title: Development of a voltammetric assay, using screen-printed electrodes, for clonazepam and its application to beverage and serum samples.
abstract: This paper describes the development of an electrochemical assay based on screen-printed carbon sensors for the determination of clonazepam in serum and in wine. The cyclic voltammetric behaviour of the drug was investigated and the effects of pH and scan rate on the peak current and peak potential determined. Two reduction peaks were recorded on the initial negative going scan, which were considered to result from the 2e(-), 2 H(+) reduction of the 4,5-azomethine and from the 4e(-), 4 H(+) reduction of the 7-NO2 to a hydroxylamine. On the return positive going scan an oxidation peak was seen, which was considered to result from the 2e(-), 2 H(+) oxidation (O1) of the hydroxylamine to the corresponding nitroso species. At pH 11 the solution of clonazepam was found to turn from clear to yellow in colour and the voltammetric signal of the O1 oxidation process was found to be adsorptive in nature, this was exploited in the development of an adsorptive stripping voltammetric assay. Experimental conditions were then optimised for the differential pulse adsorptive voltammetric measurement of clonazepam in wine and serum samples. It was shown that these analyses could be performed on only 100µL of sample which was deposited on the sensor surface. Mean recoveries of 79.53% (%CV=9.88%) and 88.22% (%CV=14.1%) were calculated for wine fortified with 3.16µg/mL and serum fortified with 12.6µg/mL.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Honeychurch
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK. Electronic address: john.hart@uwe.ac.uk.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hart
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D002998:Clonazepam / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019811:Hydroxylamine / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D044967:Serum / Q000737:chemistry*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D019811:Hydroxylamine; D002998:Clonazepam; D002244:Carbon
keywords: Adsorptive stripping voltammetry; Beverages; Clonazepam; Cyclic voltammetry; Electrochemical sensor; Screen-printed