title: Psychiatric and neurological disorders in late adolescence and risk of convictions for violent crime in men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between mental illness and violent crime is complex because of the involvement of many other confounding risk factors. In the present study, we analysed psychiatric and neurological disorders in relation to the risk of convictions for violent crime, taking into account early behavioural and socio-economic risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 49,398 Swedish men, who were thoroughly assessed at conscription for compulsory military service during the years 1969-1970 and followed in national crime registers up to 2006. Five diagnostic groups were analysed: anxiety-depression/neuroses, personality disorders, substance-related disorders, mental retardation and neurological conditions. In addition, eight confounders measured at conscription and based on the literature on violence risk assessment, were added to the analyses. The relative risks of convictions for violent crime during 35 years after conscription were examined in relation to psychiatric diagnoses and other risk factors at conscription, as measured by odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) from bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the bivariate analyses there was a significant association between receiving a psychiatric diagnosis at conscription and a future conviction for violent crime (OR = 3.83, 95 % CI = 3.47-4.22), whereas no significant association between neurological conditions and future violent crime (OR = 1.03, 95 % CI = 0.48-2.21) was found. In the fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression model, mental retardation had the strongest association with future violent crime (OR = 3.60, 95 % CI = 2.73-4.75), followed by substance-related disorders (OR = 2.81, 95 % CI = 2.18-3.62), personality disorders (OR = 2.66, 95 % CI = 2.21-3.19) and anxiety-depression (OR = 1.29, 95 % CI = 1.07-1.55). Among the other risk factors, early behavioural problem had the strongest association with convictions for violent crime.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mental retardation, substance-related disorders, personality disorders and early behavioural problems are important predictors of convictions for violent crime in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. tomas.moberg@ki.se.|Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital/Solna, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden. tomas.moberg@ki.se.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. marlene.stenbacka@ki.se.
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stenbacka
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. anders.tengstrom@ki.se.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tengström
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. erik.jonsson@ki.se.|NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. erik.jonsson@ki.se.
authors.forename: Erik G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. peter.nordstrom@ki.se.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nordström
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. jussi.jokinen@ki.se.|Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. jussi.jokinen@ki.se.
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jokinen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult