title: Exosomes Released from Cells Infected with Crohn's Disease-associated Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli Activate Host Innate Immune Responses and Enhance Bacterial Intracellular Replication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, of which the etiology involves environmental, genetic, and microbial factors. A high prevalence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli, named AIEC, has been reported in the intestinal mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that function in intercellular communication and have been implicated in host responses to intracellular pathogens. We investigated the potential involvement of exosomes in host response to AIEC infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human intestinal epithelial T84 cells, THP-1 macrophages, and CEABAC10 transgenic mice were infected with the AIEC reference strain LF82 or the nonpathogenic E. coli K-12 MG1655 strain. Exosomes were purified using the ExoQuick reagent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LF82 infection induced the release of exosomes by T84 and THP-1 cells. Compared with exosomes released from the uninfected or MG1655-infected T84 cells, those released from LF82-infected cells activated nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinases p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase and increased the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in naive THP-1 macrophages. LF82 infection of THP-1 macrophages also induced the release of exosomes that triggered a proinflammatory response in recipient THP-1 cells. Importantly, stimulation of T84 or THP-1 cells with exosomes released from LF82-infected cells increased LF82 intracellular replication compared with stimulation with exosomes secreted by uninfected cells. Exosomes purified from intestinal lumen of CEABAC10 transgenic mice infected with LF82 increased proinflammatory responses in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages compared with those from uninfected or MG1655-infected mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exosomes are new mediators of host-AIEC interaction with their capacity to activate innate immune responses and subvert the control of AIEC replication.
authors.affiliation: *UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; ‡INRA USC 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France; and §Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carrière
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bretin
authors.forename: Arlette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darfeuille-Michaud
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barnich
authors.forename: Hang Thi Thu
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000276:immunology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D055354:Exosomes / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic