title: A bacterial type III secretion-based protein delivery tool for broad applications in cell biology.
abstract: Methods enabling the delivery of proteins into eukaryotic cells are essential to address protein functions. Here we propose broad applications to cell biology for a protein delivery tool based on bacterial type III secretion (T3S). We show that bacterial, viral, and human proteins, fused to the N-terminal fragment of the Yersinia enterocolitica T3S substrate YopE, are effectively delivered into target cells in a fast and controllable manner via the injectisome of extracellular bacteria. This method enables functional interaction studies by the simultaneous injection of multiple proteins and allows the targeting of proteins to different subcellular locations by use of nanobody-fusion proteins. After delivery, proteins can be freed from the YopE fragment by a T3S-translocated viral protease or fusion to ubiquitin and cleavage by endogenous ubiquitin proteases. Finally, we show that this delivery tool is suitable to inject proteins in living animals and combine it with phosphoproteomics to characterize the systems-level impact of proapoptotic human truncated BID on the cellular network.
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ittig
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmutz
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christoph A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kasper
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marlise
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amstutz
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Loïc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sauteur
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M Alessandra
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vigano
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Shyan Huey
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Low
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Affolter
authors.affiliation: Research Unit in Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Biology, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
authors.forename: Guy R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cornelis
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Erich A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nigg
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France cecile.arrieumerlou@inserm.fr.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arrieumerlou
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D021381:Protein Transport; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000069296:Type III Secretion Systems / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D020543:Proteome; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000069296:Type III Secretion Systems; C063239:yopE protein, Yersinia