title: Costs of Real-Life Endovascular Treatment of Critical Limb Ischemia: Report from Poland-A European Union Country with a Low-Budget Health Care System.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To analyze the costs of inhospital, percutaneous treatment of patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) carried out in Poland, a European Union country with a low-budget national health system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on all patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital for endovascular treatment of CLI over 1 year.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single, large volume, tertiary angiology center located in Southern Poland.
  
  
  METHODS
  CLI patients due to aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, or infrapopliteal arterial stenoses or occlusions with indications for first-line endovascular therapy or similar patients who refused open surgical procedure despite having primary indications for vascular surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct stenting using bare-metal stents was the primary mode of treatment for lesions located within the aortoiliac and femoropopliteal arterial segments. Plain old balloon angioplasty (POBA) was the second most commonly used technique. For below-the-knee arteries, POBA was the mainstay of treatment, which was occasionally supported by drug-eluting stent angioplasty. Directional atherectomy, scoring balloon angioplasty, or local fibrinolysis was used infrequently. Drug-eluting balloon percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was not used.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcome measures were the mean reimbursement of costs provided by the Polish National Health Fund (NHF) for inhospital treatment of patients for whom endovascular procedures were performed as initial treatment for CLI and the inhospital costs of endovascular treatment calculated by the caregiver in the 2 years since the first procedure. The average total number of days spent in hospital, amputation-free survival (AFS), overall survival (OS), and limb salvage rate (LSR) according to a life-table method were also calculated for the 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first year, there were 496 endovascular and 15 surgical hospitalizations for revascularization procedures to treat 340 limbs in 327 patients, with a further 53 revascularization procedures in the second year. There were an additional 90 hospitalizations over the first year and 38 over the second year for CLI-associated cardiovascular comorbidities. The mean reimbursement for hospitalizations of patients included into observation, provided by the NHF, was $4901.94 per patient for the first year and $833.57 per patient alive to the second year. The mean cost of hospitalization for percutaneous revascularization treatment was $3804.25 per patient for the first year and $3340.30 per patient requiring revascularization within the second year. All costs were calculated in constant 2011 USD. The average total number of days spent in hospital was 8.4 days for the first year and 1.97 days per patient alive to the second year. At 1 and 2 years, the AFS was 76.8% and 66.6%, the OS was 86.5% and 77.3%, and the LSR was 89.4% and 86%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endovascular therapy using the currently available techniques can be performed in almost all patients suffering from CLI at relatively low costs, and satisfactory results can be obtained. Physicians play a pivotal role in ensuring quality of treatment and the reduction of treatment cost in these patients.
authors.affiliation: ANGIOMED Angiology Clinic, Kraków, Poland. Electronic address: mmkrzano@cyf-kr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krzanowski
authors.affiliation: ANGIOMED Angiology Clinic, Kraków, Poland; Department of Angiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Drelicharz
authors.affiliation: ANGIOMED Angiology Clinic, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belowski
authors.affiliation: ANGIOMED Angiology Clinic, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Partyka
authors.affiliation: ANGIOMED Angiology Clinic, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sumek-Brandys
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Piravin Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Rafal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nizankowski
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016638:Critical Illness; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; D007511:Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D023821:Limb Salvage / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000191:economics; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D011044:Poland; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents / Q000191:economics; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers / Q000191:economics; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome