title: The complement of family M1 aminopeptidases of Haemonchus contortus--Biotechnological implications.
abstract: Although substantial research has been focused on the 'hidden antigen' H11 of Haemonchus contortus as a vaccine against haemonchosis in small ruminants, little is know about this and related aminopeptidases. In the present article, we reviewed genomic and transcriptomic data sets to define, for the first time, the complement of aminopeptidases (designated Hc-AP-1 to Hc-AP-13) of the family M1 with homologues in Caenorhabditis elegans, characterised by zinc-binding (HEXXH) and exo-peptidase (GAMEN) motifs. The three previously published H11 isoforms (accession nos. X94187, FJ481146 and AJ249941) had most sequence similarity to Hc-AP-2 and Hc-AP-8, whereas unpublished isoforms (accession nos. AJ249942 and AJ311316) were both most similar to Hc-AP-3. The aminopeptidases characterised here had homologues in C. elegans. Hc-AP-1 to Hc-AP-8 were most similar in amino acid sequence (28-41%) to C. elegans T07F10.1; Hc-AP-9 and Hc-AP-10 to C. elegans PAM-1 (isoform b) (53-54% similar); Hc-AP-11 and Hc-AP-12 to C. elegans AC3.5 and Y67D8C.9 (26% and 50% similar, respectively); and Hc-AP-13 to C. elegans C42C1.11 and ZC416.6 (50-58% similar). Comparative analysis suggested that Hc-AP-1 to Hc-AP-8 play roles in digestion, metabolite excretion, neuropeptide processing and/or osmotic regulation, with Hc-AP-4 and Hc-AP-7 having male-specific functional roles. The analysis also indicated that Hc-AP-9 and Hc-AP-10 might be involved in the degradation of cyclin (B3) and required to complete meiosis. Hc-AP-11 represents a leucyl/cystinyl aminopeptidase, predicted to have metallopeptidase and zinc ion binding activity, whereas Hc-AP-12 likely encodes an aminopeptidase Q homologue also with these activities and a possible role in gonad function. Finally, Hc-AP-13 is predicted to encode an aminopeptidase AP-1 homologue of C. elegans with hydrolase activity, suggested to operate, possibly synergistically with a PEPT-1 ortholog, as an oligopeptide transporter in the gut for protein uptake and normal development and/or reproduction of the worm. An appraisal of structure-based amino acid sequence alignments revealed that all conceptually translated Hc-AP proteins, with the exception of Hc-AP-12, adopt a topology similar to those observed for the two subgroups of mammalian M1 aminopeptidases, which possess either three (I, II and IV) or four (I-IV) domains. In contrast, Hc-AP-12 lacks the N-terminal domain (I), but possesses a substantially expanded domain III. Although further work needs to be done to assess amino acid sequence conservation of the different aminopeptidases among individual worms within and among H. contortus populations, we hope that these insights will support future localisation, structural and functional studies of these molecules in H. contortus as well as facilitate future assessments of a recombinant subunit or cocktail vaccine against haemonchosis.
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Namitha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohandas
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Neil D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jabbar
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Pasi K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Anson V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Koehler
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Ross S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Structural Chemistry Program, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia. Electronic address: a.hofmann@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China. Electronic address: robinbg@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Robin B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Gasser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001709:Biotechnology; D018826:CD13 Antigens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D006189:Haemonchus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular
chemical_list: D015801:Helminth Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D018826:CD13 Antigens; C080908:H11 protein, Haemonchus contortus
keywords: Aminopeptidases (family M1); H11; Haemonchus contortus; Hidden antigen; Immunogens; Structure models; Transcription profiles