title: Mapping murine diabetic kidney disease using chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI.
abstract: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of renal failure; however, current clinical tests are insufficient for assessing this disease. DN is associated with changes in renal metabolites, so we evaluated the utility of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging to detect changes characteristic of this disease.
  
  
  
  Sensitivity of CEST imaging at 7 Tesla to DN was evaluated by imaging diabetic mice [db/db, db/db endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-/-] that show different levels of nephropathy as well as by longitudinal imaging (8 to 24 weeks). Nondiabetic (db/m) mice were used as controls.
  
  
  
  Compared with nondiabetic mice, the CEST contrasts of hydroxyl metabolites that correspond to glucose and glycogen were significantly increased in papilla (P), inner medulla (IM), and outer medulla (OM) in db/db and db/db eNOS-/- kidneys at 16 weeks. The db/db eNOS-/- mice that showed advanced nephropathy exhibited greater CEST effects in OM and significant CEST contrasts were also observed in cortex. Longitudinally, db/db mice exhibited progressive increases in hydroxyl signals in IM+P and OM from 12 to 24 weeks and an increase was also observed in cortex at 24 weeks.
  
  
  
  CEST MRI can be used to measure changes of hydroxyl metabolites in kidney during progression of DN. Magn Reson Med 76:1531-1541, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Tennessee, USA. feng.wang.1@vanderbilt.edu.|Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee, USA. feng.wang.1@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Drexel University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kopylov
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Tennessee, USA.|Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Zhongliang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zu
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Suwan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Tennessee, USA.|Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: C Chad
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Quarles
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Tennessee, USA.|Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee, USA.|Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Raymond C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Takamune
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000378:metabolism*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical
keywords: MRI; chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST); db/db mice; diabetic nephropathy; magnetization transfer (MT); nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE)