title: An innovative method based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction coupled to desorption electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry for screening the presence of paralytic shellfish toxins in clams.
abstract: The capabilities of desorption electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry (DESI-HRMS) were tested for screening the presence of some paralytic shellfish toxins in clams. A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) approach is proposed for sample clean-up. QuEChERS extraction was optimized by using a full factorial design followed by the multicriteria method of the desirability functions. Quantitation limits in the microgram per kilogram range proved reliability of the method for the detection of the investigated toxins in accordance to the rules laid down by European legislation. The optimized QuEChERS-DESI-HRMS based-method allowed for a rapid reliable screening of the investigated compounds at levels of interest, thus being useful for high-throughput analyses.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mattarozzi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy. Electronic address: federica.bianchi@unipr.it.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milioli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavazza
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Careri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012449:Safety; D012758:Shellfish; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins
keywords: Desorption electrospray ionization; High resolution mass spectrometry; Mollusks; QuEChERS; Saxitoxins