title: Occurrence of Tourmaline in Metasedimentary Rocks of the Isua Supracrustal Belt, Greenland: Implications for Ribose Stabilization in Hadean Marine Sediments.
abstract: Abiotic formation of RNA was important for the emergence of terrestrial life, but the acknowledged difficulties of generating and stabilizing ribose have often raised questions regarding how the first RNA might have formed. Previous researchers have proposed that borate could have stabilized ribose; however, the availability of borate on the early Earth has been the subject of intense debate. In order to examine whether borate was available on the early Earth, this study examined metasedimentary rocks from the Isua Supracrustal Belt. Garnet, biotite, and quartz comprise the major constituents of the examined rocks. Field relationships and the chemical compositions of the examined rocks suggest sedimentary origin. The present study found that garnet crystals contain a number of inclusions of tourmaline (a type of borosilicate mineral). All tourmaline crystals are Fe-rich and categorized as schorl. Both garnet and tourmaline often contain graphite inclusions and this close association of tourmaline with garnet and graphite has not been recognized previously. Garnet-biotite and graphite geothermometers suggest that the tourmaline in garnet experienced peak metamorphic conditions (~500 °C and 5 kbar). The mineralogical characteristics of the tourmaline and the whole rock composition indicate that the tourmaline formed authigenically in the sediment during diagenesis and/or early metamorphism. Clay minerals in modern sediments have the capability to adsorb and concentrate borate, which could lead to boron enrichment during diagenesis, followed by tourmaline formation under metamorphic conditions. Clay minerals, deposited on the early Archean seafloor, were the precursors of the garnet and biotite in the examined samples. The studied tourmaline crystals were most likely formed in the same way as modern tourmaline in marine sediments. Therefore, boron enrichment by clays must have been possible even during the early Archean. Thus, similar enrichment could have been possible during the Hadean, providing a stabilization agent for ribose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Aza-aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan. mishima.shinpei.t6@dc.tohoku.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shinpei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mishima
authors.affiliation: Faculty, Graduate School and School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohtomo
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Aza-aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kakegawa
mesh_terms: D001895:Boron / Q000737:chemistry*; D019418:Evolution, Chemical; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry; D006116:Greenland; D008956:Models, Chemical; D000069497:Origin of Life; D011791:Quartz / Q000737:chemistry; D012266:Ribose / Q000737:chemistry*; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017640:Silicates; D011791:Quartz; D012266:Ribose; D006108:Graphite; D001895:Boron
keywords: Borate; Early Earth; Isua supracrustal belt; Marine sediments; RNA; Ribose