title: A Bioimpedance Analysis Platform for Amputee Residual Limb Assessment.
abstract: The objective of this research was to develop a bioimpedance platform for monitoring fluid volume in residual limbs of people with trans-tibial limb loss using prostheses.
  
  
  
  A customized multifrequency current stimulus profile was sent to thin flat electrodes positioned on the thigh and distal residual limb. The applied current signal and sensed voltage signals from four pairs of electrodes located on the anterior and posterior surfaces were demodulated into resistive and reactive components. An established electrical model (Cole) and segmental limb geometry model were used to convert results to extracellular and intracellular fluid volumes. Bench tests and testing on amputee participants were conducted to optimize the stimulus profile and electrode design and layout.
  
  
  
  The proximal current injection electrode needed to be at least 25 cm from the proximal voltage sensing electrode. A thin layer of hydrogel needed to be present during testing to ensure good electrical coupling. Using a burst duration of 2.0 ms, intermission interval of 100 μs, and sampling delay of 10 μs at each of 24 frequencies except 5 kHz, which required a 200-μs sampling delay, the system achieved a sampling rate of 19.7 Hz.
  
  
  
  The designed bioimpedance platform allowed system settings and electrode layouts and positions to be optimized for amputee limb fluid volume measurement.
  
  
  
  The system will be useful toward identifying and ranking prosthetic design features and participant characteristics that impact residual limb fluid volume.
authors.forename: Joan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moehring
authors.forename: Travis M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Rothlisberger
authors.forename: Reid H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.forename: Colin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: Christian B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Redd
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cagle
mesh_terms: D000672:Amputation Stumps / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000674:Amputees / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004566:Electrodes; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate