title: FoCo: a simple and robust quantification algorithm of nuclear foci.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of γH2AX foci per nucleus is an accepted measure of the number of DNA double-strand breaks in single cells. One of the experimental techniques for γH2AX detection in cultured cells is immunofluorescent labelling of γH2AX and nuclei followed by microscopy imaging and analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we present the algorithm FoCo for reliable and robust automatic nuclear foci counting in single cell images. FoCo has the following advantages with respect to other software packages: i) the ability to reliably quantify even densely distributed foci, e.g., on images of cells subjected to radiation doses up to 10 Gy, ii) robustness of foci quantification in the sense of suppressing out-of-focus background signal, and iii) its simplicity. FoCo requires only 5 parameters that have to be adjusted by the user.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FoCo is an open-source user-friendly software with GUI for individual foci counting, which is able to produce reliable and robust foci quantifications even for low signal/noise ratios and densely distributed foci.
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Institute for Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Pfälzer Platz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany. anastasiya.lapytsko@med.ovgu.de.
authors.forename: Anastasiya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lapytsko
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Institute for Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Pfälzer Platz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany. kollarovic.gabor@gmail.com.|Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, 83391, Bratislava, Slovakia. kollarovic.gabor@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kollarovic
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Institute for Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Pfälzer Platz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany. lu.ivanova@googlemail.com.
authors.forename: Lyubomira
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ivanova
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Institute for Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Pfälzer Platz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany. maja.studencka@med.ovgu.de.
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Studencka
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Institute for Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Pfälzer Platz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany. schaber@med.ovgu.de.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schaber
mesh_terms: D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics*; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D059010:Single-Cell Analysis / Q000379:methods*