title: Demographic and Etiological Patterns of Gastric Outlet Obstruction in Kerala, South India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the modern era, the major cause of gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is known to be a malignancy, especially in the developed world. Many books and articles do suggest that the benign causes continue to be the major cause of GOO in the developing world however, there is growing evidence proving the contrary. Males were (more commonly) affected females and individuals in their fifth and sixth decade have been the predominant age group in the majority of studies. There is a minimal data of GOO from South India.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A retrospective analysis of the endoscopic findings of patients presenting with features of GOO to determine the demographic and etiological patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of the endoscopic findings of patients with GOO from January 2005 to January 2014 was done. The diagnosis of GOO was based on clinical presentation, and an inability during the upper endoscopy to enter the second portion of the duodenum as documented in the endoscopy registers. Patients who have already been diagnosed with malignancy prior to the endoscopy were excluded from the study; so were the patients with gastroparesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 342 patients with GOO underwent the endoscopy during the study period. The causes for benign obstruction were predominantly peptic ulcer disease. The major cause for malignant obstruction was carcinoma of stomach involving the distal stomach. The male to female ratio was 3.2:1. The patients with malignancy were older than patients with benign disorders. Most of the patients were in the sixth and seventh decade. The risk of malignancy was higher with increasing age, especially in women. A fourth of all carcinoma stomach presented with GOO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates that the cause for GOO in Kerala, South India is predominantly malignancy. The etiological and demographic patterns were similar to the studies conducted in the developed nations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sukumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Chirukandath
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ravindran
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Ramachandra Venkateshwara
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Prasad
keywords: Causes; India; demographic pattern; gastric outlet obstruction