title: First description of underwater acoustic diversity in three temperate ponds.
abstract: The past decade has produced an increased ecological interest in sonic environments, or soundscapes. However, despite this rise in interest and technological improvements that allow for long-term acoustic surveys in various environments, some habitats' soundscapes remain to be explored. Ponds, and more generally freshwater habitats, are one of these acoustically unexplored environments. Here we undertook the first long term acoustic monitoring of three temperate ponds in France. By aural and visual inspection of a selection of recordings, we identified 48 different sound types, and according to the rarefaction curves we calculated, more sound types are likely present in one of the three ponds. The richness of sound types varied significantly across ponds. Surprisingly, there was no pond-to-pond daily consistency of sound type richness variation; each pond had its own daily patterns of activity. We also explored the possibility of using six acoustic diversity indices to conduct rapid biodiversity assessments in temperate ponds. We found that all indices were sensitive to the background noise as estimated through correlations with the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). However, we determined that the AR index could be a good candidate to measure acoustic diversities using partial correlations with the SNR as a control variable. Yet, research is still required to automatically compute the SNR in order to apply this index on a large data set of recordings. The results showed that these three temperate ponds host a high level of acoustic diversity in which the soundscapes were variable not only between but also within the ponds. The sources producing this diversity of sounds and the drivers of difference in daily song type richness variation both require further investigation. Such research would yield insights into the biodiversity and ecology of temperate ponds.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle , Sorbonne Universités, Rue Buffon, Paris , France ; Université Paris-Sud, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute , UMR 9197, Orsay , France.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Desjonquères
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Sud, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute , UMR 9197, Orsay , France.
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rybak
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle , Sorbonne Universités, Rue Buffon, Paris , France.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Depraetere
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle , Sorbonne Universités, Rue Buffon, Paris , France.
authors.forename: Amandine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gasc
authors.affiliation: Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité, Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC , Paris , France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Le Viol
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Museum national d'Histoire naturelle , Paris , France ; Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pavoine
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle , Sorbonne Universités, Rue Buffon, Paris , France.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sueur
keywords: Acoustic diversity indices; Monitoring; Ponds; Sound