title: Ultrastructure of the Salivary Glands of the Stink Bug Predator Podisus distinctus.
abstract: Podisus distinctus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a zoophytophagous insect with significant potential for use as a biological control agent in agriculture and forestry because their nymphs and adults actively prey on diverse insect species. The saliva of this insect possesses active substances that cause paralysis and death of the prey. As the first step in identifying compounds of P. distinctus saliva, this study describes the ultrastructure of the salivary glands of this predator. The salivary system of P. distinctus possesses a pair of main salivary glands with a short anterior lobe, a long posterior lobe, and a pair of tubular accessory glands. The main salivary gland of P. distinctus has no associated muscles, suggesting that the saliva-release mechanism occurs with the help of certain thorax muscles. The main salivary gland epithelium has a single layer of cells (varying from cubical to columnar) with cytoplasm rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum, spherical granules of different sizes, a nucleus with a predominance of decondensed chromatin, and nucleolus. The apical cell region has a few short microvilli and the basal region has plasma membrane infoldings. The epithelium of the accessory salivary glands possesses a single-layered epithelium of cubic cells delimiting a narrow lumen. The apical cell region has a high density of microvilli and pleomorphic mitochondria, whereas the central cell region is rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum with a well-developed nucleus and decondensed chromatin. The basal cell region is characterized by the presence of several basal plasma membrane infoldings associated with mitochondria and numerous openings to the hemocoel forming large channels. The ultrastructural characteristics suggest that the main salivary glands and accessory salivary glands play a vital role in protein synthesis for saliva production and that the accessory glands are involved in transport of materials of the hemolymph.
authors.affiliation: 1Departamento de Biologia Geral,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,36570-000,Brasil.
authors.forename: Luis C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: 2Departamento de Entomologia,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,36570-000,Brasil.
authors.forename: José C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Zanuncio
authors.affiliation: 2Departamento de Entomologia,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,36570-000,Brasil.
authors.forename: Wagner C C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Morais
authors.affiliation: 2Departamento de Entomologia,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,36570-000,Brasil.
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plata-Rueda
authors.affiliation: 2Departamento de Entomologia,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,36570-000,Brasil.
authors.forename: Pedro E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Cedeño-Loja
authors.affiliation: 1Departamento de Biologia Geral,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,36570-000,Brasil.
authors.forename: José E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Serrão
keywords: extra-oral digestion; saliva; salivary gland; secretory cells; zoophytophagy