title: Genetic polymorphisms and paclitaxel- or docetaxel-induced toxicities: A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Taxanes, including paclitaxel and docetaxel, are indispensable for treatment of cancer. Development of toxicity frequently necessitates dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy, despite clinical response.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Pharmacogenetic studies were reviewed for identification of genetic variants possibly underlying individual susceptibility to adverse events.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic search in Pubmed and Embase for pharmacogenetic reports with focus on commonly reported taxane-related gastrointestinal, hematological and neurological toxicities in adult patients with solid tumors. The findings from a total of 51 eligible studies are presented in a comprehensive way.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most frequently investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were located in genes encoding proteins affecting pharmacokinetics, such as drug transporters and genes of the cytochrome P450 family. Inconclusive data for risk of toxicity as well as for effects on drug exposure were reported on variants in ABCB1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and, for paclitaxel, CYP2C8. Interest is also dedicated towards genes involved in pharmacodynamics, such as detoxification of reactive oxygen species, DNA repair, neuronal processes and microtubule function. Recent studies include variants in TUBB2A, EPHA5 and EPHA6 for a possible association with neurotoxicity. Variations in methodological approach, sample size, study design, treatment schedule and end-point of toxicity affect consistency of results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review illustrates the complexity to well design pharmacogenetic studies for validation of SNPs that may clarify differences in taxane-induced toxicities among individuals. Novel genes encoding cellular targets of taxanes deserve further analysis by means of robust patient cohorts and definition of objective end-points.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Frederiks
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Guchelaar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: e.boven@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boven
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B / Q000235:genetics; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D065727:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 / Q000235:genetics; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000235:genetics; D000077143:Docetaxel; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics; D006402:Hematologic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D036123:Receptor, EphA5 / Q000235:genetics; D036124:Receptor, EphA6 / Q000235:genetics; D043823:Taxoids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C513055:ABCB1 protein, human; D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D043823:Taxoids; D014404:Tubulin; D000077143:Docetaxel; D065727:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D036123:Receptor, EphA5; D036124:Receptor, EphA6; D017239:Paclitaxel
keywords: Docetaxel; Paclitaxel; Pharmacogenetics; Single nucleotide polymorphisms; Toxicity