title: Sini powder () decoction alleviates mood disorder of insomnia by regulating cation-chloride cotransporters in hippocampus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the mechanism of Sini Powder () decoction (SND) in the treatment of insomnia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, model, SND-treated, and Estazolamtreated groups (n=15 in each group). Sleep deprivation (SD) rat model was established using the modifified multiple platform method for 14 h per day for 14 days, and the behavior of the rats were observed. Na-K-Cl-cotransporter (NKCC1) and K+/Cl-cotransporter (KCC2) in the hippocampus were tested by immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SD rats displayed anxiety-like behavior, which was alleviated by SND. The protein expressions of NKCC1 and KCC2 in the hippocampus were signifificantly decreased in SD rats compared with those in control rats (P<0.05); these proteins were signifificantly increased by SND (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of KCC2 was signifificantly decreased in SD rats (0.62±0.35 vs. 2.29±0.56; P=0.044), while SND showed a tendency to increase the mRNA of KCC2 in SD rats (P>0.05). By contrast, the mRNA expression of NKCC1 was signifificantly increased in the hippocampus of SD rats (6.58±1.54 vs. 2.82±0.32; P=0.011), while SND decreased the mRNA expression of NKCC1 (6.58±1.54 vs. 2.79±0.81; P=0.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chinese medicine SND could alleviate mood disorder of SD rats by regulating cation-chloride cotransporters, such as NKCC1 and KCC2. These fifindings would have major implications in the mechanism of SND to relieve insomnia.
authors.affiliation: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China. lifeng95@sina.vip.com.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100091, China.
authors.forename: Xu-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Feng-Zhi
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Beijng Science and Technology Publishing Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100035, China.
authors.forename: Shi-Jing
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Yang
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Chen-Xia
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Xue
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Yue-Han
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Zhuo-Yun
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100091, China.
authors.forename: Feng-Yun
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100091, China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kang
keywords: K+/Cl- cotransporter; Na-K-Cl-cotransporter; Sini Powder; insomnia; mood disorder