title: The role of a hybrid phytosystem in landscape water purification and herbicides removal.
abstract: The performance of a hybrid phytosystem in landscape water purification and herbicides removal was investigated. The phytosystem operating in an arboretum is located in the Minhang Campus of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. The phytosystem is composed of two purification stages: sedimentation Stage 1 without external air supply; and Stage 2 with an external air supply. Stage 2 is also vegetated with three major kinds of plants, namely Pontederia cordata L., Typha latifolia L. and Cyperus alternifolius L. The system's hydraulic loading rate (HLR) was maintained at 1.632 m/day between December 2013 and November 2014. Sedimentation, filtration and adsorption by filter media, combined microbial processes in the rhizosphere (nitrification-denitrification) and plant uptake of the pollutants were all responsible for water purification in the phytosystem. The biological and physical parameters analyzed were total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), nitrate (NO3-N), nitrite (NO2-N), ammonia (NH3-N), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), turbidity, chlorophyll-a and algal cells number. Highest removal efficiencies for TDN, TDP, turbidity, DOC, chlorophyll-a and algal cells were 56.9%, 73.3%, 92.4%, 29.9%, 94.3% and 91.0%, respectively. When the phytosystem was considered for herbicides removal, removal efficiencies of more than 25% were noted for all the herbicides.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China E-mail: ylhe@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kirumba
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China E-mail: ylhe@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, China.
authors.forename: Dongyang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China E-mail: ylhe@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China E-mail: ylhe@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yiliang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China E-mail: ylhe@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China E-mail: ylhe@sjtu.edu.cn; Institute of Energy Conversion, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China E-mail: ylhe@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Feijian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mao
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002681:China; D029786:Cyperus / Q000378:metabolism*; D058440:Denitrification; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D058465:Nitrification; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D012621:Seasons; D032401:Typhaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D010758:Phosphorus; D000641:Ammonia