title: Increased minimum toe clearance variability in patients with peripheral arterial disease.
abstract: Individuals with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) report difficulty walking and experience 73% more falls than their healthy counterparts, but no studies have investigated functional mechanisms contributing to increased falls. Minimum toe clearance (MTC) is the minimum vertical distance between the toe of the swinging leg and the walking surface when the leg is swinging, and decreased values are associated with an increased risk for falls. This study is the first such analysis in patients with PAD. Eighteen individuals with PAD and eighteen healthy controls walked on a treadmill before and after the onset of claudication pain. Mean MTC and the standard deviation of MTC values across the trial were calculated. Mean MTC was not different between groups in the pain-free (P = 0.244) or pain conditions (P = 0.565). MTC variability was increased for patients with PAD in pain-free (P = 0.048) and pain conditions (P = 0.019). No significant differences existed between conditions for MTC mean (P = 0.134) or MTC variability (P = 0.123). Increased MTC variability is present before and after the onset of claudication pain, and may be a useful assessment for treatment and rehabilitation efficacy in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Research Building, University of Nebraska at Omaha, BRB #212, NE 68182-0860, Omaha, Nebraska, United States.
authors.forename: Troy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Rand
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Research Building, University of Nebraska at Omaha, BRB #212, NE 68182-0860, Omaha, Nebraska, United States ; Advanced Prosthetics Center, a division of Hanger Clinics, Omaha, Nebraska, United States.
authors.forename: Shane R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Wurdeman
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Omaha VA Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States ; Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Johanning
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Omaha VA Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States ; Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States.
authors.forename: Iraklis I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Pipinos
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Research Building, University of Nebraska at Omaha, BRB #212, NE 68182-0860, Omaha, Nebraska, United States . Electronic address: samyers@unomaha.edu.
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000150:complications; D007866:Leg / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016138:Walking
keywords: Biomechanics; Falls; Intermittent claudication; Rehabilitation; Variability