title: A cross-sectional study assessing the residual bio-efficacy and durability of field-distributed long-lasting insecticidal nets in malaria endemic ethnic communities of Assam, Northeast India.
abstract: Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are being promoted for malaria vector control in the northeastern Indian state of Assam. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the current residual bio-efficacy and durability of both the Olyset(®) and PermaNet(®)2.0 LLINs that were distributed earlier in 2009, 2011 and 2013 to help formulate informed policy regarding net procurement, supplies and replacement. The study was undertaken in three different malaria endemic blocks of Assam during the period of June to October of 2014. The residual bio-efficacies were ascertained using the WHO cone-bioassay method for mosquito mortality post-exposure and corroborated with the ring-net assay for the median knockdown times of both types of LLINs in use by these communities. Cross-sectional community surveys were distributed to assess net ownership, utilization, community practices and the physical conditions of the nets in terms of being torn and the numbers of holes per position. Both the Olyset(®) and PermaNet(®)2.0 LLINs that were distributed in 2009 (i.e., nearly after five years of community usage) were completely torn, worn out and obsolete. However, the LLINs distributed in 2011 (i.e., three years of community usage) retained their residual bio-efficacies in susceptibility ranges that varied from 57% to 79%. However, for the LLINs that were distributed in 2013, the observed residual efficacy was adequate and resulted in a mosquito mortality rate >80 percent. Of the two types of LLINs inspected, the Olyset(®)nets were more durable and robust in terms of being torn less frequently (37.1%, 39/105) compared with the PermaNet(®)2.0 nets (51.8%, 204/394). Regarding the LLINs that were distributed in 2013, all were physically intact and in good condition. The majority of the distributed LLINs (99.2%, 639/644) were still in the possession of the householders of the surveyed populations. This study revealed that the serviceable life of the nets was slightly less than three years in terms of waning residual bio-efficacy and durability that warranted replacement. The communities were aware of the benefits of the use of mosquito net for personal protection and regularly used the nets; thus, LLIN-based interventions for sustained vector control should be scaled up.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research (Field Station), Guwahati 781 022, Assam, India. Electronic address: mrcassam@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Vas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dev
authors.affiliation: National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Government of Assam, Guwahati 781 005, Assam, India.
authors.forename: Keshab
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barman
authors.affiliation: National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Government of Assam, Guwahati 781 005, Assam, India.
authors.forename: Kamal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khound
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001681:Biological Assay; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D009033:Culicidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D007194:India; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials
keywords: Long-lasting insecticidal nets; Malaria; Net durability; Northeast India; Residual bio-efficacy; Vector control