title: Patterns of Exposure of Iberian Wolves (Canis lupus) to Canine Viruses in Human-Dominated Landscapes.
abstract: Wildlife inhabiting human-dominated landscapes is at risk of pathogen spill-over from domestic species. With the aim of gaining knowledge in the dynamics of viral infections in Iberian wolves (Canis lupus) living in anthropized landscapes of northern Spain, we analysed between 2010 and 2013 the samples of 54 wolves by serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for exposure to four pathogenic canine viruses: canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus-2 (CPV), canine adenovirus 1 and 2 (CAV-1 and CAV-2) and canine herpesvirus. Overall, 76% of the studied wolves presented evidence of exposure to CPV (96% by HI, 66% by PCR) and 75% to CAV (75% by virus neutralization (VN), 76% by PCR, of which 70% CAV-1 and 6% CAV-2). This represents the first detection of CAV-2 infection in a wild carnivore. CPV/CAV-1 co-infection occurred in 51% of the wolves. The probability of wolf exposure to CPV was positively and significantly correlated with farm density in a buffer zone around the place where the wolf was found, indicating that rural dogs might be the origin of CPV infecting wolves. CPV and CAV-1 appear to be enzootic in the Iberian wolf population, which is supported by the absence of seasonal and inter-annual variations in the proportion of positive samples detected. However, while CPV may depend on periodical introductions by dogs, CAV-1 may be maintained within the wolf population. All wolves were negative for exposure to CDV (by VN and PCR) and CHV (by PCR). The absence of acquired immunity against CDV in this population may predispose it to an elevated rate of mortality in the event of a distemper spill-over via dogs.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, República 252, Santiago, Chile. syngamustrachea@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Millán
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO/CSIC/PA), Oviedo University, Mieres, Spain.|Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Riddarhyttan, Sweden.
authors.forename: José Vicente
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: López-Bao
authors.affiliation: A.RE.NA. Asesores en Recursos Naturales SL, Perpetuo Socorro 12-Entresuelo 2B, 27003, Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Emilio J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: SERPA, Sociedad de Servicios del Principado de Asturias S.A, 33203, Gijón, Asturias, Spain.|Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Álvaro
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Oleaga
authors.affiliation: A.RE.NA. Asesores en Recursos Naturales SL, Perpetuo Socorro 12-Entresuelo 2B, 27003, Lugo, Spain.|Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Ecoloxía, Facultade de Bioloxía, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Llaneza
authors.affiliation: A.RE.NA. Asesores en Recursos Naturales SL, Perpetuo Socorro 12-Entresuelo 2B, 27003, Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Palacios
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de la Torre
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Dubovi
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Esperón
mesh_terms: D006516:Adenoviruses, Canine / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D060085:Coinfection; D004217:Distemper Virus, Canine / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004285:Dogs / Q000821:virology; D002184:Herpesvirus 1, Canid / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D017993:Parvovirus, Canine / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D012698:Serologic Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D013030:Spain; D019596:Wolves / Q000821:virology*
keywords: Conservation; Large carnivores; Risk factors; Surveillance