title: Inhibition of the angiopoietin/Tie2 axis induces immunogenic modulation, which sensitizes human tumor cells to immune attack.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The angiopoietin/Tie2 pathway is an attractive target for cancer therapy due to its well-known role in regulating angiogenesis. Trebananib, a recombinant peptide-Fc fusion protein, or peptibody, that binds to angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and Ang2 to block their interaction with the Tie2 receptor, is under active clinical investigation. We investigated whether suppressing the angiopoietin/Tie2 pathway, using the preclinical version of Trebananib (mL4-3 and L1-7(N)), could increase the sensitivity of human tumor cells to immune-mediated lysis through immunogenic modulation, which would make Trebananib a promising candidate for combination with immunotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed human carcinoma cells for expression and activation of Ang1 and Ang2 and their receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2. In vitro, we exposed tumor cell lines expressing Tie2 to the peptibodies mL4-3 and L1-7(N), which inhibit the binding of Ang1 and Ang2 to Tie2, and assessed the cells for changes in viability, proliferation, surface phenotype, and sensitivity to attack by antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Suppression of the angiopoietin/Tie2 pathway using mL4-3 and L1-7(N) had no effect on the proliferation or viability of tumor cells. However, these inhibitors markedly altered tumor cell phenotype, rendering tumor cells significantly more sensitive to antigen-specific CTL killing. ICAM-1 was shown to be mechanistically involved in these inhibitors' ability to sensitize tumor cells to immune-mediated attack by functional blocking studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings provide a rationale for the combination of agents targeting the angiopoietin/Tie2 pathway with cancer immunotherapies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center Drive, Room 8B13 MSC 1750, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
authors.forename: Italia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grenga
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center Drive, Room 8B13 MSC 1750, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kwilas
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center Drive, Room 8B13 MSC 1750, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
authors.forename: Renee N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center Drive, Room 8B13 MSC 1750, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
authors.forename: Benedetto
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Farsaci
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center Drive, Room 8B13 MSC 1750, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hodge
keywords: Angiopoietin; Immunogenic modulation; Immunotherapy; Tie2