title: Somatostatin expression in the pancreatic cells of smoking and non-smoking chronic pancreatitis patients with or without diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the analysis is to determine the location and degree of the hormone immunoreactivity in tissues of patients with chronic pancreatitis and diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed on 11 non-smoking and 12 smoking patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) with/without diabetes. The hormone was located in the pancreatic tissues by means of the immunohistochemical method using somatostatin antibodies. The histopathological evaluation of the hormone expression intensity in tissue sections was carried out using the semi-quantitative method and was calculated by means of a digital image analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hormone's strong immunohistochemical reaction and the modified D-cell location may be a result of the pancreatic tissue fibrosis process prevention in patients with CP. Changes in the intensity of SS immunoreactivity and the D-cell distribution in the pancreas of patients with CP and diabetes may possibly result from the additional hormone compensatory effect in the excessive glucagon secretion inhibition. Smoking patients with diabetes showed significantly higher hormone immunostaining in the pancreas compared to non-smoking patients without diabetes and healthy persons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The severity of histopathological changes in smoking CP patients indicates that the cigarette smoke components may further exacerbate the inflammatory reactions. Patients with CP were found to have a strong immunohistochemical reaction to SS and changes in the distribution of D cells when compared to healthy patients. The strongest immunohistochemical SS reaction has been identified in the pancreatic tissue from smoking patients with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Wrocław Medical University, Poland. Electronic address: mariola.sliwinska-mosson@umed.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Mariola
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Śliwińska-Mossoń
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathomorphology and Oncological Cytology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jeleń
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Wrocław Medical University, Poland. Electronic address: halina.milnerowicz@umed.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Halina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Milnerowicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050500:Pancreatitis, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012907:Smoking; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013004:Somatostatin
keywords: Chronic pancreatitis; Diabetes; Hormone; Immunohistochemistry; Smoking; Somatostatin