title: The elite cross-country skier provides unique insights into human exercise physiology.
abstract: Successful cross-country skiing, one of the most demanding of endurance sports, involves considerable physiological challenges posed by the combined upper- and lower-body effort of varying intensity and duration, on hilly terrain, often at moderate altitude and in a cold environment. Over the years, this unique sport has helped physiologists gain novel insights into the limits of human performance and regulatory capacity. There is a long-standing tradition of researchers in this field working together with coaches and athletes to improve training routines, monitor progress, and refine skiing techniques. This review summarizes research on elite cross-country skiers, with special emphasis on the studies initiated by Professor Bengt Saltin. He often employed exercise as a means to learn more about the human body, successfully engaging elite endurance athletes to improve our understanding of the demands, characteristics, and specific effects associated with different types of exercise.
authors.affiliation: Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.|Swedish Olympic Committee, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: H-C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Holmberg
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology; D002302:Cardiac Output; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012865:Skiing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: cardiac output; energy; lung; metabolism; muscle; oxygen uptake; physiology; training