title: Bisphosphocins: novel antimicrobials for enhanced killing of drug-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria.
abstract: The global prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the threat posed by drug-resistant superbugs are a leading challenge confronting modern medicine in the 21st century. However, the progress on the development of novel antibiotics to combat this problem is severely lagging. A more concerted effort to develop novel therapeutic agents with robust activity and unique mechanisms of action will be needed to overcome the problem of drug resistance. Furthermore, biofilm forming bacteria are known to be increasingly resistant to the actions of antibiotics and are a leading cause of mortality or morbidity in nosocomial infections. Bisphosphocins (also scientifically known as nubiotics) are novel small protonated deoxynucleotide molecules, and exert their antibacterial activity by depolarization of the bacterial cell membrane, causing bacterial cell death. Bisphosphocins may represent an effective weapon against antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria. Preclinical efficacy studies in animals have shown that the compounds are safe and, efficacious against various bacterial infections, including drug-resistant pathogens. In vitro biochemical analysis confirmed that the bactericidal activity of bisphosphocins is mediated by depolarization of the bacterial cell membrane, and these compounds are better able to penetrate through bacterial biofilm and kill the biofilm encased bacteria. This article will cover the structure, mode of action, safety, efficacy and the current state of development of bisphosphocins. Together, the information presented here will present a strong case for bisphosphocins to be considered for use as new weapons to complement the existing arsenal of antimicrobial drugs and as a first line defence against drug-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Defence Research & Development Canada, Suffield Research Center, Ralston, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Lakewood-Amedex Inc., 3030 University Pkwy, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: DiTullio
authors.affiliation: Lakewood-Amedex Inc., 3030 University Pkwy, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parkinson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: antibiotic resistance; biofilm; bisphosphocins; broad spectrum; membrane depolarization; treatment