title: Treating childhood cancer in Rwanda: the nephroblastoma example.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wilms tumor (WT) or nephroblastoma is the commonest childhood cancer in Rwanda. Nephroblastoma is regarded as one of the successes of pediatric oncology with long-term survival approaching 90%. The Objectives to evaluate the feasibility of treating childhood cancer using the nephroblastoma example and to calculate its cost of treatment in Rwanda.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study over a 2 year period: 01 Jan 2010- 31 December 2011. A questionnaire was completed by all participants in the study and the following variables were collected at Kigali University Teaching Hospital: age at diagnosis, gender, transport cost, cost of investigations, staging, treatment and outcome, cost of hospitalization, type of medical, surgical, radiological interventions and their costs, number of admissions per patient and factors related to non compliance to treatment. All patients had a confirmed diagnosis on histopathology examination. The cost for treatment was calculated for early and late stage and was expressed in USA dollars. Analysis was done with SPSS 16.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 25 patients diagnosed and treated for WT during the study period. Almost half of the patients 14/25 (56%) had advanced disease, seven children (28%) had stage IV, seven children stage III, six patients (24%) with stage II, while the remaining five (20%) had stage I with high risk tumor. The direct cost of management ranged from1,831.2 USD for early disease to 2,418.7 USD for advanced disease. The cost of transport, investigations and drugs were recorded as main contributing factors to the feasibility and cost of the treatment in 80% of the responses, followed by late presentation (56%) and poor compliance to treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most challenges are related to unaffordable treatment and late presentation. The management of WT is feasible in Rwandan setting but efforts should be made in order to improve awareness of childhood cancer, early diagnosis and access to care. The government of Rwanda is committed to improve cancer care in the country and organized the first pediatric international oncology conference in Kigali, in March 2012 to develop National protocols for the top five most common cancers in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, Rwanda ; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Aimable
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanyamuhunga
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, Rwanda.
authors.forename: Lisine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tuyisenge
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa ; South African Medical Research Council, Parrow, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Daniela Cristina
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Stefan
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012432:Rwanda; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D009396:Wilms Tumor / Q000191:economics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Africa; Cost; Rwanda; childhood cancer; nephroblastoma