title: The influence of theory on the formation of the infirmary during antiquity and the Middle Ages in the West.
abstract: The modern infirmary is the evolutional product of the dialectic interface between medical theories at each time and the outcome of their application in clinical practice. The infirmary as we know it today did not exist during antiquity, but the different precursors of the modern hospital emerged as a result of the interaction between medical theory and practice. During antiquity the Hippocratic work decisively contributed to the creation of the Asklipieion, an institution with predetermined structure created to heal diseases. Later in antiquity new types of infirmaries appeared along with the evolution of private practice for physicians. Establishment of the first modern hospitals was an outstanding contribution of Islamic medicine during reign of the Islamic Empire. Although there was little progress in the development of medical theory in medieval West, evolution of the infirmary continued and was mostly influenced by Christian religion and charity. In Constantinople large medieval infirmaries were built, but patient care was frequently offered in monasteries by clergymen. Later on medicine and treatment of diseases were taken over by physicians and taught in universities, and medical theory continued on its course of evolution. It is obvious that the modern infirmary is not only a place for treating diseases, but rather the upshot of a series of advancements in science, the relations between people or even countries, and the way humanity perceives its nature and the future. Our research is focused on the interactive relationship between the evolution of medical theory and the infirmary as an institution during antiquity and the Middle Ages with particular emphasis on the Western World.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Wrightington Hospital, UK;
authors.forename: Efstathios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Drampalos
authors.affiliation: Department of History and Methodology of Science, Univerity of Athens, Greece;
authors.forename: Vasileios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stogiannos
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK;
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Psyllakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK;
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadiq
authors.affiliation: ΄Δ Orthopedic Department, Asklipieion Voulas Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Michos
keywords: Middle Ages; West; antiquity; infirmary; medical theory