title: Neurological outcomes in children dead on hospital arrival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obtaining favorable neurological outcomes is extremely difficult in children transported to a hospital without a prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, the crucial prehospital factors affecting outcomes in this cohort remain unclear. We aimed to determine the prehospital factors for survival with favorable neurological outcomes (Cerebral Performance Category 1 or 2 (CPC 1-2)) in children without a prehospital ROSC after OHCA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 9093 OHCA children, 7332 children (age <18 years) without a prehospital ROSC after attempting resuscitation were eligible for enrollment. Data were obtained from a prospectively recorded Japanese national Utstein-style database from 2008 to 2012. The primary endpoint was 1-month CPC 1-2 after OHCA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 1-month survival and 1-month CPC 1-2 rates were 6.92 % (n = 508) and 0.99 % (n = 73), respectively. The proportions of the following prehospital variables were significantly higher in the 1-month CPC 1-2 cohort than in the 1-month CPC 3-5 cohort: age (median, 3 years (interquartile range (IQR), 0-14) versus 1 year (IQR, 0-11), p <0.05), bystander-witnessed arrest (52/73 (71.2 %) versus 1830/7259 (25.2 %), p <0.001), initial ventricular fibrillation (VF)/pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) rhythm (28/73 (38.3 %) versus 241/7259 (3.3 %), p <0.001), presumed cardiac causes (42/73 (57.5 %) versus 2385/7259 (32.8 %), p <0.001), and actual shock delivery (25/73 (34.2 %) versus 314/7259 (4.3 %), p <0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that 2 prehospital factors were associated with 1-month CPC 1-2: initial non-asystole rhythm (VF/pulseless VT: adjusted odds ratio ( aOR), 16.0; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 8.05-32.0; pulseless electrical activity (PEA): aOR, 5.19; 95 % CI, 2.77-9.82) and bystander-witnessed arrest (aOR, 3.22; 95 % CI, 1.84-5.79). The rate of 1-month CPC 1-2 in witnessed-arrest children with an initial VF/pulseless VT was significantly higher than that in those with other initial cardiac rhythms (15.6 % versus 2.3 % for PEA and 1.2 % for asystole, p for trend <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The crucial prehospital factors for 1-month survival with favorable neurological outcomes after OHCA were initial non-asystole rhythm and bystander-witnessed arrest in children transported to hospitals without a prehospital ROSC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan. gotoyosh@med.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan. funada@med.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Funada
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Yawata Medical Center, 12-7 I Yawata, Komatsu, 923-8551, Japan. gotoyoshjp@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakatsu-Goto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003643:Death; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D058687:Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D061665:Time-to-Treatment