title: An investigation into the temporal scaling of community participation measurement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Community participation remains fundamental to contemporary models of disability. However, the effect of temporal scaling on the measurement of participation has not been explored. This study examined the similarities and differences between two different temporal scales (i.e., seven-day recall vs. in situ) on participation measurement.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected seven-day retrospective recall data using a self-report paper-and-pencil measure (i.e., the Brief Community Engagement Questionnaire) from a community-based sample (N = 525) of individuals who endorsed one or more items of the American Community Survey disability screening questions. A subset of these participants (n = 148) completed an ancillary ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study, which involved repeated, in situ, daily measurements of participation for two weeks. Corresponding participation items from each method were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survey and EMA participation data were relatively consistent over repeated measurements, suggesting reliability across methods and temporal scaling. Consistency across activities was most evident for major activities that tend to require regular behavior (e.g., work and volunteering). Conversely, lower base rate behavior demonstrated less stability regardless of temporal resolution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the implications of temporal resolution for participation measures is valuable for advancing ecological participation models. Future research is needed to develop consensus on participation measurement and provide a solid basis for developing ecological models of participation.
authors.affiliation: Rural Institute on Disabilities.
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Livingston
authors.affiliation: Rural Institute on Disabilities.
authors.forename: Tannis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hargrove
authors.affiliation: Rural Institute on Disabilities.
authors.forename: Lillie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Greiman
authors.affiliation: Rural Institute on Disabilities.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9784-8029
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.affiliation: Rural Institute on Disabilities.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ipsen
authors.affiliation: Rural Institute on Disabilities.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ravesloot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003256:Community Participation / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult