title: Experiments on Analysing Voice Production: Excised (Human, Animal) andIn Vivo(Animal) Approaches.
abstract: Experiments on human and on animal excised specimens as well asin vivoanimal preparations are so far the most realistic approaches to simulate thein vivoprocess of human phonation. These experiments do not have the disadvantage of limited space within the neck and enable studies of the actual organ necessary for phonation, i.e., the larynx. The studies additionally allow the analysis of flow, vocal fold dynamics, and resulting acoustics in relation to well-defined laryngeal alterations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper provides an overview of the applications and usefulness of excised (human/animal) specimen and in vivo animal experiments in voice research. These experiments have enabled visualization and analysis of dehydration effects, vocal fold scarring, bifurcation and chaotic vibrations, three-dimensional vibrations, aerodynamic effects, and mucosal wave propagation along the medial surface. Quantitative data will be shown to give an overview of measured laryngeal parameter values. As yet, a full understanding of all existing interactions in voice production has not been achieved, and thus, where possible, we try to indicate areas needing further study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A further motivation behind this review is to highlight recent findings and technologies related to the study of vocal fold dynamics and its applications. For example, studies of interactions between vocal tract airflow and generation of acoustics have recently shown that airflow superior to the glottis is governed by not only vocal fold dynamics but also by subglottal and supraglottal structures. In addition, promising new methods to investigate kinematics and dynamics have been reported recently, including dynamic optical coherence tomography, X-ray stroboscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction with laser projection systems. Finally, we touch on the relevance of vocal fold dynamics to clinical laryngology and to clinically-oriented research.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School, Laboratory for Computational Medicine, Department for Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Bohlenplatz 21, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Döllinger
authors.affiliation: Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, 620 Thier Building, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kobler
authors.affiliation: The Laryngeal Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Head & Neck Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, 31-24 Rehab Center, 1000 Veteran Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1794, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.affiliation: Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, One Bowdoin Square, 11 Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Daryush D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School, Laboratory for Computational Medicine, Department for Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Bohlenplatz 21, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luegmair
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School, ENT-Hospital, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bohr
keywords: Larynx; acoustics; dynamics; hemilarynx; laryngeal flow; vocal fold