title: Ultrafast ultrasound localization microscopy for deep super-resolution vascular imaging.
abstract: Non-invasive imaging deep into organs at microscopic scales remains an open quest in biomedical imaging. Although optical microscopy is still limited to surface imaging owing to optical wave diffusion and fast decorrelation in tissue, revolutionary approaches such as fluorescence photo-activated localization microscopy led to a striking increase in resolution by more than an order of magnitude in the last decade. In contrast with optics, ultrasonic waves propagate deep into organs without losing their coherence and are much less affected by in vivo decorrelation processes. However, their resolution is impeded by the fundamental limits of diffraction, which impose a long-standing trade-off between resolution and penetration. This limits clinical and preclinical ultrasound imaging to a sub-millimetre scale. Here we demonstrate in vivo that ultrasound imaging at ultrafast frame rates (more than 500 frames per second) provides an analogue to optical localization microscopy by capturing the transient signal decorrelation of contrast agents--inert gas microbubbles. Ultrafast ultrasound localization microscopy allowed both non-invasive sub-wavelength structural imaging and haemodynamic quantification of rodent cerebral microvessels (less than ten micrometres in diameter) more than ten millimetres below the tissue surface, leading to transcranial whole-brain imaging within short acquisition times (tens of seconds). After intravenous injection, single echoes from individual microbubbles were detected through ultrafast imaging. Their localization, not limited by diffraction, was accumulated over 75,000 images, yielding 1,000,000 events per coronal plane and statistically independent pixels of ten micrometres in size. Precise temporal tracking of microbubble positions allowed us to extract accurately in-plane velocities of the blood flow with a large dynamic range (from one millimetre per second to several centimetres per second). These results pave the way for deep non-invasive microscopy in animals and humans using ultrasound. We anticipate that ultrafast ultrasound localization microscopy may become an invaluable tool for the fundamental understanding and diagnostics of various disease processes that modify the microvascular blood flow, such as cancer, stroke and arteriosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, Institut Langevin, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.|Institut Langevin, ESPCI-ParisTech, PSL Research University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.|CNRS UMR 7587, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Errico
authors.affiliation: INSERM, Institut Langevin, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.|Institut Langevin, ESPCI-ParisTech, PSL Research University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.|CNRS UMR 7587, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Juliette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pierre
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.|Brain Plasticity Unit, ESPCI-ParisTech, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pezet
authors.affiliation: INSERM, Institut Langevin, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.|Institut Langevin, ESPCI-ParisTech, PSL Research University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.|CNRS UMR 7587, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Yann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Desailly
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.|Brain Plasticity Unit, ESPCI-ParisTech, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Zsolt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lenkei
authors.affiliation: INSERM, Institut Langevin, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.|Institut Langevin, ESPCI-ParisTech, PSL Research University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.|CNRS UMR 7587, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Couture
authors.affiliation: INSERM, Institut Langevin, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.|Institut Langevin, ESPCI-ParisTech, PSL Research University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.|CNRS UMR 7587, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Mickael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000166:cytology; D003287:Contrast Media; D008297:Male; D045423:Microbubbles; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods*; D055806:Microvessels; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media