title: Single subject design: Use of time series analyses in a small cohort to understand adherence with a prescribed fluid restriction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper presents a secondary in-depth analysis of five persons with heart failure randomized to receive an education and behavioral intervention on fluid restriction as part of a larger study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a single subject analysis design, time series analyses models were constructed for each of the five patients for a period of 180 days to determine correlations between daily measures of patient reported fluid intake, thoracic impedance, and weights, and relationships between patient reported outcomes of symptom burden and health related quality of life over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Negative relationships were observed between fluid intake and thoracic impedance, and between impedance and weight, while positive correlations were observed between daily fluid intake and weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By constructing time series analyses of daily measures of fluid congestion, trends and patterns of fluid congestion emerged which could be used to guide individualized patient care or future research endeavors. Employment of such a specialized analysis technique allows for the elucidation of clinically relevant findings potentially disguised when only evaluating aggregate outcomes of larger studies.
authors.affiliation: Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Electronic address: cmill02@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Carolyn Miller
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.affiliation: Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Emory School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Culler
authors.affiliation: Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Sandra B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Dunbar
mesh_terms: D002307:Cardiography, Impedance; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012107:Research Design
keywords: Electric impedance; Fluid therapy; Heart failure; Research design; Self-care