title: Individuality embedded in the isolation calls of captive beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Species with fission-fusion social systems tend to exchange individualized contact calls to maintain group cohesion. Signature whistles by bottlenose dolphins are unique compared to the contact calls of other non-human animals in that they include identity information independent of voice cues. Further, dolphins copy the signatures of conspecifics and use them to label specific individuals. Increasing our knowledge of the contact calls of other cetaceans that have a fluid social structure may thus help us better understand the evolutionary and adaptive significance of all forms of individually distinctive calls. It was recently reported that one type of broadband pulsed sounds (PS1), rather than whistles, may function as individualized contact calls in captive belugas. The objective of this study was to assess the function and individual distinctiveness of PS1 calls in an isolation context. Recordings were made from five captive belugas, including both sexes and various ages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PS1 was the predominant call type (38 % in total) out of five broader sound categories. One sub-adult and three adults had individually distinctive and stereotyped pulse repetition pattern in PS1; one calf showed no clear stereotyped pulse repetition pattern. While visual inspection of the PS1 power spectra uncovered no apparent individual specificity, statistical analyses revealed that both temporal and spectral parameters had inter-individual differences and that there was greater inter-individual than intra-individual variability. Discriminant function analysis based on five temporal and spectral parameters classified PS1 calls into individuals with an overall correct classification rate of 80.5 %, and the most informative parameter was the average Inter-pulse interval, followed by peak frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that belugas use individually distinctive contact calls in an isolation context. If belugas encode signature information in PS1 calls, as seen in bottlenose dolphins, the pulse repetition pattern may be the carrier, as it is individually stereotyped and appears to require vocal development. This idea is supported by the finding that the average inter-pulse interval is the most powerful discriminator in discriminant analysis. Playback experiments will elucidate which parameters are perceived as individual characteristics, and whether one of the parameters functions as a signature.
authors.affiliation: The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477 Japan.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mishima
authors.affiliation: Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University, 3-20-1, Orido, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 424-8610 Japan.
authors.forename: Tadamichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morisaka
authors.affiliation: Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, 1-3, Minato-machi, Minato-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 455-0003 Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Science, Tohoku Gakuin University, 2-1-1, Tenjinzawa, Izumiku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-3193 Japan.
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.affiliation: The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477 Japan.
authors.forename: Aiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
authors.affiliation: The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477 Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyamoto