title: Alteration of complex negative emotions induced by music in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research has shown bipolar disorder to be characterized by dysregulation of emotion processing, including biases in facial expression recognition that is most prevalent during depressive and manic states. Very few studies have examined induced emotions when patients are in a euthymic phase, and there has been no research on complex emotions. We therefore set out to test emotional hyperreactivity in response to musical excerpts inducing complex emotions in bipolar disorder during euthymia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 21 patients with bipolar disorder (BD) in a euthymic phase and 21 matched healthy controls. Participants first rated their emotional reactivity on two validated self-report scales (ERS and MAThyS). They then rated their music-induced emotions on nine continuous scales. The targeted emotions were wonder, power, melancholy and tension. We used a specific generalized linear mixed model to analyze the behavioral data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that participants in the euthymic bipolar group experienced more intense complex negative emotions than controls when the musical excerpts induced wonder. Moreover, patients exhibited greater emotional reactivity in daily life (ERS). Finally, a greater experience of tension while listening to positive music seemed to be mediated by greater emotional reactivity and a deficit in executive functions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The heterogeneity of the BD group in terms of clinical characteristics may have influenced the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Euthymic patients with bipolar disorder exhibit more complex negative emotions than controls in response to positive music.
authors.affiliation: 'Behavior and Basal Ganglia' laboratory (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Psychiatry Unit, Guillaume Régnier Hospital, Rennes, France. Electronic address: sabine.choppin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choppin
authors.affiliation: 'Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics' laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: Johanna.trost@unige.ch.
authors.forename: Wiebke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Trost
authors.affiliation: 'Behavior and Basal Ganglia' laboratory (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Psychiatry Unit, Guillaume Régnier Hospital, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Thibaut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dondaine
authors.affiliation: 'Behavior and Basal Ganglia' laboratory (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Psychiatry Unit, Guillaume Régnier Hospital, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Millet
authors.affiliation: 'Behavior and Basal Ganglia' laboratory (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Psychiatry Unit, Guillaume Régnier Hospital, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drapier
authors.affiliation: 'Behavior and Basal Ganglia' laboratory (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Neurology Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vérin
authors.affiliation: 'Behavior and Basal Ganglia' laboratory (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Psychiatry Unit, Guillaume Régnier Hospital, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.affiliation: 'Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics' laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grandjean
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004644:Emotions; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Complex musical emotion; Emotional reactivity; Mixed model