title: Chronological Evolution of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Children With Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe and analyze the chronological evolution of the radiological findings in seven children with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study describing the radiological findings and evolution in seven children with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome who presented from 2009 to 2013. The children all fit the defined clinical criteria for febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome; all had a history of normal psychomotor development who presented with acute-onset catastrophic partial status epilepticus associated with a febrile illness or unspecific infectious process. The children were identified from the author's weekly review of the pediatric inpatient service, and then the data were collected and analyzed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six males and one female ranging from 3 months to 9 years of age presented with status epilepticus preceded by a febrile illness. Extensive investigations for infectious, autoimmune, and metabolic etiologies were unremarkable. Multiple antiepileptic medications were attempted, including drug-induced coma in all of them, with poor response. Immunotherapy with intravenous steroids or intravenous immunoglobulin (three patients had both) was tried in six of seven patients with a poor response. Ketogenic diet was initiated in four of seven patients with limited response. Serial magnetic resonance imaging studies, done from the initial presentation through 18 months of follow-up, showed evolution from normal imaging to severe cerebral atrophy. Progressive cytotoxic edema involving mostly bilateral hippocampi and temporal lobes was appreciated in one to three weeks. At one month from seizure onset, mild to moderate cerebral atrophy and hippocampal sclerosis was appreciated that continued to progress over the next year. After six to twelve months, most of the patients showed moderate to severe cerebral atrophy and by one year, cerebellar atrophy was also appreciated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome is a devastating epilepsy syndrome of childhood without a diagnostic biologic marker. The magnetic resonance imaging findings appear to be progressive and typical. Thus, combined with the clinical course, imaging findings can help to confirm the diagnosis (until a biologic marker is found). This hopefully will allow multicentered treatment protocols in the future.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital - Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Marianna S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rivas-Coppola
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital - Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Namrata
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital - Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Asim F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Choudhri
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital - Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital - Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, Tennessee. Electronic address: jwheless@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wheless
mesh_terms: D001284:Atrophy / Q000473:pathology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000473:pathology*; D054022:Cerebrum / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000150:complications*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D003294:Seizures, Febrile / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D013577:Syndrome
keywords: FIRES; children; fever; hippocampal sclerosis; refractory status epilepticus