title: Orthopedic tissue regeneration: cells, scaffolds, and small molecules.
abstract: Orthopedic tissue regeneration would benefit the aging population or patients with degenerative bone and cartilage diseases, especially osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Despite progress in surgical and pharmacological interventions, new regenerative approaches are needed to meet the challenge of creating bone and articular cartilage tissues that are not only structurally sound but also functional, primarily to maintain mechanical integrity in their high load-bearing environments. In this review, we discuss new advances made in exploiting the three classes of materials in bone and cartilage regenerative medicine--cells, biomaterial-based scaffolds, and small molecules--and their successes and challenges reported in the clinic. In particular, the focus will be on the development of tissue-engineered bone and cartilage ex vivo by combining stem cells with biomaterials, providing appropriate structural, compositional, and mechanical cues to restore damaged tissue function. In addition, using small molecules to locally promote regeneration will be discussed, with potential approaches that combine bone and cartilage targeted therapeutics for the orthopedic-related disease, especially osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.
authors.affiliation: Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 5031 Smith Building, 400N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
authors.forename: Ok Hee
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 5031 Smith Building, 400N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA. jhe@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elisseeff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000628:therapy*; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000628:therapy*; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries / Q000494:pharmacology; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries
keywords: Bone; Cartilage; Osteoarthritis; Osteoporosis; Scaffolds; Small molecules; Stem cells