title: Effect of family structure and TPH2 G-703T on the stability of dysregulation profile throughout adolescence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two different polymorphisms (TPH2 G-703T and 5-HTTLPR) involved in the serotonergic pathway have been reported to play a role, both alone and in interaction with the environment, in early and adult emotion regulation. As most of these studies are cross-sectional, we know little about the impact of these polymorphisms over time, particularly during adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Because we were interested in the effects of these polymorphisms and environment (i.e., family structure) at different time-points on the emotional dysregulation profile, we performed a path analysis model in a general adolescent population sample of a five-year follow-up study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a high stability of Dysregulation Profile problems independently from the examined allelic variants. We also found that early family structure directly influences the levels of dysregulation problems in early adolescence, both alone and in interaction with TPH2, suggesting the presence of a gene-environment interaction effect. Furthermore, we found that in adolescents homozygous for the TPH2 G allele, the effect of the early family structure remains active during late adolescence, albeit mediated by earlier emotional problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high attrition rate, the use of only one source on behavioral problems of adolescents, and the focus on a single polymorphism in the investigated genes could limit the generalizability of the present results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that early family structure could play a significant role in the development and maintenance of emotional and behavioral problems not only in early adolescence but also in late-adolescence, although this effect was mediated and moderated by behavioral and genetic variables.
authors.affiliation: Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hermanas Hospitalarias, FoRiPsi, Albese con Cassano, Italy. Electronic address: maria.nobile4@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nobile
authors.affiliation: Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy; Institute of Molecular Imaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Monzani
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Lab, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beri
authors.affiliation: Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellina
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.affiliation: Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.affiliation: Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tesei
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hermanas Hospitalarias, FoRiPsi, Albese con Cassano, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caldirola
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Lab, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giorda
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hermanas Hospitalarias, FoRiPsi, Albese con Cassano, Italy.
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perna
authors.affiliation: Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molteni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000235:genetics*; D000483:Alleles; D005195:Family Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014365:Tryptophan Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C493230:SLC6A4 protein, human; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C494784:TPH2 protein, human; D014365:Tryptophan Hydroxylase
keywords: 5-HTTLPR; Adolescence; Dysregulation profile; Emotional dysregulation; Family structure; TPH2