title: ATP synthase from Escherichia coli: Mechanism of rotational catalysis, and inhibition with the ε subunit and phytopolyphenols.
abstract: ATP synthases (FoF1) are found ubiquitously in energy-transducing membranes of bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. These enzymes couple proton transport and ATP synthesis or hydrolysis through subunit rotation, which has been studied mainly by observing single molecules. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of rotational catalysis of ATP synthases, mainly that from Escherichia coli, emphasizing the high-speed and stochastic rotation including variable rates and an inhibited state. Single molecule studies combined with structural information of the bovine mitochondrial enzyme and mutational analysis have been informative as to an understanding of the catalytic site and the interaction between rotor and stator subunits. We discuss the similarity and difference in structure and inhibitory regulation of F1 from bovine and E. coli. Unlike the crystal structure of bovine F1 (α3β3γ), that of E. coli contains a ε subunit, which is a known inhibitor of bacterial and chloroplast F1 ATPases. The carboxyl terminal domain of E. coli ε (εCTD) interacts with the catalytic and rotor subunits (β and γ, respectively), and then inhibits rotation. The effects of phytopolyphenols on F1-ATPase are also discussed: one of them, piceatannol, lowered the rotational speed by affecting rotor/stator interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan. Electronic address: nakanim@iwate-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakanishi-Matsui
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan.
authors.forename: Mizuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sekiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan.
authors.forename: Masamitsu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Futai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055162:Biocatalysis; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D002417:Cattle; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008958:Models, Molecular; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D012399:Rotation; D013045:Species Specificity; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D059808:Polyphenols; D021122:Protein Subunits; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases
keywords: ATP synthase; Epsilon subunit; F-ATPase; Phytopolyphenol; Rotational catalysis; Single molecule analysis