title: A Distinctive Pattern of Beauveria bassiana-biotransformed Ginsenoside Products Triggers Mitochondria/FasL-mediated Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cells.
abstract: Ginseng is one of the most commonly used adaptogens. Transformation into the minor ginsenosides produces compounds with more effective action. Beauveria bassiana, a teleomorph of Cordyceps bassiana, is a highly efficient producer of mammalian steroids and produces large amounts of sugar-utilizing enzymes. However, the fermentation of steroid glycosides in ginseng with B. bassiana has never been studied. Thus, we evaluated the bioconversion of the major ginsenosides in white ginseng by B. bassiana. Interestingly, B. bassiana increased the total amount of protopanaxadiols and hydrolyzed Rb1 into minor ginsenosides, exhibiting high levels of Rd and Rg3, as well as moderate levels of Rb2 and Rc analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light-scattering detection. The β-glucosidase activity was highly increased, which led to the selective elimination of sugar moiety at the 20-C position of Rb1 to Rd, followed by Rg3. Rb2 and Rc accumulated because of the minimal activities of α-L-arabinopyranosidase and α-L-arabinofuranosidase, respectively. The fermentation product exerted dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HCT-15 cells, which are resistant to ginseng. The product, but not white ginseng, exhibited apoptotic effects via the Fas ligand and caspase 8/9. This study demonstrates for the first time that the B. bassiana-fermented metabolites have potent apoptotic activity in colon cancer cells, linking to a therapeutic use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Kyungju, 780-714, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Il
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Gum
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Kyungju, 780-714, Korea.
authors.forename: Md Khalilur
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Kyungju, 780-714, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Soon
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Won
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Kyungju, 780-714, Korea.
authors.forename: Min Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D052982:Beauveria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001711:Biotransformation; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: C505661:FASLG protein, human; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D036145:Ginsenosides; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; C019713:alpha-N-arabinofuranosidase
keywords: Beauveria bassiana; FasL; apoptosis; caspase 8/9; ginsenosides