title: Health investment behaviours and oral/gingival health condition, a cross-sectional study among Swedish 19-year olds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that certain individual, environmental and lifestyle factors are positively associated with beneficial health investment behaviours and oral/periodontal health among adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and six randomly selected 19-year old subjects living in two different areas (Fyrbodal and Skaraborg) in the county council of Västra Götaland, Sweden participated in a clinical examination and answered questionnaires covering psycho-social and health behavioural issues. Two oral-health models were estimated with gingivitis score as an objective and self-perceived oral health as a subjective indicator. Three health- investment behaviour models were designed with indicators directly related to oral health and two with indicators related to general health as well. The explanatory variables included gender, upper secondary education programme, native country, living area, general self-efficacy and parents' education level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the objective oral-health model, theoretical studies and living in the Skaraborg area were both positively associated with a lower gingivitis score. For the subjective oral-health indicator, none of the explanatory variables showed statistical significance. In the investment-behaviour model with 'tooth-brushing ≥ 2 times daily' as a health indicator, female gender and theoretical studies showed statistically significant associations. With the indicators 'no/few missed dental appointments', 'no tobacco use' and 'weekly exercise', theoretical studies were statistically significant and positively associated. In the investment model with 'perceived oral health care attention' as an indicator, a high score of general self-efficacy was significantly associated with the feeling of taking good care of the teeth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individual, environmental and lifestyle factors are associated with young individuals' oral health investment behaviours and gingival health conditions.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Sweden ;
authors.forename: Jessica S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ericsson
authors.affiliation: a Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Sweden ;
authors.forename: Jan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wennström
authors.affiliation: b Centre for Health Economics , University of Gothenburg (CHEGU) , Sweden ;|c Department of Health Sciences , Lund University , Lund , Sweden ;|d National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) , Cambridge , MA , USA ;
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindgren
authors.affiliation: e Health Metrics, The Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Sweden ;
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petzold
authors.affiliation: f Department of Behavioral and Community Dentistry, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna-Lena
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Östberg
authors.affiliation: a Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Sweden ;
authors.forename: Kajsa H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Abrahamsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003729:Dental Care; D004522:Educational Status; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009909:Oral Health; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden; D064424:Tobacco Use; D014099:Toothbrushing; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Health behaviour; human capital; oral; periodontal; youth