title: Anti-H1N1 virus, cytotoxic and Nrf2 activation activities of chemical constituents from Scutellaria baicalensis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Huang-Qin, derived from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, is a popular Chinese herbal medicine mainly used to treat influenza and cancer. This study aims to elucidate the anti-influenza, anti-cancer and anti-oxidation effective components of S. baicalensis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Various column chromatography techniques and semi-preparative HPLC were used to isolate Scutellaria compounds, and their structures were identified by HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic analysis. The pure compounds were evaluated for anti-influenza activities against A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus in MDCK cells, cytotoxic activities against HepG2, SW480 and MCF7 human cancer cells by MTS assay, and antioxidant activities by Nrf2 luciferase reporter assay. In addition, the contents of 12 major compounds in 27 batches of S. baicalensis were simultaneously determined by a fully validated UPLC/UV method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of thirty compounds (1-30), including four new ones (3, 7, 11 and 23), were isolated from S. baicalensis. Baicalin (15), baicalein (26), wogonin (27), chrysin (28) and oroxylin A (30) showed potent anti-H1N1 activities, with IC50 values of 7.4, 7.5, 2.1, 7.7 and 12.8 μM, respectively, which were remarkably more potent than the positive drug Osv-P (oseltamivir phosphate, IC50 45.6 μM). Most free flavones (26-28 and 30) showed significant cytotoxic activities at 10 μM (up to 61.2% inhibition rate). Furthermore, 30 could activate Nrf2 transcription by 3.8-fold of the control at 10 μM. UPLC analysis indicated the 12 major compounds (including the bioactive ones) accounted for 195.93 ± 43.9 mg g(-)(1) of the herbal materials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that free flavones showed potent anti-influenza, anti-cancer and anti-oxidative activities. They are important effective components of S. baicalensis, and can be used as chemical markers for quality control of this herbal medicine.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Ru
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Wen-juan
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Zi-wei
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Long-long
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Si
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Si-wang
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China. Electronic address: deminzhou@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: De-min
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China. Electronic address: yemin@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D061985:Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031364:Scutellaria baicalensis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; C499814:Scutellaria baicalensis extract
keywords: Anti-H1N1 virus; Baicalin (PubChem CID: 64982); Cytotoxicity; Effective components; Nrf2 activation; Scutellaria baicalensis; baicalein (PubChem CID: 5281605); chrysin (PubChem CID: 5281607); oroxylin A (PubChem CID: 5320315); wogonin (PubChem CID: 5281703)