title: Pancreatic cancer and thromboembolic disease, 150 years after Trousseau.
abstract: The connection between pancreatic cancer and venous thrombosis has been discussed for almost 150 years. The exact pathophysiological mechanisms are still partly understood, but it is known that pancreatic cancer induces a prothrombotic and hypercoagulable state and genetic events involved in neoplastic transformation (e.g., KRAS, c-MET, p53), procoagulant factors [e.g., tissue factor (TF), platelet factor 4 (PF4), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1)], mucin production (e.g., through activation of P- and L-selectin) and pro-inflammatory factors [e.g., cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)] may be implicated. Also pancreatitis, both acute and chronic, is associated with increased risk of venous thrombosis, but in this circumstance a direct inflammatory process may be more important. This article discusses the incidence, treatment and outcome of venous thromboembolism (VTE) complicating pancreatic disease, with special emphasis on new knowledge obtained during the last fifteen years.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 2 Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden ; 3 Division of Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet at Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 2 Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden ; 3 Division of Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet at Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 2 Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden ; 3 Division of Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet at Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 2 Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden ; 3 Division of Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet at Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Åke
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Andrén-Sandberg
keywords: Thromboembolic disease; Trousseau; acute pancreatitis; chronic pancreatitis; pancreatic cancer