title: The relationship between psychological distress and multiple tender points across the adult lifespan.
abstract: Multiple tender points are common in the population and, in studies of mid-life adults, are strongly associated with high levels of psychological distress. Whether this relationship occurs in older adults is unclear. This cross-sectional study investigated whether high levels of psychological distress would be associated with a high tender point count and whether the relationship would be moderated by age. Three thousand three hundred and seventy-nine individuals were mailed a questionnaire which included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Pain Catastrophising Scale (PCS), the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (Brief IPQ), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). A random sample of approximately 10% of subjects who returned the questionnaire undertook a physical assessment, including a manual tender point count assessment. A total of 2385 (71%) subjects completed the questionnaire, of whom 798 (33%) were invited to take part in the physical assessment and 290 (12%) participated. Of the 290 participants the median age was 64 years (range 34-97) and 63% were female. The median HAD score was 9 (IQR 5-14) and the median number of tender points was 3 (range 0-7). Increasing HAD score was positively and significantly associated with tender point count, but this relationship was not moderated by age. In a final multivariable model, sex, HAD score and PSQI score were independent predictors of multiple tender points. Psychological distress was associated with multiple tender points independent of age. Psychological distress and trouble sleeping were important, potentially modifiable factors associated with the outcome.
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, UK. Electronic address: deborah.brown@ndorms.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mulvey
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Lis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cordingley
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horan
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pendleton
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Rosie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McBeth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010808:Physical Examination; D015995:Prevalence; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Ageing; Anxiety; Depression; Tender points