title: Integrating smoking cessation into routine care in hospitals--a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of a pharmacist-led multi-component smoking cessation programme (GIVE UP FOR GOOD) compared with usual care in hospitalized smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, assessor-blinded, parallel-group trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three tertiary public hospitals in Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 600 adult in-patient smokers [mean ± standard deviation (SD), age 51 ± 14 years; 64% male] available for 12 months follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multi-component hospital pharmacist-led behavioural counselling and/or pharmacotherapy provided during hospital stay, on discharge and 1 month post-discharge, with further support involving community health professionals (n = 300). Usual care comprised routine care provided by hospitals (n = 300).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two primary end-points were tested using intention-to-treat analysis: carbon monoxide (CO)-validated 1-month sustained abstinence at 6-month follow-up and verified 6-month sustained abstinence at 12-month follow-up. Smoking status and pharmacotherapy usage were assessed at baseline, discharge, 1, 6 and 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sustained abstinence rates for intervention and control groups were not significantly different at both 6 months [11.6% (34 of 294) versus 12.6% (37 of 294); odds ratio (OR) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.55-1.50] and 12 months [11.6% (34 of 292) versus 11.2% (33 of 294); OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.63-1.73]. Secondary end-points, self-reported continuous abstinence at 6 and 12 months, also agreed with the primary end-points. Use of pharmacotherapy was higher in the intervention group, both during hospital stay [52.3% (157 of 300) versus 42.7% (128 of 300); P = 0.016] and after discharge [59.6% (174 of 292) versus 43.5% (128 of 294); P < 0.001].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A pharmacist-led multi-component smoking cessation intervention provided during hospital stay did not improve sustained abstinence rates at either 6 or 12 months compared with routine hospital care.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bonevski
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Department, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|Pharmacy Department, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|Clinical Haematology Department, The Alfred, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|Pharmacy Department, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Weeks
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|Pharmacy Department, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dooley
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: George
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D003376:Counseling; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D015397:Program Evaluation; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Hospitals; pharmacists; randomized controlled trial; smoking cessation