title: The eye of the beholder: Can patterns in eye movement reveal aptitudes for spatial reasoning?
abstract: Mental rotation ability (MRA) is linked to academic success in the spatially complex Science, Technology, Engineering, Medicine, and Mathematics (STEMM) disciplines, and anatomical sciences. Mental rotation literature suggests that MRA may manifest in the movement of the eyes. Quantification of eye movement data may serve to distinguish MRA across individuals, and serve as a consideration when designing visualizations for instruction. It is hypothesized that high-MRA individuals will demonstrate fewer eye fixations, conduct shorter average fixation durations (AFD), and demonstrate shorter response times, than low-MRA individuals. Additionally, individuals with different levels of MRA will attend to different features of the block-figures presented in the electronic mental rotations test (EMRT). All participants (n = 23) completed the EMRT while metrics of eye movement were collected. The test required participants view pairs of three-dimensional (3D) shapes, and identify if the pair is rotated but identical, or two different structures. Temporal analysis revealed no significant correlations between response time, average fixation durations, or number of fixations and mental rotation ability. Further analysis of within-participant variability yielded a significant correlation for response time variability, but no correlation between AFD variability and variability in the number of fixations. Additional analysis of salience revealed that during problem solving, individuals of differing MRA attended to different features of the block images; suggesting that eye movements directed at salient features may contribute to differences in mental rotations ability, and may ultimately serve to predict success in anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 9: 357-366. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Corps for Research of Instructional and Perceptual Technologies, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Victoria A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Roach
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Graham M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kryklywy
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Corps for Research of Instructional and Perceptual Technologies, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.|Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Derek G V
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Corps for Research of Instructional and Perceptual Technologies, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012399:Rotation; D065855:Spatial Processing; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: 3D structures; dynamic visualization; eye tracking; gaze patterns; gross anatomy education; mental rotation ability; spatial ability; spatial reasoning