title: Dietary mycotoxins, co-exposure, and carcinogenesis in humans: Short review.
abstract: Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites of fungi, affect global agriculture so prolifically that they are virtually ubiquitous at some concentration in the average human diet. Studies of in vitro and in vivo toxicity are discussed, leading to investigations of co-exposed mycotoxins, as well as carcinogenic effects. Some of the most common and toxicologically significant mycotoxins, such as the aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, patulin, zearalenone, and some ergot alkaloids are outlined. The wide variety of pathogenic mechanisms these compounds employ are shown capable of inducing a complex set of interactions. Of particular note are potential synergisms between mycotoxins with regard to carcinogenic attributable risk, indicating an important field for future study.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: karl.deruyck@ugent.be.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Ruyck
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: marthe.deboevre@ugent.be.
authors.forename: Marthe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Boevre
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer, Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008 Lyon, France. Electronic address: huybrechtsi@iarc.fr.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: sarah.desaeger@ugent.be.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Saeger
mesh_terms: D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000139:chemically induced*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011042:Poisons / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins; D011042:Poisons
keywords: Carcinogenesis; Colorectal cancer; Hepatocellular cancer; Mycotoxin carcinogenicity; Mycotoxin co-exposure; Mycotoxins