title: Inflammatory markers in gingival crevicular fluid of periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus according to glycemic control: A pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and periodontitis are inflammatory conditions with a bidirectional association. This pilot study aimed to evaluate whether T2DM and glycemic control interfere in inflammatory markers profiles in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in periodontitis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen diabetic periodontitis patients were enrolled in this study, seven with adequate glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] <8.0%) (DMA + P) and seven with inadequate control (HbA1c ≥8.0%) (DMI + P). Seven chronic periodontitis patients without diabetes formed the control group (P). GCF was obtained from diseased sites (probing depth >6 mm) of an entirely hemiarch, pooled and cytokines levels determined using multiplex beads immunoassay. Clinical periodontal parameters were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test and levels of cytokines by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's multiple comparison tests with confidence level of 95% (P < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cytokines profile of GCF obtained from deep periodontal pockets presented high levels of inflammatory cytokines, and there were no statistical differences between levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α according to presence of diabetes or percentage of HbA1c among the groups, despite groups with T2DM and periodontitis exhibit higher levels of PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this study, inflammatory mediators in GCF are dependent to the local response and do not correlate with the diabetic status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscila Larcher
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hilana Paula Carilo
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Artese
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anna Carolina Ratto Tempestini
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Horliana
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giovane Hisse
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giuseppe Alexandre
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Romito
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sergio Atala
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Dib
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcia Pinto Alves
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mayer
keywords: Cytokines; diabetes mellitus; gingival crevicular fluid; inflammation; periodontitis