title: Are the leading drugs against Staphylococcus aureus really toxic to cartilage?
abstract: Many studies have shown that the toxic effects of local antibiotics on bone and cartilage limit orthopedic surgeons. In this study, we evaluated three antibacterial agents used locally to treat highly mortal and morbid diseases in the field of orthopedics, such as septic arthritis. Are vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid, which are archenemies of Staphylococcus aureus, really toxic to chondrocytes? The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of antibiotics, which are used against S. aureus, on human chondrocytes in vitro. Primary cell cultures obtained from gonarthrosis patients were divided into two main groups. One of these groups was designated as the control chondrocyte culture. The other group was divided into three subgroups, and each group was exposed to vancomycin, teicoplanin, or linezolid. Cell culture samples were characterized by immunophenotyping following incubation with the three different antibiotics. Before and after the agents were administered, the cultures were subjected to inverted and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The number of live cells and the proliferation rate were monitored with the MTT-assay. We found that vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid do not have chondrotoxic effects. Vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid had no chondrotoxic activity during in vitro culture, which supports the argument that these agents can safely be used in orthopedic surgery, especially against methicillin-resistant S. aureus agents.
authors.affiliation: Namik Kemal University School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, 59100 Tekirdag, Turkey. Electronic address: mustafadogaan@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dogan
authors.affiliation: Istanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 34214 Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: misyar2003@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Isyar
authors.affiliation: Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, Statement of Hospital, Pharmacovigilance & Rational Drug Use Team, 59100 Tekirdag, Turkey. Electronic address: ibrahimyilmaz77@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: Namik Kemal University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 59100 Tekirdag, Turkey. Electronic address: bulentbilir@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bilir
authors.affiliation: Namik Kemal University Faculty of Arts, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 59100 Tekirdag, Turkey. Electronic address: dysirin@nku.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Duygu Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Sirin
authors.affiliation: Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: selamicakmak@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Selami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cakmak
authors.affiliation: Istanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 34214 Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: mahirogullari@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mahir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahirogullari
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D000069349:Linezolid / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D017334:Teicoplanin / Q000633:toxicity*; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017334:Teicoplanin; D014640:Vancomycin; D000069349:Linezolid
keywords: Chondrocyte; Linezolid; Teicoplanin; Toxicity; Vancomycin