title: Systematic review of interventions to reduce illicit drug use in female drug-dependent street sex workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most female street-based sex workers (SSWs) are drug users and this group experience particularly poor outcomes in achieving and maintaining abstinence. In 2010 the UK adopted a recovery-orientated Drug Strategy. This strategy did not specifically highlight the complex drug treatment needs of SSWs. Therefore we sought to synthesise and critically appraise existing evidence of interventions to reduce illicit drug use in this group, in order to guide service change toward better provision for the drug treatment needs of SSWs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to reduce illicit drug use in female SSWs. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a structured search strategy was used. Searches included databases, organisational and government websites to identify published and grey literature, as well as contacting experts in the field, and hand-searching reference lists and journals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six studies, one experimental and five observational, were identified which met review inclusion criteria. Intervention approaches evaluated included substitute prescribing, educational sessions and motivational interviewing. All studies reported a positive intervention effect but the five observational studies were all subject to a relatively high risk of bias. By contrast, the experimental study provided little or no evidence of positive effect (OR for reduction of illicit drug in intervention compared to controls 1.17 95%CI 0.84-1.66 at 3 months and 1.14 (95% CI 0.8 to 1.61) at 6 months follow-up). All six studies described challenges and solutions to study recruitment, retention and follow-up, which were influenced by issues affecting SSWs' health and social stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is currently no strong evidence for effectiveness of interventions to reduce illicit drug use in female SSWs with problematic drug use. Thus, the development and robust evaluation of effective interventions should be a priority if recovery-orientated goals are to become more achievable for this group.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Academic Primary Care School of Social & Community medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Nikki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jeal
authors.affiliation: Centre for Academic Primary Care School of Social & Community medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Macleod
authors.affiliation: Centre for Academic Primary Care School of Social & Community medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Centre for Academic Primary Care School of Social & Community medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Salisbury
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D062405:Motivational Interviewing / Q000379:methods*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D060386:Sex Workers / Q000193:education*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy*; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs