title: In situ experiments to assess effects of constraints linked to caging on ecotoxicity biomarkers of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.).
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of caging constraints on multiple fish biomarkers used during ecotoxicological studies (biometric data, immune and antioxidant systems, and energetic status). Two of these constraints were linked to caging: starvation and fish density in cages, and one in relation to the post-caging handling: a short transport. Three in situ experiments were conducted with three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). The first experiment compared the effects of three densities (low, medium, and high). The second experiment compared effects of starvation in fish fed every two days with fish that were not fed. Finally comparisons between sticklebacks which have suffered a short car transport after caging and sticklebacks killed without preliminary transport were made. The lack of food had no effect on fish energetic reserves but negatively affected their condition index and their immune system. Transport and high density induced oxidative stress, defined as an overproduction of reactive oxygen species and a stimulation of the antioxidant system. These two constraints also harmed the leucocyte viability. In order not to have any impact on ecotoxicity biomarkers during in situ experiments, it is preferable to decrease fish density in cages, prevent transport before dissections, and feed fish when the caging lasts more than two weeks.
authors.affiliation: PRP-ENV/SERIS/LECO, Centre de Cadarache, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), 13115, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France. antoineleguernic@gmail.com.|UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France. antoineleguernic@gmail.com.|UMR-I 02 SEBIO, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Campus Moulin de la Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, France. antoineleguernic@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Le Guernic
authors.affiliation: UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.affiliation: UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Palluel
authors.affiliation: UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bado-Nilles
authors.affiliation: UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Turies
authors.affiliation: UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chadili
authors.affiliation: PRP-ENV/SERIS/LECO, Centre de Cadarache, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), 13115, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cavalié
authors.affiliation: PRP-ENV/SERIS/LECO, Centre de Cadarache, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), 13115, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adam-Guillermin
authors.affiliation: UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Porcher
authors.affiliation: UMR-I 02 SEBIO, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Campus Moulin de la Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geffard
authors.affiliation: UMR-I 02 SEBIO, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Campus Moulin de la Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, France.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Betoulle
authors.affiliation: PRP-ENV/SERIS/LECO, Centre de Cadarache, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), 13115, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
authors.forename: Béatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gagnaire
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D023701:Smegmamorpha / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Density; Immunomarkers; Starvation; Transport