title: Resistive expressions in preschool children during peripheral vein cannulation in hospitals: a qualitative explorative observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children may resist common medical procedures, and this may lead to the use of restraint. This can be challenging to all of the involved parties, but empirical research is scarce on children's expressions during these procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  To explore preschool children's resistive expressions during peripheral vein cannulation we video recorded and performed an in-depth analysis of naturally occurring situations with six newly hospitalized preschool children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen attempts of peripheral vein cannulation were recorded. A typology of resistive expressions was developed consisting of: protest, escape, and endurance. During the expression of protest, the children showed an insistent attitude where they were maintaining their view. The expression of escape was when children were panicked, avoiding hands of adults when being approached. When expressing endurance the children were stiff, motionless and introverted. Less physical restraint is required during endurance, but children still appear to refuse participation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified three types of resistive expressions that can be used to better understand the individual child and inform clinical judgment in challenging procedural situations. This knowledge can help to sensitize health care providers in their attempt to arrange for children's participation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. e.j.svendsen@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Edel Jannecke
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. anne.moen@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Ethics, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. reidar.pedersen@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Reidar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. i.t.bjork@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Ida Torunn
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Bjørk
mesh_terms: D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000523:psychology*; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations