title: A Novel Korean Red Ginseng Compound Gintonin Inhibited Inflammation by MAPK and NF-κB Pathways and Recovered the Levels of mir-34a and mir-93 in RAW 264.7 Cells.
abstract: The beneficial health promoting effects of ginseng from vitalizing the body to enhancing long life have been well explored very rapidly in the past few years. Up till now many ginsenosides have been discovered for their marvelous therapeutic effects. However during past three years, a novel ginseng compound has been discovered, called gintonin, that differs from other ginsenosides on the basis of its signal transduction and chemical nature. Gintonin has been widely studied for its anti-Alzheimer's disease activities and other neuropathies. However, its anti-inflammatory activity remained unexplored. In our study we have reported for the first time the anti-inflammatory activity of gintonin on RAW 264.7 cells. We found that gintonin potently suppresses the nitric oxide production without any cytotoxicity at given doses and also efficiently suppressed the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, it mediaes its signal transduction via MAPK and NF-κB pathways and revives the levels of mir-34a and mir-93. These findings are valuable for the anti-inflammatory effects of this new compound with particular reference to microRNA involvement in the ginseng family.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology & Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saba
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology & Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bo Ra
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology & Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Da-Hye
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Youn-Kyoung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Goo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dongmi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Suk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Dae
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BioMolecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Yeol
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Nah
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology & Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Man Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Rhee