title: Link Between Increased Satiety Gut Hormones and Reduced Food Reward After Gastric Bypass Surgery for Obesity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is an effective long-term intervention for weight loss maintenance, reducing appetite, and also food reward, via unclear mechanisms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of elevated satiety gut hormones after RYGB, we examined food hedonic-reward responses after their acute post-prandial suppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  These were randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover experimental medicine studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups, more than 5 months after RYGB for obesity (n = 7-11), compared with nonobese controls (n = 10), or patients after gastric banding (BAND) surgery (n = 9) participated in the studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were performed after acute administration of the somatostatin analog octreotide or saline. In one study, patients after RYGB, and nonobese controls, performed a behavioral progressive ratio task for chocolate sweets. In another study, patients after RYGB, and controls after BAND surgery, performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging food picture evaluation task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Octreotide increased both appetitive food reward (breakpoint) in the progressive ratio task (n = 9), and food appeal (n = 9) and reward system blood oxygen level-dependent signal (n = 7) in the functional magnetic resonance imaging task, in the RYGB group, but not in the control groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Octreotide suppressed postprandial plasma peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, and fibroblast growth factor-19 after RYGB. The reduction in plasma peptide YY with octreotide positively correlated with the increase in brain reward system blood oxygen level-dependent signal in RYGB/BAND subjects, with a similar trend for glucagon-like peptide-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhanced satiety gut hormone responses after RYGB may be a causative mechanism by which anatomical alterations of the gut in obesity surgery modify behavioral and brain reward responses to food.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (A.P.G., A.D.M., S.S., N.C., J.D.B.), Robert Steiner MRI Unit (G.D.), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, and Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology (A.P.G.) and Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (A.P.G., N.C.), Division of Brain Sciences, and Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (A.D.M., C.W.l.R.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Diabetes Complications Research Centre (S.J., K.J.N., J.G., S.M., C.W.l.R.), Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6265 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1324 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (L.P., S.M.), Université de Bourgogne, F-21000, Dijon, France; Research Centre for Optimal Health (J.D.B.), University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom; and Department of Gastro Surgical Research and Education (C.W.l.R.), University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Goldstone
authors.affiliation: Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (A.P.G., A.D.M., S.S., N.C., J.D.B.), Robert Steiner MRI Unit (G.D.), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, and Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology (A.P.G.) and Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (A.P.G., N.C.), Division of Brain Sciences, and Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (A.D.M., C.W.l.R.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Diabetes Complications Research Centre (S.J., K.J.N., J.G., S.M., C.W.l.R.), Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6265 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1324 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (L.P., S.M.), Université de Bourgogne, F-21000, Dijon, France; Research Centre for Optimal Health (J.D.B.), University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom; and Department of Gastro Surgical Research and Education (C.W.l.R.), University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Alexander D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Miras
authors.affiliation: Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (A.P.G., A.D.M., S.S., N.C., J.D.B.), Robert Steiner MRI Unit (G.D.), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, and Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology (A.P.G.) and Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (A.P.G., N.C.), Division of Brain Sciences, and Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (A.D.M., C.W.l.R.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Diabetes Complications Research Centre (S.J., K.J.N., J.G., S.M., C.W.l.R.), Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6265 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1324 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (L.P., S.M.), Université de Bourgogne, F-21000, Dijon, France; Research Centre for Optimal Health (J.D.B.), University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom; and Department of Gastro Surgical Research and Education (C.W.l.R.), University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scholtz
authors.affiliation: Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (A.P.G., A.D.M., S.S., N.C., J.D.B.), Robert Steiner MRI Unit (G.D.), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, and Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology (A.P.G.) and Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (A.P.G., N.C.), Division of Brain Sciences, and Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (A.D.M., C.W.l.R.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Diabetes Complications Research Centre (S.J., K.J.N., J.G., S.M., C.W.l.R.), Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6265 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1324 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (L.P., S.M.), Université de Bourgogne, F-21000, Dijon, France; Research Centre for Optimal Health (J.D.B.), University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom; and Department of Gastro Surgical Research and Education (C.W.l.R.), University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (A.P.G., A.D.M., S.S., N.C., J.D.B.), Robert Steiner MRI Unit (G.D.), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, and Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology (A.P.G.) and Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (A.P.G., N.C.), Division of Brain Sciences, and Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (A.D.M., C.W.l.R.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Diabetes Complications Research Centre (S.J., K.J.N., J.G., S.M., C.W.l.R.), Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6265 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1324 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (L.P., S.M.), Université de Bourgogne, F-21000, Dijon, France; Research Centre for Optimal Health (J.D.B.), University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom; and Department of Gastro Surgical Research and Education (C.W.l.R.), University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karl J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Neff
