title: Extent of Contrast Enhancement on Non-Enhanced Computed Tomography after Intra-Arterial Thrombectomy for Acute Infarction on Anterior Circulation: As a Predictive Value for Malignant Brain Edema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the use of contrast enhancement (especially its extent) predicts malignant brain edema after intra-arterial thrombectomy (IAT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent IAT for occlusion of the internal carotid artery or the middle cerebral artery between January 2012 and March 2015. To estimate the extent of contrast enhancement (CE), we used the contrast enhancement area ratio (CEAR)-i.e., the ratio of the CE to the area of the hemisphere, as noted on immediate non-enhanced brain computed tomography (NECT) post-IAT. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the CEAR values being either greater than or less than 0.2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 39 patients were included. Contrast enhancement was found in 26 patients (66.7%). In this subgroup, the CEAR was greater than 0.2 in 7 patients (18%) and less than 0.2 in the other 19 patients (48.7%). On univariate analysis, both CEAR ≥0.2 and the presence of subarachnoid hemorrhage were significantly associated with progression to malignant brain edema (p<0.001 and p=0.004), but on multivariate analysis, only CEAR ≥0.2 showed a statistically significant association (p=0.019). In the group with CEAR ≥0.2, the time to malignant brain edema was shorter (p=0.039) than in the group with CEAR <0.2. Clinical functional outcomes, based on the modified Rankin scale, were also significantly worse in patients with CEAR ≥0.2 (p=0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extent of contrast enhancement as noted on NECT scans obtained immediately after IAT could be predictive of malignant brain edema and a poor clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Cheongju St. Mary's Hospitial, Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Yoon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Cheongju St. Mary's Hospitial, Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Seong Yeol
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Cheongju St. Mary's Hospitial, Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Ju
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Cheongju St. Mary's Hospitial, Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Cheongju St. Mary's Hospitial, Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Cheongju St. Mary's Hospitial, Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Koo
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Brain edema; Computed tomography; Mechanical thrombectomy; Stroke