title: Management of primary and secondary central nervous system vasculitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article summarizes the current evidence on the management of primary and secondary central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two recent retrospective cohort studies have described the treatment and outcomes of patients with adult primary central nervous system vasculitis (PCNSV). Although the majority of the patients (>60%) responded to therapy with glucocorticoids alone or in conjunction with cyclophosphamide (CYC) and tended to improve during the follow-up period, an overall increased mortality was observed. The treatment response and the outcomes appeared primarily related to the size of the vessels involved in the inflammatory process. The involvement of small cortical/leptomeningeal vessels was associated with a more benign course, whereas the involvement of larger/proximal cerebral vessels was related to a less favorable prognosis and identified cases that should be treated more aggressively. Glucocorticoids combined with CYC are the mainstay of therapy for secondary CNS vasculitis. Observational studies have documented the efficacy of rituximab as induction therapy in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) and CNS disease, while the role of antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents is more controversial. Case series have demonstrated the efficacy of anti-TNF agents in patients with neuro-Behçet's disease. Tocilizumab may also be effective in this condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recognition of findings at diagnosis that predict the course or outcomes of PCNSV may serve as guide for therapy. Biological agents may provide benefit to difficult-to-treat patients with CNS involvement secondary to AAV and Behçet's disease.
authors.affiliation: aUnità Operativa di Reumatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy bDivision of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Salvarani
authors.forename: Nicolò
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pipitone
authors.forename: Gene G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Hunder
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D056647:Systemic Vasculitis / Q000175:diagnosis; D020293:Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000175:diagnosis*