title: Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians.
abstract: Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers. We also report a transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5600 and 300 bc, which allows us to identify admixture into the steppe from at least two external sources. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Iain
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mathieson
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.|Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
authors.forename: Iosif
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lazaridis
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.|Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
authors.forename: Nadin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rohland
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.|Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.|Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Swapan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mallick
authors.affiliation: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.affiliation: Independent researcher, Santpoort-Noord, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Songül Alpaslan
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Roodenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.|Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Eadaoin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Harney
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.|Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stewardson
authors.affiliation: School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.|Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.affiliation: School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.|Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Kendra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sirak
authors.affiliation: School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.|Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gamba
authors.affiliation: Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Eppie R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences &Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
authors.forename: Bastien
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Llamas
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.|Department of Paleolithic Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: Stanislav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dryomov
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pickrell
authors.affiliation: Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, 28040 Madrid, Spain.|Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Luís
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Arsuaga
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Investigacíon sobre Evolución Humana (CENIEH), 09002 Burgos, Spain.
authors.forename: José María Bermúdez
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de Castro
authors.affiliation: IPHES. Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Campus Sescelades-URV, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.|Area de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43002 Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Eudald
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carbonell
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute in Turkey, Istiklal Caddesi, Nur-i Ziya Sokak 5, Beyog˘ lu 34433, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fokke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gerritsen
authors.affiliation: Volga State Academy of Social Sciences and Humanities, Samara 443099, Russia.
authors.forename: Aleksandr
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khokhlov
authors.affiliation: Volga State Academy of Social Sciences and Humanities, Samara 443099, Russia.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuznetsov
authors.affiliation: IPHES. Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Campus Sescelades-URV, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.|Area de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43002 Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.affiliation: State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meller
authors.affiliation: Volga State Academy of Social Sciences and Humanities, Samara 443099, Russia.
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mochalov
authors.affiliation: Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St Petersburg 199034, Russia.
authors.forename: Vyacheslav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moiseyev
authors.affiliation: Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, University of Valladolid, 47002 Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel A Rojo
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Institute for the Near East, Leiden RA-2300, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roodenberg
authors.affiliation: IPHES. Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Campus Sescelades-URV, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.|Area de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43002 Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vergès
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, D-07745 Jena, Germany.|Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, D-72070 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences &Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany.|Danube Private University, A-3500 Krems, Austria.|Institute for Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Kurt W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Alt
authors.affiliation: Anthropology Department, Hartwick College, Oneonta, New York 13820, USA.
authors.forename: Dorcas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Anthropology Department, Hartwick College, Oneonta, New York 13820, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Carles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lalueza-Fox
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences &Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.|Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haak
authors.affiliation: School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinhasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.|Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.|Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reich
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000266:history; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D001827:Body Height / Q000235:genetics; D001842:Bone and Bones; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004032:Diet / Q000266:history; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D005828:Genetics, Population; D015894:Genome, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D020412:Multifactorial Inheritance / Q000235:genetics; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000235:genetics; D012641:Selection, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004247:DNA