title: Association of cytokine gene polymorphisms with hepatitis C virus infection in a population from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The host immune response is an important indicator of the outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and disease progression. The aim of this study was to explore cytokine gene polymorphisms as a candidate for susceptibility to persistent HCV infection or HCV spontaneous clearance in a population from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genetic polymorphisms in the cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (-308), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (codons 10 and 25), interleukin-10 (IL-10; -1082 and -592), IL-6 (-174), and interferon-gamma (+874) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primers in 245 patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), 41 spontaneous recovery (SR) patients, and 189 healthy volunteers. Further, polymorphisms in IL-28B (rs12979860, rs12980275, and rs8099917) were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction in all groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IL-28B rs12979860 CC and rs12980275 AA genotypes were significantly associated with SR of HCV infection and response to therapy, whereas the C allele of IL-6 (-174) was associated with protection to CHC. A multivariate analysis showed that the male sex and IL-28B rs12979860 CT and TT and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (codon 10) TC genotypes were factors associated with CHC. Additionally, IL-6 (-174) C allele was increased in SR patients compared with patients with CHC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-28B polymorphisms are associated with spontaneous clearance of HCV and response to therapy in a Brazilian population. Also, IL-6 (-174) C allele is involved in SR and decreased inflammation scores.
authors.affiliation: Histocompatibility and Cryopreservation Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo Milson
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fabrício-Silva
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno Silva
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Poschetzky
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Mello Perez
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ronaldo Carneiro
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Information Technology and Healthy Education Department, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Tricai
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Cavalini
authors.affiliation: Histocompatibility and Cryopreservation Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luís Cristóvão
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Porto
keywords: HCV clearance; SNP; inflammation; interleukin-28; interleukin-6