title: Renoprotective effect of Linum usitatissimum seeds through haemodynamic changes and conservation of antioxidant enzymes in renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate an ethanolic extract of seeds of Linum usitatissimum (Linn.) (EELU) for its renoprotective role in rats through its antihypertensive effect and conservation of biological oxidation enzymes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats (200-250 g) underwent uninephrectomy on day 0; after 2 weeks of recovery, the nephrectomised rats were divided into four groups of eight each: (I) sham (II); renal ischaemia reperfusion (RIR); (III) RIR + EELU 200 mg/kg; and (IV) RIR + EELU 400 mg/kg. In group II, III and IV the renal artery was occluded for 45 min and reperfused for 4 weeks; the sham group did not undergo RIR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EELU (400 mg/kg) significantly decreased the haemodynamic changes after 4 weeks of RIR injury. EELU treatment significantly restored the levels of renal endogenous antioxidant enzymes and membrane-bound enzymes. EELU 400 mg/kg restored the levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. EELU also decreased the levels of tumour necrosis factor-α and myeloperoxidase activity. A flow-cytometric study confirmed a significant decrease in cellular necrosis and increase in viability after RIR in EELU-treated rats. The anti-apoptotic role of EELU was evident from the decrease in DNA fragmentation. Renal tissue damage as assessed by histopathology was decreased in groups III and IV (200 and 400 mg/kg EELU).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that EELU protected the kidney against RIR-induced renal injury, probably by inhibiting reactive oxygen species that have a causal role in such cases. It also inhibits apoptotic cell death and inflammation, and improves haemodynamic changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Erandwane, Pune 411038, India.
authors.forename: Arvindkumar E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ghule
authors.affiliation: Serum Institute of India Ltd., Pune, India.
authors.forename: Suresh S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jadhav
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Erandwane, Pune 411038, India.
authors.forename: Subhash L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bodhankar
keywords: Antioxidants; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; EDP, end-diastolic pressure; EELU, ethanolic extract of L. usitatissimum; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, reduced glutathione; GST, glutathione S transferase; H&E, haematoxylin and eosin; Hypertension; MABP, mean arterial blood pressure; MDA, malondialdehyde; MPO, myeloperoxidase; PI, propidium iodide; RAAS, renin-angiotensin aldosterone system; RIR, renal ischaemia-reperfusion; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Reactive oxygen species; Renal ischaemia reperfusion; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SDG, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside; SOD, superoxide dismutase; dp/dt max, maximum first derivative of ventricular pressure; dp/dt min, minimum first derivative of ventricular pressure