title: Use of probabilistic weights to enhance linear regression myoelectric control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinically available prostheses for transradial amputees do not allow simultaneous myoelectric control of degrees of freedom (DOFs). Linear regression methods can provide simultaneous myoelectric control, but frequently also result in difficulty with isolating individual DOFs when desired. This study evaluated the potential of using probabilistic estimates of categories of gross prosthesis movement, which are commonly used in classification-based myoelectric control, to enhance linear regression myoelectric control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gaussian models were fit to electromyogram (EMG) feature distributions for three movement classes at each DOF (no movement, or movement in either direction) and used to weight the output of linear regression models by the probability that the user intended the movement. Eight able-bodied and two transradial amputee subjects worked in a virtual Fitts' law task to evaluate differences in controllability between linear regression and probability-weighted regression for an intramuscular EMG-based three-DOF wrist and hand system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Real-time and offline analyses in able-bodied subjects demonstrated that probability weighting improved performance during single-DOF tasks (p < 0.05) by preventing extraneous movement at additional DOFs. Similar results were seen in experiments with two transradial amputees. Though goodness-of-fit evaluations suggested that the EMG feature distributions showed some deviations from the Gaussian, equal-covariance assumptions used in this experiment, the assumptions were sufficiently met to provide improved performance compared to linear regression control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of probability weights can improve the ability to isolate individual during linear regression myoelectric control, while maintaining the ability to simultaneously control multiple DOFs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering at, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. Center for Bionic Medicine at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kuiken
authors.forename: Levi J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hargrove
mesh_terms: D000674:Amputees; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D011336:Probability