title: Clinical Characteristics of Dry Eye Patients With Chronic Pain Syndromes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate clinical characteristics of dry eye disease (DED) patients with a chronic pain syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred twenty-five patients of a tertiary care DED patient cohort in the Netherlands were included. Chronic pain syndromes irritable bowel syndrome, chronic pelvic pain, and fibromyalgia were assessed by questionnaires. Outcome variables were the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) symptom questionnaire, tear osmolarity, Schirmer test, tear breakup time, conjunctival hyperemia, staining of the cornea and conjunctiva, and amount of mucus. Outcomes were cross-sectionally compared between DED patients with a chronic pain syndrome and those without.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 74 out of 425 DED patients (17%) had at least 1 chronic pain syndrome. The total symptom score was significantly higher in DED patients with a chronic pain syndrome than in those without (45.8 vs 33.8, P < .0005). Moreover, patients with a chronic pain syndrome scored higher on every single subscale of the 12-item OSDI symptom questionnaire. However, ocular signs were similar or even less severe in these patients. Similarly, in 64 DED patients from the population-based cohort TwinsUK, patients with a chronic pain syndrome (n = 24, 38%) had higher subscale and total (34.1 vs 14.4, P = .001) symptom scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In DED patients, chronic pain syndromes are common and are associated with increased severity of DED symptoms across all domains of the OSDI, even though objective ocular surface signs are no worse. In clinical practice, more awareness of chronic pain syndromes might help in understanding the discrepancy between signs and symptoms in DED.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: j.vehof@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Jelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vehof
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sillevis Smitt-Kamminga
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kozareva
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Simone A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nibourg
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hammond
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers