title: Contribution of the Antibiotic Chloramphenicol and Its Analogues as Precursors of Dichloroacetamide and Other Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water.
abstract: Dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), a disinfection byproduct, has been detected in drinking water. Previous research showed that amino acids may be DCAcAm precursors. However, other precursors may be present. This study explored the contribution of the antibiotic chloramphenicol (CAP) and two of its analogues (thiamphenicol, TAP; florfenicol, FF) (referred to collectively as CAPs), which occur in wastewater-impacted source waters, to the formation of DCAcAm. Their formation yields were compared to free and combined amino acids, and they were investigated in filtered waters from drinking-water-treatment plants, heavily wastewater-impacted natural waters, and secondary effluents from wastewater treatment plants. CAPs had greater DCAcAm formation potential than two representative amino acid precursors. However, in drinking waters with ng/L levels of CAPs, they will not contribute as much to DCAcAm formation as the μg/L levels of amino acids. Also, the effect of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on DCAcAm formation from CAPs in real water samples during subsequent chlorination was evaluated. Preoxidation of CAPs with AOPs reduced the formation of DCAcAm during postchlorination. The results of this study suggest that CAPs should be considered as possible precursors of DCAcAm, especially in heavily wastewater-impacted waters.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai, 200092, China.
authors.forename: Wenhai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Metropolitan Water District of Southern California , 700 Moreno Avenue, La Verne, California 91750, United States.
authors.forename: Stuart W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Krasner
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai, 200092, China.
authors.forename: Naiyun
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Templeton
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai, 200092, China.
authors.forename: Daqiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000737:chemistry*; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000737:chemistry*; D004203:Disinfection; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D054879:Halogenation; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D002701:Chloramphenicol; D060766:Drinking Water; D062065:Wastewater; D014873:Water Pollutants; C032619:2,2-dichloroacetamide