title: Spirometric reference values for Hopi Native American children ages 4-13 years.
abstract: Spirometry is the most important tool in diagnosing pulmonary disease and is the most frequently performed pulmonary function test. Respiratory disease is also one of the greatest causes for morbidity and mortality on the Hopi Nation, but no specific reference equations exist for this unique population. The purpose of this study was to determine if population reference equations were necessary for these children and, if needed, to create new age and race-specific pulmonary nomograms for Hopi children. Two hundred and ninety-two healthy children, ages 4-13 years, attending Hopi Nation elementary schools in Arizona, were asked to perform spirometry for a full battery of pulmonary volumes and capacities of which the following were analyzed: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1 ), FEV1 % (FEV1 /FVC), FEF25-75% and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Spirometric data from Navajo children living in the same geographical region as the Hopi children were compared as well as spirometric data from common reference values used for other ethnic groups in the USA. Spirometry tests from 165 girls and 127 boys met American Thoracic Society quality control standards. We found that the natural log of height, body mass and age were significant predictors of FEV1 , FVC, and FEF25-75% in the gender-specific models and that lung function values all increased with height and age as expected. The predictions using the equations derived for Navajo, Caucasian, Mexican-American, African-American youth were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) from the predictions derived from the Hopi equations for all of the variables across both genders, with the exceptions of Hopi versus Navajo FEV1 /FVC in the males and Hopi versus Caucasians FEF25-75% in the females. Thus it would appear for this population important to have specific formulae to provide more accurate reference values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Arnall
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Arnold G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Texas.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hearon
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Nursing, Gila River Health Center, Sacaton, Arizona.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Interpreter
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Winslow Indian Health Care Center, Winslow, Arizona.
authors.forename: Verdell
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kanuho
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001130:Arizona / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D008297:Male; D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; D012016:Reference Values; D012572:School Health Services; D013147:Spirometry
keywords: American Indians; Hopi children; Native Americans; forced expiratory volume; forced vital capacity; pulmonary function tests; pulmonary nomogram; reference equations