title: Tinnitus and cell phones: the role of electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tinnitus is a multifactorial condition and its prevalence has increased on the past decades. The worldwide progressive increase of the use of cell phones has exposed the peripheral auditory pathways to a higher dose of electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation (EMRFR). Some tinnitus patients report that the abusive use of mobiles, especially when repeated in the same ear, might worsen ipsilateral tinnitus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the available evidence about the possible causal association between tinnitus and exposure to electromagnetic waves.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was performed searching for the following keywords: tinnitus, electromagnetic field, mobile phones, radio frequency, and electromagnetic hypersensitivity. We selected 165 articles that were considered clinically relevant in at least one of the subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EMRFR can penetrate exposed tissues and safety exposure levels have been established. These waves provoke proved thermogenic effects and potential biological and genotoxic effects. Some individuals are more sensitive to electromagnetic exposure (electrosensitivity), and thus, present earlier symptoms. There may be a common pathophysiology between this electrosensitivity and tinnitus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are already reasonable evidences to suggest caution for using mobile phones to prevent auditory damage and the onset or worsening of tinnitus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Association for Interdisciplinary Research and Divulgation of Tinnitus, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luisa Nascimento
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Medeiros
authors.affiliation: Association for Interdisciplinary Research and Divulgation of Tinnitus, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: tanitsanchez@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tanit Ganz
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Sanchez
mesh_terms: D040421:Cell Phone; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: Cellular phone; Electromagnetic radiation; Radiação eletromagnética; Telefone celular; Tinnitus; Zumbido