title: Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons by using a freshwater fern species Azolla filiculoides Lam.
abstract: In this study, the phytoremediation capacity of Azolla filiculoides Lam. for the water resources contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons was investigated. The plants were grown in nitrogen-free Hoagland nutrient solution containing 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5% crude oil under greenhouse conditions for 15 days. Although the growth rate of the plants were not negatively influenced by the presence of crude oil in the media for the concentration of 0.005% and 0.01% v/v, a gradual impeding effect of crude oil in the growth media has been observed at concentrations 0.05-0.1%. More than 0.1% crude oil in the growth medium ostensibly retarded the growth. For example, 0.2% oil in the media reduced growth approximately 50% relative to the control, and the presence of crude oil at concentrations 0.3% or more were lethal. The data about the percentage of plant growth, fresh weight increase and root growth clearly indicated that the tolerance level of A. filiculoides plants to crude oil ranges between 0.1% and 0.2%. In comparison to control samples, the biodegradation rate of total aliphatic and aromatic (phenathrene) hydrocarbons at 0.05-0.2% oil concentrations, was 94-73% and 81-77%, respectively. On the other hand, in case of further increases in oil concentration in media, i.e.; 0.3-0.5%, the biodegradation rate was still higher in the experimental samples, respectively 71-63% and 75-71%. The high biodegradation rates of petroleum hydrocarbons in the experimental samples suggested that A. filiculoides plants could be a promising candidate to be used for the phytoremediation of low crude oil contaminated precious freshwater resources.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Botany , Faculty of Science, Istanbul University , Süleymaniye, Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Taylan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kösesakal
authors.affiliation: a Department of Botany , Faculty of Science, Istanbul University , Süleymaniye, Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Muammer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ünal
authors.affiliation: b Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute (GEBI) The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Marmara Research Center (MRC) , Gebze, Kocaeli , Turkey.
authors.forename: Oktay
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kulen
authors.affiliation: c Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo , Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Abdülrezzak
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Memon
authors.affiliation: b Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute (GEBI) The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Marmara Research Center (MRC) , Gebze, Kocaeli , Turkey.
authors.forename: Bayram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yüksel
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D029624:Ferns / Q000378:metabolism*; D005618:Fresh Water; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism; D010578:Petroleum / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D010578:Petroleum; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: biodegradation; crude oil; freshwater; n-alkanes; phytoremediation