title: Multiple biomarkers biosensor with just-in-time functionalization: Application to prostate cancer detection.
abstract: We present a novel lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device for the simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers using simple voltage measurements. The biosensor functionalization is performed in-situ, immediately before its use, facilitating reagents storage and massive devices fabrication. Sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) are tunable depending on the in-chip flown sample volumes. As a proof-of-concept, the system has been tested and adjusted to quantify two proteins found in blood that are susceptible to be used combined, as a screening tool, to diagnose prostate cancer (PCa): prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and spondin-2 (SPON2). This combination of biomarkers has been reported to be more specific for PCa diagnostics than the currently accepted but rather controversial PSA indicator. The range of detection for PSA and SPON2 could be adjusted to the clinically relevant range of 1 to 10 ng/ml. The system was tested for specificity to the evaluated biomarkers. This multiplex system can be modified and adapted to detect a larger quantity of biomarkers, or different ones, of relevance to other specific diseases.
authors.affiliation: Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Department of Electronics, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Parra-Cabrera
authors.affiliation: Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Department of Electronics, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: jsamitier@ibecbarcelona.eu.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samitier
authors.affiliation: Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Department of Electronics, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: antoni.homs@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Homs-Corbera
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000097:blood; D003199:Computer Systems; D003217:Conductometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000295:instrumentation; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D008297:Male; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C122166:SPON2 protein, human; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: Adjustable sensing; Impedance measurements; In situ functionalization; Microfluidics; Prostate specific antigen; Self-assembled monolayers