title: Carbon-based electrocatalysts for advanced energy conversion and storage.
abstract: Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) play curial roles in electrochemical energy conversion and storage, including fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Having rich multidimensional nanoarchitectures [for example, zero-dimensional (0D) fullerenes, 1D carbon nanotubes, 2D graphene, and 3D graphite] with tunable electronic and surface characteristics, various carbon nanomaterials have been demonstrated to act as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for ORR and OER in fuel cells and batteries. We present a critical review on the recent advances in carbon-based metal-free catalysts for fuel cells and metal-air batteries, and discuss the perspectives and challenges in this rapidly developing field of practical significance.
authors.affiliation: Center of Advanced Science and Engineering for Carbon (Case4Carbon), Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Jintao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
authors.forename: Zhenhai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Center of Advanced Science and Engineering for Carbon (Case4Carbon), Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dai
keywords: Carbon nanomaterials; fuel cells; metal-air batteries; metal-free electrocatalysts; oxygen evolution; oxygen reduction