title: Etiologies of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in infancy: a systematic review of 1692 subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The etiologies of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in infancy are diverse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine the prevalence rates of the specific etiologies of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in infancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  EMBASE and Pubmed were searched electronically and the bibliographies of selected studies were search manually. The search was conducted independently by two authors.
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) prospective or retrospective case series or cohort study with 10 or more subjects; (2) consecutive infants who presented with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia; (3) subjects underwent appropriate diagnostic work-up for conjugated hyperbilirubinemia; (4) no specific diagnoses were excluded in the studied cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient number, age range, country of origin, and categorical and specific etiologies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 237 studies identified, 17 studies encompassing 1692 infants were selected. Idiopathic neonatal hepatitis (INH) occurred in 26.0% of cases; the most common specific etiologies were extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) (25.89%), infection (11.47%), TPN- associated cholestasis (6.44%), metabolic disease (4.37%), alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency (4.14%), and perinatal hypoxia/ischemia (3.66%). CMV was the most common infection identified (31.51%) and galactosemia (36.49%) was the most common metabolic disease identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major limitations are: (1) inconsistencies in the diagnostic evaluations among the different studies and (2) variations among the sample populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  INH is the most common diagnosis for conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in infancy while EHBA and infection are the most commonly identified etiologies. The present review is intended to be a guide to the differential diagnosis and evaluation of the infant presenting with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
authors.affiliation: Childrens Hospital at Montefiore, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lena E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Gottesman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Temple University School of Medicine, 3440 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Del Vecchio
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Temple University School of Medicine, 3440 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. Aronoff@temple.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Aronoff
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D006932:Hyperbilirubinemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn