title: Sport injuries in enduro riders: a review of literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  enduro is an off road motorcycling event. It is a fast, exciting adventure sport with increasing numbers of participants and competitions.
  
  
  METHODS
  we performed search of PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, and Embase databases using the following keywords 'Enduro injuries', 'off-road motorcycle injuries' and 'Enduro sport'. We identified four studies which described the physiological characteristic of enduro riders and the injury pattern sustained by these athletes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  hands, wrists and forearms are the predominant areas of overuse in enduro riders. The extremities are the most injured parts in enduro. However, 98% of these injuries are mild to moderate with abbreviated injury scale grades 1 and 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  there is paucity of published data on enduro injuries. In depth understanding of the physiological aspect of enduro riders with close monitoring of injuries is needed to promote safety measures in enduro and to reduce risk factors of injury which in turn can help to make enduro a safe alternative to the other dangerous motorcycling sports.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Keele University School of Medicine, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke on Trent, England.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Keele University School of Medicine, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke on Trent, England.
authors.forename: Elmunzar O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Bagouri
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Keele University School of Medicine, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke on Trent, England.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gougoulias
authors.affiliation: Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maffulli
keywords: enduro riders; sports injuries