title: The Preservation of Cued Recall in the Acute Mentally Fatigued State: A Randomised Crossover Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of acute mental fatigue on the recall of clinical information in the non-sleep-deprived state. Acute mental fatigue in the non-sleep-deprived subject is rarely studied in the medical workforce. Patient handover has been highlighted as an area of high risk especially in fatigued subjects. This study evaluates the deterioration in recall of clinical information over 2 h with cognitively demanding work in non-sleep-deprived subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised crossover study involving twenty medical students assessed free (presentation) and cued (MCQ) recall of clinical case histories at 0 and 2 h under low and high cognitive load using the N-Back task. Acute mental fatigue was assessed through the Visual Analogue Scale, Stanford Scale and NASA-TLX Mental Workload Rating Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Free recall is significantly impaired by increased cognitive load (p < 0.05) with subjects demonstrating perceived mental fatigue during the high cognitive load assessment. There was no significant difference in the amount of information retrieved by cued recall under high and low cognitive load conditions (p = 1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the loss of clinical information over a short time period involving a mentally fatiguing, high cognitive load task. Free recall for the handover of clinical information is unreliable. Memory cues maintain recall of clinical information. This study provides evidence towards the requirement for standardisation of a structured patient handover. The use of memory cues (involving recognition memory and cued recall methodology) would be beneficial in a handover checklist to aid recall of clinical information and supports evidence for their adoption into clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary's Hospital, 10th floor, QEQM, Paddington, London, W2 1NY, UK.
authors.forename: Ian Richard
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Flindall
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary's Hospital, 10th floor, QEQM, Paddington, London, W2 1NY, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel Richard
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Leff
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary's Hospital, 10th floor, QEQM, Paddington, London, W2 1NY, UK.
authors.forename: Neysan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pucks
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary's Hospital, 10th floor, QEQM, Paddington, London, W2 1NY, UK.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sugden
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary's Hospital, 10th floor, QEQM, Paddington, London, W2 1NY, UK. a.darzi@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003463:Cues; D005221:Fatigue / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology*