title: Expectations, observations, and the cognitive processes that bind them: expert assessment of examinee performance.
abstract: Performance-based assessment (PBA) is a valued assessment approach in medical education, be it in a clerkship, residency, or practice context. Raters are intrinsic to PBA and the increased use of PBA has lead to an increased interest in rater cognition. Although several researchers have tackled factors that may influence the variability in rater judgment, the critical examination of rater observation of performance and the translation of that data into judgements are being investigated. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively investigate the cognitive processes of raters, and to create a framework that conceptualizes those processes when raters assess a complex performance. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 faculty members (nominated as excellent assessors) from a Department of Medicine to investigate how raters observe, interpret, and translate performance into judgments. The transcribed verbal protocols were analyzed using Constructivist Grounded Theory in order to develop a theoretical model of raters' assessment processes. Several themes emerged from the data and were grouped according to three macro-level themes describing how the raters balance two sources of data [(1) external sources of information and (2) internal/personal sources of information] by relying on specific cognitive processes to assess an examinee performance. The results from our study demonstrate that assessment is a difficult cognitive task that involves nuance using specific cognitive processes to weigh external and internal data against each other. Our data clearly draws attention to the constant struggle between objectivity and subjectivity that is observed in assessment as illustrated by the importance given to nuancing the examinee's observed performance.
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada. christina.st-onge@usherbrooke.ca.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: St-Onge
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chamberland
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lévesque
authors.affiliation: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Varpio
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D003071:Cognition; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000592:standards; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods; D005180:Faculty, Medical / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male
keywords: Cognitive processes; Dual-processing theories; Rater cognition; Rater-based assessment; Theory of expertise