title: Pulmonary toxicity of well-dispersed cerium oxide nanoparticles following intratracheal instillation and inhalation.
abstract: We performed inhalation and intratracheal instillation studies of cerium dioxide (CeO2) nanoparticles in order to investigate their pulmonary toxicity, and observed pulmonary inflammation not only in the acute and but also in the chronic phases. In the intratracheal instillation study, F344 rats were exposed to 0.2 mg or 1 mg of CeO2nanoparticles. Cell analysis and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analyzed from 3 days to 6 months following the instillation. In the inhalation study, rats were exposed to the maximum concentration of inhaled CeO2nanoparticles (2, 10 mg/m3, respectively) for 4 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week). The same endpoints as in the intratracheal instillation study were examined from 3 days to 3 months after the end of the exposure. The intratracheal instillation of CeO2nanoparticles caused a persistent increase in the total and neutrophil number in BALF and in the concentration of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1, CINC-2, chemokine for neutrophil, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an oxidative stress marker, in BALF during the observation time. The inhalation of CeO2nanoparticles also induced a persistent influx of neutrophils and expression of CINC-1, CINC-2, and HO-1 in BALF. Pathological features revealed that inflammatory cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, invaded the alveolar space in both studies. Taken together, the CeO2nanoparticles induced not only acute but also chronic inflammation in the lung, suggesting that CeO2nanoparticles have a pulmonary toxicity that can lead to irreversible lesions.
authors.affiliation: University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.affiliation: University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Izumi
authors.affiliation: University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshiura
authors.affiliation: University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan.
authors.forename: Taisuke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomonaga
authors.affiliation: University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oyabu
authors.affiliation: University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Myojo
authors.affiliation: University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555 Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yatera
authors.affiliation: Hiroshima University, Higashi, Hiroshima Japan.
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.affiliation: Hiroshima University, Higashi, Hiroshima Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: National Sanatorium Hoshizuka Keiaien, 4204 Hoshizuka-cho, Kanoya, Kagoshima 893-8502 Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitajima
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 6F IFReC Research Building, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.
authors.forename: Etsushi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
keywords: Cerium dioxide; Chemokine; Environmental and health effects; Intratracheal instillation; Nanoparticle; Pulmonary inflammation