title: Insertion Process of Ceramic Nanoporous Microneedles by Means of a Novel Mechanical Applicator Design.
abstract: Arrays of microneedles (MNAs) are integrated in an out-of-plane fashion with a base plate and can serve as patches for the release of drugs and vaccines. We used soft-lithography and micromolding to manufacture ceramic nanoporous (np)MNAs. Failure modes of ceramic npMNAs are as yet poorly understood and the question remained: is our npMNA platform technology ready for microneedle (MN) assembly into patches? We investigated npMNAs by microindentation, yielding average crack fracture forces above the required insertion force for a single MN to penetrate human skin. We further developed a thumb pressure-actuated applicator-assisted npMNA insertion method, which enables anchoring of MNs in the skin by an adhesive in one handling step. Using a set of simple artificial skin models, we found a puncture efficiency of this insertion method a factor three times higher than by applying thumb pressure on the npMNA base plate directly. In addition, this new method facilitated zero MN-breakage due to a well-defined force distribution exerted onto the MNs and the closely surrounding area prior to bringing the adhesive into contact with the skin. Owing to the fact that such parameter space exists, we can conclude that npMNAs by soft lithography are a platform technology for MN assembly into a patch.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Microsystems Group, Materials Technology Institute (MaTe) and ICMS Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands. x.h.m.hartmann@student.tue.nl.
authors.forename: Xavier H M
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. p.vanderlinde@utwente.nl.|MyLife Technologies B.V., 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands. p.vanderlinde@utwente.nl.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Linde
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Microsystems Group, Materials Technology Institute (MaTe) and ICMS Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands. f.g.a.homburg@tue.nl.
authors.forename: Erik F G A
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Homburg
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polymer Technology Group and Materials Technology Institute (MaTe), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands. l.c.a.v.breemen@tue.nl.
authors.forename: Lambert C A
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: van Breemen
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, Molecular Biosensing for Medical Diagnostics and ICMS Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands. a.m.de.jong@tue.nl.
authors.forename: Arthur M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Microsystems Group, Materials Technology Institute (MaTe) and ICMS Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands. r.luttge@tue.nl.|MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. r.luttge@tue.nl.|MyLife Technologies B.V., 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands. r.luttge@tue.nl.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luttge
keywords: (trans)dermal drug delivery; applicator; ceramic nanoporous microneedles; fracture force; micromolding; microneedle patch; skin insertion; soft lithography; thumb pressure