title: Objectifying "Pain" in the Modern Neurosciences: A Historical Account of the Visualization Technologies Used in the Development of an "Algesiogenic Pathology", 1850 to 2000.
abstract: Particularly with the fundamental works of the Leipzig school of experimental psychophysiology (between the 1850s and 1880s), the modern neurosciences witnessed an increasing interest in attempts to objectify "pain" as a bodily signal and physiological value. This development has led to refined psychological test repertoires and new clinical measurement techniques, which became progressively paired with imaging approaches and sophisticated theories about neuropathological pain etiology. With the advent of electroencephalography since the middle of the 20th century, and through the use of brain stimulation technologies and modern neuroimaging, the chosen scientific route towards an ever more refined "objectification" of pain phenomena took firm root in Western medicine. This article provides a broad overview of landmark events and key imaging technologies, which represent the long developmental path of a field that could be called "algesiogenic pathology."
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences & Department of History, The University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary T2N 4Z6, AB, Canada. fwstahni@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Frank W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Stahnisch
keywords: Leipzig; Montreal; New York; history of medicine; nineteenth century; pain; precursors to functional neuroimaging of pain; twentieth century