title: Screening for familial and hereditary prostate cancer.
abstract: Prostate cancer (PC) has the highest degree of genetic transmission of any form of malignancy. In some families, the hereditary pattern is so strong as to mimic an autosomal dominance trait. We reviewed the known predisposing genetic markers to assess possible strategies for screening of families at risk. We carried out a systematic literature search using the Pubmed service of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and several gene libraries, including the NCBI SNP Library, the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man® Catalog of Human Genes and Genetic Disorders (OMIM) and SNPedia to obtain known gene loci, SNPs and satellite markers associated with PC. We further cross referenced information on identified loci comparing data from different articles and gene reference sites. Whenever possible, we recorded the odds ratio (OR) for the allele associated with PC. In multiple different linkage studies, many independent PC associated loci have been identified on separate chromosomes. Genome-wide association studies have added many more markers to the set derived from linkage investigations. A subset of the alleles is associated with early onset and aggressive cancer. Due to the great heterogeneity, the OR for any one allele predicting future development of this malignancy is low. The strongest predictors are the BRCA2 mutations, and the highly penetrant G84E mutation in HOXB13. The presence of multiple risk alleles is more highly predictive than a single allele. Technical limitations on screening large panels of alleles are being overcome. It is appropriate to begin supplementing prostate specific antigen testing with alleles, such as BRCA2 and HOXB13, disclosed by targeted genomic analysis in families with an unfavorable family cancer history. Future population studies of PC should include genomic sequencing protocols, particularly in families with a history of PC and other malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Hereditary Cancer Center and Department of Preventive Medicine, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE.
authors.forename: Henry T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery, Preventive Medicine & Public Health, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE.
authors.forename: Omofolasade
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kosoko-Lasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery (Urology), Creighton University Medical Center, 601 North 30th Street, Suite 3700, Omaha, NE.
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Creighton University Medical Center, 601 North 30th Street, Suite 3700, Omaha, NE.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rendell
authors.affiliation: Hereditary Cancer Center and Department of Preventive Medicine, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE.
authors.forename: Trudy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Hereditary Cancer Center and Department of Preventive Medicine, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE.
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Anthony V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.affiliation: Jackson State University School of Health Sciences, 350 W. Woodrow Wilson Drive, Jackson, MS.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buxbaum
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Marburg 115, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Isaacs
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University, 550 1st Ave VZ30 (#612), New York, NY.
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loeb
authors.affiliation: Duke Prostate Center, Division of Urologic Surgery, DUMC 3707-Room 1562 Duke South, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Judd W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Moul
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, University Health Center 7-C, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D024682:BRCA2 Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D024682:BRCA2 Protein; C551750:BRCA2 protein, human; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C484414:HOXB13 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins
keywords: BRCA2; HOXB13; genome wide association studies; prostate cancer; prostate specific antigen