title: Unveiling the anti-inflammatory activity of Sutherlandia frutescens using murine macrophages.
abstract: Sutherlandia frutescens is a botanical widely used in southern Africa for treatment of inflammatory and other conditions. Previously, an ethanolic extract of S. frutescens (SFE) has been shown to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) by murine neurons and a microglia cell line (BV-2 cells). In this study we sought to confirm the anti-inflammatory activities of SFE on a widely used murine macrophage cell line (i.e., RAW 264.7 cells) and primary mouse macrophages. Furthermore, experiments were conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the flavonol and cycloartanol glycosides found in high quantities in S. frutescens. While the SFE exhibited anti-inflammatory activities upon murine macrophages similar to that reported with the microglia cell line, this effect does not appear to be mediated by sutherlandiosides or sutherlandins. In contrast, chlorophyll in our extracts appeared to be partly responsible for some of the activity observed in our macrophage-dependent screening assay.
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Jimmy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Browning
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Peggy A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Eichen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Korey J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Brownstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Folk
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Grace Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Lubahn
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Rottinghaus
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. Electronic address: FritscheK@missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Fritsche
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002734:Chlorophyll; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Chlorophyll; Inflammation; Macrophage; Sutherlandia frutescens