title: Formulation and characterization of antimicrobial quaternary ammonium dendrimer in poly(methyl methcarylate) bone cement.
abstract: The use of novel antimicrobial molecules in bone cement can improve efficiency of recuperation after arthroplasty or joint replacement surgeries, avoiding the risks associated with antibiotic resistant antimicrobial agents. Nanomaterials particularly dendrimers are particularly useful for making broad spectrum killing agents owing to their large surface areas and functionalities. Therefore, we have synthesized generation 1 quaternary ammonium dendrimer of tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) using octyl iodide (OI) [TPGDA G1.0 (=) quaternary octyl iodide (QOI)] and capitalized on their capabilities of contact killing based mechanism. We formulated different TPGDA G1.0 (=) QOI antimicrobial agent loaded liquid component composed of methyl methacrylate monomer and N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine coinitiator. Different polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) based experimental bone cement formulations were made and dendrimer concentration was optimized. Mechanical strength and compressive modulus of modified bone cement decreased on increasing concentrations and 10% was optimized for further analysis. The mechanical strength of bone cement yield the similar trend in wet conditions bone cement immersed in artificially created stimulated body fluids. Ten percent TPGDA G1.0 (=) QOI in bone cement was sufficient to kill gram positive and negative bacteria and its property is retained even after a period of 30 days. Thus novel dendritic structures show promise for clinical antimicrobial activity while retaining mechanical properties of bone cements. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 521-530, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
authors.forename: C K V Zainul
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Abid
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jackeray
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
authors.forename: Sruti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chattopadhyay
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
authors.forename: Harpal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D050091:Dendrimers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008422:Materials Testing; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000254:growth & development*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001843:Bone Cements; D050091:Dendrimers; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate
keywords: antibacterial agent; bioactive surface; bone cement; contact killing; quaternary ammonium dendrimer; quaternization