title: Children's diets, pesticide uptake, and implications for risk assessment: An Israeli case study.
abstract: The presence of pesticides in the Israeli food supply is well documented but little is known about the risks posed by children's diets for potential exposures. We investigated potential exposures to food-borne pesticides in a sample of 301 urban Israeli children (2008-10). Data from a food frequency questionnaire, 24 hour food recall, and Israel's national pesticide monitoring program were used to estimate uptake factors for 26 compounds in 27 fruits and vegetables. A pilot risk assessment was performed and the findings were compared with the Israel Ministry of Health's 2012 pesticide risk assessment for the general population. The surveyed children had higher potential exposures than the general population for over one third of the compounds, and uptake factors exceeded the Acceptable Daily Intake in ten compounds. Methamidophos, exceeded the ADI at the 25th percentile and fenamiphos, iprodione, and oxydemethon methyl, exceeded the ADI at the 50 percentile. ADIs for several compounds were exceeded even though the residues detected were below the statutory limit. Improved monitoring, enforcement, and revision of the Maximum Residue Limit for certain food/pesticide pairs are indicated as is the need to incorporate data on children's actual food consumption in national risk assessments.
authors.affiliation: Migal-Galilee Research Center, P.O.B. 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; Braun School of Public Health & Center for Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel. Electronic address: Shirraf@migal.org.il.
authors.forename: Shirra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: Braun School of Public Health & Center for Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; S. Daniel Abraham International Center for Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of The Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel. Electronic address: Veredks7@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vered
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kaufman-Shriqui
authors.affiliation: Israel Ministry of Health, Public Health Services, 39 Yirmiyahu St., P.O.Box 1176, Jerusalem 9101002, Israel. Electronic address: tamar.berman@moh.health.gov.il.
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.affiliation: Israel Ministry of Health, Public Health Services, 39 Yirmiyahu St., P.O.Box 1176, Jerusalem 9101002, Israel; Israel Ministry of Health, National Food Service Authority, 12 Ha'Arbaah St. Tel Aviv, 6473912 Israel. Electronic address: rina.varsano@moh.health.gov.il.
authors.forename: Rina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Varsano
authors.affiliation: S. Daniel Abraham International Center for Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of The Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel. Electronic address: dshahar@bgu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Danit R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Shahar
authors.affiliation: Braun School of Public Health & Center for Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel. Electronic address: orlyma@ekmd.huji.ac.il.
authors.forename: Orly
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Manor
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005506:Food Contamination; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides
keywords: Children; Dietary exposure assessment; Pesticide; Regulation; Risk assessment