title: Martini Coarse-Grained Force Field: Extension to Carbohydrates.
abstract: We present an extension of the Martini coarse-grained force field to carbohydrates. The parametrization follows the same philosophy as was used previously for lipids and proteins, focusing on the reproduction of partitioning free energies of small compounds between polar and nonpolar phases. The carbohydrate building blocks considered are the monosaccharides glucose and fructose and the disaccharides sucrose, trehalose, maltose, cellobiose, nigerose, laminarabiose, kojibiose, and sophorose. Bonded parameters for these saccharides are optimized by comparison to conformations sampled with an atomistic force field, in particular with respect to the representation of the most populated rotameric state for the glycosidic bond. Application of the new coarse-grained carbohydrate model to the oligosaccharides amylose and Curdlan shows a preservation of the main structural properties with 3 orders of magnitude more efficient sampling than the atomistic counterpart. Finally, we investigate the cryo- and anhydro-protective effect of glucose and trehalose on a lipid bilayer and find a strong decrease of the melting temperature, in good agreement with both experimental findings and atomistic simulation studies.
authors.affiliation: Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands, and Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Cesar A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: López
authors.affiliation: Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands, and Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andrzej J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rzepiela
authors.affiliation: Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands, and Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alex H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands, and Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lubbert
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dijkhuizen
authors.affiliation: Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands, and Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philippe H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Hünenberger
authors.affiliation: Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands, and Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Siewert J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Marrink