title: Factors Influencing Oral Bioavailability of Thai Mango Seed Kernel Extract and Its Key Phenolic Principles.
abstract: Mango seed kernel extract (MSKE) and its key components (gallic acid, GA; methyl gallate, MG; and pentagalloyl glucopyranose, PGG) have generated interest because of their pharmacological activities. To develop the potential use of the key components in MSKE as natural therapeutic agents, their pharmacokinetic data are necessary. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the factors affecting their oral bioavailability as pure compounds and as components in MSKE. The in vitro chemical stability, biological stability, and absorption were evaluated in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution, Caco-2 cell and rat fecal lysates, and the Caco-2 cell model, respectively. The in vivo oral pharmacokinetic behavior was elucidated in Sprague-Dawley rats. The key components were unstable under alkaline conditions and in Caco-2 cell lysates or rat fecal lysates. The absorptive permeability coefficient followed the order MG > GA > PGG. The in vivo results exhibited similar pharmacokinetic trends to the in vitro studies. Additionally, the co-components in MSKE may affect the pharmacokinetic behaviors of the key components in MSKE. In conclusion, chemical degradation under alkaline conditions, biological degradation by intestinal cell and colonic microflora enzymes, and low absorptive permeability could be important factors underlying the oral bioavailability of these polyphenols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. jiamboonsri_p@hotmail.co.th.|Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA. jiamboonsri_p@hotmail.co.th.
authors.forename: Pimsumon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jiamboonsri
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. pimolpan.pit@mahidol.ac.th.
authors.forename: Pimolpan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pithayanukul
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. rapepol1@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Rapepol
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bavovada
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. jiraporn.lea@mahidol.ac.th.
authors.forename: Jiraporn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leanpolchareanchai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA. taijunyin@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Taijun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA. sgao3@uh.edu.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA. mhu@uh.edu.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D031022:Mangifera / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins; D010936:Plant Extracts; C435084:pentagalloylglucose; C052082:methyl gallate; D005707:Gallic Acid
keywords: Caco-2 cells; Mangifera indica L.; fecal lysate; pentagalloyl glucopyranose; pharmacokinetic