title: The crucial role of PpMYB10.1 in anthocyanin accumulation in peach and relationships between its allelic type and skin color phenotype.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Red coloration of fruit skin is one of the most important traits in peach (Prunus persica), and it is mainly due to the accumulation of anthocyanins. Three MYB10 genes, PpMYB10.1, PpMYB10.2, and PpMYB10.3, have been reported as important regulators of red coloration and anthocyanin biosynthesis in peach fruit. In this study, contribution of PpMYB10.1/2/3 to anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit skin was investigated in the Japanese peach cultivars, white-skinned 'Mochizuki' and red-skinned 'Akatsuki'. We then investigated the relationships between allelic type of PpMYB10.1 and skin color phenotype in 23 Japanese peach cultivars for future establishment of DNA-marker.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the fruit development of 'Mochizuki' and 'Akatsuki', anthocyanin accumulation was observed only in the skin of red 'Akatsuki' fruit in the late ripening stages concomitant with high mRNA levels of the last step gene leading to anthocyanin accumulation, UDP-glucose:flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT). This was also correlated with the expression level of PpMYB10.1. Unlike PpMYB10.1, expression levels of PpMYB10.2/3 were low in the skin of both 'Mochizuki' and 'Akatsuki' throughout fruit development. Moreover, only PpMYB10.1 revealed expression levels associated with total anthocyanin accumulation in the leaves and flowers of 'Mochizuki' and 'Akatsuki'. Introduction of PpMYB10.1 into tobacco increased the expression of tobacco UFGT, resulting in higher anthocyanin accumulation and deeper red transgenic tobacco flowers; however, overexpression of PpMYB10.2/3 did not alter anthocyanin content and color of transgenic tobacco flowers when compared with wild-type flowers. Dual-luciferase assay showed that the co-infiltration of PpMYB10.1 with PpbHLH3 significantly increased the activity of PpUFGT promoter. We also found close relationships of two PpMYB10.1 allelic types, MYB10.1-1/MYB10.1-2, with the intensity of red skin coloration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We showed that PpMYB10.1 is a major regulator of anthocyanin accumulation in red-skinned peach and that it activates PpUFGT transcription. PpMYB10.2/3 may be involved in functions other than anthocyanin accumulation in peach. The peach cultivars having two MYB10.1-2 types resulted in the white skin color. By contrast, those with two MYB10.1-1 or MYB10.1-1/MYB10.1-2 types showed respective red or pale red skin color. These findings contribute to clarifying the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation and generating gene-based markers linked to skin color phenotypes.
authors.affiliation: NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605, Japan. tuanpham6885@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Pham Anh
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Tuan
authors.affiliation: NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605, Japan. songlingbai@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Songling
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605, Japan. yaegaki@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yaegaki
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Agriculture, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, 1174-1 Koda-Oki, Akaiwa, Okayama, 709-0801, Japan. takayuki_tamura@pref.okayama.lg.jp.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Agriculture, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, 1174-1 Koda-Oki, Akaiwa, Okayama, 709-0801, Japan. seisuke_hihara@pref.okayama.lg.jp.
authors.forename: Seisuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hihara
authors.affiliation: NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605, Japan. takaya@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Takaya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moriguchi
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture Forestry, and Fisheries, 7549-1 Yoshikawa, Kibi-chou, Okayama, 716-1241, Japan. oda@bio-ribs.com.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oda
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005638:Fruit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D010641:Phenotype; D010858:Pigmentation; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000068239:Prunus persica / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors