title: Circulation and in vivo distribution of duck hepatitis A virus types 1 and 3 in infected ducklings.
abstract: The circulation of duck hepatitis A virus types 1 (DHAV-1) and 3 (DHAV-3) in Southeast Asia has resulted in a continuously changing epidemiological scenario. In this study, a duplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous quantitative detection of DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 was established, and 200 liver samples from dead ducklings collected from 31 different flocks in Shandong province, China, were tested. Fifty-eight (29.0 %) samples from 13 flocks were positive for DHAV-1 single infection, 113 (56.5 %) samples from 13 other flocks were positive for DHAV-3 single infection, and 24 samples (12.0 %) from four flocks were positive for both viruses. DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 were detected with high viral loads in all of the organs tested (liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney, heart, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and brain). No significant difference in DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 viral loads was found between singly infected and coinfected samples, and there was no correlation between the viral loads of the two viruses and the age of dead ducklings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the in vivo distribution of DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 in clinically infected ducklings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Shao-Li
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Ri-Chao
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Cong
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Rui-Hua
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Hao
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Lin-Lin
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Jing
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China. sjjiang@sdau.edu.cn.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, Shandong, China. sjjiang@sdau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shi-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000825:Animal Structures / Q000821:virology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D004372:Ducks / Q000821:virology*; D004371:Hepatitis Virus, Duck / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006524:Hepatitis, Viral, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019562:Viral Load