title: Gliomas: Motexafin Gadolinium-enhanced Molecular MR Imaging and Optical Imaging for Potential Intraoperative Delineation of Tumor Margins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the possibility of using motexafin gadolinium (MGd)-enhanced molecular magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and optical imaging to identify the true margins of gliomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  The animal protocol was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee. Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats with gliomas were randomized into six groups of six rats. Five groups were euthanized 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes after intravenous administration of 6 mg/kg of MGd, while one group received only saline solution as a control group. After craniotomy, optical imaging and T1-weighted MR imaging were performed to identify the tumor margins. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare optical photon intensity and MR imaging signal-to-noise ratios. Histologic analysis was performed to confirm the intracellular uptake of MGd by tumor cells and to correlate the tumor margins delineated on both optical and MR images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both optical imaging and T1-weighted MR imaging showed tumor margins. The highest optical photon intensity (2.6 × 10(8) photons per second per mm(2) ± 2.3 × 10(7); analysis of variance, P < .001) and MR signal-to-noise ratio (77.61 ± 2.52; analysis of variance, P = .006) were reached at 15-30 minutes after administration of MGd, with continued tumor visibility at 2-4 hours. Examination with confocal microscopy allowed confirmation that the fluorescence of optical images and MR imaging T1 enhancement exclusively originated from MGd that accumulated in the cytoplasm of tumor cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MGd-enhanced optical and MR imaging can allow determination of glioma tumor margins at the optimal time of 15-120 minutes after administration of MGd. Clinical application of these results may allow complete removal of gliomas in a hybrid surgical setting in which intraoperative optical and MR imaging are available.
authors.affiliation: From the Image-Guided Biomolecular Intervention Research, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109 (L.Q., F.Z., Y.S., Z.B., J.W., Y.L., D.L., C.I., X.Y.); and Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.Q., X.F.).
authors.forename: Longhua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: From the Image-Guided Biomolecular Intervention Research, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109 (L.Q., F.Z., Y.S., Z.B., J.W., Y.L., D.L., C.I., X.Y.); and Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.Q., X.F.).
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: From the Image-Guided Biomolecular Intervention Research, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109 (L.Q., F.Z., Y.S., Z.B., J.W., Y.L., D.L., C.I., X.Y.); and Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.Q., X.F.).
authors.forename: Yaoping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: From the Image-Guided Biomolecular Intervention Research, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109 (L.Q., F.Z., Y.S., Z.B., J.W., Y.L., D.L., C.I., X.Y.); and Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.Q., X.F.).
authors.forename: Zhibin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: From the Image-Guided Biomolecular Intervention Research, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109 (L.Q., F.Z., Y.S., Z.B., J.W., Y.L., D.L., C.I., X.Y.); and Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.Q., X.F.).
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: From the Image-Guided Biomolecular Intervention Research, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109 (L.Q., F.Z., Y.S., Z.B., J.W., Y.L., D.L., C.I., X.Y.); and Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.Q., X.F.).
authors.forename: Yonggang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: From the Image-Guided Biomolecular Intervention Research, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109 (L.Q., F.Z., Y.S., Z.B., J.W., Y.L., D.L., C.I., X.Y.); and Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.Q., X.F.).
authors.forename: Donghoon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: From the Image-Guided Biomolecular Intervention Research, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109 (L.Q., F.Z., Y.S., Z.B., J.W., Y.L., D.L., C.I., X.Y.); and Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.Q., X.F.).
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ingraham
authors.affiliation: From the Image-Guided Biomolecular Intervention Research, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109 (L.Q., F.Z., Y.S., Z.B., J.W., Y.L., D.L., C.I., X.Y.); and Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.Q., X.F.).
authors.forename: Xiaoyuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: From the Image-Guided Biomolecular Intervention Research, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109 (L.Q., F.Z., Y.S., Z.B., J.W., Y.L., D.L., C.I., X.Y.); and Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.Q., X.F.).
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003399:Craniotomy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008665:Metalloporphyrins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D008665:Metalloporphyrins; C437683:motexafin gadolinium