title: Enhancement of Dissolution Rate and Intestinal Stability of Clopidogrel Hydrogen Sulfate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet and antithrombotic prodrug. It has poor oral bioavailability due to poor dissolution and possible premature degradation in the intestine. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to enhance clopidogrel dissolution rate and to reduce its premature degradation in rabbit intestine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Solid dispersion (SD) systems of clopidogrel with gelucire 50/13 and/or cremophor RH40 were prepared using fusion technique. The SD systems were characterized with respect to drug dissolution. The characterization included thermal analysis and infrared investigations. The stability of clopidogrel in the fluid extracted from small intestinal and colonic mucosal surfaces was monitored both in absence and presence of cremophor or gelucire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SD formation enhanced drug dissolution with the enhancement increasing at higher concentrations of either cremophor or gelucire. The ternary SD of clopidogrel with cremophor and gelucire reflected synergism between them. This synergism was manifested by enhanced dissolution efficiency of drug to reach 85 % at pH 6.8 and 89 % at pH 7.4 compared to unprocessed drug which liberated 16.2 and 15.2 % at the same pH values, respectively. Enhanced dissolution from SD was mainly due to micellar solubilization for cremophor and was due to change in the crystalline nature of drug with a contribution to self-emulsification in case of gelucire. Clopidogrel showed premature degradation in the intestinal fluid. Cremophor RH 40 reduced this degradation but gelucire failed in this respect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study introduced SD system for enhanced dissolution rate of clopidogrel with a potential of reduced premature degradation in the intestine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Tanta, Tanta, Egypt.
authors.forename: Dina E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bali
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Tanta, Tanta, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Tanta, Tanta, Egypt. gmmelmag@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Gamal M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: El Maghraby
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D003106:Colon / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D004339:Drug Compounding; D065546:Drug Liberation; D004355:Drug Stability; D045703:Emulsifying Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D005223:Fats / Q000737:chemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D007419:Intestinal Secretions / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008823:Micelles; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011817:Rabbits; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013535:Suspensions; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D045703:Emulsifying Agents; D005079:Excipients; D005223:Fats; D008823:Micelles; D009821:Oils; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D011355:Prodrugs; D013535:Suspensions; C071184:Gelucire 50-13; C022131:cremophor; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D002482:Cellulose; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine