title: The preexposure prophylaxis revolution: from clinical trials to routine practice: implementation view from the USA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article describes the use of tenofovir/emtricitabine (Truvada) as prevention for exposure to HIV [preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP)] infection in the USA. The use of PrEP and the challenges of implementation are very instructive as other countries adopt this intervention and it becomes a fundamental part of worldwide efforts for HIV prevention and much can be learned from the first 3 years in the USA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Randomized trials and demonstration projects have shown the benefits of PrEP for men and women who are at risk for HIV. Numerous studies have showed that the level of prevention is excellent when the drug is taken at least four times weekly, once adequate levels are obtained. However, adherence remains a critical issue as well as tailoring delivery models for specific populations. Six recent studies are discussed, that support excellent efficacy and significantly support PrEP as a means of prevention. These projects have shown high acceptance of PrEP with excellent adherence by individuals demonstrated by those at risk remaining free of HIV over extended periods of time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The USA faces three significant challenges in scaling up PrEP. The first challenge in implementation in the USA is to get individuals to recognize the actual risks that their behaviors represent and to engage with providers to address these issues. The second challenge is getting a population of providers to recognize the exact same issues and offer PrEP in a compassionate, nonjudgmental fashion. The third challenge is identifying the set of providers and locations to scale-up the response in a timely, cost-effective fashion.
authors.affiliation: aGeorge Washington University School of Medicine bWhitman Walker Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elion
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coleman
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018890:Chemoprevention / Q000379:methods*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000069480:Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D065129:Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000069480:Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination