title: Facial artery perforator flap for reconstruction of perinasal defects: An anatomical study and clinical application.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The concept of the facial artery perforator flap was developed for improved freedom during the reconstruction of perioral and perinasal defects. This flap enables tailor-made reconstruction and a shift from the traditional two-stage procedure to a one-stage technique. In this cadaveric study, the authors quantify the number, length, and diameter of facial artery perforators (FAPs) and present their clinical experience with the FAP flap.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors performed 20 dissections of facial arteries (FAs). All FAPs greater than 0.5 mm were dissected to study the number, length, and diameter of FAPs. In addition, the authors report a case series of 15 perinasal defect reconstruction procedures performed using facial artery-based perforator flap.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 125 FAPs were dissected. We identified a mean of six FAPs per hemiface (range five to eight). The average length of all FAPs was 17.6 ± 1.9 mm, and the mean diameter of the FAPs was 0.91 ± 0.2. Fifteen patients underwent a perinasal defect reconstruction using a FAP flap with good aesthetic and functional results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The following study thus improves our understanding of FAP anatomy and clinical application and will enable the nasolabial fold to become the area where perinasal defect reconstruction using perforator flaps is performed.
authors.affiliation: Service de Chirurgie Réparatrice et de la Main, CHU de Nice, Nice, France; Laboratoire d'Anatomie humaine, Faculté de Médecine de Nice, France; UMR E-4320 MATOs CEA/iBEB/SBTN-CAL, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculté de Médecine Nice, France. Electronic address: camuzard.olivier@hotmail.fr.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Camuzard
authors.affiliation: Service de Chirurgie Réparatrice et de la Main, CHU de Nice, Nice, France.
authors.forename: Rémi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foissac
authors.affiliation: Service de Chirurgie Réparatrice et de la Main, CHU de Nice, Nice, France.
authors.forename: Charalambos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Anatomie humaine, Faculté de Médecine de Nice, France.
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Andot
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Anatomie humaine, Faculté de Médecine de Nice, France.
authors.forename: Florent
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alcaraz
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Anatomie humaine, Faculté de Médecine de Nice, France.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baqué
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Anatomie humaine, Faculté de Médecine de Nice, France; Service de Traumatologie, CHU de Nice, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bronsard
authors.affiliation: Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Nice, France.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poissonnet
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000637:transplantation*; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery; D006257:Head / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D061525:Perforator Flap / Q000098:blood supply*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply
keywords: Cadaveric study; Facial artery; Facial artery perforator; Facial artery perforator flap; Facial reconstruction; Latex injection