title: The impact of real-time alerting on appropriate prescribing in kidney disease: a cluster randomized controlled trial.
abstract: Patients with kidney disease are at risk for adverse events due to improper medication prescribing. Few randomized controlled trials of clinical decision support (CDS) utilizing dynamic assessment of patients' kidney function to improve prescribing for patients with kidney disease have been published.
  
  
  
  We developed a CDS tool for 20 medications within a commercial electronic health record. Our system detected scenarios in which drug discontinuation or dosage adjustment was recommended for adult patients with impaired renal function in the ambulatory and acute settings - both at the time of the initial prescription ("prospective" alerts) and by monitoring changes in renal function for patients already receiving one of the study medications ("look-back" alerts). We performed a prospective, cluster randomized controlled trial of physicians receiving clinical decision support for renal dosage adjustments versus those performing their usual workflow. The primary endpoint was the proportion of study prescriptions that were appropriately adjusted for patients' kidney function at the time that patients' conditions warranted a change according to the alert logic. We employed multivariable logistic regression modeling to adjust for glomerular filtration rate, gender, age, hospitalized status, length of stay, type of alert, time from start of study, and clustering within the prescribing physician on the primary endpoint.
  
  
  
  A total of 4068 triggering conditions occurred in 1278 unique patients; 1579 of these triggering conditions generated alerts seen by physicians in the intervention arm and 2489 of these triggering conditions were captured but suppressed, so as not to generate alerts for physicians in the control arm. Prescribing orders were appropriate adjusted in 17% of the time vs 5.7% of the time in the intervention and control arms, respectively (odds ratio: 1.89, 95% confidence interval, 1.45-2.47, P < .0001). Prospective alerts had a greater impact than look-back alerts (55.6% vs 10.3%, in the intervention arm).
  
  
  
  The rate of appropriate drug prescribing in kidney impairment is low and remains a patient safety concern. Our results suggest that CDS improves drug prescribing, particularly when providing guidance on new prescriptions.
authors.affiliation: UC San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, San Diego, CA, USA UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA lawdishu@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Awdishu
authors.affiliation: UC San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Carrie R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Coates
authors.affiliation: UC San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lyddane
authors.affiliation: Northeast Georgia Diagnostic Clinic, Gainsville, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: UC San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, San Diego, CA, USA UC San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: Keck Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: El-Kareh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004360:Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D055695:Electronic Prescribing; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D050316:Medical Order Entry Systems; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000188:drug therapy*
keywords: AKI; CKD; appropriate prescribing; clinical decision support; medication dosing; renal insufficiency