title: Individual-based models for adaptive diversification in high-dimensional phenotype spaces.
abstract: Most theories of evolutionary diversification are based on equilibrium assumptions: they are either based on optimality arguments involving static fitness landscapes, or they assume that populations first evolve to an equilibrium state before diversification occurs, as exemplified by the concept of evolutionary branching points in adaptive dynamics theory. Recent results indicate that adaptive dynamics may often not converge to equilibrium points and instead generate complicated trajectories if evolution takes place in high-dimensional phenotype spaces. Even though some analytical results on diversification in complex phenotype spaces are available, to study this problem in general we need to reconstruct individual-based models from the adaptive dynamics generating the non-equilibrium dynamics. Here we first provide a method to construct individual-based models such that they faithfully reproduce the given adaptive dynamics attractor without diversification. We then show that a propensity to diversify can be introduced by adding Gaussian competition terms that generate frequency dependence while still preserving the same adaptive dynamics. For sufficiently strong competition, the disruptive selection generated by frequency-dependence overcomes the directional evolution along the selection gradient and leads to diversification in phenotypic directions that are orthogonal to the selection gradient.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 302, Correo 2, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: jaros007@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Iaroslav
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ispolatov
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver BC, Canada V6T 1Z4. Electronic address: vmadhok@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vaibhav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Madhok
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver BC, Canada V6T 1Z4. Electronic address: doebeli@zoology.ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doebeli
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D056084:Genetic Fitness / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012641:Selection, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D014743:Videotape Recording
keywords: Adaptive diversification; Chaos; Evolution