title: Depth profile of persistent and emerging organic pollutants upstream of the Three Gorges Dam gathered in 2012/2013.
abstract: Persistent and emerging organic pollutants were sampled in September 2012 and 2013 at a sampling site in front of the Three Gorges Dam near Maoping (China) in a water depth between 11 and 61 m to generate a depth profile of analytes. A novel compact water sampling system with self-packed glass cartridges was employed for the on-site enrichment of approximately 300 L of water per sample to enable the detection of low analytes levels in the picogram per liter-scale in the large water body. The overall performance of the sampling system was acceptable for the qualitative detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), perfluoroalkylic acids (PFAAs), pharmaceutical residues and polar pesticides. Strongly particle-associated analytes like PAHs and PCBs resided mainly in the glass wool filter of the sampling system, whereas all other compounds have mainly been enriched on the XAD-resin of the self-packed glass cartridges. The sampling results revealed qualitative information on the presence, depth distribution and origin of the investigated compounds. Although the depth profile of PAHs, PCBs, OCPs, and PFAAs appeared to be homogeneous, pharmaceuticals and polar pesticides were detected in distinct different patterns with water depth. Source analysis with diagnostic ratios for PAHs revealed their origin to be pyrogenic (burning of coal, wood and grass). In contrast, most PCBs and OCPs had to be regarded as legacy pollutants which have been released into the environment in former times and still remain present due to their persistence. The abundance of emerging organic pollutants could be confirmed, and their most abundant compounds could be identified as perfluorooctanoic acid, diclofenac and atrazine among investigated PFAAs, pharmaceuticals and polar pesticides, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Lehrstuhl für analytische Lebensmittelchemie, Alte Akademie 10, 85354, Freising, Germany. dominik.deyerling@helmholtz-muenchen.de.|Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany. dominik.deyerling@helmholtz-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deyerling
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Lehrstuhl für analytische Lebensmittelchemie, Alte Akademie 10, 85354, Freising, Germany.|The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
authors.forename: Jingxian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
authors.forename: Yonghong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
authors.forename: Chengrong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Henkelmann
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.|Department für Biowissenschaften, Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350, Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Karl-Werner
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Schramm
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: Depth profile; Environmental fate; Monitoring; Perfluoroalkylic acids; Persistent organic compounds; Pharmaceutical residues