title: Early Cardiac Involvement and Risk Factors for the Development of Arrhythmia in Patients With β-Thalassemia Major.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac iron overload is the most serious complication in thalassemia; even patients treated with intensive chelation suffer at a certain point from cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to identify indicators of cardiac dysfunction in thalassemia as well as risk factors associated with the development of arrhythmia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 45 patients with β-thalassemia major were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the absence (group A) or the presence of arrhythmia (group B). Cardiac parameters in thalassemic groups were evaluated using 24-Holter recording, Stress electrocardiogram, and M-mode echocardiography. Serum ferritin and Cardiac T2* were used to assess the iron status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group B showed significantly higher values of cardiac T2* and serum ferritin (P<0.05). Group B patients had significantly higher maximum heart rate with significant attacks of bradycardia and ST segment changes. In addition, they achieved a lower percentage of maximum age predicted heart rate and lower values of maximum metabolic equivalents (P<0.05). Significantly higher values of the left atrial diameter, the interventricular septum diameter, and the left-ventricle posterior wall diameter (P<0.05) were identified in group B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in left atrial diameter, interventricular septum diameter, and left-ventricle posterior wall diameter seems to be related to the development of arrhythmia in patients with thalassemia, especially supraventricular arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology †Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmad A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hamed
authors.forename: Waleed
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Elguindy
authors.forename: Yasmine I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Elhenawy
authors.forename: Rasha H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000150:complications*