title: Endothelial colony-forming cells: Biological and functional abnormalities in patients with recurrent, unprovoked venous thromboembolic disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endothelial cells (ECs) are an important component of the blood coagulation system because it maintains blood fluid. Because in patients with venous thromboembolic disease (VTD) a thrombophilic condition is not found sometimes, we investigated if endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) from these patients have biological and functional abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human mononuclear cells (MNCs) were obtained from peripheral blood from patients with VTD and controls to obtain ECFCs. These cells were assayed for their immunophenotype and electron microscopy characteristics and their ability to form capillary-like structures and to produce pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  ECFCs appeared at 7 and 21 days of culture in VTD patients and controls, respectively. ECFCs increased 8-fold in patients and emerged 1 week earlier. No differences in the size of the colonies of ECFCs were found. Numbers and time of appearance of ECFCs was different between groups. ECFC-derived ECs (ECFC-ECs) of both groups expressed CD31, CD34, CD146, and CD-309 but none expressed CD45, CD14, or CD90. Interest CD34 was highly expressed in ECFC-ECs from patients. In both groups, ECFC-ECs showed similar capacity to form capillary-like structures but ECFC-ECs from patients had significant abnormalities in the mitochondrial membrane. We found a significant increase in ROS production in ECFC-ECs from patients. There were significant differences in cytokine profiles between VTD patients and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a dysfunctional state in ECFC from VTD patients resembling some characteristics of dysfunctional ECs. These findings may help to understand some pathophysiological aspects of VTD.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Trombosis, Hemostasia y Aterogenesis, IMSS, Gabriel Mancera 222, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100 Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: alvarado_m01@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: Jose Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Alvarado-Moreno
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Trombosis, Hemostasia y Aterogenesis, IMSS, Gabriel Mancera 222, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100 Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: rubicel1981@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Rubicel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Lopez
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Oncologicas, IMSS, Av. Cuauhtemoc 330, Col. Doctores, CP 06700 Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: achavez_g@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: Antonieta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chavez-Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut Street, R4-W125, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. Electronic address: myoder@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Mervin C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yoder
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Oncología Celular, L-4P.B, UMIE-Z, FES-Zaragoza, UNAM, Batalla 5 de Mayo s/n Esq. Fuerte de Loreto, Col. Ejercito de Oriente. C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: rancor@unam.mx.
authors.forename: Rosalva
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rangel-Corona
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Trombosis, Hemostasia y Aterogenesis, IMSS, Gabriel Mancera 222, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100 Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: irmaisordia@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Isordia-Salas
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Trombosis, Hemostasia y Aterogenesis, IMSS, Gabriel Mancera 222, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100 Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: jhdz0912@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Juarez
authors.affiliation: Hospital de la Mujer, Division de Enseñanza e Investigacion, Salvador Diaz Miron 374, Col. Santo Tomas, Delegacion Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340 Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: cerbulo@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cerbulo-Vazquez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, Torre de Investigacion, Montes Urales #800 Lomas Virreyes, CP11000 Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: marantogo6@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Marco Antonio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Jimenez
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Trombosis, Hemostasia y Aterogenesis, IMSS, Gabriel Mancera 222, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100 Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: amajlufc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majluf-Cruz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D066026:Endothelial Progenitor Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012008:Recurrence; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Deep vein thrombosis; Endothelial cells; Endothelial colony-forming cells; Thrombosis; Venous thromboembolic disease