title: European Union-28: An annualised cost-of-illness model for venous thromboembolism.
abstract: Annual costs for venous thromboembolism (VTE) have been defined within the United States (US) demonstrating a large opportunity for cost savings. Costs for the European Union-28 (EU-28) have never been defined. A literature search was conducted to evaluate EU-28 cost sources. Median costs were defined for each cost input and costs were inflated to 2014 Euros (€) in the study country and adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity between EU countries. Adjusted costs were used to populate previously published cost-models based on adult incidence-based events. In the base model, annual expenditures for total, hospital-associated, preventable, and indirect costs were €1.5-2.2 billion, €1.0-1.5 billion, €0.5-1.1 billion and €0.2-0.3 billion, respectively (indirect costs: 12 % of expenditures). In the long-term attack rate model, total, hospital-associated, preventable, and indirect costs were €1.8-3.3 billion, €1.2-2.4 billion, €0.6-1.8 billion and €0.2-0.7 billion (indirect costs: 13 % of expenditures). In the multiway sensitivity analysis, annual expenditures for total, hospital-associated, preventable, and indirect costs were €3.0-8.5 billion, €2.2-6.2 billion, €1.1-4.6 billion and €0.5-1.4 billion (indirect costs: 22 % of expenditures). When the value of a premature life-lost increased slightly, aggregate costs rose considerably since these costs are higher than the direct medical costs. When evaluating the models aggregately for costs, the results suggests total, hospital-associated, preventable, and indirect costs ranging from €1.5-13.2 billion, €1.0-9.7 billion, €0.5-7.3 billion and €0.2-6.1 billion, respectively. Our study demonstrates that VTE costs have a large financial impact upon the EU-28's healthcare systems and that significant savings could be realised if better preventive measures are applied.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barco
authors.forename: Alex L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Woersching
authors.forename: Alex C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Spyropoulos
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Piovella
authors.affiliation: Charles E. Mahan, PharmD, Pharmacist Clinician, Presbyterian Healthcare Services, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, 1100 Central Ave. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA, Tel.: +1 505 841 1545, Fax: +1 505 841 1802, E-mail: cmahan@phs.org.
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mahan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005062:European Union; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018803:Models, Economic; D014481:United States; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: European Union; Venous thromboembolism; annual costs; preventable costs; thromboprophylaxis