title: Checkpoint inhibitors in bladder and renal cancers: results and perspectives.
abstract: The field of immunotherapy in urinary malignancy is expanding in several directions and checkpoint inhibitors are leading the way. The aim of this report is to highlight the efficacy and safety profile of the two classes of molecules, anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 and anti-programmed death receptor-1/programmed death ligand type 1, that are under investigation and represent potential candidates to be used in the near future for the management of bladder and renal cell cancer. The preliminary results as well as the future perspectives of this novel immunotherapy are analyzed. Novel immune checkpoint targets are reviewed as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Jules Bordet Institute, 1 Héger Bordet Street, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Fouad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aoun
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Jules Bordet Institute, 1 Héger Bordet Street, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Hampig R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kourie
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Jules Bordet Institute, 1 Héger Bordet Street, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Spyridon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sideris
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Erasme Hospital, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roumeguère
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Jules Bordet Institute, 1 Héger Bordet Street, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Velthoven
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Jules Bordet Institute, 1 Héger Bordet Street, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gil
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000276:immunology; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: CTLA4; PD1/PDL1; bladder cancer; checkpoint inhibitors; immunotherapy; renal cell carcinoma