title: pH-Dependent Equilibrium between 5-Guanidinohydantoin and Iminoallantoin Affects Nucleotide Insertion Opposite the DNA Lesion.
abstract: Four-electron oxidation of 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) yields 5-guanidinohydantoin (dGh) as a product. Previously, we hypothesized that dGh could isomerize to iminoallantoin (dIa) via a mechanism similar to the isomerization of allantoin. The isomerization reaction was monitored by HPLC and found to be pH dependent with a transition pH = 10.1 in which dGh was favored at low pH and dIa was favored at high pH. The structures for these isomers were confirmed by UV-vis, MS, and (1)H and (13)C NMR. Additionally, the UV-vis and NMR experimental results are supported by density functional theory calculations. A mechanism is proposed to support the pH dependency of the isomerization reaction. Next, we noted the hydantoin ring of dGh mimics thymine, while the iminohydantoin ring of dIa mimics cytosine; consequently, a dGh/dIa site was synthesized in a DNA template strand, and standing start primer extension studies were conducted with Klenow fragment exo(-). The dATP/dGTP insertion ratio opposite the dGh/dIa site as a function of pH was evaluated from pH 6.5-9.0. At pH 6.5, only dATP was inserted, but as the pH increased to 9.0, the amount of dGTP insertion steadily increased. This observation supports dGh to dIa isomerization in DNA with a transition pH of ∼8.2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States.
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States.
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States.|Center for High Performance Computing, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0190, United States.
authors.forename: Anita M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Orendt
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States.
authors.forename: Cynthia J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Burrows
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D004249:DNA Damage; D003848:Deoxyguanine Nucleotides / Q000737:chemistry*; D006146:Guanidines / Q000737:chemistry*; D006827:Hydantoins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007536:Isomerism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D003848:Deoxyguanine Nucleotides; D006146:Guanidines; D006827:Hydantoins; C467338:guanidinohydantoin; C029603:deoxyguanosine triphosphate; D004247:DNA