title: Lost Polarization of Aquaporin4 and Dystroglycan in the Core Lesion after Traumatic Brain Injury Suggests Functional Divergence in Evolution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand how aquaporin4 (AQP4) and dystroglycan (DG) polarized distribution change and their roles in brain edema formation after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain water content, Evans blue detection, real-time PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At an early stage of TBI, AQP4 and DG maintained vessel-like pattern in perivascular endfeet; M1, M23, and M1/M23 were increased in the core lesion. At a later stage of TBI, DG expression was lost in perivascular area, accompanied with similar but delayed change of AQP4 expression; expression of M1, M23, and DG and the ratio of M1/M2 were increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At an early stage, AQP4 and DG maintained the polarized distribution. Upregulated M1 and M23 could retard the cytotoxic edema formation. At a later stage AQP4 and DG polarized expression were lost from perivascular endfeet and induced the worst cytotoxic brain edema. The alteration of DG expression could regulate that of AQP4 expression after TBI.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Gou ping
authors.initials: Gp
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhuo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Wei hua
authors.initials: Wh
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Shan quan
authors.initials: Sq
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Computation Science, Shangluo University, Shangluo, Shanxi 726000, China.
authors.forename: Fen hong
authors.initials: Fh
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D049030:Dystroglycans / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D051381:Rats; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D051401:Aquaporin 4; D014867:Water; D049030:Dystroglycans