title: Key considerations in scaling up male circumcision in Tanzania: views of the urban residents in Tanzania.
abstract: Male circumcision (MC) reduces the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI) including HIV. The WHO and UNAIDS recommend male circumcision as an additional intervention to prevent HIV infection. Tanzania is embarking on activities to scale up safe male circumcision for HIV prevention and other related health benefits. In line with this, it is crucial to assess views of the population using specific groups. This paper describes perceptions on male circumcision and strategies of enhancing uptake of male circumcision in urban Tanzania using members of the police force. This cross sectional survey was conducted among members of the police force in Dar es Salaam Tanzania from January 2010 to July 2010. The police officer serves as a source of the clinical trial participants in on-going phase I/II HIV vaccine trials. Three hundred and thirteen (313) police officers responded to a self-administered questionnaire that comprised of socio-demographic characteristics, reasons for not circumcising, perceptions regarding circumcision, methods of enhancing male circumcision, communication means and barriers to promote circumcision. This was followed by a physical examination to determine male circumcision status. The prevalence of circumcision was 96%. Most (69%) reported to have been circumcised in the hospital. The reported barriers to male circumcision among adults and children were: anticipation of pain, cost, fear to lose body parts, and lack of advice for adult's circumcision. Sensitization of parents who take children to the reproductive and child health services was recommended by most respondents as the appropriate strategy to promote male circumcision. The least recommended strategy was for the women to sensitize men. Use of radio programs and including male circumcision issues in school curricula as means of enhancing community sensitization regarding male circumcision were also highly recommended. Other recommendations include use of public media, seminars at work and issuance of circumcision regulations by health authorities. In conclusion, the present study reveals male circumcision was common in a selected urban population. There are various barriers and channels of communication regarding male circumcision. In view of scaling male circumcision in Tanzania, use of radio messages, inclusion of male circumcision in the school curricula and sensitization at the reproductive and child health clinics are likely to promote early medical male circumcision.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. joelmfrancis@gmail.com
authors.forename: Joel M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Deodatus
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kakoko
authors.forename: Edith A M
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tarimo
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Munseri
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakari
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sandstrom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002944:Circumcision, Male / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011639:Public Opinion; D013636:Tanzania; D014505:Urban Population