title: Toxicokinetics of Ag in the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus exposed to Ag NPs and AgNO₃ via soil and food.
abstract: Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been used in numerous consumer products and may enter the soil through the land application of biosolids. However, little is known about the relationship between Ag NP exposure and their bioavailability for soil organisms. This study aims at comparing the uptake and elimination kinetics of Ag upon exposures to different Ag forms (NPs and ionic Ag (as AgNO3)) in the isopod Porcellionides pruinosus. Isopods were exposed to contaminated Lufa 2.2 soil or alder leaves as food. Uptake and elimination rate constants for soil exposure did not significantly differ between Ag NPs and ionic Ag at 30 and 60 mg Ag/kg. For dietary exposure, the uptake rate constant was up to 5 times higher for Ag NPs than for AgNO3, but this was related to feeding activity and exposure concentrations, while no difference in the elimination rate constants was found. When comparing both routes, dietary exposure resulted in lower Ag uptake rate constants but elimination rate constants did not differ. A fast Ag uptake was observed from both routes and most of the Ag taken up seemed not to be eliminated. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence showed Ag in the S-cells of the hepatopancreas, thus supporting the observations from the kinetic experiment (i.e. low elimination). In addition, our results show that isopods have an extremely high Ag accumulation capacity, suggesting the presence of an efficient Ag storage compartment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal. paulatourinho@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Paula S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Tourinho
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelis A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: van Gestel
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Biosciences, BIOSI 1, University of Cardiff, P.O. Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK.
authors.forename: A John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Biosciences, BIOSI 1, University of Cardiff, P.O. Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kille
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Oxford University, Begbroke Science Park, Sandy Lane Yarnton, Oxford, OX5 1PF, UK.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jurkschat
authors.affiliation: Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK.
authors.forename: J Fred W
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mosselmans
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Amadeu M V M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loureiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D033321:Isopoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D011174:Portugal; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity*; D012835:Silver Nitrate / Q000633:toxicity*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D066007:Toxicokinetics
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D012834:Silver; D012835:Silver Nitrate
keywords: Ag nanoparticles; Bioaccumulation; Exposure route; Isopods; Synchrotron