title: Fermentation of bioactive solid lipid nanoparticles by human gut microflora.
abstract: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) can be used for oral delivery of phenolic compounds in order to protect them from the harsh conditions of digestion and improve their bioavailability in the intestinal epithelium. Recently, the production and characterization of SLNs loaded with rosmarinic acid (RA) and herbal extracts was performed for future use as functional food ingredients. Diet components have been shown to have a huge impact on gut microbiota viability and metabolic activity. Hence, SLNs loaded with RA, sage and savoury extracts have been evaluated for their effect on intestinal microbiota growth and the metabolic products generated. Fermentations in anaerobic batch cultures using volunteer human faeces were performed during 24 h. Dynamic bacterial population changes were analysed using PCR-real time, as well as the generation of fatty acids and the quantification of phenolic compounds by analytical methods. Solid lipid nanoparticles released phenolic compounds at non-inhibitory bacterial growth concentrations. Released herbal extract phenolic compounds showed a beneficial effect on gut microbiota growth (e.g. bifidogenic effects) and were used as substrates. Acetate, formate, lactate and butyrate were produced in higher concentrations. The released phenolic compounds also induced PUFA and trans fatty acids metabolic activity, the production of saturated fatty acids, as well of potential beneficial conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Solid lipid nanoparticles modulate gut microbiota and metabolic activities.
authors.affiliation: CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal. rmadureira@porto.ucp.pt.
authors.forename: Ana Raquel
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Madureira
authors.affiliation: CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal. rmadureira@porto.ucp.pt.
authors.forename: Débora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal. rmadureira@porto.ucp.pt.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gullon
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Cláudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal. rmadureira@porto.ucp.pt.
authors.forename: Luís M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Alcalá
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal and CINTESIS, Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Conceição
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Calhau
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.affiliation: CINTESIS, Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal and CICS, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences-North, CESPU, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarmento
authors.affiliation: CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal. rmadureira@porto.ucp.pt.
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal. rmadureira@porto.ucp.pt.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pintado
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005285:Fermentation; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014280:Triglycerides; D014885:Waxes
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D014885:Waxes; C009683:witepsol; C026344:carnauba wax