title: Effect of Radiofrequency Transmit Field Correction on Quantitative Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging of the Breast at 3.0 T.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of radiofrequency transmit field (B1(+)) correction on (a) the measured T1 relaxation times of normal breast tissue and malignant lesions and (b) the pharmacokinetically derived parameters of malignant breast lesions at 3 T.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ethics approval and informed consent were obtained. Between May 2013 and January 2014, 30 women (median age, 58 years; range, 32-83 years) with invasive ductal carcinoma of at least 10 mm were recruited to undergo dynamic contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging before surgery. B1(+) and T1 mapping sequences were performed to determine the effect of B1(+) correction on the native tissue relaxation time (T10) of fat, parenchyma, and malignant lesions in both breasts. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated before and after correction for B1(+) variations. Results were correlated with histologic grade by using the Kruskal-Wallis test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurements showed a mean 37% flip angle difference between the right and left breast, which resulted in a 61% T10 difference in fat and a 41.5% difference in parenchyma between the two breasts. The T1 of lesions in the right breast increased by 58%, whereas that of lesions in the left breast decreased by 30% after B1(+) correction. The whole-tumor transendothelial permeability across the vascular compartment(K(trans)) of lesions in the right breast decreased by 41%, and that of lesions in the left breast increased by 46% after correction. A systematic increase in K(trans) was observed, with significant differences found across the histologic grades (P < .001). The effect size of B1(+) correction on K(trans) calculation was large for lesions in the right breast and moderate for lesions in the left breast (Cohen effect size, d = 0.86 and d = 0.59, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  B1(+) correction demonstrates a substantial effect on the results of quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced analysis of breast tissue at 3 T, which propagates into the pharmacokinetic analysis of tumors that is dependent on whether the tumor is located in the right or left breast.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England (R.B., M.J.G., R.M., T.W., I.M., F.J.G.); Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, England (M.J.G., A.J.P., M.A.M.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, England (M.A.M., J.G.); and General Electric Company, GE Medical Systems Limited, Chalfont St Giles, England (S.R.).
authors.forename: Reem
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bedair
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England (R.B., M.J.G., R.M., T.W., I.M., F.J.G.); Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, England (M.J.G., A.J.P., M.A.M.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, England (M.A.M., J.G.); and General Electric Company, GE Medical Systems Limited, Chalfont St Giles, England (S.R.).
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England (R.B., M.J.G., R.M., T.W., I.M., F.J.G.); Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, England (M.J.G., A.J.P., M.A.M.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, England (M.A.M., J.G.); and General Electric Company, GE Medical Systems Limited, Chalfont St Giles, England (S.R.).
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England (R.B., M.J.G., R.M., T.W., I.M., F.J.G.); Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, England (M.J.G., A.J.P., M.A.M.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, England (M.A.M., J.G.); and General Electric Company, GE Medical Systems Limited, Chalfont St Giles, England (S.R.).
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England (R.B., M.J.G., R.M., T.W., I.M., F.J.G.); Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, England (M.J.G., A.J.P., M.A.M.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, England (M.A.M., J.G.); and General Electric Company, GE Medical Systems Limited, Chalfont St Giles, England (S.R.).
authors.forename: Roido
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manavaki
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England (R.B., M.J.G., R.M., T.W., I.M., F.J.G.); Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, England (M.J.G., A.J.P., M.A.M.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, England (M.A.M., J.G.); and General Electric Company, GE Medical Systems Limited, Chalfont St Giles, England (S.R.).
authors.forename: Tess
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England (R.B., M.J.G., R.M., T.W., I.M., F.J.G.); Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, England (M.J.G., A.J.P., M.A.M.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, England (M.A.M., J.G.); and General Electric Company, GE Medical Systems Limited, Chalfont St Giles, England (S.R.).
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England (R.B., M.J.G., R.M., T.W., I.M., F.J.G.); Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, England (M.J.G., A.J.P., M.A.M.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, England (M.A.M., J.G.); and General Electric Company, GE Medical Systems Limited, Chalfont St Giles, England (S.R.).
authors.forename: Iosif
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mendichovszky
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England (R.B., M.J.G., R.M., T.W., I.M., F.J.G.); Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, England (M.J.G., A.J.P., M.A.M.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, England (M.A.M., J.G.); and General Electric Company, GE Medical Systems Limited, Chalfont St Giles, England (S.R.).
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England (R.B., M.J.G., R.M., T.W., I.M., F.J.G.); Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, England (M.J.G., A.J.P., M.A.M.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, England (M.A.M., J.G.); and General Electric Company, GE Medical Systems Limited, Chalfont St Giles, England (S.R.).
authors.forename: Fiona J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media