title: Microbial dynamics in mixed culture biofilms of bacteria surviving sanitation of conveyor belts in salmon-processing plants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The microbiota surviving sanitation of salmon-processing conveyor belts was identified and its growth dynamics further investigated in a model mimicking processing surfaces in such plants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A diverse microbiota dominated by Gram-negative bacteria was isolated after regular sanitation in three salmon processing plants. A cocktail of 14 bacterial isolates representing all genera isolated from conveyor belts (Listeria, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Brochothrix, Serratia, Acinetobacter, Rhodococcus and Chryseobacterium) formed stable biofilms on steel coupons (12°C, salmon broth) of about 10(9) CFU cm(-2) after 2 days. High-throughput sequencing showed that Listeria monocytogenes represented 0·1-0·01% of the biofilm population and that Pseudomonas spp dominated. Interestingly, both Brochothrix sp. and a Pseudomonas sp. dominated in the surrounding suspension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The microbiota surviving sanitation is dominated by Pseudomonas spp. The background microbiota in biofilms inhibit, but do not eliminate L. monocytogenes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results highlights that sanitation procedures have to been improved in the salmon-processing industry, as high numbers of a diverse microbiota survived practical sanitation. High-throughput sequencing enables strain level studies of population dynamics in biofilm.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Nofima, ÅS, Norway.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Langsrud
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Nofima, ÅS, Norway.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moen
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Nofima, ÅS, Norway.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Møretrø
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Nofima, ÅS, Norway.|Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ÅS, Norway.|Anticimex, Lillehammer, Norway.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Løype
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Nofima, ÅS, Norway.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D005511:Food Handling / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D064307:Microbiota; D012474:Salmon / Q000382:microbiology*; D012499:Sanitation; D017747:Seafood / Q000382:microbiology*; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D013193:Stainless Steel
keywords: Listeria; Pseudomonas; biofilm; disinfection; food processing; salmon; sanitation