title: Concentrations of antibiotics predicted to select for resistant bacteria: Proposed limits for environmental regulation.
abstract: There are concerns that selection pressure from antibiotics in the environment may accelerate the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Nevertheless, there is currently no regulatory system that takes such risks into account. In part, this is due to limited knowledge of environmental concentrations that might exert selection for resistant bacteria. To experimentally determine minimal selective concentrations in complex microbial ecosystems for all antibiotics would involve considerable effort. In this work, our aim was to estimate upper boundaries for selective concentrations for all common antibiotics, based on the assumption that selective concentrations a priori need to be lower than those completely inhibiting growth. Data on Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were obtained for 111 antibiotics from the public EUCAST database. The 1% lowest observed MICs were identified, and to compensate for limited species coverage, predicted lowest MICs adjusted for the number of tested species were extrapolated through modeling. Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNECs) for resistance selection were then assessed using an assessment factor of 10 to account for differences between MICs and minimal selective concentrations. The resulting PNECs ranged from 8 ng/L to 64 μg/L. Furthermore, the link between taxonomic similarity between species and lowest MIC was weak. This work provides estimated upper boundaries for selective concentrations (lowest MICs) and PNECs for resistance selection for all common antibiotics. In most cases, PNECs for selection of resistance were below available PNECs for ecotoxicological effects. The generated PNECs can guide implementation of compound-specific emission limits that take into account risks for resistance promotion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: johan@microbiology.se.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bengtsson-Palme
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: joakim.larsson@fysiologi.gu.se.
authors.forename: D G Joakim
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Larsson
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004785:Environmental Pollutants
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Emission limits; Environmental risk assessment; Good manufacturing practice; Minimal selective concentrations; Predicted no effect concentrations