title: Associations of age with reward delay discounting and response inhibition in adolescents with bipolar disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bipolar disorders' (BD) onset before age 18 is a potential marker for a more severe illness course. Adolescence is also a period of significant normative maturation of inhibitory control and reward-relevant decision-making processes, such as decreased delay discounting (i.e., decreased preference for smaller, immediate versus larger, delayed rewards). Adults with BD exhibit elevated delay discounting rates. Very little is known about developmental changes in delay discounting in adolescents with BD, or about associations between inhibitory control and delay discounting in BD. The present study addresses these questions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 78 participants, ages 13 to 23, with BD or without history of mental illness. Group differences and group by age interaction effects on delay discounting (32 BD, 32 controls with valid responses), probability discounting (34 BD, 37 controls) and inhibitory control indices (34 BD, 38 controls) were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among healthy controls, less discounting of delayed rewards was associated with older age, whereas adolescents with BD did not show age-related associations. There were no group differences in probability discounting or inhibitory control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cross-sectional nature of the study cannot fully rule out the less likely interpretation of group differences in cohort effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lack of age-related improvement in delay tolerance in BD suggests disrupted development of executive control processes within reward contexts, which in turn may contribute to understanding more severe course of pediatric onset BD. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine delay discounting in relation to maturation of neural reward systems among adolescents with BD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA. Electronic address: snezana.urosevic@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Snežana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Urošević
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Youngstrom
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luciana
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D065786:Delay Discounting; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012201:Reward; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescence; Bipolar Disorder; Delay Discounting; Reward