title: Obstructive sleep apnea risk and psychological health among non-Hispanic blacks in the Metabolic Syndrome Outcome (MetSO) cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study assessed associations of depression and anxiety with risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) among non-Hispanic blacks in the Metabolic Syndrome Outcome (MetSO) study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,035 patients participated. ARES™ score ≥6 defined high OSA risk. Moderate depression was defined by a CES-D score ≥16. Moderate anxiety was measured by a BAI score ≥16.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 62 ± 14 years; 70% were female. A total of 93% were diagnosed with hypertension; 61%, diabetes; and 72%, dyslipidemia; 90% were overweight/obese; 33% had a history of heart disease; and 10% had a stroke. Logistic regression analysis, adjusting for age and gender, showed that patients with depression had nearly two-fold increased odds of being at risk for OSA (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.02-2.98, p < 0.05). Patients with anxiety had three-fold increased odds of being at risk for OSA (OR 3.30, 95% CI 2.11-5.15, p < 0.01). After adjusting for marital status and income, patients with anxiety had a 6% increase in OSA risk (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.04-1.09, p < 0.05), but depression was no longer significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that non-Hispanic blacks with metabolic syndrome who experience anxiety and/or depression should be screened for OSA.
authors.affiliation: a Montefiore Medical Center , Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science , Bronx , NY 10467 , USA ;
authors.forename: Mirnova E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ceïde
authors.affiliation: b Center for Healthful Behavior Change (CHBC), Division of Health and Behavior, Department of Population Health , New York University Medical Center , New York , NY 10016 , USA ;
authors.forename: Natasha J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: b Center for Healthful Behavior Change (CHBC), Division of Health and Behavior, Department of Population Health , New York University Medical Center , New York , NY 10016 , USA ;
authors.forename: Azizi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seixas
authors.affiliation: c Department of Community Health and Psychiatry , The University of the West Indies , Mona , Jamaica.
authors.forename: Samantha K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Longman-Mills
authors.affiliation: b Center for Healthful Behavior Change (CHBC), Division of Health and Behavior, Department of Population Health , New York University Medical Center , New York , NY 10016 , USA ;
authors.forename: Girardin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jean-Louis
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012923:Social Class
keywords: Metabolic syndrome; non-Hispanic blacks; obstructive sleep apnea; psychological health