title: Correlation Between Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.
abstract: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) has been investigated in Western countries and identified to be associated with chronic pelvic pain and inflammation. Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) is a complex syndrome that is significantly more prevalent in women than in men. Chronic pelvic pain is a main symptom of BPS/IC, and chronic inflammation is a major etiology of BPS/IC. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between BPS/IC and PID using a population-based dataset.We constructed a case-control study from the Taiwan National Health Insurance program. The case cohort comprised 449 patients with BPS/IC, and 1796 randomly selected subjects (about 1:4 matching) were used as controls. A Multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to estimate the association between BPS/IC and PID.Of the 2245 sampled subjects, a significant difference was observed in the prevalence of PID between BPS/IC cases and controls (41.7% vs 15.4%, P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio (OR) for PID among cases was 3.69 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.89-4.71). Furthermore, the ORs for PID among BPS/IC cases were 4.52 (95% CI: 2.55-8.01), 4.31 (95% CI: 2.91-6.38), 3.00 (95% CI: 1.82-4.94), and 5.35 (95% CI: 1.88-15.20) in the <35, 35-49, 50-64, and >65 years age groups, respectively, after adjusting for geographic region, irritable bowel syndrome, and hypertension. Joint effect was also noted, specifically when patients had both PID and irritable bowel disease with OR of 10.5 (95% CI: 4.88-22.50).This study demonstrated a correlation between PID and BPS/IC. Clinicians treating women with PID should be alert to BPS/IC-related symptoms in the population.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City (S-DC); School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei (S-DC); Graduate Program in Biomedical Informatics, College of Informatics, Yuan Ze University (S-DC); Department of Urology, China Medical University and Hospital (C-HC); Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung (C-HC, C-HM); Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi (P-HH); Department of Applied Life Science and Health, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan (P-HH); Department of Health Risk Management, College of Public Health, China Medical University (C-JC); Department of Medical Research, China Medical University and Hospital (C-JC); Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung (C-HM); and Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (C-YH).
authors.forename: Shiu-Dong
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Chao-Hsiang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Peir-Haur
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Chi-Jung
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Chih-Hsin
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Muo
authors.forename: Chao-Yuan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000209:etiology*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors