title: Influence of indoor microbial aerosol on the welfare of meat ducks.
abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of microbial aerosols on ducks' welfare and provide information on which to establish microbial aerosol concentration standards for poultry. A total of 1800 1-d-old Cherry Valley ducks were randomly divided into 5 groups (A, B, C, D and E) with 360 ducks in each. To obtain objective data, each group had three replications. Different microbial aerosol concentrations in different groups were created by controlling ventilation and bedding cleaning frequency. Group A was the control group and hygienic conditions deteriorated progressively from group B to E. A 6-stage Andersen impactor was used to detect the aerosol concentration of aerobes, fungi, gram-negative bacteria and an AGI-30 microbial air sampler detected endotoxins. Physiological stress was evaluated in the ducks by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) values in serum. To assess the effects of bioaerosol factors, welfare indicators including fluctuating asymmetry (FA), appearance and gait as well as the Lactobacillus caecal concentration were evaluated. The data showed group D had already reached the highest limit of concentration of airborne aerobic bacteria, airborne fungi, airborne gram-negative bacteria and airborne endotoxin. The ducks in this group had significantly increased serum ACTH values and significantly decreased caecal lactobacilli concentration. Furthermore, appearance and gait scores, wing length and overall FA and caecal Lactobacillus concentration in this group were significantly increased at 6 and 8 weeks of age. In conclusion, high concentrations of microbial aerosol adversely affected the welfare of meat ducks. The microbial aerosol values in group D suggest a preliminary upper limit concentration of bioaerosols in ambient air for healthy meat ducks.
authors.affiliation: a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , 271018 , P.R., China.
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , 271018 , P.R., China.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , 271018 , P.R., China.
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , 271018 , P.R., China.
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , 271018 , P.R., China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: b The Central Hospital of Tai'an , Tai'an , 271000, P.R ., China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , 271018 , P.R., China.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.affiliation: a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Center for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , 271018 , P.R., China.
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000592:standards; D000391:Air Microbiology / Q000592:standards; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D004372:Ducks / Q000502:physiology*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols