title: Imaging of the internal nasal valve using long-range Fourier domain optical coherence tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate for the first time the feasibility and methodology of long-range Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (LR-OCT) imaging of the internal nasal valve (INV) area in healthy individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective individual cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 16 individuals, OCT was performed in each nare. The angle and the cross-sectional area of the INV were measured. OCT images were compared to corresponding digital pictures recorded with a flexible endoscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  INV angle measured by OCT was found to be 18.3° ± 3.1° (mean ± standard deviation). The cross-sectional area was 0.65 ± 0.23 cm(2) . The INV angle measured by endoscopy was 18.8° ± 6.9°. There was no statistically significant difference between endoscopy and OCT concerning the mean INV angle (P = .778), but there was a significant difference in test precision (coefficient of variance 50% vs. 15%; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LR-OCT proved to be a fast and easily performed method. OCT could accurately quantify the INV area. The values of the angle and the cross-sectional area of the INV were reproducible and correlated well with the data seen with other methods. Changes in size could be reliably delineated. Endoscopy showed similar values but was significantly less precise.
  
  
  METHODS
  2b. Laryngoscope, 126:E97-E102, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Englhard
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiedmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Ledderose
authors.affiliation: Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lemieux
authors.affiliation: Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badran
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Zhongping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Betz
authors.affiliation: Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A.|Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Optical coherence tomography; endoscopy; internal nasal valve; long-range Fourier domain; nasal obstruction