title: Functional gastro-intestinal disorder algorithms focus on early recognition, parental reassurance and nutritional strategies.
abstract: Up to 50% of infants present with symptoms of regurgitation, infantile colic and/or constipation during the first 12 months of life. Although they are often classed as functional disorders, there is an overlap with cows' milk allergy. We present practical algorithms for the management of such disorders, based on existing evidence and general consensus, with a particular focus on primary health care. Management consists of early recognition of warning signs of organic disease, parental reassurance and nutritional strategies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed algorithms aim to help healthcare providers manage frequent gastrointestinal and cows' milk-related symptoms in infants safely and effectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Yvan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vandenplas
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital/AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benninga
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Broekaert
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetics Deptartment, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Healthcare Foundation, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Falconer
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jeanne de Flandre University Hospital, CHRU Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gottrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guarino
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplantation, Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lifschitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence-Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lionetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Rok
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Orel
authors.affiliation: First Department of Paediatrics, University of Athens, Children's Hospital 'Agia Sofia', Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papadopoulou
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ribes-Koninckx
authors.affiliation: APHP-Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Service de Gastroenterologie Pédiatrique, Paris, France.|Faculté de Médecine, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Ruemmele
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Department, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salvatore
authors.affiliation: Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Raanan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shamir
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Center, Clinique des Grangettes and Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schäppi
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Staiano
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Hania
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Szajewska
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital and UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thapar
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilschanski
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003085:Colic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000178:diet therapy; D003248:Constipation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000178:diet therapy; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000178:diet therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016269:Milk Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Colic; Constipation; Cows' milk allergy; Functional disorder; Regurgitation