title: Associations of Socioeconomic Variables With Resection, Stage, and Survival in Patients With Early-Stage Pancreatic Cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Socioeconomic variables including sex, race, ethnicity, marital status, and insurance status are associated with survival in pancreatic cancer. It remains unknown exactly how these variables influence survival, including whether they affect stage at presentation or receipt of treatment or are independently associated with outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between socioeconomic factors and odds of resection in early-stage, resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma and to determine whether these same factors were independently associated with survival in patients who underwent resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed as having T1 through T3 M0 pancreatic adenocarcinoma between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2011, identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Socioeconomic and geographic variables associated with utilization of resection and disease-specific survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 17,530 patients with localized, nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer were identified. The resection rate among these patients was 45.4% and did not change over time. Utilization of resection was independently associated with white vs African American race (odds ratio [OR] = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.65-0.88; P < .001), non-Hispanic ethnicity (for Hispanic, OR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.60-0.85; P < .001), married status (OR = 1.42; 95% CI, 1.30-1.57; P < .001), insurance coverage (OR = 1.63; 95% CI, 1.22-2.18; P = .001), and the Northeast region (vs Southeast, OR = 1.67; 95% CI, 1.44-1.94; P < .001). Stage at presentation correlated with sex, race, ethnicity, marital status, and geographic region (ethnicity, P = .003; all others, P < .001); however, the factors associated with increased resection correlated with more advanced stage. Patients who underwent resection had significantly improved disease-specific survival compared with those who did not undergo resection (median, 21 vs 6 months; hazard ratio [HR] for disease-specific death = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.31-0.33; P < .001). Disease-specific survival among the patients who underwent surgical resection was independently associated with geographic region, with patients in the Pacific West (HR for death = 0.706; 95% CI, 0.628-0.793), Northeast (HR for death = 0.766; 95% CI, 0.667-0.879), and Midwest (HR for death = 0.765; 95% CI, 0.640-0.913) having improved survival in comparison with those in the Southeast (all P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disparities in the utilization of surgical resection for patients with early-stage, resectable pancreatic cancer are associated with socioeconomic variables including race, ethnicity, marital status, insurance status, and geographic location. Of these factors, only geographic location is independently associated with survival in patients undergoing resection.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts2Surgery Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Mia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.affiliation: Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts4Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts5Pathology Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts6Medicine Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Valia A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Boosalis
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts7Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts8Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, Boston, Massachusetts9Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Mandeep S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Saund
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts2Surgery Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts7Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Edward E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Whang
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts2Surgery Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts7Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gold
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D000368:Aged; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010180:Pancreatectomy; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors