title: Probe based confocal laser endomicroscopy of the pancreatobiliary system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review applications of confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) in pancreatobiliary lesions and studies that assessed training and interpretation of images.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computerized literature search was performed using OVID MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library, and the ISI Web of Knowledge from 1980 to October 2014. We also searched abstracts from major meetings that included the Digestive Disease Week, Canadian Digestive Disease Week and the United European Gastroenterology Week using a combination of controlled vocabulary and text words related to pCLE, confocal, endomicroscopy, probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy, and bile duct to identify reports of trials. In addition, recursive searches and cross-referencing was performed, and manual searches of articles identified after the initial search was also completed. We included fully published articles and those in abstract form. Given the relatively recent introduction of CLE we included randomized trials and cohort studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the evaluation of indeterminate pancreatobiliary strictures CLE with ERCP compared to ERCP alone can increase the detection of cancerous strictures with a sensitivity of (98% vs 45%) and has a negative predictive value (97% vs 69%), but decreased the specificity (67% vs 100%) and the positive predictive value (71% vs 100%) when compared to index pathology. Modifications in the classification systems in indeterminate biliary strictures have increased the specificity of pCLE from 67% to 73%. In pancreatic cystic lesions there is a need to develop similar systems to interpret and characterize lesions based on CLE images obtained. The presence of superficial vascular network predicts serous cystadenomas accurately. Also training in acquiring and interpretation of images is feasible in those without any prior knowledge in CLE in a relatively simple manner and computer-aided diagnosis software is a promising innovation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The role of pCLE in the evaluation of pancreatobiliary disorders might be better suited for those with an intermediate and low probability.
authors.affiliation: Majid A Almadi, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Majid A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Almadi
authors.affiliation: Majid A Almadi, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Neumann
mesh_terms: D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000473:pathology*; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D001706:Biopsy; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D010179:Pancreas / Q000473:pathology*; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Bile duct; Cholangioscopy; Confocal; Endomicroscopy; Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; Endoscopic ultrasound; Pancreatobiliary; Probe based confocal laser endomicroscopy; Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy; Stricture; Systematic review