title: C-Reactive Protein, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Their Receptor in Type 2 Diabetic, Elderly Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to evaluate serum levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to determine the predictors (including AGEs, RAGE, and CRP levels) of having MCI in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred seventy-six diabetics elders were screened for MCI (using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: MoCA score). Data of biochemical parameters and biomarkers were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum AGEs, RAGE, and CRP levels were significantly increased in MCI patients compared to controls. In group of patients with MCI, serum RAGE level was positively correlated with AGEs level and with CRP level. RAGE, AGEs, and CRP concentrations were positively correlated with HbA1c levels and negatively correlated with MoCA score. The univariate logistic regression models revealed that variables, which increased the likelihood of diagnosis of MCI in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes were higher levels of HbA1c, RAGE, AGEs, CRP, TG, lower level of HDL cholesterol, previous CVD, HA, or use of HA drugs, hyperlipidemia, retinopathy, nephropathy, increased number of co-morbidities, older age, and less years of formal education. HA or use of HA drugs, previous CVD, higher level of RAGE and CRP, older age and less years of formal education are the factors increasing the likelihood of having MCI in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes in multivariable model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, serum AGEs, RAGE, and CRP are increased in the circulation of MCI elderly diabetic patients compared to controls. A larger population-based prospective study needs to be performed to further confirm the relationship between AGEs, RAGE, and the cognitive decline or progress to dementia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gorska-Ciebiada
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saryusz-Wolska
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borkowska
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Oncological Pneumology, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciebiada
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Loba
keywords: AGEs; RAGE; cognitive impairment; diabetes; elderly