title: Acrylamide and Glycidamide Hemoglobin Adducts and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Nested Case-Control Study in Nonsmoking Postmenopausal Women from the EPIC Cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acrylamide was classified as "probably carcinogenic to humans (group 2A)" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the fourth cause of cancer mortality in women. Five epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between EOC risk and dietary acrylamide intake assessed using food frequency questionnaires, and one nested case-control study evaluated hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide (HbAA) and its metabolite glycidamide (HbGA) and EOC risk; the results of these studies were inconsistent.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nested case-control study in nonsmoking postmenopausal women (334 cases, 417 controls) was conducted within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between HbAA, HbGA, HbAA+HbGA, and HbGA/HbAA and EOC and invasive serous EOC risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No overall associations were observed between biomarkers of acrylamide exposure analyzed in quintiles and EOC risk; however, positive associations were observed between some middle quintiles of HbGA and HbAA+HbGA. Elevated but nonstatistically significant ORs for serous EOC were observed for HbGA and HbAA+HbGA (ORQ5vsQ1, 1.91; 95% CI, 0.96-3.81 and ORQ5vsQ1, 1.90; 95% CI, 0.94-3.83, respectively); however, no linear dose-response trends were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This EPIC nested case-control study failed to observe a clear association between biomarkers of acrylamide exposure and the risk of EOC or invasive serous EOC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is unlikely that dietary acrylamide exposure increases ovarian cancer risk; however, additional studies with larger sample size should be performed to exclude any possible association with EOC risk.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018262:Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002288:Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018284:Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017698:Postmenopause; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D006454:Hemoglobins; D020106:Acrylamide; C071834:glycidamide