title: Environmental and cow-related factors affect cow locomotion and can cause misclassification in lameness detection systems.
abstract: To tackle the high prevalence of lameness, techniques to monitor cow locomotion are being developed in order to detect changes in cows' locomotion due to lameness. Obviously, in such lameness detection systems, alerts should only respond to locomotion changes that are related to lameness. However, other environmental or cow factors can contribute to locomotion changes not related to lameness and hence, might cause false alerts. In this study the effects of wet surfaces, dark environment, age, production level, lactation and gestation stage on cow locomotion were investigated. Data was collected at Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research research farm (Melle, Belgium) during a 5-month period. The gait variables of 30 non-lame and healthy Holstein cows were automatically measured every day. In dark environments and on wet walking surfaces cows took shorter, more asymmetrical strides with less step overlap. In general, older cows had a more asymmetrical gait and they walked slower with more abduction. Lactation stage or gestation stage also showed significant association with asymmetrical and shorter gait and less step overlap probably due to the heavy calf in the uterus. Next, two lameness detection algorithms were developed to investigate the added value of environmental and cow data into detection models. One algorithm solely used locomotion variables and a second algorithm used the same locomotion variables and additional environmental and cow data. In the latter algorithm only age and lactation stage together with the locomotion variables were withheld during model building. When comparing the sensitivity for the detection of non-lame cows, sensitivity increased by 10% when the cow data was added in the algorithm (sensitivity was 70% and 80% for the first and second algorithm, respectively). Hence, the number of false alerts for lame cows that were actually non-lame, decreased. This pilot study shows that using knowledge on influencing factors on cow locomotion will help in reducing the number of false alerts for lameness detection systems under development. However, further research is necessary in order to better understand these and many other possible influencing factors (e.g. trimming, conformation) of non-lame and hence 'normal' locomotion in cows.
authors.affiliation: 1Technology and Food Science Unit - Precision Livestock Farming,Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO),Burg. van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1,9820 Merelbeke,Belgium.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Nuffel
authors.affiliation: 1Technology and Food Science Unit - Precision Livestock Farming,Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO),Burg. van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1,9820 Merelbeke,Belgium.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van De Gucht
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Biosystems,Division Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS),Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 bus 2456,3001 Heverlee,Belgium.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Saeys
authors.affiliation: 3Animal Sciences Unit,Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO),Scheldeweg 68,9090 Melle,Belgium.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sonck
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Ghent University,Salisburylaan 133,9820 Merelbeke,Belgium.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Opsomer
authors.affiliation: 1Technology and Food Science Unit - Precision Livestock Farming,Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO),Burg. van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1,9820 Merelbeke,Belgium.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vangeyte
authors.affiliation: 1Technology and Food Science Unit - Precision Livestock Farming,Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO),Burg. van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1,9820 Merelbeke,Belgium.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Biosystems,Division Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS),Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 bus 2456,3001 Heverlee,Belgium.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Ketelaere
authors.affiliation: 1Technology and Food Science Unit - Precision Livestock Farming,Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO),Burg. van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1,9820 Merelbeke,Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Weyenberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001530:Belgium; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D007774:Lactation; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008124:Locomotion; D010865:Pilot Projects
keywords: dairy cattle; false alerts; gait variables; lameness detection; locomotion