title: Attenuated total reflectance-mid infrared spectroscopy (ATR-MIR) coupled with independent components analysis (ICA): A fast method to determine plasticizers in polylactide (PLA).
abstract: Compliance of plastic food contact materials (FCMs) with regulatory specifications in force, requires a better knowledge of their interaction phenomena with food or food simulants in contact. However these migration tests could be very complex, expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, alternative procedures were introduced based on the determination of potential migrants in the initial material, allowing the use of mathematical modeling, worst case scenarios and other alternative approaches, for simple and fast compliance testing. In this work, polylactide (PLA), plasticized with four different plasticizers, was considered as a model plastic formulation. An innovative analytical approach was developed, based on the extraction of qualitative and quantitative information from attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mid-infrared (MIR) spectral fingerprints, using independent components analysis (ICA). Two novel chemometric methods, Random_ICA and ICA_corr_y, were used to determine the optimal number of independent components (ICs). Both qualitative and quantitative information, related to the identity and the quantity of plasticizers in PLA, were retrieved through a direct and fast analytical method, without any prior sample preparations. Through a single qualitative model with 11 ICs, a clear and clean classification of PLA samples was obtained, according to the identity of plasticizers incorporated in their formulations. Moreover, a quantitative model was established for each formulation, correlating proportions estimated by ICA and known concentrations of plasticizers in PLA. High coefficients of determination (higher than 0.96) and recoveries (higher than 95%) proved the good predictability of the proposed models.
authors.affiliation: ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Jdeideth El Matn, 90656 Jdeideth El Matn, Fanar, Lebanon; INRA, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 Avenue des Olympiades, 91300 Massy, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France. Electronic address: aminekassouf@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Amine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kassouf
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 Avenue des Olympiades, 91300 Massy, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 Avenue des Olympiades, 91300 Massy, France. Electronic address: alexandre.ruellan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruellan
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France. Electronic address: delphine.bouveresse@agroparistech.fr.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jouan-Rimbaud Bouveresse
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France. Electronic address: douglas.rutledge@agroparistech.fr.
authors.forename: Douglas N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Rutledge
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 Avenue des Olympiades, 91300 Massy, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 Avenue des Olympiades, 91300 Massy, France. Electronic address: sandra.domenek@agroparistech.fr.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Domenek
authors.affiliation: ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Jdeideth El Matn, 90656 Jdeideth El Matn, Fanar, Lebanon. Electronic address: j_maalouly@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maalouly
authors.affiliation: ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Jdeideth El Matn, 90656 Jdeideth El Matn, Fanar, Lebanon. Electronic address: hchebib@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chebib
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 Avenue des Olympiades, 91300 Massy, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 Avenue des Olympiades, 91300 Massy, France. Electronic address: violette.ducruet@agroparistech.fr.
authors.forename: Violette
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ducruet
keywords: ICA_corr_y; Independent components analysis (ICA); Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR); Plasticizers; Polylactide (PLA); Random_ICA