title: Automated Perimetry and Visual Dysfunction in Blast-Related Traumatic Brain Injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate feasibility and results of automated perimetry in veterans with combat blast neurotrauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, longitudinal, observational case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one patients in a Veterans Affairs Polytrauma Center diagnosed with traumatic brain injury (TBI) from combat blast exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants underwent automated perimetry at baseline (median interval, 2 months after injury) (Humphrey Field Analyzer, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm 30-2 Standard or Fast), and 36 of them were followed up (median interval, 10 months after baseline). Presence of significant mean deviation and pattern standard deviation was determined for testing with reliability indices ≤20% for fixation loss, 15% for false-positives, and 33% for false-negatives. Test-retest stability of global visual field indices was assessed for tests with these cutoffs or with elevated fixation loss. Associations between global visual field defects and predictors were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Global visual field indices (mean deviation and pattern standard deviation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 61 study participants (109 study eyes) with baseline testing, a field that met reliability cutoffs was obtained for 48 participants (79%) and 78 eyes (72%). Fixation loss was found in 29% of eyes in initial testing. Nine study participants (15%) demonstrated hemianopia or quadrantanopia, and an additional 36% had an abnormal global visual field index. Global indices were relatively stable at follow-up testing for tests meeting fixation-loss cutoffs and tests that did not. Visual scotomas due to post-chiasmal lesions were associated with moderate to severe TBI or penetrating head injury, but other visual field deficits were prevalent across the range of mild to severe TBI. Ocular injury to the retina or choroid, poorer visual acuity, and pupillary defect were associated with visual field defects. Participants with depressed visual field sensitivity reported lower visual quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reliable automated perimetry can be accomplished in most patients with TBI from combat blast exposure and reveals high rates of visual field deficits, indicating that blast forces may significantly affect the eye and visual pathways.
authors.affiliation: Program Evaluation & Resource Center, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Sonne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lemke
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Electronic address: glenn.cockerham@va.gov.
authors.forename: Glenn C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Cockerham
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Glynn-Milley
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology, Scripps Clinic Medical Group, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Kimberly P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Cockerham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*; D000067398:War-Related Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult