title: Proposed three-dimensional model of the orbit and relevance to orbital fracture repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the relationship of the orbital rim and depth in Far Eastern skulls by anatomical study, using morphometry to yield an octagonal three-dimensional model of the orbit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one orbits of 21 Far Eastern skulls from the Department of Anatomy of St George's, University of London were included in this study. A morphometric study was conducted, measuring between eight reproducible orbital rim landmarks to yield perimeters, and from these landmarks to the optic canal to yield orbital depth. Orbital height and width were also recorded. Results were statistically analysed to look for evidence of gender variation or laterality before comparison with those from other ethnicities. The authors then present a method for three-dimensional description of the orbit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  67 % of orbits were male. Orbital height and width were significantly greater in males (34.6 ± 2.0 and 39.4 ± 1.7, vs. 32.5 ± 2.3 and 37.2 ± 2.4 mm). Orbital perimeter tended towards being larger in males (126.3 vs. 122.2 mm, p = 0.05), as was the angle between medial and lateral walls (50.1° ± 2.0°, vs. 47.9° ± 3.0°).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has proposed a new method for describing the orbit using three-dimensional measurements, yielding clinically useful morphometric data. These results and model have applications in surgical navigation of the orbit, repair of fractures, and prediction of post-traumatic or surgical enophthalmos.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences (Anatomy), St George's, University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fitzhugh
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences (Anatomy), St George's, University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naveed
authors.affiliation: Brain Repair and Rehabilitation Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
authors.forename: Indran
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Davagnanam
authors.affiliation: Maxillofacial Unit, St George's Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK. messihaashraf@icloud.com.
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Messiha
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D015841:Enophthalmos / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Enophthalmos; Fractures; Model; Orbit; Radiological; Repair