title: Ratio dependence in small number discrimination is affected by the experimental procedure.
abstract: Adults, infants and some non-human animals share an approximate number system (ANS) to estimate numerical quantities, and are supposed to share a second, 'object-tracking,' system (OTS) that supports the precise representation of a small number of items (up to 3 or 4). In relative numerosity judgments, accuracy depends on the ratio of the two numerosities (Weber's Law) for numerosities >4 (the typical ANS range), while for numerosities ≤4 (OTS range) there is usually no ratio effect. However, recent studies have found evidence for ratio effects for small numerosities, challenging the idea that the OTS might be involved for small number discrimination. Here we tested the hypothesis that the lack of ratio effect in the numbers 1-4 is largely dependent on the type of stimulus presentation. We investigated relative numerosity judgments in college students using three different procedures: a simultaneous presentation of intermingled and separate groups of dots in separate experiments, and a further experiment with sequential presentation. As predicted, in the large number range, ratio dependence was observed in all tasks. By contrast, in the small number range, ratio insensitivity was found in one task (sequential presentation). In a fourth experiment, we showed that the presence of intermingled distractors elicited a ratio effect, while easily distinguishable distractors did not. As the different ratio sensitivity for small and large numbers has been often interpreted in terms of the activation of the OTS and ANS, our results suggest that numbers 1-4 may be represented by both numerical systems and that the experimental context, such as the presence/absence of task-irrelevant items in the visual field, would determine which system is activated.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, University of Padova Padova, Italy ; Cognitive Neuroscience Center, University of Padova Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agrillo
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, University of Padova Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Piffer
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, University of Padova Padova, Italy ; Cognitive Neuroscience Center, University of Padova Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bisazza
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London London, UK ; National Chengchi University Taipei, Taiwan ; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Butterworth
keywords: ANS; OTS; non-verbal cognitive systems; numerical cognition; subitizing