title: Ultrasonographic reproductive tract measures and pelvis measures as predictors of pregnancy failure and anestrus in restricted bred beef heifers.
abstract: Previous reports have shown that reproductive tract score (RTS) can predict reproduction outcomes in seasonally bred beef heifers, although the accuracy can vary. Some ultrasonographic measures of the female reproductive tract and pelvis area have also been associated with reproductive outcome in young heifers. The objectives of this study were to determine which transrectal ultrasound or pelvis measures taken at a single examination are independent predictors of reproductive failure and whether the RTS system can be optimized with this information. In this observational study, year-old beef heifers (n = 488) in 2 birth cohorts were followed from just before the first breeding until confirmation of pregnancy. A single pre-breeding examination included body condition score, RTS, ultrasound measures of the reproductive tract (length and diameter of the left and right ovaries, presence and diameter of a CL, largest follicle diameter and left uterus horn diameter) and transverse and vertical diameters of the pelvis. Additional farm records including dam parity, sire, birth weight and birth date, weaning weight, weaning date, prebreeding body weight, AI dates, and semen used were available. Breeding consisted of 50 days of AI, followed 5 to 7 days later by a 42-day bull breeding period. Pregnancy failure was defined as the failure to become pregnant after the AI and bull breeding periods, while anestrus was defined as the failure to be detected in estrus during the 50-day AI period. From the prebreeding data and farm records, independent predictors of pregnancy failure and anestrus were identified using stepwise reduction in multiple logistic regression models. Age at the onset of breeding was the only consistent independent predictor of pregnancy failure and anestrus in both cohorts of this study (P < 0.05). Body condition score, uterus horn diameter, absence of a CL, largest follicle of less than 13 mm, and pelvis area (PA) were the prebreeding examination variables that remained in prognostic models (P < 0.1). Combining either the model based on the 3 remaining ultrasound measures or RTS with PA provided more accurate prognostic models for pregnancy failure and anestrus than using RTS alone (P < 0.05). It is concluded that ultrasound measures have prognostic value for pregnancy failure in restricted bred yearling heifers as a result of their association with anestrus, and that smaller PA has additional prognostic value for poorly performing heifers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa. Electronic address: dietmar.holm@up.ac.za.
authors.forename: Dietmar E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nielen
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ruurd
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jorritsma
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Irons
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000780:Anestrus; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010053:Ovary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000662:veterinary*; D011379:Prognosis; D012621:Seasons; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014599:Uterus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
keywords: Beef cattle; Fertility; Heifer selection; Pelvis area; Reproductive tract score; Ultrasonography