title: Metal toxicity differently affects the Iris pseudacorus-arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi symbiosis in terrestrial and semi-aquatic habitats.
abstract: Phytoremediation offers an environmental friendly alternative to conventional cleanup techniques. In this study, mycorrhizal fungi isolated from the roots of Mentha longifolia grown in the basin of the Centuria River (S Poland) were used. Iris pseudacorus was grown in substratum from an industrial waste, enriched in Pb, Fe, Zn, and Cd in a terrestrial and water-logged habitat. Plant yield and photosynthetic performance was the highest in the aquatic environment; however, the presence of toxic metals (TM) negatively affected photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry as shown by the JIP test. Fungi colonization and Cd accumulation within plant tissues was decreased. In the terrestrial habitat, neither arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) nor metal toxicity affected plant growth, although metal uptake, Cd in particular, as well as photosynthesis were affected. Inoculated plants accumulated significantly more Cd, and photosynthesis was downregulated. The results presented in this study clearly indicate that the I. pseudacorus-AMF symbiosis adapts itself to the presence of toxic metals in the environment, optimizing resource supply, energy fluxes, and possibly stress tolerance mechanisms. Plant/AMF consortia grown in terrestrial and water-logged habitats utilize different strategies to cope with metal toxicity. The use of AMF in improving the phytoremediation potential of I. pseudacorus needs, however, further research.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wężowicz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.|Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Turnau
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anielska
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Yanka Kupala State University, Grodno, Belarus.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zhebrak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gołuszka
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Słowackiego 17, Szczecin, 71-434, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Błaszkowski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland. piotr.rozpadek@uj.edu.pl.|Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, Kraków, 30-239, Poland. piotr.rozpadek@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rozpądek
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D017753:Ecosystem; D031323:Iris Plant / Q000382:microbiology*; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007854:Lead / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000187:drug effects*; D010788:Photosynthesis; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013559:Symbiosis; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF); Constructed wetlands; Iris pseudacorus; OJIP; Phytoremediation; Toxic metals