title: Nutritional and Immunological Correlates of Memory and Neurocognitive Development Among HIV-Infected Children Living in Kayunga, Uganda.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the nutritional and immunological correlates of memory and neurocognitive development as measured by the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) and by the Color Object Association Test (COAT) among children in Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis uses baseline data collected between 2008 and 2010 from 119 HIV-infected children aged 1-6 years, participating in a randomized controlled trial of an interventional parenting program in Kayunga, Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood draws were performed to determine immunological biomarkers. Unadjusted and adjusted linear regression models were used to relate MSEL and COAT scores to sociodemographic characteristics, weight-for-age Z scores (WAZs), antiretroviral therapy status, and immunological biomarkers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the final analysis, 111 children were included. Lower levels of CD4 CD38 T cells (P = 0.04) were associated to higher immediate and total recall scores (P = 0.04). Higher levels of CD8 HLA-DR T cells were associated with higher total recall score (P = 0.04) of the COAT. Higher CD4 CD38 HLA-DR T cells levels were associated with higher gross motor scores of the MSEL (P = 0.02). WAZ was positively correlated to visual reception, fine motor, expressive language, and composite score of the MSEL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, WAZ was a stronger predictor of neurocognitive outcomes assessed by the MSEL. CD4 CD38 T cells were more specifically associated with memory-related outcomes. Future research should include immunological markers and standardized neurocognitive tests to further understand this relationship.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; †Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; ‡University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI; §Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; ‖Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; and ¶Mental Health Department, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ruiseñor-Escudero
authors.forename: Itziar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Familiar-Lopez
authors.forename: Alla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sikorskii
authors.forename: Nikita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jambulingam
authors.forename: Noelline
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakasujja
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Opoka
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boivin
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001835:Body Weight; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020276:HIV Long-Term Survivors; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D014454:Uganda; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents