title: Lifetime depression history and depression risk in type 2 diabetes: A case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether a personal history of depression assists in risk prediction for depression in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age- and sex-matched participants with and without diabetes from the Busselton Health Survey were assessed for current and previous depression using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire and the Brief Lifetime Depression Scale (BLDS). In the diabetic participants, the temporal relationship between first depression episode and diabetes onset was also explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 184 paired participants (age 70.2±10.1years, 50% female), those with diabetes had a higher prevalence of any current depression (12.5% vs 4.3%, P<0.01) and lifetime history of major depression (30.6% vs 21.1%, P=0.06) compared to those without diabetes. After adjustment, lifetime major depression history was independently associated with any current depression in the combined sample (odds ratio (95% CI): 5.55 (3.09-9.98), P<0.001), in those with diabetes (4.17 (2.00-8.71), P<0.001), in those without diabetes (8.29 (3.24-21.23), P<0.001) and in diabetes whether sub-divided by depression first occurring before or after diabetes onset (before: 3.16 (1.38-7.24), P=0.007; after: 2.77 (1.00-7.70), P=0.051).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obtaining a lifetime history of major depression using the BLDS assists in depression risk prediction in type 2 diabetes regardless of whether depression preceded diabetes onset or not.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of WA, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia 6160. Electronic address: David.Bruce@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of WA, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia 6160.
authors.forename: Wendy A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, University of WA, Western Australia 6009; Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of WA, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia 6160.
authors.forename: Kirsten E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of WA, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia 6160.
authors.forename: Timothy M E
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, University of WA, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia 6160.
authors.forename: Sergio E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Starkstein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Brief Lifetime Depression Scale; Case control study; Depression; Lifetime depression; Patient Health Questionnaire; Type 2 diabetes