title: Low Levels of Awareness of Lead Hazards among Pregnant Women in a High Risk--Johannesburg Neighbourhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The widespread use of lead and elevated risk of lead exposure in South African children justifies a need for high levels of awareness of the sources, exposure pathways, and measures to reduce this risk in children. This study aimed to determine the levels of knowledge of lead hazards among pregnant women in an area where children had already been established to be at a high risk of lead exposure and poisoning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following informed consent, a structured questionnaire was administered to 119 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic services at Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, west of central Johannesburg. Questions were asked about social, demographic and residential characteristics, as well as knowledge, perceptions, behaviours and practices in relation to child lead hazards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall awareness of the dangers of lead in pregnancy was low (11%). Amongst those who had heard of it, only 15% thought that lead could cause detrimental health effects. A consequence of this low level of awareness of lead hazards is a high potential for the participants and their children to unwittingly be exposed to environmental lead from various sources, thereby undermining preventative approaches.
authors.affiliation: Environment &amp; Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 87373, Houghton 2041, Johannesburg, South Africa. Tanya.Haman@mrc.ac.za.
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haman
authors.affiliation: Environment &amp; Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 87373, Houghton 2041, Johannesburg, South Africa. Angie.Mathee@mrc.ac.za.|Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa. Angie.Mathee@mrc.ac.za.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mathee
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa. andres@uj.ac.za.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D020264:Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013019:South Africa; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: children; lead exposure; low awareness; pregnant women