title: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms: a perspective of cardiovascular prevention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  several studies have evaluated the utilization of lipid biomarkers in an attempt to correlate them with clinical cardiovascular events. Nevertheless, the investigation of clinical conditions under specific plasmatic levels of lipoproteins for long periods presents limitations due to inherent difficulties that are related to the follow-up of individuals throughout their lives. Better understanding of the clinical response and occasional resistance to the action of hypolipidemic drugs in several clinic scenarios is also necessary.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to determine the role of evaluation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to the metabolism of lipids, and its implications in different clinical scenarios.
  
  
  METHODS
  a search of the literature in English and Spanish languages was performed in Medline, Lilacs via Bireme, IBECS via Bireme, and Cochrane databases. The expected results included information regarding plasmatic lipid profile and SNPs, cardiovascular clinical outcomes and polymorphisms related to the effectiveness of statins in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  in order to perform this analysis, 19 studies were included from a total of 89 identified citations. The evaluation of the results suggests that low plasmatic levels of LDL-c are associated with a reduction in the risk of heart attacks, although this was not observed for the rise of plasmatic levels of HDL-c.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  polymorphisms in different populations and clinical perspectives may bring important contributions for a better understanding and adequacy of plasmatic lipoproteins aiming at reducing cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme Brasil
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Grezzana
authors.affiliation: Medical Residency Outpatient Clinic, IC, Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Luiz da Costa
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Health Sciences, IC, Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vera Lúcia
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Portal
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors