title: Correlation of dental pulp stones, carotid artery and renal calcifications using digital panoramic radiography and ultrasonography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The human tissues continuously undergo modification as deposition of calcium (CA) salts either in an organized or disorganized pattern. The latter pattern usually occurs in the soft tissues such as in arteries, brain, kidneys, lungs, and dental pulp. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the presence of pulp calcification and carotid artery calcification (CDC) as a marker for renal calcification and altered serum biomarkers such as serum CA, phosphorus (P), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Digital panoramic radiographs of 50 patients with the presence of pulp stones and suspected CAC were subjected to carotid artery and renal ultrasonography (USG) examination for the presence of vascular calcification and also to evaluate the alterations in serum CA, P, and ALP levels. Data were analyzed statistically using Chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Panoramic radiographs of 50 patients showed 88.28% of teeth with the presence of pulp stones stones and 91% carotid arteries with calcification. The sensitivity of panoramic radiograph was greater than that of USG (93.67%), but the specificity of USG was more than the panoramic radiograph (44.44%) in detecting CAC. The prevalence rate of renal calcification on USG was 92%. The statistical difference between the patients with or without alteration in serum Ca levels was not significant (χ(2) = 0.581 and P = 0.446). On comparison of serum P and ALP, the difference was found to be statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presence of pulp stones and CAC's on panoramic radiograph have remarkably proved to establish the chances of renal artery calcification associated with alterations in serum CA levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Garima
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yeluri
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vananchal Dental College and Hospital, Garhwa, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
authors.forename: C Anand
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, K.D. Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Namita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raghav
keywords: Carotid artery; dental pulp calcification; panoramic radiography; ultrasonography