title: Does Social Belonging to Primary Groups Protect Young People From the Effects of Pro-Suicide Sites?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Internet has facilitated the existence of extreme and pathological communities that share information about ways to complete suicide or to deliberately harm or hurt oneself. This material is user-generated and easily accessible.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study analyzed the buffering effect of social belonging to a primary group in the situation of pro-suicide site exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-national data were collected from the US, UK, Germany, and Finland in spring 2013 and 2014 from respondents aged 15-30 years (N = 3,567). Data were analyzed by using linear regression separately for women and men for each country.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher level of belonging to a primary group buffered the negative association of pro-suicide site exposure with mental health, measured as happiness, although the results were not consistent in the subgroups. US male subjects showed a significant buffering effect of the sense of belonging to family while the belonging to friends had a buffering effect among four other subgroups: British female and male subjects and Finnish female and male subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results underline the positive potential of primary groups to shield young people's mental health in the situation of pro-suicide site exposure.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Social Research/Economic Sociology, University of Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Minkkinen
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Social Research/Economic Sociology, University of Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Atte
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oksanen
authors.affiliation: 2 School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Näsi
authors.affiliation: 2 School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Teo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Keipi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Social Research/Economic Sociology, University of Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaakinen
authors.affiliation: 2 School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Räsänen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004651:Employment; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D033062:Friends; D005858:Germany; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D065840:Protective Factors; D012929:Psychological Distance; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013334:Students; D013405:Suicide; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: buffering hypothesis; happiness; pro-suicide sites; social belonging; social support