title: Effects of Lipids on in Vitro Release and Cellular Uptake of β-Carotene in Nanoemulsion-Based Delivery Systems.
abstract: β-Carotene (BC) nanoemulsions were successfully prepared by microfluidization. BC micellarization was significantly affected by bile salts and pancreatin concentration. Positive and linear correlation was observed between BC release and bile salts concentration. Pancreatin facilitated BC's release in simulated digestion. Compared to the control (bulk oil) (4.6%), nanoemulsion delivery systems significantly improved the micellarization of BC (70.9%). The amount of BC partitioned into micelles was positively proportional to the length of carrier oils. Unsaturated fatty acid (UFA)-rich oils were better than saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich oils in transferring BC (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich oils and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich oils (p > 0.05). A positive and linear relationship between the degree of lipolysis and the release of BC in vitro digestion was observed. Bile salts showed cytotoxicity to Caco-2 cells below 20 times dilution. BC uptake by Caco-2 cells was not affected by fatty acid (FA) compositions in micelles, but BC uptake was proportional to its concentration in the diluted micelle fraction. The results obtained are beneficial to encapsulate and deliver BC or other bioactive lipophilic carotenoids in a wide range of commercial products.
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Western Regional Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94710, United States.
authors.forename: Yuzhu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Western Regional Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94710, United States.
authors.forename: Wallace
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China.
authors.forename: Liqing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000494:pharmacology; D001682:Biological Availability; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D004063:Digestion; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004655:Emulsions; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D008823:Micelles; D036103:Nanotechnology; D010194:Pancreatin / Q000378:metabolism; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D004655:Emulsions; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D008055:Lipids; D008823:Micelles; D010938:Plant Oils; D019207:beta Carotene; D010194:Pancreatin
keywords: Caco-2 cell; bioaccessibility; lipids; β-carotene