title: Effect of hydrolysed cellulose nanowhiskers on properties of montmorillonite/polylactic acid nanocomposites.
abstract: Polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposites reinforced with hybrid montmorillonite/cellulose nanowhiskers [MMT/CNW(SO4)] were prepared by solution casting. The CNW(SO4) nanofiller was first isolated from microcrystalline cellulose using acid hydrolysis treatment. PLA/MMT/CNW(SO4) hybrid nanocomposites were prepared by the addition of various amounts of CNW(SO4) [1-9 parts per hundred parts of polymer (phr)] into PLA/MMT nanocomposite at 5 phr MMT content, based on highest tensile strength values as reported previously. The biodegradability, thermal, tensile, morphological, water absorption and transparency properties of PLA/MMT/CNW(SO4) hybrid nanocomposites were investigated. The Biodegradability, thermal stability and crystallinity of hybrid nanocomposites increased compared to PLA/MMT nanocomposite and neat PLA. The highest tensile strength of hybrid nanocomposites was obtained by incorporating 1 phr CNW(SO4) [∼ 36 MPa]. Interestingly, the ductility of hybrid nanocomposites increased significantly by 87% at this formulation. The Young's modulus increased linearly with increasing CNW(SO4) content. This is due to the relatively good dispersion of nanofillers in the hybrid nanocomposites, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the formation of some polar interactions. In addition, water resistance of the hybrid nanocomposites improved and the visual transparency of neat PLA film did not affect by addition of CNW(SO4).
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Skudai 81310, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arjmandi
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Skudai 81310, Malaysia. Electronic address: azmanh@cheme.utm.my.
authors.forename: Azman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia. Electronic address: mhaafiz@usm.my.
authors.forename: M K M
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Haafiz
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Skudai 81310, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zainoha
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Md Saiful
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Islam
mesh_terms: D001546:Bentonite / Q000737:chemistry*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D014867:Water; D001546:Bentonite; D019344:Lactic Acid; C033616:poly(lactide); D002482:Cellulose
keywords: Acid hydrolysis; Cellulose nanowhiskers; Hybrid nanocomposites