title: Brachial Low-Flow-Mediated Constriction is Associated with Delayed Brachial Flow-Mediated Dilation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery measures the ability of the artery to dilate after a forearm ischemia lasting for 5 min. During ischemia, and therefore in conditions of low flow, constriction of the brachial artery (L-FMC) has sometimes been reported. The meaning of L-FMC is still unclear. The aims of our study were to establish the prevalence of subjects with L-FMC, to determine whether the magnitude of L-FMC correlates with magnitude of FMD, and to determine whether L-FMC can be used to predict FMD timing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 179 outpatients were studied, and the brachial artery diameter was measured every minute during the 5 min forearm ischemia. Subjects who had at least one measurement showing a constriction of ＞ 1% during ischemia were defined as constrictors. FMD was evaluated at 50 s, 2 min, and 3 min after cuff release. On the basis of time, the subjects in whom maximal dilation had occurred were divided into Early, Late, or No dilators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The brachial artery diameter of 70 subjects (39%) constricted during ischemia. Higher the constriction during ischemia, lower was the dilation after ischemia. Constrictors were more likely to have Late (OR 2.6; ICs 95% 1.19-5.81, p=0.02) or No dilation (OR 4.8; ICs 95% 1.90-12-16, p=0.02) compared with no constrictors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study reveals that almost 40% of the subjects had brachial artery L-FMC and a more pronounced constriction during ischemia correlated with a lower dilation after ischemia. Finally, the prevalence of subjects showing L-FMC was significantly higher among subjects with delayed or no vasodilation, suggesting that L-FMC may be a marker of endothelial dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; "Magna Græcia" University.
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Irace
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tripolino
authors.forename: Faustina Barbara
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Scavelli
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carallo
authors.forename: Agostino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gnasso
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005542:Forearm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology*