title: Athletic Trainers' Skills in Identifying and Managing Athletes Experiencing Psychological Distress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Athletic trainers (ATs) commonly use psychological skills during sport rehabilitation. However, little is known about their ability to accurately implement these skills.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess ATs' skills in identifying psychological symptoms, selecting appropriate strategies, and making referral decisions for athletes experiencing various degrees of psychological distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited using the National Athletic Trainers' Association professional member database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 2998 ATs who were selected randomly, 494 (16.5%) partially completed the questionnaire and 326 (10.9%) completed the entire survey (mean age = 34.7 ± 10.8 years, mean years of experience = 11.3 ± 9.9).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Web-based questionnaire created for this study, we collected ATs' demographic information and assessed their perceptions about responsibilities as ATs, psychosocial competencies, training in sport psychology, and referral behaviors. Additionally, respondents were asked to identify symptoms, match psychological strategies (eg, goal setting, imagery, progressive muscle relaxation), and make referral decisions for athletes in 3 case vignettes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ATs demonstrated high accuracy in identifying symptoms and making referral decisions but struggled in selecting appropriate psychosocial strategies for athletes. Stepwise regression analyses revealed that ATs who had had specific coursework in sport psychology were able to more accurately identify symptoms (t = 3.01, P < .01), and those ATs with more experience reported lower accuracy scores for their intended course of action (t  =  -2.25, P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analogue research design provided new insights into ATs' knowledge and use of sport psychology in practice. The results highlighted the importance of coursework focusing on applied areas of sport psychology in the training of ATs.
authors.affiliation: The University of Kentucky, Lexington;
authors.forename: Marc L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cormier
authors.affiliation: The University of Kentucky, Lexington;|West Virginia University, Morgantown.
authors.forename: Sam J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Zizzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013177:Sports / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: assessment; injury psychology; psychosocial strategies