title: The genetic landscape of the epileptic encephalopathies of infancy and childhood.
abstract: Epileptic encephalopathies of infancy and childhood comprise a large, heterogeneous group of severe epilepsies characterised by several seizure types, frequent epileptiform activity on EEG, and developmental slowing or regression. The encephalopathies include many age-related electroclinical syndromes with specific seizure types and EEG features. With the molecular revolution, the number of known monogenic determinants underlying the epileptic encephalopathies has grown rapidly. De-novo dominant mutations are frequently identified; somatic mosaicism and recessive disorders are also seen. Several genes can cause one electroclinical syndrome, and, conversely, one gene might be associated with phenotypic pleiotropy. Diverse genetic causes and molecular pathways have been implicated, involving ion channels, and proteins needed for synaptic, regulatory, and developmental functions. Gene discovery provides the basis for neurobiological insights, often showing convergence of mechanistic pathways. These findings underpin the development of targeted therapies, which are essential to improve the outcome of these devastating disorders.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McTague
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Neurosciences Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Katherine B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: J Helen
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Manju A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kurian
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Electronic address: scheffer@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ingrid E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Scheffer
mesh_terms: D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant