title: [The levels of osteoprotegerin, transforming growth factor-β, and some cytokines in women with coronary heart disease concurrent with severe osteoporosis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the serum level of cytokines in women with coronary heart disease (CHD) concurrent with osteoporosis (OP) and in those with isolated CHD; to assess a relationship of the levels of cytokines, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) to the ten-year absolute risk of osteoporotic fractures, the presence of fractures in the history, and that of CHD; and to establish the role of elevated cytokine levels in the development of future fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional cohort study included 98 women (mean age, 71.2?8.6 years) with CHD. Forty-eight patients had CHD concurrent with severe OP. The Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) was applied to estimate a ten-year absolute risk for fractures in all the patients. The serum levels of OPG, TGF-β, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α) were measured by enzyme immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The women with comorbidity were found to have higher levels of OPG, TGF-β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α than those with isolated CHID. There was a direct correlation between fractures, CHID, and IL-10 and TNF-α levels and an inverse relationship between fractures, CHD, and IL-8; between CHD and OPG levels. Conclusion. The women with comorbidity were noted to have elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and OPG; a correlation was between cytokine levels and fractures and CHD. Increased OPG and IL-6 levels are independent predictors of fractures.
authors.affiliation: Chita State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of Russia, Chita, Russia.
authors.forename: S Yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tsarenok
authors.affiliation: Chita State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of Russia, Chita, Russia.
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Gorbunov
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000097:blood*; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D015291:Transforming Growth Factors / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D007378:Interleukins; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015291:Transforming Growth Factors