title: STROBE--Radiation Ulcer: An Overlooked Complication of Fluoroscopic Intervention: A Cross-Sectional Study.
abstract: With increasing numbers of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and complex cardiac procedures, higher accumulated radiation dose in patient has been observed. We speculate cardiac catheter intervention induced radiation skin damage is no longer rare.To study the incidence of cardiac fluoroscopic intervention induced radiation ulcer. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of those who received cardiac fluoroscopic intervention in our hospital during 2012 to 2013 for any events of radiation ulcer. Only patients, whose clinical photos were available for reviewing, would be included for further evaluation. The diagnosis of radiation ulcers were made when there is a history of PCI with pictures proven skin ulcers, which presented typical characteristics of radiation injury. Nine patients with radiation ulcer were identified and the incidence was 0.34% (9/2570) per practice and 0.42% (9/2124) per patient. Prolonged procedure time, cumulative multiple procedures, right coronary artery occlusion with chronic total occlusion, obesity, and diabetes are frequent characteristics. The onset interval between the first skin manifestation and the latest radiation exposure varied from 3 weeks to 3 months. The histopathology studies failed to make diagnosis correctly in 5 out of 6 patients. To make thing worse, skin biopsy exacerbated the preexisting radiation dermatitis. Notably, all radiation ulcers were refractory to conventional wound care. Surgical intervention was necessary to heal the wound. Diagnosis of cardiac fluoroscopy intervention induced radiation skin damage is challenging and needs high index of clinical suspicion. Minimizing the radiation exposure by using new approaches is the most important way to prevent this complication. Patient education and a routine postprocedure dermatology follow up are mandatory in high-risk groups for both radiation skin damage and malignancies. This is a retrospective study, thus the true incidence of radiation ulcer caused by cardiac fluoroscopic intervention could be higher.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Dermatology (K-CW, C-SW) and Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (K-CY, L-WC), Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Yuhing Junior College of Health Care and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (K-CW); Department of Cardiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (G-YM, C-CL, W-HW); National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (L-WC); and Department of Nephrology, Kidney Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan (P-CL).
authors.forename: Kai-Che
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Kuo-Chung
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Guang-Yuan
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Mar
authors.forename: Lee-Wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chieh-Shan
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chi-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Wen-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ping-Chin
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D061646:Operative Time; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011855:Radiodermatitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012883:Skin Ulcer / Q000209:etiology*