title: Protective effect of tetrahydropalmatine against d-galactose induced memory impairment in rat.
abstract: Aging is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), cardiovascular disease and cancer. Oxidative stress is considered as a major factor that accelerates the aging process. d-galactose (d-gal), a reducing sugar, induces oxidative stress resulting in alteration in mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis of neurons. To understand the ability of tetrahydropalmatine (THP) to ameliorate memory impairment caused by aging, we investigated the effect of THP on d-gal induced memory impairment in rats. Subcutaneous injection of d-gal (100mg/kg/d) for 8weeks caused memory loss as detected by the Morris water maze and morphologic abnormalities of neurons in the hippocampus regions and cortex of rat brain. THP treatment ameliorated d-gal induced memory impairment associated with the decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) contents, as well as the increase of glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. THP treatment was also found to reverse the abnormality of acetylcholine (ACh) levels and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. In addition, treatment with THP could decrease the expression of nuclear factor κ (NF-κB) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) which prevented the neuroinflammation and memory impairment in the d-gal treated rats. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrated that subcutaneous injection of d-gal produced memory deficits, meanwhile THP could protect neuron from d-gal insults and improve cognition. This study provided an experimental basis for clinical application of THP in AD therapy.
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Tianjin 300162, China.
authors.forename: Jingze
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
authors.forename: Honggai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
authors.forename: Liqin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Tianjin 300162, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. Electronic address: biochemgao@163.com.
authors.forename: Wenyuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001600:Berberine Alkaloids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005690:Galactose / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001600:Berberine Alkaloids; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C014215:tetrahydropalmatine; D005690:Galactose
keywords: Memory impairment; Neuroinflammation; Oxidative stress; Tetrahydropalmatine; d-Galactose