title: Systematic Review of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Interventions Across the Life Span.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) can experience profound impairments and long-term adverse outcomes. This systematic review adopts a life span perspective providing an extensive analysis of the available literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified from PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, CINAHL, ERIC, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and gray literature. Two reviewers independently screened the title and abstract of each reference, and the methodological rigor of the included studies was assessed using the Effective Public Health Project assessment tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria, of which the vast majority targeted early to middle childhood. Two studies focused on early intervention in the postnatal period, and 6 studies aimed to improve attention and/or self-regulation in childhood. Three of these provided promising evidence on improving self-regulatory difficulties for children with FASDs. Nine studies focused on improving specific areas of dysfunction. Six studies addressed social skills; 3 of these used an adaptation of a well-validated social skills program. Three studies provided promising initial evidence that parents and caregivers could benefit from support with child behavior and a further 4 studies provided education and advocacy for parents/caregivers, teachers, or child welfare workers. The final 2 studies were aimed at supporting parents who were themselves affected by prenatal alcohol exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is growing evidence for interventions that improve outcomes for early to middle childhood. However, a lack of research exists outside of this developmental period. This lack of research is concerning given the potential positive impact of early intervention, for individuals and, financially, for governments. In addition, the lack of interventions for adolescents and adults further highlights the widening developmental gap and the potential influence of secondary disabilities for this at-risk population.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Psychology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Psychology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.|Australian Centre for Child Protection, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dawe
authors.affiliation: Community Child Health, Gold Coast Hospital & Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Harnett
authors.affiliation: Community Child Health, Gold Coast Hospital & Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Psychology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: Community Child Health, Gold Coast Hospital & Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: LeGros
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Psychology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008136:Longevity; D016487:Parenting / Q000639:trends; D011247:Pregnancy; D012042:Registries; D066107:Social Skills
keywords: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders; Intervention; Prenatal Alcohol Exposure; Systematic Review; Treatment