title: Advantage of multiple spot urine collections for estimating daily sodium excretion: comparison with two 24-h urine collections as reference.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several estimation methods for 24-h sodium excretion using spot urine sample have been reported, but accurate estimation at the individual level remains difficult. We aimed to clarify the most accurate method of estimating 24-h sodium excretion with different numbers of available spot urine samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 370 participants from throughout Japan collected multiple 24-h urine and spot urine samples independently. Participants were allocated randomly into a development and a validation dataset. Two estimation methods were established in the development dataset using the two 24-h sodium excretion samples as reference: the 'simple mean method' estimated by multiplying the sodium-creatinine ratio by predicted 24-h creatinine excretion, whereas the 'regression method' employed linear regression analysis. The accuracy of the two methods was examined by comparing the estimated means and concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) in the validation dataset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean sodium excretion by the simple mean method with three spot urine samples was closest to that by 24-h collection (difference: -1.62  mmol/day). CCC with the simple mean method increased with an increased number of spot urine samples at 0.20, 0.31, and 0.42 using one, two, and three samples, respectively. This method with three spot urine samples yielded higher CCC than the regression method (0.40). When only one spot urine sample was available for each study participant, CCC was higher with the regression method (0.36).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The simple mean method with three spot urine samples yielded the most accurate estimates of sodium excretion. When only one spot urine sample was available, the regression method was preferable.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public HealthbInterfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, the University of Tokyo, TokyocIkurien-naka, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uechi
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asakura
authors.forename: Yui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ri
authors.forename: Shizuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masayasu
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine*; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D013997:Time Factors; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods; D059349:Urine Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012964:Sodium; D003404:Creatinine