title: Monitoring of nitrite, nitrate, chloride and sulfate in environmental samples using electrophoresis microchips coupled with contactless conductivity detection.
abstract: This report describes the development of an analytical methodology on microchip electrophoresis (ME) devices coupled with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C(4)D) to monitor inorganic anions in environmental samples. The buffer composition as well as detection operating parameters were optimized to achieve the best separation selectivity and detector sensitivity, respectively. Electrophoretic separations of Cl(-), NO3(-), SO4(2-) and NO2(-) were successfully performed within 60s using a running buffer composed of 30mmol L(-1) latic acid and 15mmol L(-1)l-histidine (His). The best detectability levels were found applying a sinusoidal wave with 1100-kHz-frequency and 60-Vpp amplitude. Quantitative analyzes of inorganic anions were carried out in the presence of Cr2O7(2-) ion as internal standard (IS), which ensured great repeatability in terms of migration times (<1%) and peak areas (6.2-7.6%) for thirty consecutive injections. The analytical performance revealed a linear behavior for concentration ranges between 0-120μmol L(-1) (Cl(-), NO2(-) and NO3(-)) and 0-60μmol L(-1) (SO4(2-)) and limits of detection (LODs) varying from 2.0 to 4.9μmol L(-1). The concentration levels of anionic species were determined in aquarium, river and biofertilizer samples with recovery values between 91% and 105%. The nitrification steps associated with conversion of ammonium to nitrite followed by the conversion of nitrite to nitrate were successfully monitored in a simulated environment without fishes during a period of twelve weeks. Lastly, the monitoring of anionic species was carried out during eight weeks in an aquarium environment containing ten fishes from Danio rerio (Ciprynidae). The recorded data revealed the absence of nitrite and a gradual increase on the ammonium and nitrate concentration levels during eight weeks, thus suggesting the direct conversion of ammonium to nitrate. Based on the data herein reported, the proposed analytical methodology can be used for routine environmental analysis.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camilla Benevides
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roger Cardoso
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Gizelda
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Tavares
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil. Electronic address: wendell@ufg.br.
authors.forename: Wendell K T
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Coltro
keywords: Aquatic ecosystem; Environmental chemistry; Microchip electrophoresis; Microfluidic devices; Nitrogen cycle