title: Obstetric Neuraxial Drug Administration Errors: A Quantitative and Qualitative Analytical Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug administration errors in obstetric neuraxial anesthesia can have devastating consequences. Although fully recognizing that they represent "only the tip of the iceberg," published case reports/series of these errors were reviewed in detail with the aim of estimating the frequency and the nature of these errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified case reports and case series from MEDLINE and performed a quantitative analysis of the involved drugs, error setting, source of error, the observed complications, and any therapeutic interventions. We subsequently performed a qualitative analysis of the human factors involved and proposed modifications to practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine cases were identified. Various drugs were given in error, but no direct effects on the course of labor, mode of delivery, or neonatal outcome were reported. Four maternal deaths from the accidental intrathecal administration of tranexamic acid were reported, all occurring after delivery of the fetus. A range of hemodynamic and neurologic signs and symptoms were noted, but the most commonly reported complication was the failure of the intended neuraxial anesthetic technique. Several human factors were present; most common factors were drug storage issues and similar drug appearance. Four practice recommendations were identified as being likely to have prevented the errors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported errors exposed latent conditions within health care systems. We suggest that the implementation of the following processes may decrease the risk of these types of drug errors: (1) Careful reading of the label on any drug ampule or syringe before the drug is drawn up or injected; (2) labeling all syringes; (3) checking labels with a second person or a device (such as a barcode reader linked to a computer) before the drug is drawn up or administered; and (4) use of non-Luer lock connectors on all epidural/spinal/combined spinal-epidural devices. Further study is required to determine whether routine use of these processes will reduce drug error.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Anesthesia, Royal Oldham Hospital, Pennine Acute NHS Trust, Oldham, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom; and †Speciality Trainee, Northwest School of Anesthesia, Northwest Deanery, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loveridge
mesh_terms: D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D011247:Pregnancy