title: Sensory feedback - Dependent neural de-orchestration: The effect of altered sensory feedback on Musician's Dystonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Musician's dystonia (MD) is a task-specific movement disorder related to extensive expert music performance training. Similar to other forms of focal dystonia, MD involves sensory deficits and abnormal patterns of sensorimotor integration. The present study investigated the impaired cortical sensorimotor network of pianists who suffer from MD by employing altered auditory and tactile feedback during scale playing with multichannel EEG.
  
  
  METHODS
  9 healthy professional pianists and 9 professional pianists suffering from right hand MD participated in an experiment that required repeated scale playing on a MIDI piano under altered sensory feedback while EEG was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The comparison of EEG data in healthy pianists and pianists suffering from MD revealed a higher degree of inter-regional phase synchronisation between the frontal and parietal regions and between the temporal and central regions in the patient group and in conditions that are relevant to the long-trained auditory-motor coupling (normal auditory feedback and complete deprivation of auditory feedback), but such abnormalities decreased in conditions with delayed auditory feedback and altered tactile feedback.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the hypothesis that the impaired sensorimotor integration of MD patients is specific to the type of overtrained task that the patients were trained for and can be modified with altered sensory feedback.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hannover University of Music, Drama, and Media, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: F P-H
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hannover University of Music, Drama, and Media, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: M-L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Eddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Charité University of Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: M Herrojo
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hannover University of Music, Drama, and Media, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Großbach
authors.affiliation: Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hannover University of Music, Drama, and Media, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Altenmüller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003344:Cortical Synchronization; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D009146:Music; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014110:Touch; D055698:Touch Perception / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: EEG; Pianist; altered auditory feedback; phase synchronisation; sensorimotor integration