title: Three-dimensional fuse deposition modeling of tissue-simulating phantom for biomedical optical imaging.
abstract: Biomedical optical devices are widely used for clinical detection of various tissue anomalies. However, optical measurements have limited accuracy and traceability, partially owing to the lack of effective calibration methods that simulate the actual tissue conditions. To facilitate standardized calibration and performance evaluation of medical optical devices, we develop a three-dimensional fuse deposition modeling (FDM) technique for freeform fabrication of tissue-simulating phantoms. The FDM system uses transparent gel wax as the base material, titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) powder as the scattering ingredient, and graphite powder as the absorption ingredient. The ingredients are preheated, mixed, and deposited at the designated ratios layer-by-layer to simulate tissue structural and optical heterogeneities. By printing the sections of human brain model based on magnetic resonance images, we demonstrate the capability for simulating tissue structural heterogeneities. By measuring optical properties of multilayered phantoms and comparing with numerical simulation, we demonstrate the feasibility for simulating tissue optical properties. By creating a rat head phantom with embedded vasculature, we demonstrate the potential for mimicking physiologic processes of a living system.
authors.affiliation: University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
authors.forename: Erbao
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
authors.forename: Zuhua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
authors.forename: Minjie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
authors.forename: Yanjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
authors.forename: Shidi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: 301th PLA Hospital, Department of Radiology, Beijing 100000, China.
authors.forename: Liuquan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Hefei, Anhui 230027, ChinacThe Ohio State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States.
authors.forename: Ronald X
authors.initials: RX
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002138:Calibration; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005782:Gels; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011208:Powders; D051381:Rats; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D011208:Powders; C009495:titanium dioxide; D006108:Graphite; D014025:Titanium