title: Update on the Management of Rosacea.
abstract: Refining diagnostic criteria has identified key characteristics differentiating rosacea, a chronic skin disorder, from other common cutaneous inflammatory conditions. The current classification system developed by the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee consists of erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular subtypes. Each subtype stands as a unique entity among a spectrum, with characteristic symptoms and physical findings, along with an intricate pathophysiology. The main treatment modalities for rosacea include topical, systemic, laser, and light therapies. Topical brimonidine tartrate gel and calcineurin inhibitors are at the forefront of topical therapies, alone or in combination with traditional therapies such as topical metronidazole or azelaic acid and oral tetracyclines or isotretinoin. Vascular laser and intense pulsed light therapies are beneficial for the erythema and telangiectasia, as well as the symptoms (itching, burning, pain, stinging, swelling) of rosacea. Injectable botulinum toxin, topical ivermectin, and microsecond long-pulsed neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet laser are emerging therapies that may prove to be extremely beneficial in the future. Once a debilitating disorder, rosacea has become a well known and manageable entity in the setting of numerous emerging therapeutic options. Herein, we describe the treatments currently available and give our opinions regarding emerging and combination therapies.
authors.affiliation: 1School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA. 2Dermatology Department, St John's, Episcopal Hospital, Queens, NY. 3Spalding Drive Plastic Surgery and Dermatology, Beverly Hills, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Allison P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Weinkle
authors.forename: Vladyslava
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Doktor
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Emer