title: Protection against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury through hormesis? Dietary intervention versus cold exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary restriction (DR) and fasting (FA) induce robust protection against the detrimental effects of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/RI). Several mechanisms of protection have been proposed, such as hormesis. Hormesis is defined as a life-supporting beneficial effect resulting from the cellular responses to single or multiple rounds of (mild) stress. The cold exposure (CE) model is a stress model similar to DR, and has been shown to have hormetic effects and has proved to increase longevity. CE is considered to be the most robust method to increase metabolism through activation of brown adipocytes. BAT has been considered important in etiology of obesity and its metabolic consequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since DR, FA, and CE models are proposed to work through hormesis, we investigated physiology of adipose tissue and effect on BAT in these models and compared them to ad libitum (AL) fed mice. We also studied the differential effect of these stress models on immunological changes, and effect of CE on renal I/RI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show similar physiological changes in adiposity in male C57Bl/6 mice due to DR, FA and CE, but the CE mice were not protected against renal I/RI. The immunophenotypic changes observed in the CE mice were similar to the AL animals, in contrast to FA mice, that showed major immunophenotypic changes in the B and T cell development stages in primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings thus demonstrate that DR, FA and CE are hormetic stress models. DR and FA protect against renal I/IR, whereas CE could not.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Shushimita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shushimita
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grefhorst
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacobie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steenbergen
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ron W F
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: de Bruin
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan N M
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Ijzermans
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Axel P N
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Themmen
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: f.dor@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Frank J M F
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Dor
mesh_terms: D052437:Adipocytes, Brown / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D005215:Fasting; D015870:Gene Expression; D059165:Hormesis; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008136:Longevity; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology; D000071256:Uncoupling Protein 1
chemical_list: D007473:Ion Channels; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; C000604372:Ucp1 protein, mouse; D000071256:Uncoupling Protein 1; D003345:Corticosterone
keywords: Cold exposure; Dietary restriction; Fasting; Ischemia–reperfusion injury; Uncoupling protein-1