title: [Problems, complications, and emergencies during pacemaker implantation. Importance of access].
abstract: Pacemaker implantation represents a standard procedure with a perceived 100% success rate, without mortality and with extremely rare complications. However, some pacemaker implantations may develop into a very difficult procedure or even be associated with significant complications. Good venous access is crucial and may distinguish between comfortable, successful implantation and futile implantation with severe complications (e.g., pneumo- or hematothorax, venous dissection or perforation, accidental arterial implantation, or air embolism). This review summarizes acute problems and complications during lead implantation and provides tips and hints for prevention and acute reaction during implantation. If these simple precautions are considered, the majority of acute complications during implantation of pacemaker leads can be prevented.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Innere Medizin - Kardiologie, Diabetologie & Nephrologie, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Bielefeld, Burgsteig 13, 33617, Bielefeld, Deutschland. Carsten.Israel@evkb.de.
authors.forename: Carsten W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Israel
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Innere Medizin - Kardiologie, Diabetologie & Nephrologie, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Bielefeld, Burgsteig 13, 33617, Bielefeld, Deutschland.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ekosso-Ejangue
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004630:Emergencies; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D057772:Vascular System Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: Intraoperative complications; Mortality; Pacemaker; Pneumothorax; Venous anomalies