title: Effect of the use of snuff on the levels of interleukin-1 β and interleukin-8 in the gingival crevicular fluid of periodontitis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of smokeless tobacco in the form of moist snuff placed in the oral cavity is popular in rural India. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to determine the effect of snuff on periodontitis by assessing interleukin (IL)-1 β and IL-8 levels in gingival crevicular fluid.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60 subjects were selected for this study. 40 subjects presented with periodontitis, which included 20 snuff users (SP) and 20 nonsnuff users (NS). 20 periodontally healthy patients formed the controls (healthy control: HC). The clinical parameters recorded were gingival index (GI), plaque index, calculus index, bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), recession (RC), and clinical attachment level (CAL). The IL-1 β and IL-8 levels were assessed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Quantikine(®)). Analysis of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc Tukey's, Kruskal-Walli's ANOVA and Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison among groups and P > 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference was seen in levels of IL-1 β and IL-8 between SP and NS groups (P = 0.16, 0.97). However, both the periodontitis groups (SP and NS) had increased IL-β levels when compared to HC group (P = 0.01, 0.001). The snuff users showed significant increase in GI, BOP, RC, and CAL when compared with NS (P = 0.002, 0.001, 0.012, 0.002) whereas NS group had significant increase in PD (P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this study, use of snuff does not affect the host inflammatory response associated with periodontitis and leads to RC and increased CAL due to local irritant effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Vananchal Dental College, and Hospital, Farathiya, Garhwa, Jharkhand, India.
authors.forename: Vijayendra
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Vananchal Dental College, and Hospital, Farathiya, Garhwa, Jharkhand, India.
authors.forename: Sharib Abdus
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Salam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics, Goenka Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Aman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moda
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Triveni Institute of Dental Sciences, Hospital and Research Centre, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India.
authors.forename: Preeti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Vananchal Dental College, and Hospital, Farathiya, Garhwa, Jharkhand, India.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shaju Jacob
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pulikkotil
keywords: Interleukin-8; interleukin-1 beta; periodontitis; smokeless tobacco; snuff