title: Influence of Magnesium Alloy Degradation on Undifferentiated Human Cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Magnesium alloys are of particular interest in medical science since they provide compatible mechanical properties with those of the cortical bone and, depending on the alloying elements, they have the capability to tailor the degradation rate in physiological conditions, providing alternative bioresorbable materials for bone applications. The present study investigates the in vitro short-term response of human undifferentiated cells on three magnesium alloys and high-purity magnesium (Mg).
  
  
  METHODS
  The degradation parameters of magnesium-silver (Mg2Ag), magnesium-gadolinium (Mg10Gd) and magnesium-rare-earth (Mg4Y3RE) alloys were analysed after 1, 2, and 3 days of incubation in cell culture medium under cell culture condition. Changes in cell viability and cell adhesion were evaluated by culturing human umbilical cord perivascular cells on corroded Mg materials to examine how the degradation influences the cellular development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pH and osmolality of the medium increased with increasing degradation rate and it was found to be most pronounced for Mg4Y3RE alloy. The biological observations showed that HUCPV exhibited a more homogeneous cell growth on Mg alloys compared to high-purity Mg, where they showed a clustered morphology. Moreover, cells exhibited a slightly higher density on Mg2Ag and Mg10Gd in comparison to Mg4Y3RE, due to the lower alkalinisation and osmolality of the incubation medium. However, cells grown on Mg10Gd and Mg4Y3RE generated more developed and healthy cellular structures that allowed them to better adhere to the surface. This can be attributable to a more stable and homogeneous degradation of the outer surface with respect to the incubation time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cecchinato
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany.
authors.forename: Nezha Ahmad
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Agha
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany.
authors.forename: Adela Helvia
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Martinez-Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany.
authors.forename: Berengere Julie Christine
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Luthringer
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Feyerabend
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jimbo
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany.
authors.forename: Regine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Willumeit-Römer
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wennerberg
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000497:Alloys / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000378:metabolism; D005453:Fluorescence; D022001:Focal Adhesions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008274:Magnesium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000098:blood supply / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D008274:Magnesium