title: Linking environmental exposure with public health: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane extracted from soils and water of recently exposed communities of selected locations in Zambia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2000, a Zambian private mining company reintroduced the use of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to control malaria in two districts. From 2000 to 2010, DDT had been applied in homes without any studies conducted to ascertain its fate in the environment. We aimed to quantify the presence of DDT and its metabolites in the soil and water around communities where it was recently used.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected superficial soil and water samples from drinking sources of three study areas. DDT was extracted by QuEChERS method and solid phase extraction for soils and water, respectively. Analysis was by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A revalidated method with limits of detection ranging from 0.034 to 0.04 ppb was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median levels of total DDT were found at 100.4 (IQR 90.9-110) and 725.4 ng/L (IQR 540-774.5) for soils and water, respectively. No DDT above detection limits was detected in the reference area. These results are clinically significant given the persistent characteristics of DDT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DDT presence in these media suggests possible limitations in the environmental safeguards during IRS. Such occurrence could have potential effects on humans, especially children; hence, there is a need to further examine possible associations between this exposure and humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Zambia ; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors.forename: Nosiku
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sipilanyambe Munyinda
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Zambia.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michelo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors.forename: Kwenga
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sichilongo
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D015024:Zambia
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003634:DDT