title: Risk Factors for Anxiety in Major Depressive Disorder Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the sociodemographic and clinical factors related to anxiety in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study involved a secondary analysis of data obtained from the Diagnostic Assessment Service for People with Bipolar Disorders in China (DASP), which was initiated by the Chinese Society of Psychiatry (CSP) and conducted from September 1, 2010 to February 28, 2011. Based on the presence or absence of anxiety-related characteristics, 1,178 MDD patients were classified as suffering from anxious depression (n=915) or non-anxious depression (n=263), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the non-anxious group, the anxious-depression group had an older age at onset (t=-4.39, p<0.001), were older (t=-4.69, p＜0.001), reported more lifetime depressive episodes (z=-3.24, p=0.001), were more likely to experience seasonal depressive episodes (χ(2)=6.896, p=0.009) and depressive episodes following stressful life events (χ2=59.350, p <0.001), and were more likely to have a family history of psychiatric disorders (χ(2)=6.091, p=0.014). Their positive and total scores on the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) and the 32-item Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32) (p<0.05) were also lower. The logistic regression analysis indicated that age (odds ratio [OR]=1.03, p<0.001), a lower total MDQ score (OR=0.94, p=0.011), depressive episodes following stressful life events (OR=3.04, p<0.001), and seasonal depressive episodes (OR=1.75, p=0.039) were significantly associated with anxious depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that older age, fewer subclinical bipolar features, an increased number of depressive episodes following stressful life events, and seasonal depressive episodes may be risk factors for anxiety-related characteristics in patients with MDD.
authors.affiliation: Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital).|Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Li-Min
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.affiliation: Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhen-Peng
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Suo-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Da-Fang
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Fu-De
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Center, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Ru
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Division of Mood Disorders, Shenzhen Mental Health Centre, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Chen
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: The First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Yu
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Chun
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Bei
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital).
authors.forename: Tian-Mei
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Si
keywords: Anxiety; Depressive disorder; Risk factors