title: The Importance of Hand Exposures to Absorbed Dosage of Hand Harvesters.
abstract: Fruit harvesters' primary pesticide exposure results from direct dermal and clothing contact with foliar residues. The transfer of pesticide residues from foliage to strawberry harvesters' hands and their subsequent dissipation under normal occupational conditions in the field was examined. The effectiveness of latex gloves as sampling dosimeters was evaluated and compared with bare-handed harvester exposures. After application of malathion and fenpropathrin insecticides on strawberry fields, resulting harvester exposures using four independent methods were studied. Between d 4 (preharvest interval, PHI) and d 7 after pesticide application, (1) dislodgeable foliar residues, (2) pesticide residues accumulating on the gloves, and (3) end-of-shift harvester hand-wash residues decreased by 90, 75, and 85%, respectively. In contrast, the 7-d decline in excreted urine metabolites was only 43% for gloved harvesters and 29% for barehanded ones. In addition, gloved harvesters displayed 23% lower biomonitored exposures than barehanded ones, demonstrating that latex gloves are an effective protective barrier against surface residues. Since malathion and its metabolites are readily excreted, data indicated that there were likely other sources of excreted malathion breakdown products present on foliar surfaces after dissipation of malathion itself.
authors.affiliation: a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA.
authors.forename: Gayatri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sankaran
authors.affiliation: a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA.
authors.forename: Zhenshan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: b Turfgrass Research Project , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA.
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: c Gem Quality Risk, Inc. , Carmichael , California , USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA.
authors.forename: Sajleen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phagura
authors.affiliation: a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Eastmond
authors.affiliation: a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA.
authors.forename: Robert I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Krieger
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D004777:Environment; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D017575:Gloves, Protective; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides