title: Of guards, decoys, baits and traps: pathogen perception in plants by type III effector sensors.
abstract: Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is conferred by dominant plant resistance (R) genes, which encode predominantly nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domain proteins (NLRs), against cognate microbial avirulence (Avr) genes, which include bacterial type III secreted effectors (T3Es). The 'guard model' describes the mechanism of T3E perception by plants, whereby NLRs monitor host proteins ('sensors') for T3E-induced perturbations. This model has provided a molecular framework to understand T3E perception and has rationalized how plants can use a limited number of NLRs (∼160 in Arabidopsis) to contend with a potentially limitless number of evolving effectors. In this review we provide a characteristic overview of plant T3E sensors and discuss how these sensors convey the presence of T3Es to NLR proteins to activate ETI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada.
authors.forename: Madiha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada/Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, KW Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada. Electronic address: Rajagopal.Subramaniam@AGR.GC.CA.
authors.forename: Rajagopal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada; Centre for the Analysis of Genome Function and Evolution, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada. Electronic address: darrell.desveaux@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Darrell
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Desveaux
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017343:Genes, Plant; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D057865:Plant Immunity / Q000235:genetics; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000069296:Type III Secretion Systems / Q000276:immunology; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; C453279:RIN4 protein, Arabidopsis; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D000069296:Type III Secretion Systems