title: Precise Diagnosis of Intraoperative Frozen Section Is an Effective Method to Guide Resection Strategy for Peripheral Small-Sized Lung Adenocarcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the accuracy of intraoperative frozen section (FS) diagnosis for predicting the final pathology (FP) of peripheral small-sized lung adenocarcinoma and evaluated its usefulness in sublobar resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 803 patients with clinical stage I peripheral lung adenocarcinoma who underwent sublobar resection for FS diagnosis to guide surgical strategy were reviewed. The surgical extension was mainly based on FS. The FS were stratified into atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), and invasive adenocarcinoma. The diagnostic accuracy of FS, the reasons for the discrepancy between FS and FP, and the clinical influence of the FS errors were evaluated. To assess the survival of patients with different subtypes after surgery, 301 patients were identified for prognosis evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total concordance rate between FS and FP was 84.4%. When atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, AIS, and MIA were classified together as a low-risk group, the concordance rate was 95.9%. Most discrepant cases were the underestimation of AIS and MIA. The diagnostic accuracy of FS for tumors ≤ 1 cm and larger than 1 cm in diameter was 79.6% and 90.8%, respectively (P < .01). The FS errors had significant clinical impact on 0.9% of the 803 patients due to insufficient resection. The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate (100%) was significantly better for the patients with AIS/MIA than for patients with invasive adenocarcinoma (74.1%, P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frozen pathology has a high concordance rate with FP. Precise diagnosis by intraoperative FS is an effective method to guide resection strategy for peripheral small-sized lung adenocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Shilei Liu, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, Haiquan Chen, and Yihua Sun, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, and Yihua Sun, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; Haiquan Chen, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; and Shilei Liu, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Shilei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Shilei Liu, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, Haiquan Chen, and Yihua Sun, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, and Yihua Sun, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; Haiquan Chen, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; and Shilei Liu, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shilei Liu, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, Haiquan Chen, and Yihua Sun, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, and Yihua Sun, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; Haiquan Chen, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; and Shilei Liu, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shilei Liu, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, Haiquan Chen, and Yihua Sun, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, and Yihua Sun, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; Haiquan Chen, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; and Shilei Liu, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shilei Liu, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, Haiquan Chen, and Yihua Sun, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, and Yihua Sun, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; Haiquan Chen, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; and Shilei Liu, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Shilei Liu, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, Haiquan Chen, and Yihua Sun, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, and Yihua Sun, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; Haiquan Chen, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; and Shilei Liu, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yunjian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Shilei Liu, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, Haiquan Chen, and Yihua Sun, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, and Yihua Sun, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; Haiquan Chen, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; and Shilei Liu, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jiaqing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: Shilei Liu, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, Haiquan Chen, and Yihua Sun, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, and Yihua Sun, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; Haiquan Chen, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; and Shilei Liu, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yawei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shilei Liu, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, Haiquan Chen, and Yihua Sun, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, and Yihua Sun, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; Haiquan Chen, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; and Shilei Liu, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China hqchen1@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Haiquan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Shilei Liu, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, Haiquan Chen, and Yihua Sun, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Rui Wang, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, Chao Cheng, Yunjian Pan, Jiaqing Xiang, Yawei Zhang, and Yihua Sun, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; Haiquan Chen, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; and Shilei Liu, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yihua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D000077192:Adenocarcinoma of Lung; D005260:Female; D005629:Frozen Sections / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012189:Retrospective Studies