title: DDT degradation efficiency and ecotoxicological effects of two types of nano-sized zero-valent iron (nZVI) in water and soil.
abstract: Nano-scale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been conceived for cost-efficient degradation of chlorinated pollutants in soil as an alternative to e.g permeable reactive barriers or excavation. Little is however known about its efficiency in degradation of the ubiquitous environmental pollutant DDT and its secondary effects on organisms. Here, two types of nZVI (type B made using precipitation with borohydride, and type T produced by gas phase reduction of iron oxides under H2) were compared for efficiency in degradation of DDT in water and in a historically (>45 years) contaminated soil (24 mg kg(-1) DDT). Further, the ecotoxicity of soil and water was tested on plants (barley and flax), earthworms (Eisenia fetida), ostracods (Heterocypris incongruens), and bacteria (Escherichia coli). Both types of nZVI effectively degraded DDT in water, but showed lower degradation of aged DDT in soil. Both types of nZVI had negative impact on the tested organisms, with nZVI-T giving least adverse effects. Negative effects were mostly due to oxidation of nZVI, resulting in O2 consumption and excess Fe(II) in water and soil.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Environment and Climate Department, Høyskoleveien 7, NO-1431 Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Yehia S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: El-Temsah
authors.affiliation: Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovations & Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 2, CZ-461 17, Liberec, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sevcu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovations & Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 2, CZ-461 17, Liberec, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bobcikova
authors.affiliation: Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovations & Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 2, CZ-461 17, Liberec, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cernik
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Environment and Climate Department, Høyskoleveien 7, NO-1431 Ås, Norway. Electronic address: Erik.Joner@nibio.no.
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Joner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003445:Crustacea / Q000187:drug effects; D003634:DDT / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D019597:Flax / Q000187:drug effects; D001467:Hordeum / Q000187:drug effects; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003634:DDT; D007501:Iron; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Aged pollutants; Chlorinated organic pollutants; DDT; Ecotoxicology; Nano-remediation; Nanoparticles