title: Follow-up after infants younger than 2 months of age with urinary tract infection in Southern Israel: epidemiologic, microbiologic and disease recurrence characteristics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The timing of most recurrences after neonatal urinary tract infection is during the first year of life, with peak incidence 2-6 months after the initial infection. Information on the microbiologic characteristics of recurrent urinary tract infection episodes in relation to the microbiology of the initial episodes is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the epidemiologic/microbiological characteristics of 1st and recurrent urinary tract infection in infants <2 months of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study including all infants <2 months of age with urinary tract infection admitted during 2005-2009 and followed till the age of 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  151 neonates were enrolled (2.7% of all 5617 febrile infants <2 months of age admitted). The overall incidence of urinary tract infection occurring during the first 2 months of life was 151/73,480 (0.2%) live births during 2005-2009 in southern Israel (2.1 cases/1000 live births). One pathogen was isolated in 133 (88.1%); Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus spp., Morganella morganii, Proteus spp., and Enterobacter spp. represented the most common pathogens (57.9%, 12.2%, 7.9%, 6.7%, 6.1%, and 5%, respectively). Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and cefuroxime-axetil were the most commonly recommended prophylactic antibiotics (45%, 13.2%, and 8%, respectively). Twenty-three recurrent urinary tract infection episodes were recorded in 20 (13.2%) patients; 6/23 (26%) were diagnosed within one month following 1st episode. E. coli was the most frequent recurrent urinary tract infection pathogen (12/23, 52.2%). No differences were recorded in E. coli distribution between first urinary tract infection vs. recurrent urinary tract infection. Seventeen (74%) recurrent urinary tract infection episodes were caused by pathogens different (phenotypically) from those isolated in 1st episode. Recurrent urinary tract infection occurred in 25.0%, 8.3%, and 0 patients recommended trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, cefuroxime-axetil, or amoxicillin prophylaxis, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) The study determined the incidence of urinary tract infection in febrile infants <2 months of age in Southern Israel; (2) E. coli was responsible for the majority of first and recurrent urinary tract infection; (3) recurrent urinary tract infection was caused mostly by pathogens different than the pathogens isolated at initial episode.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Department "A", Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Pediatric Nephrology Clinics, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Evgenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gurevich
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Department "A", Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Dov
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tchernin
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Department "A", Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Pediatric Nephrology Clinics, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schreyber
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology Department, IVth Pediatric Clinic, University Children Hospital "St. Mary", G.T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel. Electronic address: eugenel@bgu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leibovitz
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antibiotics; E. coli; Recurrence; Urinary tract infection