title: Proteomic and epigenomic markers of sepsis-induced delirium (SID).
abstract: In elderly population sepsis is one of the leading causes of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions in the United States. Sepsis-induced delirium (SID) is the most frequent cause of delirium in ICU (Martin et al., 2010). Together delirium and SID represent under-recognized public health problems which place an increasing financial burden on the US health care system, currently estimated at 143-152 billion dollars per year (Leslie et al., 2008). The interest in SID was recently reignited as it was demonstrated that, contrary to prior beliefs, cognitive deficits induced by this condition may be irreversible and lead to dementia (Pandharipande et al., 2013; Brummel et al., 2014). Conversely, it is construed that diagnosing SID early or mitigating its full blown manifestations may preempt geriatric cognitive disorders. Biological markers specific for sepsis and SID would facilitate the development of potential therapies, monitor the disease process and at the same time enable elderly individuals to make better informed decisions regarding surgeries which may pose the risk of complications, including sepsis and delirium. This article proposes a battery of peripheral blood markers to be used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in sepsis and SID. Though each individual marker may not be specific enough, we believe that together as a battery they may achieve the necessary accuracy to answer two important questions: who may be vulnerable to the development of sepsis, and who may develop SID and irreversible cognitive deficits following sepsis?
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University Loma Linda, CA, USA ; Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital Patton, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Adonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sfera
authors.affiliation: Evidence Based Health Care, University of Oxford Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Amy I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Sapienza University Rome, Italy ; IRCCS Neuromed Pozzili, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gradini
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital Patton, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osorio
keywords: Aquaporin-4 (AQP-4); T helper 17 cells; astrocytes; cell cycle; exosomes; lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT); microRNA