authors.affiliation: Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (A.P.G., A.D.M., S.S., N.C., J.D.B.), Robert Steiner MRI Unit (G.D.), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, and Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology (A.P.G.) and Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (A.P.G., N.C.), Division of Brain Sciences, and Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (A.D.M., C.W.l.R.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Diabetes Complications Research Centre (S.J., K.J.N., J.G., S.M., C.W.l.R.), Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6265 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1324 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (L.P., S.M.), Université de Bourgogne, F-21000, Dijon, France; Research Centre for Optimal Health (J.D.B.), University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom; and Department of Gastro Surgical Research and Education (C.W.l.R.), University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pénicaud
authors.affiliation: Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (A.P.G., A.D.M., S.S., N.C., J.D.B.), Robert Steiner MRI Unit (G.D.), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, and Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology (A.P.G.) and Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (A.P.G., N.C.), Division of Brain Sciences, and Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (A.D.M., C.W.l.R.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Diabetes Complications Research Centre (S.J., K.J.N., J.G., S.M., C.W.l.R.), Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6265 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1324 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (L.P., S.M.), Université de Bourgogne, F-21000, Dijon, France; Research Centre for Optimal Health (J.D.B.), University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom; and Department of Gastro Surgical Research and Education (C.W.l.R.), University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geoghegan
authors.affiliation: Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (A.P.G., A.D.M., S.S., N.C., J.D.B.), Robert Steiner MRI Unit (G.D.), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, and Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology (A.P.G.) and Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (A.P.G., N.C.), Division of Brain Sciences, and Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (A.D.M., C.W.l.R.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Diabetes Complications Research Centre (S.J., K.J.N., J.G., S.M., C.W.l.R.), Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6265 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1324 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (L.P., S.M.), Université de Bourgogne, F-21000, Dijon, France; Research Centre for Optimal Health (J.D.B.), University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom; and Department of Gastro Surgical Research and Education (C.W.l.R.), University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Navpreet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chhina
authors.affiliation: Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (A.P.G., A.D.M., S.S., N.C., J.D.B.), Robert Steiner MRI Unit (G.D.), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, and Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology (A.P.G.) and Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (A.P.G., N.C.), Division of Brain Sciences, and Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (A.D.M., C.W.l.R.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Diabetes Complications Research Centre (S.J., K.J.N., J.G., S.M., C.W.l.R.), Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6265 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1324 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (L.P., S.M.), Université de Bourgogne, F-21000, Dijon, France; Research Centre for Optimal Health (J.D.B.), University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom; and Department of Gastro Surgical Research and Education (C.W.l.R.), University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Giuliana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Durighel
authors.affiliation: Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (A.P.G., A.D.M., S.S., N.C., J.D.B.), Robert Steiner MRI Unit (G.D.), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, and Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology (A.P.G.) and Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (A.P.G., N.C.), Division of Brain Sciences, and Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (A.D.M., C.W.l.R.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Diabetes Complications Research Centre (S.J., K.J.N., J.G., S.M., C.W.l.R.), Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6265 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1324 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (L.P., S.M.), Université de Bourgogne, F-21000, Dijon, France; Research Centre for Optimal Health (J.D.B.), University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom; and Department of Gastro Surgical Research and Education (C.W.l.R.), University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jimmy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (A.P.G., A.D.M., S.S., N.C., J.D.B.), Robert Steiner MRI Unit (G.D.), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, and Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology (A.P.G.) and Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (A.P.G., N.C.), Division of Brain Sciences, and Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (A.D.M., C.W.l.R.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Diabetes Complications Research Centre (S.J., K.J.N., J.G., S.M., C.W.l.R.), Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6265 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1324 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (L.P., S.M.), Université de Bourgogne, F-21000, Dijon, France; Research Centre for Optimal Health (J.D.B.), University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom; and Department of Gastro Surgical Research and Education (C.W.l.R.), University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meillon
authors.affiliation: Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (A.P.G., A.D.M., S.S., N.C., J.D.B.), Robert Steiner MRI Unit (G.D.), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, and Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology (A.P.G.) and Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (A.P.G., N.C.), Division of Brain Sciences, and Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (A.D.M., C.W.l.R.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Diabetes Complications Research Centre (S.J., K.J.N., J.G., S.M., C.W.l.R.), Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6265 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1324 (L.P., S.M.), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, and Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (L.P., S.M.), Université de Bourgogne, F-21000, Dijon, France; Research Centre for Optimal Health (J.D.B.), University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom; and Department of Gastro Surgical Research and Education (C.W.l.R.), University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Carel W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: le Roux
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D002099:Cacao; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D015390:Gastric Bypass; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery*; D015282:Octreotide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012201:Reward; D012527:Satiation
chemical_list: D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D015282:Octreotide; D010100:Oxygen