title: Anti-Infectious Human Vaccination in Historical Perspective.
abstract: A brief history of vaccination is presented since the Jenner's observation, through the first golden age of vaccinology (from Pasteur's era to 1938), the second golden age (from 1940 to 1970), until the current period. In the first golden age, live, such as Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG), and yellow fever, inactivated, such as typhoid, cholera, plague, and influenza, and subunit vaccines, such as tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, have been developed. In the second golden age, the cell culture technology enabled polio, measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines be developed. In the era of modern vaccines, in addition to the conjugate polysaccharide, hepatitis A, oral typhoid, and varicella vaccines, the advent of molecular biology enabled to develop hepatitis B, acellular pertussis, papillomavirus, and rotavirus recombinant vaccines. Great successes have been achieved in the fight against infectious diseases, including the smallpox global eradication, the nearly disappearance of polio, the control of tetanus, diphtheria, measles, rubella, yellow fever, and rabies. However, much work should still be done for improving old vaccines, such as BCG, anthrax, smallpox, plague, or for developing effective vaccines against old or emerging infectious threats, such as human-immunodeficiency-virus, malaria, hepatitis C, dengue, respiratory-syncytial-virus, cytomegalovirus, multiresistant bacteria, Clostridium difficile, Ebola virus. In addition to search for innovative and effective vaccines and global infant coverage, even risk categories should adequately be protected. Despite patients under immunosuppressive therapy are globally increasing, their vaccine coverage is lower than recommended, even in developed and affluent countries.
authors.affiliation: a Via Felice Grossi Gondi Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: D'Amelio
authors.affiliation: c S. Andrea University Hospital , Via di Grottarossa Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salemi
authors.affiliation: b Sapienza University of Rome , Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine , Via di Grottarossa Rome, Italy.|c S. Andrea University Hospital , Via di Grottarossa Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Amelio
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D064789:Immunity, Heterologous; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007239:Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D012306:Risk; D014611:Vaccination; D014612:Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014612:Vaccines; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic
keywords: history; infections; vaccinations; vaccines; vaccinology