title: Incidental fear cues increase monetary loss aversion.
abstract: In many everyday decisions, people exhibit loss aversion-a greater sensitivity to losses relative to gains of equal size. Loss aversion is thought to be (at least partly) mediated by emotional--in particular, fear-related--processes. Decision research has shown that even incidental emotions, which are unrelated to the decision at hand, can influence decision making. The effect of incidental fear on loss aversion, however, is thus far unclear. In two studies, we experimentally investigated how incidental fear cues, presented during (Study 1) or before (Study 2) choices to accept or reject mixed gambles over real monetary stakes, influence monetary loss aversion. We find that the presentation of fearful faces, relative to the presentation of neutral faces, increased risk aversion-an effect that could be attributed to increased loss aversion. The size of this effect was moderated by psychopathic personality: Fearless dominance, in particular its interpersonal facet, but not self-centered impulsivity, attenuated the effect of incidental fear cues on loss aversion, consistent with reduced fear reactivity. Together, these results highlight the sensitivity of loss aversion to the affective context.
authors.affiliation: Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulreich
authors.affiliation: Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gerhardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin.
authors.forename: Hauke R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Heekeren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003463:Cues; D003657:Decision Making; D005149:Facial Expression; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation