title: Muscle networks: Connectivity analysis of EMG activity during postural control.
abstract: Understanding the mechanisms that reduce the many degrees of freedom in the musculoskeletal system remains an outstanding challenge. Muscle synergies reduce the dimensionality and hence simplify the control problem. How this is achieved is not yet known. Here we use network theory to assess the coordination between multiple muscles and to elucidate the neural implementation of muscle synergies. We performed connectivity analysis of surface EMG from ten leg muscles to extract the muscle networks while human participants were standing upright in four different conditions. We observed widespread connectivity between muscles at multiple distinct frequency bands. The network topology differed significantly between frequencies and between conditions. These findings demonstrate how muscle networks can be used to investigate the neural circuitry of motor coordination. The presence of disparate muscle networks across frequencies suggests that the neuromuscular system is organized into a multiplex network allowing for parallel and hierarchical control structures.
authors.affiliation: MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Tjeerd W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Boonstra
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Montana, Missoula, USA.
authors.forename: Alessander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Danna-Dos-Santos
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Hong-Bo
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Melvyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roerdink
authors.affiliation: MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Stins
authors.affiliation: Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.|QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Breakspear
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D009141:Musculoskeletal System; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*