title: Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MR Imaging: Preliminary Results for Differentiation of Malignant and Benign Thoracic Lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively evaluate the capability of amide proton transfer-weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for characterization of thoracic lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The institutional review board approved this study, and written informed consent was obtained from 21 patients (13 men and eight women; mean age, 72 years) prior to enrollment. Each patient underwent chemical exchange saturation transfer MR imaging by using respiratory-synchronized half-Fourier fast spin-echo imaging after a series of magnetization transfer pulses. Next, a magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry at 3.5 ppm map was computationally generated. Pathology examinations resulted in a diagnosis of 13 malignant and eight benign thoracic lesions. The malignant lesions were further diagnosed as being nine lung cancers, comprising six adenocarcinomas, three squamous cell carcinomas, and four other thoracic malignancies. The Student t test was used to evaluate the capability of magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (at 3.5 ppm), as assessed by means of region of interest measurements, for differentiating benign and malignant lesions, lung cancers and other thoracic lesions, and adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (at 3.5 ppm) was significantly higher for malignant tumors (mean ± standard deviation, 3.56% ± 3.01) than for benign lesions (0.33% ± 0.38, P = .008). It was also significantly higher for other thoracic malignancies (6.71% ± 3.46) than for lung cancer (2.16% ± 1.41, P = .005) and for adenocarcinoma (2.88% ± 1.13) than for squamous cell carcinoma (0.71% ± 0.17, P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amide proton transfer-weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer MR imaging allows characterization of thoracic lesions.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging Research, Department of Radiology (Y.O., T.Y.), Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research Center (Y.O., T.Y.), Division of Radiology, Department of Radiology (H.K., S.S., Y.U., K.S.), Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan; Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan (M.Y.); and Toshiba Medical Research Institute USA, Vernon Hills, Ill (M.M., C.O.).
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging Research, Department of Radiology (Y.O., T.Y.), Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research Center (Y.O., T.Y.), Division of Radiology, Department of Radiology (H.K., S.S., Y.U., K.S.), Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan; Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan (M.Y.); and Toshiba Medical Research Institute USA, Vernon Hills, Ill (M.M., C.O.).
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yui
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging Research, Department of Radiology (Y.O., T.Y.), Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research Center (Y.O., T.Y.), Division of Radiology, Department of Radiology (H.K., S.S., Y.U., K.S.), Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan; Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan (M.Y.); and Toshiba Medical Research Institute USA, Vernon Hills, Ill (M.M., C.O.).
authors.forename: Hisanobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging Research, Department of Radiology (Y.O., T.Y.), Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research Center (Y.O., T.Y.), Division of Radiology, Department of Radiology (H.K., S.S., Y.U., K.S.), Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan; Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan (M.Y.); and Toshiba Medical Research Institute USA, Vernon Hills, Ill (M.M., C.O.).
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging Research, Department of Radiology (Y.O., T.Y.), Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research Center (Y.O., T.Y.), Division of Radiology, Department of Radiology (H.K., S.S., Y.U., K.S.), Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan; Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan (M.Y.); and Toshiba Medical Research Institute USA, Vernon Hills, Ill (M.M., C.O.).
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seki
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging Research, Department of Radiology (Y.O., T.Y.), Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research Center (Y.O., T.Y.), Division of Radiology, Department of Radiology (H.K., S.S., Y.U., K.S.), Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan; Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan (M.Y.); and Toshiba Medical Research Institute USA, Vernon Hills, Ill (M.M., C.O.).
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging Research, Department of Radiology (Y.O., T.Y.), Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research Center (Y.O., T.Y.), Division of Radiology, Department of Radiology (H.K., S.S., Y.U., K.S.), Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan; Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan (M.Y.); and Toshiba Medical Research Institute USA, Vernon Hills, Ill (M.M., C.O.).
authors.forename: Mitsue
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging Research, Department of Radiology (Y.O., T.Y.), Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research Center (Y.O., T.Y.), Division of Radiology, Department of Radiology (H.K., S.S., Y.U., K.S.), Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan; Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan (M.Y.); and Toshiba Medical Research Institute USA, Vernon Hills, Ill (M.M., C.O.).
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging Research, Department of Radiology (Y.O., T.Y.), Advanced Biomedical Imaging Research Center (Y.O., T.Y.), Division of Radiology, Department of Radiology (H.K., S.S., Y.U., K.S.), Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan; Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan (M.Y.); and Toshiba Medical Research Institute USA, Vernon Hills, Ill (M.M., C.O.).
authors.forename: Kazuro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimura
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013896:Thoracic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology