title: Increased dietary levels of α-linoleic acid inhibit mammary tumor growth and metastasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine whether α-linolenic acid (ALA ω-3 fatty acid) enriched diet affects growth parameters when applied to a syngeneic model of mammary carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  BALB/c mice were divided and fed with: 1) a chia oil diet, rich in ALA or 2) a corn oil diet, rich in linoleic acid (LA ω-6 fatty acid). Mice were subcutaneously inoculated with a tumor cell line LM3, derived from a murine mammary adenocarcinoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 35 days, tumor incidence, weight, volume and metastasis number were lower in the ALA-fed mice, while tumor latency time was higher, and the release of pro-tumor metabolites derived from ω-6 fatty acids decreased in the tumor. Compared to the control group, a lower number of mitosis, a higher number of apoptotic bodies and higher T-lymphocyte infiltration were consistently observed in the ALA group. An ALA-rich diet decreased the estrogen receptor (ER) α expression, a recognized breast cancer promotor while showing an opposite effect on ERβ in tumor lysates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support the anticancer effect of an ALA-enriched diet, which might be used as a dietary strategy in breast cancer prevention.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud de Córdoba (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.|Instituto de Biología Celular, Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.|Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, 35131, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Marianela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vara-Messler
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud de Córdoba (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.|Instituto de Biología Celular, Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pasqualini
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud de Córdoba (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.|Instituto de Biología Celular, Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Comba
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud de Córdoba (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.|Instituto de Biología Celular, Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buccellati
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, 35131, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trenti
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, 35131, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trevisi
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud de Córdoba (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.|Instituto de Biología Celular, Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
authors.forename: Aldo R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Eynard
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.|Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Italian National Research Council, Via Ugo la Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sala
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, 35131, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bolego
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud de Córdoba (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina. mirtavalentich@gmail.com.|Instituto de Biología Celular, Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina. mirtavalentich@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mirta A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Valentich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003314:Corn Oil; D004032:Diet; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000032:analysis; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000032:analysis; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D019787:Linoleic Acid; D008297:Male; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010938:Plant Oils; D013601:T-Lymphocytes; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D010938:Plant Oils; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D003314:Corn Oil; D019787:Linoleic Acid
keywords: Chia oil; Estrogen receptor; LOXs metabolites; Mammary carcinoma; α-linolenic acid (ALA)