title: Structure of the lepidopteran proboscis in relation to feeding guild.
abstract: Most butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) use modified mouthparts, the proboscis, to acquire fluids. We quantified the proboscis architecture of five butterfly species in three families to test the hypothesis that proboscis structure relates to feeding guild. We used scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the fine structure of the proboscis of both sexes and to quantify dimensions, cuticular patterns, and the shapes and sizes of sensilla and dorsal legulae. Sexual dimorphism was not detected in the proboscis structure of any species. A hierarchical clustering analysis of overall proboscis architecture reflected lepidopteran phylogeny, but did not produce a distinct group of flower visitors or of puddle visitors within the flower visitors. Specific characters of the proboscis, nonetheless, can indicate flower and nonflower visitors, such as the configuration of sensilla styloconica, width of the lower branches of dorsal legulae, presence or absence of dorsal legulae at the extreme apex, and degree of proboscis tapering. We suggest that the overall proboscis architecture of Lepidoptera reflects a universal structural organization that promotes fluid uptake from droplets and films. On top of this fundamental structural organization, we suggest that the diversity of floral structure has selected for structural adaptations that facilitate entry of the proboscis into floral tubes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University at Stark, North Canton, Ohio, 44720.|Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lehnert
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634.
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Beard
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634.
authors.forename: Patrick D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gerard
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634.
authors.forename: Konstantin G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Kornev
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634.
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Adler
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D002080:Butterflies / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D009055:Mouth / Q000648:ultrastructure; D058618:Sensilla / Q000648:ultrastructure
keywords: butterfly; flower visiting; fluid uptake; mouthparts; nectar feeding; sap feeding