title: Differences in children's thinking and learning during attentional focus instruction.
abstract: Considerable evidence supports the motor learning advantage associated with an external focus of attention; however, very few studies have investigated attentional focus effects with children despite individual functional constraints that have the potential to impact use of instructional content. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of attentional focus instruction on motor learning in children. Participants (n=42) aged 9-11years were randomly assigned to one of three gender-stratified groups: (1) control, (2) internal focus, or (3) external focus. Following initial instructions and task demonstration, participants performed 100 modified free throws over two days while receiving additional cues respective to their attentional focus condition and returned approximately 48h later to perform 20 additional free throws. Results revealed no significant learning differences between groups. However, responses to retrospective verbal reports suggest that the use of external focus content during practice may have contributed to some participants' superior performance in retention. Future research should continue to examine attentional focus effects across a variety of ages and incorporate retrospective verbal reports in order to examine children's thoughts during attentional focus instruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Sport Studies, and Physical Education, The College at Brockport, State University of New York, United States. Electronic address: mperreau@brockport.edu.
authors.forename: Melanie E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Perreault
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Athletic Training, University of South Carolina, United States.
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: French
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007721:Knowledge of Results, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013850:Thinking
keywords: Attention; Cognitive processes; Motor learning