title: Comparison of the satiating properties of egg- versus cereal grain-based breakfasts for appetite and energy intake control in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies exist that have systematically examined the role of protein, and egg protein in particular, in appetite and energy intake regulation in children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three different types of breakfast on appetite and energy intake at subsequent meals in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty children, ages 8-10, were served a compulsory breakfast (egg, cereal, or oatmeal) and lunch, consumed ad libitum, once a week for three weeks. Children's appetite ratings were assessed repeatedly throughout the morning. On each test day, caregivers completed food records, which captured children's intake for the remainder of the day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant main effect of breakfast condition on energy intake at lunch (P=0.02) indicating that children consumed ~70 fewer calories at lunch following the egg breakfast (696 ± 53 kcal) compared to the cereal (767 ± 53 kcal) and oatmeal (765 ± 53 kcal) breakfasts. Calories consumed for the remainder of the day and daily energy intake did not differ across conditions (P>0.30). There also were no significant differences in children's appetite ratings between conditions (P>0.43).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consuming an egg-based breakfast significantly reduced short-term, but not longer-term, energy intake in children in the absence of differences in appetite ratings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States. Electronic address: tkral@nursing.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Tanja V E
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Kral
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Annika L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bannon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chittams
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Reneé H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D001066:Appetite; D001069:Appetite Regulation; D062408:Breakfast; D002648:Child; D002523:Edible Grain; D004531:Eggs; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Appetite; Breakfast composition; Children; Energy intake