title: Passive sampling of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor and outdoor air in Shanghai, China: seasonal variations, sources, and inhalation exposure.
abstract: Ninety-seven seasonal, passive indoor and outdoor air samples were collected in Shanghai to study polybrominated diphenyl ethers (ΣPBDEs, 16 congeners including BDE-209), their concentrations, composition profiles, seasonal variations, influencing factors, emission sources, and human inhalation exposure. In summer, median indoor concentrations of Σ 15 PBDEs (excluding BDE-209) were 82 pg m(-3) in offices and 30 pg m(-3) in homes, ∼3 times the winter concentrations. The average summer concentration of 130 pg m(-3) BDE-209 in homes was higher than that in offices (which was 90 pg m(-3)); in winter, home and office concentrations were similar (46 and 47 pg m(-3), respectively). For outdoor air, the median concentration of Σ 15 PBDEs in summer (12 pg m(-3)) was twice the winter concentration (6 pg m(-3)), while the summer median concentration of BDE-209 (398 pg m(-3)) was half the winter concentration (794 pg m(-3)). Higher concentrations of Σ 15 PBDEs indoors compared with outdoors showed that the lower brominated BDEs found were mainly from indoor sources. Meanwhile, the much lower indoor concentration of BDE-209 compared with the outdoors showed that BDE-209 came mainly from outdoor sources. The data set also indicated that electric/electronic appliances were the main sources of indoor ΣPBDEs, and old appliances emitted more lower brominated BDEs, while industrial emissions should be the main source of the outdoor BDE-209. Median daily human exposures to Σ 15 PBDEs and BDE-209 through inhalation were estimated to be 0.23 and 1.73 ng day(-1) in winter and 0.65 and 2.28 ng day(-1) in summer for adults. The human inhalation exposure to ΣPBDEs (3.44 ng day(-1) for adults and 1.33 ng day(-1) for toddlers) was comparable to that from eating contaminated fish for both toddlers and adults in Shanghai.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
authors.forename: Wenliang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
authors.forename: Binhua
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China. fengjialiang@shu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jialiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
authors.forename: Gan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
authors.forename: Minghong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
authors.forename: Yingxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
authors.forename: Jiamo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; C010902:decabromobiphenyl ether
keywords: Indoor air; Outdoor air; Passive air sampling; Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs); Shanghai