title: Bioavailability and metabolism of benzyl glucosinolate in humans consuming Indian cress (Tropaeolum majus L.).
abstract: METHODS
  Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), which occurs in Brassicales, has demonstrated chemopreventive potency and cancer treatment properties in cell and animal studies. However, fate of BITC in human body is not comprehensively studied. Therefore, the present human intervention study investigates the metabolism of the glucosinolate (GSL) glucotropaeolin and its corresponding BITC metabolites. Analyzing BITC metabolites in plasma and urine should reveal insights about resorption, metabolism, and excretion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen healthy men were randomly recruited for a cross-over study and consumed 10 g freeze-dried Indian cress as a liquid preparation containing 1000 μmol glucotropaeolin. Blood and urine samples were taken at several time points and investigated by LC-ESI-MS/MS after sample preparation using SPE. Plasma contained high levels of BITC-glutathione (BITC-GSH), BITC-cysteinylglycine (BITC-CysGly), and BITC-N-acetyl-L-cysteine (BITC-NAC) 1-5 h after ingestion, with BITC-CysGly appearing as the main metabolite. Compared to human plasma, the main urinary metabolites were BITC-NAC and BITC-Cys, determined 4-6 h after ingestion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms that consumption of Indian cress increases the concentration of BITC metabolites in human plasma and urine. The outcome of this human intervention study supports clinical research dealing with GSL-containing innovative food products or pharmaceutical preparations.
authors.affiliation: Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Platz
authors.affiliation: Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kühn
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schiess
authors.affiliation: Department Plant Quality, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren/Erfurt e.V, Großbeeren, Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.|Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Margrit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kemper
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.|Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pivovarova
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.|Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas F H
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.affiliation: Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rohn
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006801:Humans; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D033281:Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation; D011897:Random Allocation; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013863:Thioglucosides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D032388:Tropaeolum / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017879:Isothiocyanates; D013861:Thiocyanates; D013863:Thioglucosides; C408882:benzylglucosinolic acid; C060321:glucotropeolin
keywords: Benzyl isothiocyanate; Glucosinolates; Human intervention study; Male; Mercapturic acid pathway