title: Polystyrene nanoparticles internalization in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells.
abstract: The increase in the use of nanoparticles, as a promising tool for drug delivery or as a food additive, raises questions about their interaction with biological systems, especially in terms of evoked responses. In this work, we evaluated the kinetics of uptake of 44 nm (NP44) and 100 nm (NP100) unmodified polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) in gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells, as well as the endocytic mechanism involved, and the effect on cell viability and gene expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and inflammation processes. We showed that NP44 accumulate rapidly and more efficiently in the cytoplasm of AGS compared to NP100; both PS-NPs showed an energy dependent mechanism of internalization and a clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. Dose response treatments revealed a non-linear curve. PS-NPs also affected cell viability, inflammatory gene expression and cell morphology. NP44 strongly induced an up-regulation of IL-6 and IL-8 genes, two of the most important cytokines involved in gastric pathologies. Our study suggests that parameters such as time, size and concentration of NPs must be taken carefully into consideration during the development of drug delivery systems based on NPs and for the management of nanoparticles associated risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; National Laboratory on endocrine disruptors (INBB), Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," CNR, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Forte
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iachetta
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tussellino
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carotenuto
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prisco
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Falco
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenza
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Laforgia
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. Electronic address: valiante@unina.it.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valiante
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D004705:Endocytosis; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000235:genetics; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics; D053758:Nanoparticles; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011137:Polystyrenes; D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Endocytosis; Gastric cells; Interleukins; Nanoparticles uptake