title: Human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells in clinical trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hESC and hiPSC) have tremendous potential for clinical implementation. In spite of all hurdles and controversy, clinical trials in treatment of spinal cord injury, macular degeneration of retina, type 1 diabetes and heart failure are already ongoing.
  
  
  METHODS
  ClinicalTrials.gov database, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, PubMed and press releases and websites of companies and institutions working on hESC- and iPSC-based cellular therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial results from multiple clinical trials demonstrate that hESC-based therapies are safe and promising.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Are iPSC cells safe in the clinical application? Is there a room for both hESC and iPSC in the future clinical applications?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing number of new clinical trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Development of hESC- and/or iPSC-based cellular therapy for other diseases.
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Laboratories, Guy's Assisted Conception Unit, Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK dusko.ilic@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Dusko
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ilic
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Laboratories, Guy's Assisted Conception Unit, Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Liani
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Devito
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Laboratories, Guy's Assisted Conception Unit, Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miere
authors.affiliation: ST8Biologics, London, UK.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Codognotto
mesh_terms: D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000628:therapy; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000637:transplantation*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000637:transplantation*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000628:therapy; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000628:therapy
keywords: diabetes; heart repair; human embryonic stem cells (hESC); human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC); macular degeneration; spinal cord injury