title: Genome-Wide Copy Number Variation Scan Identifies Complement Component C4 as Novel Susceptibility Gene for Crohn's Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The genetic component of Crohn's disease (CD) is well known, with 140 susceptibility loci identified so far. In addition to single nucleotide polymorphisms typically studied in genome-wide scans, copy number variation is responsible for a large proportion of human genetic variation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a genome-wide search for copy number variants associated with CD using array comparative genomic hybridization. One of the found regions was validated independently through real-time PCR. Serum levels of the found gene were measured in patients and control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found copy number differences for the C4S and C4L gene variants of complement component C4 in the central major histocompatibility complex region on chromosome 6p21. Specifically, we saw that CD patients tend to have lower C4L and higher C4S copies than control subjects (P = 5.00 × 10 and P = 9.11 × 10), which was independent of known associated classical HLA I and II alleles (P = 7.68 × 10 and P = 6.29 × 10). Although C4 serum levels were not different between patients and control subjects, the relationship between C4 copy number and serum level was different for patients and control subjects with higher copy numbers leading to higher serum concentrations in control subjects, compared with CD patients (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C4 is part of the classical activation pathway of the complement system, which is important for (auto)immunity. Low C4L or high C4S copy number, and corresponding effects on C4 serum level, could lead to an exaggerated response against infections, possibly leading to (auto)immune disease.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, TARGID, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; †Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), STADIUS Center for Dynamical Systems, Signal Processing and Data Analytics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; ‡iMinds Department of Medical Information Technologies, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; §Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; ‖Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; ¶Erasmus Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Department of Gastroenterology, Brussels, Belgium; **Unit of Animal Genomics, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Genoproteomique Appliquee (GIGA-R) and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium; ††Division of Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Liege, Liège, Belgium; ‡‡Division of Gastroenterology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and §§Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Bioinformatics-Statistical Genetics, Montefiore Institute, Universty of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cleynen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Konings
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robberecht
authors.forename: Debby
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laukens
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Amininejad
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Théâtre
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Machiels
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arijs
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rutgeerts
authors.forename: Edouard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Franchimont
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Vos
authors.forename: Kristel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Steen
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Georges
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.forename: Joris
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vermeesch
authors.forename: Séverine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vermeire
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D022202:Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D003181:Complement C4 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations / Q000235:genetics*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D015894:Genome, Human; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008285:Major Histocompatibility Complex / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003181:Complement C4