title: C-arm CT-guided renal arterial embolisation followed by radiofrequency ablation for treatment of patients with unresectable renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the value of using flat detector (FD) equipped angiographic C-arm CT (CACT) systems in treating unresectable renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by selective renal arterial embolisation (RAE) followed by radiofrequency ablation (RFA) (RAE-RFA).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 28 patients who were not candidates for surgery were enrolled. The average size of tumours was 6.7±2.2 cm (range 4.1-9.6 cm). Twenty-eight tumours were treated with CACT-guided RFA, 5-7 days after CACT-guided RAE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CACT-guided RAE-RFA was technically successful in all patients. Tumour enhancement disappeared after a single RAE-RFA session in 20 patients, after two RAE-RFA sessions in four patients and after three RAE-RFA sessions in the other four patients. One patient died of lung metastasis and haematuria 13 months after RAE-RFA, and another patient died of pulmonary heart disease 23 months after repeat RAE-RFA. In the 26 living patients, tumours remained controlled during a mean follow-up period of 27 months and showed significant reduction in tumour size (6.7±2.2 cm to 3.9±1.7 cm, p<0.01). There were no significant changes in creatinine levels or urea nitrogen concentrations before and after the last RAE-RFA (p>0.05). There were no serious complications during and after the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CACT-guided RAE followed by RFA appears to be a safe and effective technique for treating patients with inoperable RCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: X-H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Y-S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: hanxinwei2006@163.com.
authors.forename: X-W
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Y-L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: D-C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: T-F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: P-F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003287:Contrast Media; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; C044834:iodixanol