title: Outcome of conservative and surgical treatment of pyogenic spondylodiscitis: a systematic literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spondylodiscitis is a spinal infection affecting primarily the intervertebral disk and the adjacent vertebral bodies. Currently many aspects of the treatment of pyogenic spondylodiscitis are still a matter of debate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to review the currently available literature systematically to determine the outcome of patients with pyogenic spondylodiscitis for conservative and surgical treatment strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic electronic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Collaboration, and Web of Science regarding the treatment of pyogenic spondylodiscitis was performed. Included articles were assessed on risk of bias according the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, and the quality of evidence and strength of recommendation was evaluated according the GRADE approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  25 studies were included. Five studies had a high or moderate quality of evidence. One RCT suggest that 6 weeks of antibiotic treatment of pyogenic spondylodiscitis results in a similar outcome when compared to longer treatment duration. However, microorganism-specific studies suggest that at least 8 weeks of treatment is required for S. aureus and 8 weeks of Daptomycin for MRSA. The articles that described the outcome of surgical treatment strategies show that a large variety of surgical techniques can successfully treat spondylodiscitis. No additional long-term beneficial effect of surgical treatment could be shown in the studies comparing surgical versus antibiotic only treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a strong level of recommendation for 6 weeks of antibiotic treatment in pyogenic spondylodiscitis although this has only been shown by one recent RCT. If surgical treatment is indicated, it has been suggested by two prospective studies with strong level of recommendation that an isolated anterior approach could result in a better clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands. j.rutges@umcutrecht.nl.|Department of Orthopaedics, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. j.rutges@umcutrecht.nl.|Department of Orthopaedics, St Antonius Ziekenhuis, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. j.rutges@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: J P H J
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rutges
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kempen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, St Antonius Ziekenhuis, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Oner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015299:Discitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013131:Spine / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Outcome; Pyogenic; Spondylodiscitis; Systematic review; Treatment