title: Cardiorespiratory events in preterm infants: interventions and consequences.
abstract: Stabilization of respiration and oxygenation continues to be one of the main challenges in clinical care of the neonate. Despite aggressive respiratory support including mechanical ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure, oxygen and caffeine therapy to reduce apnea and accompanying intermittent hypoxemia, the incidence of intermittent hypoxemia events continues to increase during the first few months of life. Even with improvements in clinical care, standards for oxygen saturation targeting and modes of respiratory support have yet to be identified in this vulnerable infant cohort. In addition, we are only beginning to explore the association between the incidence and pattern of cardiorespiratory events during early postnatal life and both short- and long-term morbidity including retinopathy of prematurity, growth, sleep-disordered breathing and neurodevelopmental impairment. Part 1 of this review included a summary of lung development and diagnostic methods of cardiorespiratory monitoring. In Part 2 we focus on clinical interventions and the short- and long-term consequences of cardiorespiratory events in preterm infants.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Di Fiore
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Poets
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gauda
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: MacFarlane
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001049:Apnea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine; D010100:Oxygen