title: An in vitro study of antifungal drug susceptibility of Candida species isolated from human immunodeficiency virus seropositive and human immunodeficiency virus seronegative individuals in Lucknow population Uttar Pradesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Candidiasis is the most common opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive patients, starting from asymptomatic colonization to pathogenic forms and gradual colonization of non-albicans in patients with advanced immunosuppression leads to resistance for azole group of antifungal drugs with high rate of morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To isolate the Candida species and determine of antifungal drug susceptibility against fluconazole, itraconazole, nystatin, amphotericin B, and clotrimazolein HIV seropositive and control individuals, with or without clinical oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Includes samples from faucial region of 70 subjects with and without clinical candidiasis in HIV seropositive and controls were aseptically inoculated onto Sabaraud's Dextrose Agar media and yeasts were identified for the specific species by Corn Meal Agar, sugar fermentation and heat tolerance tests. Antifungal drug susceptibility of the isolated species was done against above-mentioned drugs by E-test and disc diffusion method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The commonly isolated species in HIV seropositive and controls were Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis Candida guilliermondii and Candida dubliniensis isolated only in HIV seropositive patients. Susceptibility against selected antifungal drugs was observed more in HIV-negative individuals whereas susceptible dose-dependent and resistance were predominant in HIV-positive patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resistance is the major problem in the therapy of OPC, especially in HIV seropositive patients due to aggressive and prolonged use of antifungal agents, therefore, our study emphasizes the need for antifungal drug susceptibility testing whenever antifungal treatment is desired, especially in HIV-infected subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Mohammad Shafi
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dar
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Gadiputi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sreedar
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Abhilasha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, King George Medical College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ahmad Danish
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Rehan
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Jiji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: George
keywords: Antifungal susceptibility test; Candida; Candida dubliniensis; Candida guilliermondii; Corn Meal Agar