title: Evaluation of multiple mechanism-based toxicity endpoints in primary cultured human hepatocytes for the identification of drugs with clinical hepatotoxicity: Results from 152 marketed drugs with known liver injury profiles.
abstract: We report here the results of a collaborative research program to develop a robust and reliable in vitro system to allow an accurate definition of the drug-induced liver injury (DILI) potential of new drug entities during drug development. The in vitro hepatotoxic potential of 152 drugs with known DILI profiles were evaluated in primary cultured human hepatocytes with four mechanistically-relevant endpoints: cellular ATP depletion, reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) depletion, and caspase activation for apoptosis. The drugs, 80 in the testing set and 72 in the validation set, were classified based on serious clinical/regulatory outcomes as defined by reported acute liver failure, black-box warning, and/or withdrawal. The drugs were further sub-categorized for dominant types of liver injury. Logistic regression models were performed to calculate the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) and to evaluate the prediction potential of the selected endpoints for serious clinical/regulatory outcomes. The ROS/ATP ratio was found to yield an excellent AUROC in both the testing (0.8989, P < 0.0001) and validation set (0.8545, P < 0.0001), and was found to distinguish drugs associated with severe from non-severe DILI cases (p < 0.0001). The results suggest that evaluation of drugs in primary human hepatocytes using the ROS/ATP ratio endpoint may aid the definition of their potential to cause severe DILI.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, NCTR/FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: In Vitro ADMET Laboratories LLC, Columbia, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Utkarsh
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Doshi
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, NCTR/FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Ching-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borlak
authors.affiliation: In Vitro ADMET Laboratories LLC, Columbia, MD, USA. Electronic address: lialbert@invitroadmet.com.
authors.forename: Albert P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, NCTR/FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA. Electronic address: Weida.Tong@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Weida
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tong
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000293:Adolescent; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Acute liver failure; Drug development; Drug induced liver injury; Human hepatocytes; In vitro toxicity testing; Oxidative stress