title: Thrombus Features in Hyperacute Ischemic Stroke: A Perspective on Using Length and Density Evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More insights in the etiopathogenesis of thrombi could be helpful in the treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). One of the most confident and early imaging findings of stroke includes arterial hyperdensity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether thrombi's density and length would be useful for predicting their origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 68 consecutive patients with AIS to correlate the presence of thrombi and their imaging features with the stroke subtype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After excluding patients with small-artery occlusion mechanism and undetermined and other causes, the stroke etiologic subtypes were large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA) in 59.0% of the patients, cardioembolism in 31.0%, and cervical artery dissection (CAD) in 10.0%. CAD more often caused thrombi with the longest length and highest attenuation, while thrombi that originated from the LAA had the smallest length and lowest attenuation. The mean Hounsfield unit (HU) values of all thrombi (with and without hyperdensity) on noncontrast computed tomography were 62.4 (50.0-70.0) in CAD, 53.8 (42.0-65.0) in cardioembolism, and 48.6 (27.0-65.0) in LAA. The length measurements were 28.5 mm (12.0-52.0) in CAD, 13.7 mm (5.0-31.0) in cardioembolism, and 10.8 mm (3.0-25.0) in the LAA subtype. The minimum cutoff value of 60 HU and a length greater than 20 mm were able to discriminate the CAD thrombi with an accuracy of 86.8% and 92.6%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study findings show how important thrombus analysis is in patients with AIS. Thrombus analysis can allow early suspicion of CAD before dedicated imaging of the cervical arteries is performed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: felipetorrespacheco@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Felipe Torres
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: César Augusto Pinheiro Ferreira
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rubens Jose
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gagliardi
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antônio Jose
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: da Rocha
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000784:Aortic Dissection / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002537:Intracranial Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography; D012372:ROC Curve; D016037:Single-Blind Method
keywords: Thrombi density; cervical artery dissection; computed tomography angiography; hyperacute stroke; stroke subtypes; thrombi length