title: Access to subsidized artemether-lumefantrine from the private sector among febrile children in rural setting in Kilosa, Tanzania.
abstract: The World Health Organization aims at universal access to effective antimalarial treatment by the year 2015. Consequently, an enormous financial resource has been invested on Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) subsidy. In Tanzania, strategies to increase access of artemether-lumufantrine (ALu) rural areas, where the burden is highest, includes subsidy to the Faith-based Organisations (FBO) facilities and accredited drug dispensing outlets (ADDOs). This study was done to assess the extent to which children suffering from malaria access ALu from the private sector in rural areas. A total of 1,235 under fives randomly selected from 12 rural villages were followed up at home on weekly basis for six months in Kilosa district in 2008. Using a structured questionnaire, caretakers were interviewed about the child's history of fever in the past 7 days; type of treatment given and the source. Baseline data were obtained on demographic characteristics, caretakers' knowledge about malaria and social economic indicators of the household. Of the 1,235 children followed-up, 740 care-seeking visits were recorded, of which, 264 (35.7%) were made at government health facilities and nearly a quarter (24.1%; 178/740) at ordinary shops that sell general merchandize including rice and sugar. Only 22% of the caretakers sought care from FBO and ADDOs. While 686 (86.6%) of the episodes were treated with antimalarials, only 319 (43%) received ALu, the recommended antimalarial. Majority (83%) of the visits made at government facilities were prescribed with ALu compared to less than half who went to FBO facilities (40.0%) and ADDOs (25.0%). In conclusion, this study has shown that less than a quarter of fever episodes suspected to be malaria in rural areas were made at FBO facilities and ADDOs, of which, less than half were treated with ALu. This shows that ALu subsidy to formal private sector does not adequately reach children in rural areas, where the malaria burden is highest. This cast some doubts if the target of universal access to effective antimalarial, by 2015, will be reached. There is need to consider enlisting the services of community health workers in the efforts to improve access to ALu in rural areas. Further research is needed to explore providers' / dispensers' preference for non-recommended antimalarials in the private sector and caretakers' preference for ordinary shops.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. daudisimba@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Daudi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simba
authors.forename: Deodatus
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kakoko
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077549:Artemether; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D000078102:Lumefantrine; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D017149:Private Sector; D012424:Rural Population; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005449:Fluorenes; D000077549:Artemether; D000078102:Lumefantrine