title: Regulation of Type IV Pili Contributes to Surface Behaviors of Historical and Epidemic Strains of Clostridium difficile.
abstract: The intestinal pathogen Clostridium difficile is an urgent public health threat that causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and is a leading cause of fatal nosocomial infections in the United States. C. difficile rates of recurrence and mortality have increased in recent years due to the emergence of so-called "hypervirulent" epidemic strains. A great deal of the basic biology of C. difficile has not been characterized. Recent findings that flagellar motility, toxin synthesis, and type IV pilus (TFP) formation are regulated by cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) reveal the importance of this second messenger for C. difficile gene regulation. However, the function(s) of TFP in C. difficile remains largely unknown. Here, we examine TFP-dependent phenotypes and the role of c-di-GMP in controlling TFP production in the historical 630 and epidemic R20291 strains of C. difficile. We demonstrate that TFP contribute to C. difficile biofilm formation in both strains, but with a more prominent role in R20291. Moreover, we report that R20291 is capable of TFP-dependent surface motility, which has not previously been described in C. difficile. The expression and regulation of the pilA1 pilin gene differs between R20291 and 630, which may underlie the observed differences in TFP-mediated phenotypes. The differences in pilA1 expression are attributable to greater promoter-driven transcription in R20291. In addition, R20291, but not 630, upregulates c-di-GMP levels during surface-associated growth, suggesting that the bacterium senses its substratum. The differential regulation of surface behaviors in historical and epidemic C. difficile strains may contribute to the different infection outcomes presented by these strains.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  How Clostridium difficile establishes and maintains colonization of the host bowel is poorly understood. Surface behaviors of C. difficile are likely relevant during infection, representing possible interactions between the bacterium and the intestinal environment. Pili mediate bacterial interactions with various surfaces and contribute to the virulence of many pathogens. We report that type IV pili (TFP) contribute to biofilm formation by C. difficile. TFP are also required for surface motility, which has not previously been demonstrated for C. difficile. Furthermore, an epidemic-associated C. difficile strain showed higher pilin gene expression and greater dependence on TFP for biofilm production and surface motility. Differences in TFP regulation and their effects on surface behaviors may contribute to increased virulence in recent epidemic strains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Erin B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Purcell
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.affiliation: Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bordeleau
authors.affiliation: Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Burrus
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA rita_tamayo@med.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tamayo
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018441:Biofilms; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification* / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D010861:Fimbriae, Bacterial / Q000145:classification* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins