title: Functional polymorphisms in the IL6 gene promoter and the risk of urinary bladder cancer in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interleukin-6 is a multifunctional cytokine, which plays a key role in tumor proliferation and differentiation. Variations in its gene (IL6) sequence may affect the risk of developing various cancers, including urinary bladder cancer. The present study was done to find the association of functional polymorphisms in the IL6 promoter with urinary bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped in histologically confirmed 232 cases of urinary bladder cancer and 250 healthy controls. The controls subjects were matched to the cases by age, sex, and ethnicity. Genotyping of the polymorphisms (-174G>C; -572G>C, -596A>G) was undertaken by direct DNA sequencing. The level of association between the genotypes and urinary bladder cancer risk was estimated by odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals generated by applying the chi-square test. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between SNPs and haplotype analysis were performed using Haploview software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly higher number of smokers (p=0.047), tobacco chewers (p=<0.001) and those with non-vegetarian food habits (p=0.016) were seen in the case group. The distribution of genotypes at -174G>C locus differed significantly between cases and controls and the variant genotypes GC+CC were significantly rarer in the cases (p=0.00073; OR=0.52 95% CI 0.35-0.75). Variant genotypes (GC+CC) were more common in grade I than grade III tumors (p=0.032), further suggesting a protective effect. No LD was found between the SNPs; however, the frequency of haplotype AGC was significantly lesser in the cases than controls (p=0.0103), suggesting a protective effect. Genotype distribution at the other two loci (-572G>C and -596A>G) did not show association with bladder cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL6 (-174G>C) substitution confers significant protection against the risk of urinary bladder cancer in the study population, while other substitutions in this gene (-572G>C and -596A>G) do not affect the risk. In general, there is a lack of studies on the cytokine gene polymorphisms in urinary bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Kirti Amresh
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gautam
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Tripathi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muktanand
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Satya Narayan
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Sankhwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Apul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Pushp Lata
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Sankhwar
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India. Electronic address: rajender_singh@cdri.res.in.
authors.forename: Singh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajender
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics*; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D064424:Tobacco Use; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6
keywords: IL6 gene; Single nucleotide polymorphism; Urinary bladder cancer; −174G>C