title: Morphologic and Molecular Characteristics of Bladder Cancer.
abstract: Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men, and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Pathologic evaluation of urothelial cancers relies predominantly on histomorphologic features but can be aided in a small subset of cases by immunohistochemical analyses. Distinction of papillary versus flat lesions, low-grade versus high-grade cytology, and histologic variants and the presence or absence of invasive tumor is important for proper clinical management. Advances in the molecular alterations associated with the various subtypes of urothelial carcinoma have been made but such studies are ongoing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.affiliation: Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0612, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Electronic address: dhansel@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Donna E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hansel
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Bladdder cancer; Hematuria; Molecular alterations; Urothelial cancers