title: Human Parasites in Medieval Europe: Lifestyle, Sanitation and Medical Treatment.
abstract: Parasites have been infecting humans throughout our evolution. However, not all people suffered with the same species or to the same intensity throughout this time. Our changing way of life has altered the suitability of humans to infection by each type of parasite. This analysis focuses upon the evidence for parasites from archaeological excavations at medieval sites across Europe. Comparison between the patterns of infection in the medieval period allows us to see how changes in sanitation, herding animals, growing and fertilizing crops, the fishing industry, food preparation and migration all affected human susceptibility to different parasites. We go on to explore how ectoparasites may have spread infectious bacterial diseases, and also consider what medieval medical practitioners thought of parasites and how they tried to treat them. While modern research has shown the use of a toilet decreases the risk of contracting certain intestinal parasites, the evidence for past societies presented here suggests that the invention of latrines had no observable beneficial effects upon intestinal health. This may be because toilets were not sufficiently ubiquitous until the last century, or that the use of fresh human faeces for manuring crops still ensured those parasite species were easily able to reinfect the population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Electronic address: pdm39@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Piers D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005398:Fisheries; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style / Q000266:history; D010271:Parasites / Q000502:physiology; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000266:history* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D012499:Sanitation / Q000266:history
keywords: Dysentery; Ectoparasites; Helminths; Human evolution; Infectious diseases; Latrine; Medical history; Palaeoparasitology; Palaeopathology; Plague