title: Correlation Between the Position of the Hyoid Bone on Lateral Cephalographs and Formant Frequencies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to examine the F1, F2, F3, and F4 during sustained vowels /ɑ/, /i/, /o/, /u/.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two consecutive patients aged between 9 years and 38 years were invited to participate in this study. Linear measurements included linear vertical distance from the hyoid bone to the sella turcica (H-S); linear vertical distance from the hyoid bone to the posterior nasal spine (H-PNS); linear measure from the hyoid bone to the most anterior point of the cervical vertebra C3 (H-C3); and linear vertical distance from the hyoid bone to the mandibular plane (H-MP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed a moderate and statistically significant correlation between the average fundamental frequency for the vowel /ɑ/ and H-C3, H-S, and H-PNS and another moderate negative correlation between F3 and F4, and the vertical position of the hyoid bone H-C3 and H-S. For the vowel /i/, there was a moderate negative correlation between F1, F3, and F4 and H-S and also a moderate negative correlation between F3 and F4 and H-C3. For the vowel /o/, there was a moderate negative correlation between F4 and H-S and H-PNS. For the vowel /u/, only F4 correlated significantly with H-S.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a moderate correlation between the high formants, mostly F4, and the cephalo-caudal position of the hyoid bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Division, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Anthony T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Macari
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ziade
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan.
authors.forename: Zaahir
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Turfe
authors.affiliation: American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Alissar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chidiac
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Elie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon. Electronic address: ah77@aub.edu.lb.
authors.forename: Abdul-Latif
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hamdan
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D010699:Phonation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019291:Skull Base / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013997:Time Factors; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Formants; Hyoid bone; Lateral Cephalograph; Pitch; Vowel