title: Water equivalent phantom materials for ¹⁹²Ir brachytherapy.
abstract: Several solid phantom materials have been tested regarding their suitability as water substitutes for dosimetric measurements in brachytherapy with (192)Ir as a typical high energy photon emitter. The radial variations of the spectral photon fluence, of the total, primary and scattered photon fluence and of the absorbed dose to water in the transversal plane of the tested cylindrical phantoms surrounding a centric and coaxially arranged Varian GammaMed afterloading (192)Ir brachytherapy source were Monte-Carlo simulated in EGSnrc. The degree of water equivalence of a phantom material was evaluated by comparing the radial dose-to-water profile in the phantom material with that in water. The phantom size was varied over a large range since it influences the dose contribution by scattered photons with energies diminished by single and multiple Compton scattering. Phantom axis distances up to 10 cm were considered as clinically relevant. Scattered photons with energies reaching down into the 25 keV region dominate the photon fluence at source distances exceeding 3.5 cm. The tested phantom materials showed significant differences in the degree of water equivalence. In phantoms with radii up to 10 cm, RW1, RW3, Solid Water, HE Solid Water, Virtual Water, Plastic Water DT, and Plastic Water LR phantoms show excellent water equivalence with dose deviations from a water phantom not exceeding 0.8%, while Original Plastic Water (as of 2015), Plastic Water (1995), Blue Water, polyethylene, and polystyrene show deviations up to 2.6%. For larger phantom radii up to 30 cm, the deviations for RW1, RW3, Solid Water, HE Solid Water, Virtual Water, Plastic Water DT, and Plastic Water LR remain below 1.4%, while Original Plastic Water (as of 2015), Plastic Water (1995), Blue Water, polyethylene, and polystyrene produce deviations up to 8.1%. PMMA plays a separate role, with deviations up to 4.3% for radii not exceeding 10 cm, but below 1% for radii up to 30 cm. As suggested by the results of the dose simulations and the values of the linear attenuation coefficient, μ, over a large energy range, the balanced content of inorganic additives in a phantom material is regarded as the key feature, providing water equivalence with regard to the attenuation of the primary photons, the release of low-energy photons by Compton scattering, and their attenuation by a combination of the photoelectric and Compton effects.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology-University Clinic of Medical Radiation Physics, Pius-Hospital, Medical Campus of the Carl-von-Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Schoenfeld
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harder
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Poppe
authors.forename: Ndimofor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chofor
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons; D010969:Plastics; D011137:Polystyrenes; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes; D010969:Plastics; D011137:Polystyrenes; D014867:Water