title: Botulinum toxin type A induces changes in the chemical coding of substance P-immunoreactive dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons supplying the porcine urinary bladder.
abstract: Botulinum toxin (BTX) is a potent neurotoxin which blocks acetylcholine release from nerve terminals, and therefore leads to cessation of somatic motor and/or parasympathetic transmission. Recently it has been found that BTX also interferes with sensory transmission, thus, the present study was aimed at investigating the neurochemical characterization of substance P-immunoreactive (SP-IR) bladder-projecting sensory neurons (BPSN) after the toxin treatment. Investigated neurons were visualized with retrograde tracing method and their chemical profile was disclosed with double-labelling immunohistochemistry using antibodies against SP, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), galanin (GAL), calbindin (CB), and somatostatin (SOM). In the control group (n = 6), 45% of the total population of BPSN were SP-IR. Nearly half of these neurons co-expressed PACAP or CGRP (45% and 35%, respectively), while co-localization of SP with GAL, nNOS, SOM or CB was found less frequently (3.7%, 1.8%, 1.2%, and 0.7%, respectively). In BTX-treated pigs (n = 6), toxin-injections caused a decrease in the number of SP-IR cells containing CGRP, SOM or CB (16.2%, 0.5%, and 0%, respectively) and a distinct increase in these nerve cells immunopositive to GAL (27.2%). The present study demonstrates that BTX significantly modifies the chemical phenotypes of SP-IR BPSN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, Olsztyn 10-082, Poland. agnieszka.bossowska@uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bossowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, Olsztyn 10-082, Poland. ewa.lepiarczyk@uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lepiarczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, Olsztyn 10-082, Poland. urszula.maslowska@uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mazur
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, Olsztyn 10-082, Poland. pawel.janikiewicz@student.uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Janikiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland. mark@uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Włodzimierz
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Markiewicz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000378:metabolism; D013373:Substance P / Q000378:metabolism*; D034421:Sus scrofa; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000294:innervation*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D013373:Substance P; D013004:Somatostatin; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
keywords: botulinum toxin A; dorsal root ganglia; immunohistochemistry; neurotransmitters; pain; pig; sensory innervation; substance P; urinary bladder