title: Effects of electromagnetic fields from mobile phones on depression and anxiety after titanium mesh cranioplasty among patients with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the effects of radiofrequency-electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) from mobile phones on depression and anxiety after titanium mesh cranioplasty among patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and twenty patients with TBI and titanium mesh cranioplasty who were hospitalized from 2008-2012 were recruited in this study. From November-December 2012, the relevant information was surveyed including socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle variables, injury-related information, RF-EMF exposure of mobile phone, Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). Associations of RF-EMFs exposure after titanium mesh cranioplasty with SAS and SDS were respectively estimated by multivariable linear regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients with long durations of mobile phone use (β = -6.6, p = 0.002), long individual call duration (β = -5.3, p = 0.012), more daily calls (β = -3.6, p = 0.027), invariably answer call immediately (β = -3.9, p = 0.022) and high comprehensive exposure level (β = -4.8, p = 0.003) had a lower score of depression compared with those without a mobile phone. Moreover, an ipsilateral and contralateral answering phone enhanced the protective effect on depression. Individuals with a long duration of mobile phone use had a lower score of anxiety (β = -4.2, p = 0.008), while those with a bilateral answering phone had higher anxiety (β = 3.9, p = 0.012) in comparison to those without a mobile phone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RF-EMFs after cranioplasty were significantly associated with the lower risk of depression and anxiety status among patients with TBI. Chronic and frequent RF-EMFs exposure may improve psychiatric disorders among patients with TBI.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P.R. China .
authors.forename: Yongjian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: b Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P.R. China , and.|c Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: b Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P.R. China , and.|c Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P.R. China .
authors.forename: Deqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: b Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P.R. China , and.|c Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zheyuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P.R. China .
authors.forename: Zhuxiao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P.R. China .
authors.forename: Liangliang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: b Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P.R. China , and.|c Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yunxian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology*; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D040421:Cell Phone; D056424:Decompressive Craniectomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011846:Radio Waves; D012307:Risk Factors; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium
keywords: Anxiety; cranioplasty; depression; electromagnetic; mobile phone; traumatic brain injury