title: Processed Lignin as a Byproduct of the Generation of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural from Biomass: A Promising New Mesoporous Material.
abstract: The lignin by-product of the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to 5-(chloromethyl)furfural (CMF) has been characterised by thermogravimetric analysis, N2 physisorption porosimetry, attenuated internal reflectance IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The lignin (LCMF) has a moderate level of mesoporosity before thermal treatment and a surface area of 63 m(2)  g(-1) , which increases dramatically on pyrolysis at temperatures above 400 °C. An assessment of the functionality and textural properties of the material was achieved by analysing LCMF treated thermally over a range of pyrolysis temperatures. Samples were sulfonated to test their potential as heterogeneous acid catalysts in the esterification of levulinic acid. It was shown that unpyrolysed catalysts gave the highest ester yields of up to 93 %. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of mesoporous lignin with an appreciable surface area that is produced directly from a bio-refinery process and with further textural modification of the material demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: Vitaliy L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Budarin
authors.affiliation: Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Jonatan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henschen
authors.affiliation: Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK. thomas.farmer@york.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1039-7684
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.affiliation: Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: Duncan J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Macquarrie
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. mjmascal@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mascal
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Gundibasappa K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Nagaraja
authors.affiliation: Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: Tabitha H M
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Petchey
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D004951:Esterification; D005662:Furaldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D008031:Lignin / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: C545952:5-(chloromethyl)furfural; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D008031:Lignin; D005662:Furaldehyde
keywords: biomass; carboxylic acids; heterogeneous catalysis; mesoporous materials; waste prevention