title: Classification of mouth movements using 7 T fMRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A brain-computer interface (BCI) is an interface that uses signals from the brain to control a computer. BCIs will likely become important tools for severely paralyzed patients to restore interaction with the environment. The sensorimotor cortex is a promising target brain region for a BCI due to the detailed topography and minimal functional interference with other important brain processes. Previous studies have shown that attempted movements in paralyzed people generate neural activity that strongly resembles actual movements. Hence decodability for BCI applications can be studied in able-bodied volunteers with actual movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we tested whether mouth movements provide adequate signals in the sensorimotor cortex for a BCI. The study was executed using fMRI at 7 T to ensure relevance for BCI with cortical electrodes, as 7 T measurements have been shown to correlate well with electrocortical measurements. Twelve healthy volunteers executed four mouth movements (lip protrusion, tongue movement, teeth clenching, and the production of a larynx activating sound) while in the scanner. Subjects performed a training and a test run. Single trials were classified based on the Pearson correlation values between the activation patterns per trial type in the training run and single trials in the test run in a 'winner-takes-all' design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single trial mouth movements could be classified with 90% accuracy. The classification was based on an area with a volume of about 0.5 cc, located on the sensorimotor cortex. If voxels were limited to the surface, which is accessible for electrode grids, classification accuracy was still very high (82%). Voxels located on the precentral cortex performed better (87%) than the postcentral cortex (72%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high reliability of decoding mouth movements suggests that attempted mouth movements are a promising candidate for BCI in paralyzed people.
authors.affiliation: UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bleichner
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jansma
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salari
authors.forename: Z V
authors.initials: ZV
authors.lastname: Freudenburg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raemaekers
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Ramsey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000145:classification / Q000379:methods; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000145:classification* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D066191:Sensorimotor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult