title: Mechanism of Action, Efficacy, and Adverse Events of Calcium Antagonists in Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pathological scars often cause major cosmetic and functional consequences, which make effective treatment important. Intralesional therapies are widely used, with corticosteroid injection considered to be first choice. An emerging and promising treatment option is the calcium antagonist verapamil.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide a comprehensive evidence-based review of current evidence on mechanism of action, efficacy, and adverse events of calcium antagonists in treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Cochrane Library and PubMed search was performed for the literature pertaining to treatment with calcium antagonists in pathological scars. Articles were categorized into two groups: mechanism of action or efficacy and adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six in vitro studies were included in the first subgroup. Calcium antagonists have been found to reduce extra cellular matrix production, induce procollagenase synthesis, and inhibit interleukin-6, vascular endothelial growth factor, and proliferation of fibroblasts. Eight studies with a median level of evidence of 3.5 (range: 2-4) were included in the second category. A good efficacy with no major side effects was reported for calcium antagonists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Important methodological shortcomings of the available literature were identified. Interesting results have been reported, but further large scale, high-quality studies are needed to optimally evaluate efficacy of treatment with calcium antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Svenna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verhiel
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piatkowski de Grzymala
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van der Hulst
mesh_terms: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017439:Cicatrix, Hypertrophic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007627:Keloid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D014700:Verapamil