title: Effect of sonic stimulation on Bacillus endospore germination.
abstract: This study investigates the effect of sonic stimulation on Bacillus endospore germination. Germinating endospores in a microtiter plate were exposed to audible sound wave generated by an array of piezoelectric transducers. In situ germination kinetics was measured by terbium-dipicolinate fluorescence assay, optical density measurement and phase contrast microscopy. Fluorescence results revealed that sonic stimulation (5 kHz at 90 dB) promoted the germination speed by 43.7% ± 11.3% and final germination level by 61.7% ± 11.9% of Bacillus atrophaeus. This acoustic energy absorbed by endospores is postulated to change membrane permeability and increase enzyme activities; thereby, expediting the germination process. This also raises the likelihood of dormant endospores undergoing germination because of a rapid release of unidentified chemical mediators for quorum sensing. On the other hand, acoustic effect was not observed in B. subtilis endospores. This may be attributed to the different spore aspect ratio, 1.43 ± 0.05 for B. atrophaeus and 2.02 ± 0.08 for B. subtilis, which results in a difference in specific absorption rates towards audible sound waves. Our results demonstrate the modulation of endospore germination by an external field to shed light on germination mechanism and cell-wave interaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China sililiu2007@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Si Li
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Wen Jie
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Pun To
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Yung
mesh_terms: D001407:Bacillus / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005470:Fluorometry; D008858:Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; D013010:Sonication; D013016:Sound; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000528:radiation effects*
keywords: acoustic stimulation; cell response to physical fields; endospore germination; long-distance cell communication