title: Mechanisms for improving mass transfer in food with ultrasound technology: Describing the phenomena in two model cases.
abstract: The aim of this work was to demonstrate how ultrasound mechanisms (direct and indirect effects) improve the mass transfer phenomena in food processing, and which part of the process they are more effective in. Two model cases were evaluated: the hydration of sorghum grain (with two water activities) and the influx of a pigment into melon cylinders. Different treatments enabled us to evaluate and discriminate both direct (inertial flow and "sponge effect") and indirect effects (micro channel formation), alternating pre-treatments and treatments using an ultrasonic bath (20 kHz of frequency and 28 W/L of volumetric power) and a traditional water-bath. It was demonstrated that both the effects of ultrasound technology are more effective in food with higher water activity, the micro channels only forming in moist food. Moreover, micro channel formation could also be observed using agar gel cylinders, verifying the random formation of these due to cavitation. The direct effects were shown to be important in mass transfer enhancement not only in moist food, but also in dry food, this being improved by the micro channels formed and the porosity of the food. In conclusion, the improvement in mass transfer due to direct and indirect effects was firstly discriminated and described. It was proven that both phenomena are important for mass transfer in moist foods, while only the direct effects are important for dry foods. Based on these results, better processing using ultrasound technology can be obtained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: cmiano@usp.br.
authors.forename: Alberto Claudio
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Miano
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology (DTA), School of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Catalunya, Spain. Electronic address: aibarz@tecal.udl.cat.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibarz
authors.affiliation: Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: pedro.ed.augusto@usp.br.
authors.forename: Pedro Esteves Duarte
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Augusto
mesh_terms: D019662:Cucurbitaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000737:chemistry; D045868:Sorghum / Q000737:chemistry; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010860:Pigments, Biological; D014867:Water
keywords: Inertial flow; Mass transfer; Micro channel; Sponge effect; Ultrasound