title: Actinobacteria from Termite Mounds Show Antiviral Activity against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, a Surrogate Model for Hepatitis C Virus.
abstract: Extracts from termite-associated bacteria were evaluated for in vitro antiviral activity against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Two bacterial strains were identified as active, with percentages of inhibition (IP) equal to 98%. Both strains were subjected to functional analysis via the addition of virus and extract at different time points in cell culture; the results showed that they were effective as posttreatments. Moreover, we performed MTT colorimetric assays to identify the CC50, IC50, and SI values of these strains, and strain CDPA27 was considered the most promising. In parallel, the isolates were identified as Streptomyces through 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Specifically, CDPA27 was identified as S. chartreusis. The CDPA27 extract was fractionated on a C18-E SPE cartridge, and the fractions were reevaluated. A 100% methanol fraction was identified to contain the compound(s) responsible for antiviral activity, which had an SI of 262.41. GC-MS analysis showed that this activity was likely associated with the compound(s) that had a peak retention time of 5 min. Taken together, the results of the present study provide new information for antiviral research using natural sources, demonstrate the antiviral potential of Streptomyces chartreusis compounds isolated from termite mounds against BVDV, and lay the foundation for further studies on the treatment of HCV infection.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Department of Genetics and Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marina Aiello
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Center for Chemical Biological and Agricultural Research, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Alexandre Cazelatto 999, Betel, 13148-218 Paulínia, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodney Alexandre Ferreira
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Department of Genetics and Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Cristina Santiago
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bastos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Department of Genetics and Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Matheus Cavalheiro
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Department of Genetics and Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Caroline de Souza
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Barnabé
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Department of Genetics and Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Konecny
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Kohn
authors.affiliation: University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Salobrinho, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula Trovatti
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Uetanabaro
authors.affiliation: University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Avenida Transnordestina, s/n, Novo Horizonte, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Getúlio Freitas
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Bomfim
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Center for Chemical Biological and Agricultural Research, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Alexandre Cazelatto 999, Betel, 13148-218 Paulínia, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael Sanches
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Afonso
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Center for Chemical Biological and Agricultural Research, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Alexandre Cazelatto 999, Betel, 13148-218 Paulínia, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fantinatti-Garboggini
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Department of Genetics and Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clarice Weis
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Arns