title: Controlling Legionella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa re-growth in therapeutic spas: implementation of physical disinfection treatments, including UV/ultrafiltration, in a respiratory hydrotherapy system.
abstract: The study aimed to assess the efficacy of an integrated water safety plan (WSP) in controlling Legionella re-growth in a respiratory hydrotherapy system located in a spa centre, supplied with sulphurous water, which was initially colonized by Legionella pneumophila. Heterotrophic plate counts, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella spp. were detected in water samples taken 6-monthly from the hydrotherapy equipment (main circuit, entry to benches, final outlets). On the basis of the results obtained by the continuous monitoring and the changes in conditions, the original WSP, including physical treatments of water and waterlines, environmental surveillance and microbiological monitoring, was integrated introducing a UV/ultrafiltration system. The integrated treatment applied to the sulphurous water (microfiltration/UV irradiation/ultrafiltration), waterlines (superheated stream) and distal outlets (descaling/disinfection of nebulizers and nasal irrigators), ensured the removal of Legionella spp. and P. aeruginosa and a satisfactory microbiological quality over time. The environmental surveillance was successful in evaluating the hazard and identifying the most suitable preventive strategies to avoid Legionella re-growth. Ultrafiltration is a technology to take into account in the control of microbial contamination of therapeutic spas, since it does not modify the chemical composition of the water, thus allowing it to retain its therapeutic properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Unit of Hygiene, Public Health and Medical Statistic, University of Bologna, via S. Giacomo 12, Bologna 40126, Italy E-mail: erica.leoni@unibo.it.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Bologna, via S. Giacomo 12, Bologna 40126, Italy.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sanna
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Unit of Hygiene, Public Health and Medical Statistic, University of Bologna, via S. Giacomo 12, Bologna 40126, Italy E-mail: erica.leoni@unibo.it.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zanetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Unit of Hygiene, Public Health and Medical Statistic, University of Bologna, via S. Giacomo 12, Bologna 40126, Italy E-mail: erica.leoni@unibo.it.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dallolio
mesh_terms: D001494:Baths / Q000295:instrumentation; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007875:Legionella / Q000187:drug effects*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D014462:Ultrafiltration / Q000379:methods; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants