title: Can interpersonal hypersensitivity under subconscious condition explain paranoid symptom in schizophrenia?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interpersonal hypersensitivity is often observed in schizophrenia and has been associated with psychopathological deficits in schizophrenia. Here, we investigated dysfunctions of interpersonal information processing in schizophrenia at both conscious and subconscious levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiment included 143 schizophrenia patients and 59 healthy controls. A continuous flashing suppression approach based on binocular rivalry was employed, which included two modes: invisible (subconscious) and visible (conscious). The accuracy and reaction time of a Gabor patch direction-detection task were assessed under three types of stimuli in both modes: images with no person (type 1), images with two to three noncommunicating persons (type 2), and images with more than three communicating individuals (type 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the visible mode, the accuracy of the Gabor patch direction-detection task in the case group was significantly lower than in the control group for the third type of stimuli (P = 0.015). In the invisible mode, however, the accuracy was higher in the case group than in the control group (P = 0.037). The response time difference of the Gabor patch direction-detection task for the third type of images in the invisible mode was negatively correlated with the duration of the illness (P = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that schizophrenia patients exhibit attentional bias to interpersonal interaction behaviors at both conscious and subliminal levels but toward opposite directions. Our findings shed light on the subconscious deficits under the paranoid symptom in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yikang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.|Health Department of Beijing Military Region Air Force Logistics Department, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jinping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Meijuan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: YangPu Hospital, Medical School of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jijun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders and The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Xuchu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: YangPu Hospital, Medical School of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Dehua
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chunbo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000070379:Attentional Bias / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012563:Schizophrenia, Paranoid / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012938:Social Perception; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014473:Unconscious, Psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cognition; consciousness; interpersonal; schizophrenia