title: Shaking the Tree: Multi-locus Sequence Typing Usurps Current Onchocercid (Filarial Nematode) Phylogeny.
abstract: During the past twenty years, a number of molecular analyses have been performed to determine the evolutionary relationships of Onchocercidae, a family of filarial nematodes encompassing several species of medical or veterinary importance. However, opportunities for broad taxonomic sampling have been scarce, and analyses were based mainly on 12S rDNA and coxI gene sequences. While being suitable for species differentiation, these mitochondrial genes cannot be used to infer phylogenetic hypotheses at higher taxonomic levels. In the present study, 48 species, representing seven of eight subfamilies within the Onchocercidae, were sampled and sequences of seven gene loci (nuclear and mitochondrial) analysed, resulting in the hitherto largest molecular phylogenetic investigation into this family. Although our data support the current hypothesis that the Oswaldofilariinae, Waltonellinae and Icosiellinae subfamilies separated early from the remaining onchocercids, Setariinae was recovered as a well separated clade. Dirofilaria, Loxodontofilaria and Onchocerca constituted a strongly supported clade despite belonging to different subfamilies (Onchocercinae and Dirofilariinae). Finally, the separation between Splendidofilariinae, Dirofilariinae and Onchocercinae will have to be reconsidered.
authors.affiliation: Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lefoulon
authors.affiliation: Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Odile
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.affiliation: Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bourret
authors.affiliation: ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Junker
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Biologia de Vectores y Parásitos, Instituto de Zoologia y Ecologia Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Biologia de Vectores y Parásitos, Instituto de Zoologia y Ecologia Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cañizales
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Yuriy
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuzmin
authors.affiliation: Center For Tropical Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl Teknika Utara Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Tri Baskoro T
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Satoto
authors.affiliation: Asociación Peruana de Helmintologia e Invertebrados Afines (APHIA), Peru.
authors.forename: Jorge Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cardenas-Callirgos
authors.affiliation: LTEH ODILE BAIN, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
authors.forename: Sueli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Souza Lima
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Raccurt
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Yasen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mutafchiev
authors.affiliation: Université Montpellier, place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gavotte
authors.affiliation: Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Coralie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005370:Filarioidea / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing / Q000379:methods*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018509:DNA, Helminth