title: Childhood trauma and dimensions of depression: a specific association with the cognitive domain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate associations between a history of childhood trauma and dimensions of depression in a sample of clinically depressed patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 217 patients from a mood-disorder outpatient unit was investigated with the Beck Depression Inventory, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the CORE Assessment of Psychomotor Change, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. A previous latent model identifying six depressive dimensions was used for analysis. Path analysis and Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) models were used to investigate associations between general childhood trauma and childhood maltreatment modalities (emotional, sexual, and physical abuse; emotional and physical neglect) with dimensions of depression (sexual, cognition, insomnia, appetite, non-interactiveness/retardation, and agitation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall childhood trauma index was uniquely associated with cognitive aspects of depression, but not with any other depressive dimension. An investigation of childhood maltreatment modalities revealed that emotional abuse was consistently associated with depression severity in the cognitive dimension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood trauma, and specifically emotional abuse, could be significant risk factors for the subsequent development of cognitive symptoms of major depression. These influences might be specific to this depressive dimension and not found in any other dimension, which might have conceptual and therapeutic implications for clinicians and researchers alike.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS , Brazil, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edgar A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Vares
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS , Brazil, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giovanni A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Salum
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS , Brazil, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.|Departamento de Psiquiatria, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS , Brazil, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spanemberg
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS , Brazil, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Caldieraro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS , Brazil, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lívia H de
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre RS , Brazil, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberta de P
authors.initials: Rde P
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS , Brazil, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Fleck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000068099:Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*