title: Inhibitory control training for appetitive behaviour change: A meta-analytic investigation of mechanisms of action and moderators of effectiveness.
abstract: Inhibitory control training (ICT) is a novel intervention in which participants learn to associate appetitive cues with inhibition of behaviour. We present a meta-analytic investigation of laboratory studies of ICT for appetitive behaviour change in which we investigate candidate mechanisms of action, individual differences that may moderate its effectiveness, and compare it to other psychological interventions. We conducted random-effects generic inverse variance meta-analysis on data from 14 articles (18 effect sizes in total). Participants who received ICT chose or consumed significantly less food or alcohol compared to control groups (SMD = 0.36, 95% CIs [0.24, 0.47]; Z = 6.18, p < .001; I(2) = 71%). Effect sizes were larger for motor (Go/No-Go and Stop Signal) compared to oculomotor (Antisaccade) ICT. The effects of ICT on behaviour were comparable to those produced by other psychological interventions, and effects of ICT on food intake were greater in participants who were attempting to restrict their food intake. The magnitude of the effect of ICT on behaviour was predicted by the proportion of successful inhibitions but was unrelated to the absolute number of trials in which appetitive cues were paired with the requirement to inhibit, or the contingency between appetitive cues and the requirement to inhibit. The effect of ICT on cue devaluation (primarily assessed with implicit association tests) was not statistically significant. Our analysis confirms the efficacy of ICT for short-term behaviour change in the laboratory, and we have demonstrated that its effectiveness may depend on pairings between appetitive cues and successful inhibition. We highlight the need for further research to translate these findings outside of the laboratory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, United Kingdom. Electronic address: ajj@liv.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lisa C G
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Di Lemma
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Catrin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tudur-Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Field
mesh_terms: D001070:Appetitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000523:psychology; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological
keywords: Alcohol; Associative inhibition; Calorie; Inhibitory control training; Obesity