title: Normal Brain Sparing With Increasing Number of Beams and Isocenters in Volumetric-Modulated Arc Beam Radiosurgery of Multiple Brain Metastases.
abstract: Recent studies have reported about the application of volumetric-modulated arc radiotherapy in the treatment of multiple brain metastases. One of the key concerns for these radiosurgical treatments lies in the integral dose within the normal brain tissue, as it has been shown to increase with increasing number of brain tumors treated. In this study, we investigate the potential to improve normal brain tissue sparing specific to volumetric-modulated arc radiotherapy by increasing the number of isocenters and arc beams. Adopting a multi-institutional benchmark study protocol of planning multiple brain metastases via a radiosurgical apparatus, a flattening filter-free TrueBeam RapidArc delivery system (Varian Oncology, Palo Alto, California) was used for a volumetric-modulated arc radiotherapy treatment planning study, where treatment plans for target combinations of N = 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 targets were developed with increasing numbers of isocenters and arc beams. The treatment plans for each target combination were compared dosimetrically among each other and against the reference Gamma Knife treatment plan from the original benchmark study. We observed that as the number of isocenters or arc beams increased, the normal brain isodose volumes such as 12- to 4-Gy on average decreased by up to 15% for all the studied cases. However, when the best volumetric-modulated arc radiotherapy normal brain isodose volumes were compared against the corresponding reference Gamma Knife values, volumetric-modulated arc radiotherapy remained 100% to 200% higher than those of Gamma Knife for all target combinations. The study results, particularly for the solitary (N = 1) metastases case, directly challenged the general notion of dose equivalence among current radiosurgical modalities. In conclusion, multiple isocenter and multiple arc beam delivery solutions are capable of decreasing normal brain irradiation exposure for volumetric-modulated arc radiotherapy. However, there is further technological development in need for volumetric-modulated arc radiotherapy before similar dosimetric treatment plans could be achievable when compared to Gamma Knife radiosurgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Sabbir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Vance
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Keeling
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Salahuddin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Arjun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahgal
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA lijunma@radonc.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods
keywords: brain metastases; comparison of techniques; intensity-modulated arc therapy; normal tissue dose; stereotactic radiosurgery