title: Psychophysiological Associations between Chronic Tinnitus and Sleep: A Cross Validation of Tinnitus and Insomnia Questionnaires.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of insomnia in chronic tinnitus and the association of tinnitus distress and sleep disturbance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analysed data of 182 patients with chronic tinnitus who completed the Tinnitus Questionnaire (TQ) and the Regensburg Insomnia Scale (RIS). Descriptive comparisons with the validation sample of the RIS including exclusively patients with primary/psychophysiological insomnia, correlation analyses of the RIS with TQ scales, and principal component analyses (PCA) in the tinnitus sample were performed. TQ total score was corrected for the TQ sleep items.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of insomnia was high in tinnitus patients (76%) and tinnitus distress correlated with sleep disturbance (r = 0.558). TQ sleep subscore correlated with the RIS sum score (r = 0.690). PCA with all TQ and RIS items showed one sleep factor consisting of all RIS and the TQ sleep items. PCA with only TQ sleep and RIS items showed sleep- and tinnitus-specific factors. The sleep factors (only RIS items) were sleep depth and fearful focusing. The TQ sleep items represented tinnitus-related sleep problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic tinnitus and primary insomnia are highly related and might share similar psychological and neurophysiological mechanisms leading to impaired sleep quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93055 Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schecklmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93055 Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pregler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93055 Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kreuzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93055 Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Timm B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Poeppl
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93055 Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lehner
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93055 Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Crönlein
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93055 Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wetter
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93055 Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Elmar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, kbo-Lech-Mangfall-Klinik Agatharied, 83734 Hausham, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Landgrebe
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93055 Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Langguth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*