title: Pakistani women's use of mental health services and the role of social networks: a systematic review of quantitative and qualitative research.
abstract: Pakistani women in the UK are an at-risk group with high levels of mental health problems, but low levels of mental health service use. However, the rates of service use for Pakistani women are unclear, partly because research with South Asian women has been incorrectly generalised to Pakistani women. Further, this research has been largely undertaken within an individualistic paradigm, with little consideration of patients' social networks, and how these may drive decisions to seek help. This systematic review aimed to clarify usage rates, and describe the nature of Pakistani women's social networks and how they may influence mental health service use. Ten journal databases (ASSIA, CINAHL Plus, EMBASE, HMIC, IBSS, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Social Sciences Abstracts, Social Science Citation Index and Sociological Abstracts) and six sources of grey literature were searched for studies published between 1960 and the end of March 2014. Twenty-one studies met inclusion criteria. Ten studies (quantitative) reported on inpatient or outpatient service use between ethnic groups. Seven studies (four quantitative, three qualitative) investigated the nature of social networks, and four studies (qualitative) commented on how social networks were involved in accessing mental health services. Pakistani women were less likely than white (British) women to use most specialist mental health services. No difference was found between Pakistani and white women for the consultation of general practitioners for mental health problems. Pakistani women's networks displayed high levels of stigmatising attitudes towards mental health problems and mental health services, which acted as a deterrent to seeking help. No studies were found which compared stigma in networks between Pakistani women and women of other ethnic groups. Pakistani women are at a considerable disadvantage in gaining access to and using statutory mental health services, compared with white women; this, in part, is due to negative attitudes to mental health problems evident in social support networks.
authors.affiliation: The Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research (CMIST), The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Dharmi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kapadia
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Helen Louise
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: The Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research (CMIST), The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nazroo
authors.affiliation: The Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research (CMIST), The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tranmer
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D005260:Female; D058006:General Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010154:Pakistan / Q000208:ethnology; D057545:Social Stigma; D012944:Social Support; D013038:Specialization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health
keywords: Pakistani; ethnic minorities; mental health services; social support; stigma