title: Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities in immature and mature wheat kernels.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate health benefit-related parameters such as antioxidant contents and antiproliferative activities in immature wheat compared to mature wheat. Immature and mature wheats were harvested 35 and 45 days after the heading date, respectively; steamed immature wheat was also tested. The phenolic, flavonoid and vitamin E contents of immature and steamed immature wheat were compared with those of mature wheat. Additionally, antiproliferative activities against colon cancer cells (HT-29 and Caco-2) and cervical cancer cells (HeLa) were evaluated in three samples. The immature wheat contained higher phenolic and flavonoid contents but lower vitamin E contents than mature wheat. The antioxidant capacity, as measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), was higher in immature wheat than in other samples. In the antiproliferation assays, immature wheat had the lowest EC50 values in HT-29 (39.3 mg/mL) and HeLa (31.4 mg/mL) cells, indicating stronger antiproliferative activity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnamsi 463-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Jeong
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnamsi 463-746, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: sskim@kfri.re.kr.
authors.forename: Sang Sook
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Antioxidant capacity; Cell proliferation; Flavonoid content; Immature wheat; Phenolic content; Vitamin E