title: Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Human Cysticercosis in 60 Villages in Three Provinces of Burkina Faso.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Taenia solium, a zoonotic infection transmitted between humans and pigs, is considered an emerging infection in Sub-Saharan Africa, yet individual and community-level factors associated with the human infection with the larval stages (cysticercosis) are not well understood. This study aims to estimate the magnitude of association of individual-level and village-level factors with current human cysticercosis in 60 villages located in three Provinces of Burkina Faso.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline cross-sectional data collected between February 2011 and January 2012 from a large community randomized-control trial were used. A total of 3609 individuals provided serum samples to assess current infection with cysticercosis. The association between individual and village-level factors and the prevalence of current infection with cysticercosis was estimated using Bayesian hierarchical logistic models. Diffuse priors were used for all regression coefficients. The prevalence of current cysticercosis varied across provinces and villages ranging from 0% to 11.5%. The results obtained suggest that increased age, being male and consuming pork as well as a larger proportion of roaming pigs and percentage of sand in the soil measured at the village level were associated with higher prevalences of infection. Furthermore, consuming pork at another village market had the highest increased prevalence odds of current infection. Having access to a latrine, living in a household with higher wealth quintiles and a higher soil pH measured at the village level decreased the prevalence odds of cysticercosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first large-scale study to examine the association between variables measured at the individual-, household-, and village-level and the prevalence odds of cysticercosis in humans. Factors linked to people, pigs, and the environment were of importance, which further supports the need for a One Health approach to control cysticercosis infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Carabin
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Athanase
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Millogo
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche et des Sciences de la Santé, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Assana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cissé
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gabriël
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America.|Population Studies and Training Center, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sahlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dorny
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America.
authors.forename: Cici
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Zekiba
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tarnagda
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America.
authors.forename: Linda D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.affiliation: Agence de Formation de Recherche et d'Expertise en Santé pour l'Afrique (AFRICSanté), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Rasmané
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ganaba
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002050:Burkina Faso / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003551:Cysticercosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012987:Soil