title: Determination of head conductivity frequency response in vivo with optimized EIT-EEG.
abstract: Electroencephalography (EEG) benefits from accurate head models. Dipole source modelling errors can be reduced from over 1cm to a few millimetres by replacing generic head geometry and conductivity with tailored ones. When adequate head geometry is available, electrical impedance tomography (EIT) can be used to infer the conductivities of head tissues. In this study, the boundary element method (BEM) is applied with three-compartment (scalp, skull and brain) subject-specific head models. The optimal injection of small currents to the head with a modular EIT current injector, and voltage measurement by an EEG amplifier is first sought by simulations. The measurement with a 64-electrode EEG layout is studied with respect to three noise sources affecting EIT: background EEG, deviations from the fitting assumption of equal scalp and brain conductivities, and smooth model geometry deviations from the true head geometry. The noise source effects were investigated depending on the positioning of the injection and extraction electrode and the number of their combinations used sequentially. The deviation from equal scalp and brain conductivities produces rather deterministic errors in the three conductivities irrespective of the current injection locations. With a realistic measurement of around 2 min and around 8 distant distinct current injection pairs, the error from the other noise sources is reduced to around 10% or less in the skull conductivity. The analysis of subsequent real measurements, however, suggests that there could be subject-specific local thinnings in the skull, which could amplify the conductivity fitting errors. With proper analysis of multiplexed sinusoidal EIT current injections, the measurements on average yielded conductivities of 340 mS/m (scalp and brain) and 6.6 mS/m (skull) at 2 Hz. From 11 to 127 Hz, the conductivities increased by 1.6% (scalp and brain) and 6.7% (skull) on the average. The proper analysis was ensured by using recombination of the current injections into virtual ones, avoiding problems in location-specific skull morphology variations. The observed large intersubject variations support the need for in vivo measurement of skull conductivity, resulting in calibrated subject-specific head models.
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Center (VUmc), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; MOVE Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: juhani.dabek@iki.fi.
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dabek
authors.affiliation: TU Delft (TUD), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, BioMechanical Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Konstantina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalogianni
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Center (VUmc), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; MOVE Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rotgans
authors.affiliation: TU Delft (TUD), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, BioMechanical Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frans C T
authors.initials: FCT
authors.lastname: van der Helm
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Center (VUmc), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; MOVE Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kwakkel
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Center (VUmc), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; MOVE Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erwin E H
authors.initials: EEH
authors.lastname: van Wegen
authors.affiliation: MOVE Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daffertshofer
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Center (VUmc), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; MOVE Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: de Munck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008959:Models, Neurological; D012886:Skull / Q000502:physiology; D014054:Tomography
keywords: BEM; Conductivity frequency response; EEG; EIT; Head conductivity