title: Rhinitis and pregnancy: literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a controversy concerning the terminology and definition of rhinitis in pregnancy. Gestational rhinitis is a relatively common condition, which has drawn increasing interest in recent years due to a possible association with maternal obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and unfavorable fetal outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the current knowledge on gestational rhinitis, and to assess its evidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured literature search.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gestational rhinitis and rhinitis "during pregnancy" are somewhat similar conditions regarding their physiopathology and treatment, but differ regarding definition and prognosis. Hormonal changes have a presumed etiological role, but knowledge about the physiopathology of gestational rhinitis is still lacking. Management of rhinitis during pregnancy focuses on the minimal intervention required for symptom relief.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As it has a great impact on maternal quality of life, both the otorhinolaryngologist and the obstetrician must be careful concerning the early diagnosis and treatment of gestational rhinitis, considering the safety of treatment measures and drugs and their current level of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: f_caparroz@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Fábio Azevedo
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Caparroz
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciano Lobato
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Gregorio
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bongiovanni
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Suemy Cioffi
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Izu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Macoto
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kosugi
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D009626:Terminology as Topic
keywords: Gestação; Nasal obstruction; Obstrução nasal; Pregnancy; Rhinitis; Rinite