral uterosacral ligament suspension. Patients with a calculated estimated levator ani subtended volume above 38.5 on a preoperative pelvic magnetic resonance imaging were associated with an increased risk for surgical failure by 1 year, regardless of age, body mass index, stage, or parity. Future investigation that will include repeatability, reliability analysis, and a prospective study is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL. Electronic address: awyman@health.usf.edu.
authors.forename: Allison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wyman
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Kristie A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bassaly
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Branko
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Miladinovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Lennox
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hoyte
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008022:Ligaments / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D056887:Pelvic Organ Prolapse / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure
keywords: levator ani muscle; levator ani subtended volume; magnetic resonance imaging; pelvic organ prolapse; surgical outcome