title: High salt exacerbates programmed hypertension in maternal fructose-fed male offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Consumption of food and drinks containing high fructose (HF), which is associated with hypertension, is increasing steeply. Moreover, increased salt intake significantly increases hypertension risk. We examined whether maternal HF and postnatal high salt (HS) intake had synergistic effects on blood pressure (BP) elevation in adult offspring and determined the underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received regular chow or chow supplemented with 60% fructose during the entire pregnancy and lactation periods. Half of the male offspring received 1% NaCl in drinking water from weaning to 3 months of age. Male offspring were assigned to 4 groups (control, HF, HS, and HF + HS) and were sacrificed at 12 weeks of age. Offspring in HF and HS groups developed hypertension, indicating that HF and HS synergistically increased BP. Postnatal HS intake increased Ace expression and decreased Agtr1b and Mas1 expression in the kidneys. Renal mRNA levels of Ace and Agtr1a were significantly higher in HF + HS group than in control group. Renal levels of Na-K-2Cl cotransporter, type 3 sodium hydrogen exchanger, and Na(+)/Cl(-) cotransporter were higher in HS and HF + HS groups than in control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postnatal HS intake exacerbated prenatal HF-induced programmed hypertension. HF and HS induced programmed hypertension by differentially inducing renin-angiotensin system and sodium transporters in the kidneys. Better understanding of the effect of the relationship between HF and HS on hypertension development will help prevent hypertension in mothers and children exposed to HF and HS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taiwan; Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Y-L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Tain
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taiwan.
authors.forename: W-C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leu
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Electronic address: jchan@adm.cgmh.org.tw.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D002956:Citrulline / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: C000715472:Mas1 protein, rat; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; C487735:dimethylarginine; D002956:Citrulline; D005632:Fructose; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine
keywords: Asymmetric dimethylarginine; Developmental programming; Fructose; Hypertension; Nitric oxide; Renin–angiotensin system; Salt