title: Distribution and frequency of G119S mutation in ace-1 gene within Anopheles sinensis populations from Guangxi, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria is one of the most serious vector-borne diseases in the world. Vector control is an important measure for malaria prevention and elimination. However, this strategy is under threat as disease vectors are developing resistance to insecticides. Therefore, it is important to monitor mechanisms responsible for insecticide resistance. In this study, the presence of G119S mutation in the acetyl cholinesterase-encoding gene (ace-1) was investigated in nine Anopheles sinensis populations sampled across Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China.
  
  
  METHODS
  PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) method was used to genotype each individual adult of An. sinensis. Direct sequencing of PCR products was performed to verify the accuracy of PCR-RFLP genotyping result. Population genetics analysis was conducted using Genepop programme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequencies of susceptible homozygotes, heterozygotes and resistant homozygotes in the nine populations ranged between 0-0.296, 0.143-0.500 and 0.333-0.857, respectively. Overall, a high frequency (0.519-0.929) of mutant 119S allele was observed and the genotype frequency of the ace-1 gene of An. sinensis was at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in each of the nine examined populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The G119S mutation has become fixed and is widespread in An. sinensis field populations in Guangxi, China. These findings are useful in helping design strategies for An. sinensis control.
authors.affiliation: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China. 13077712341@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiangyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. yangchan@ioz.ac.cn.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. yangchan@ioz.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Chan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China. 531174868@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yichao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China. 305596627@qq.com.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China. 178736052@qq.com.
authors.forename: Kangming
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. limei@ioz.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. qiuxh@ioz.ac.cn.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. qiuxh@ioz.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xinghui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qiu
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D002219:Carbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002681:China; D005838:Genotype; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000635:transmission; D009154:Mutation; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D010755:Organophosphates; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase