title: An integrated framework for targeting functional networks via transcranial magnetic stimulation.
abstract: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful investigational tool for in vivo manipulation of regional or network activity, with a growing number of potential clinical applications. Unfortunately, the vast majority of targeting strategies remain limited by their reliance on non-realistic brain models and assumptions that anatomo-functional relationships are 1:1. Here, we present an integrated framework that combines anatomically realistic finite element models of the human head with resting functional MRI to predict functional networks targeted via TMS at a given coil location and orientation. Using data from the Human Connectome Project, we provide an example implementation focused on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Three distinct DLPFC stimulation zones were identified, differing with respect to the network to be affected (default, frontoparietal) and sensitivity to coil orientation. Network profiles generated for DLPFC targets previously published for treating depression revealed substantial variability across studies, highlighting a potentially critical technical issue.
authors.affiliation: Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: aopitz@nki.rfmh.org.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Opitz
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: R Cameron
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Craddock
authors.affiliation: Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colcombe
authors.affiliation: Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: michael.milham@childmind.org.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Milham
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008959:Models, Neurological; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards