title: Meals and snacks: Children's characterizations of food and eating cues.
abstract: This study examined preschoolers' and their parents' categorizations of eating episodes based on cues used for defining these occasions (i.e., time, portion size, preparation, content, and emotion) as a meal or snack. Thirty-four children aged 4 to 6 saw pictorial representations of each cue, along with a short verbal description, and were asked to place the picture in one of three boxes: "meal", "snack", or "either meal or snack". One parent per child (85% mothers, Mean age = 35.1 years) separately categorized the same items in an online survey. Results illustrated which cues play a role in how parents and children categorize eating occasions as meals or snacks. Parents used 24 of the 32 cue-related items to distinguish between eating occasions as a meal or a snack, while children used only four. Parents and preschoolers were consistent in using cartoon character packaging to indicate a snack, and also used several of the same content cues. The current study highlights the various cues used to categorize an eating occasion, and the unhealthy character of snacks, as participants associated some unhealthy foods and very few healthy foods with snacks. Future research should focus on the role of parents, the home environment, and advertising media in shaping children's characterizations of eating occasions towards development of healthy eating habits and away from problematic eating behaviors that may persist later in life.
authors.affiliation: Bowling Green State University, USA. Electronic address: jmmarx@bgsu.edu.
authors.forename: Jenna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.affiliation: Bowling Green State University, USA.
authors.forename: Debra A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Bowling Green State University, USA.
authors.forename: Dara R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Musher-Eizenman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003463:Cues; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D064787:Portion Size; D062410:Snacks
keywords: Child psychology; Eating behavior; Food choice; Obesity