title: The comparison of penetration depth of two different photosensitizers in root canals with and without smear layer: An in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The main objective of this study is to evaluate the penetration depth of suggested photosensitizers in the lateral wall of the human root canal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty extracted single-rooted human teeth with straight canals that extracted for periodontal reasons were collected and stored in the sterile saline until employment in the experiment. Teeth were decoronated to a standard 12mm root segment using diamond disc. After instrumentation of specimens, the external root surface was sealed with two layers of nail polish to avoid environmental contamination. The apical foramen was subsequently closed with composite material. Teeth were divided randomly in two major groups consist of indocyanine green solution (ICG) and tolonium chloride solution (TCH) with and without EDTA in their subgroups. Specimens in all groups grooved longitudinally with a diamond disc and split in two halves with a stainless steel chisel. The measurements were done by the stereo microscope under 20× magnification in three zones of each specimen and the penetration depth of dye was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of this study showed that the mean of lateral penetration depth of ICG (224.04μm) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than TCH (70.15μm). Regarding to the influence of EDTA, in ICG group without consideration to the different regions, the usage of EDTA improved the mean of lateral penetration depth of ICG, but this improvement was not statistically significant (P>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further to the findings of this study, it could be assumed that ICG could penetrate in deeper regions of the root canal wall.
authors.affiliation: Laser Research Center of Dentistry (LRCD), Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Emad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kosarieh
authors.affiliation: Laser Research Center of Dentistry (LRCD), Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sahar Sattari
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Khavas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.affiliation: Laser Research Center of Dentistry (LRCD), Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: n-chiniforush@farabi.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Nasim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chiniforush
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gutknecht
mesh_terms: D065966:Absorption, Physicochemical; D000287:Administration, Topical; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology*; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D016369:Smear Layer / Q000737:chemistry*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014048:Tolonium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D014048:Tolonium Chloride; D004492:Edetic Acid; D007208:Indocyanine Green
keywords: EDTA; Indocyanine green solution; Penetration depth; Tolonium chloride solution