title: Understanding the Constitutive and Induced Biosynthesis of Mono- and Sesquiterpenes in Grapes (Vitis vinifera): A Key to Unlocking the Biochemical Secrets of Unique Grape Aroma Profiles.
abstract: The present review integrates current knowledge on mono- and sesquiterpenes in grapes with a special focus on biochemical and physiological aspects. Recent research has impressively shown the prominence of terpenoid metabolism in grapevine (Vitis sp). The 69 putatively functional mono- and sesquiterpene synthases that were identified by the analysis of the updated 12-fold sequencing and assembly of the grapevine genome deliver the scaffolds for structural diversity and display a surprising expansion of the terpene synthase (TPS) gene family in grapevine when compared to other plants like Arabidopsis thaliana (32 TPS). While monoterpenes occur as highly functionalized compounds and are stored as their corresponding glycoconjugates in berry tissues, sesquiterpenes are mainly present as unsaturated hydrocarbons and accumulate in the epicuticular wax layer of intact berries. Interestingly, both groups of terpenes appear to be involved as volatile organic compounds in plant defense and their biosynthesis is enhanced via the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. These novel aspects will help to understand how environmental cues affect the genes and enzymes of various metabolic pathways of relevant wine aroma compounds with numerous links to enology and wine flavor chemistry.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München , Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Chair of Bioanalytics/Food Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Endenicher Allee 11-13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wüst
mesh_terms: D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018745:Genome, Plant; D015394:Molecular Structure; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012903:Smell; D027843:Vitis / Q000235:genetics; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D039821:Monoterpenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; C108877:terpene synthase
keywords: methyl erythritol pathway (MEP); methyl jasmonate (MeJA); mevalonic acid pathway (MVA); volatile organic compounds (VOCs); wine aroma; wine flavor