title: Risk factors for granuloma formation in children induced by tracheobronchial foreign bodies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to analyze the risk factors for granuloma formation caused by plant-based tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children, and investigate the underlying pathogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective analysis of 153 cases with tracheobronchial foreign bodies (peanuts and watermelon seeds), 35 cases of granuloma formation as granulation group (G), and 118 cases of no granuloma formation as non-granulation group (NG) were studied. Clinical data pertaining to sex (S), age (A), foreign body surface smoothness (SF), foreign body shape (SH), foreign body oil release state (O), the location of foreign bodies (L), and foreign body retention time (T) were collected for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariate analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups (G and NG) with respect to S, A, SH and L. Significant factors based on univariate analysis included SF, O and T. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that SF and T were independent risk factors associated with development of granuloma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SF, O and T had relationship with the granuloma formation. Local trauma caused by an irregular and sharp foreign body, and extended period of time represent the main factors causing granuloma formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhenghua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Jianya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Lisheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China. Electronic address: liqi71520@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D010367:Arachis; D001980:Bronchi; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000150:complications*; D006099:Granuloma / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009754:Nuts; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012639:Seeds; D014132:Trachea
keywords: Bronchial foreign body; Bronchoscopy; Children; Granuloma formation; Tracheal foreign body