title: Treatment options in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer after BCG failure.
abstract: Bladder cancer is the ninth-most prevalent cancer worldwide. Most patients with urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder present with non-muscle-invasive disease and are treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) intravesical therapy. Many of these patients experience disease recurrence after BCG failure. Radical cystectomy is the recommended treatment for high-risk patients failing BCG. However, many patients are unfit for or unwilling to undergo this procedure. We searched the published literature on the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after BCG failure. We review current evidence regarding intravesical therapy with gemcitabine, mitomycin combined with thermo-chemotherapy, docetaxel, nab-paclitaxel, photodynamic therapy (PDT), BCG with interferon (IFN), and combination sequentially administered chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Iowa, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Iowa, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
keywords: Chemotherapy; interferon; photodynamic therapy; thermochemotherapy; urinary bladder neoplasms