title: Field-evolved resistance to insecticides in the invasive western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To understand the current status of insecticide resistance of the invasive western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, in China, the responses of six field populations to six commonly used insecticides, i.e. spinosad, spinetoram, cyantraniliprole, imidacloprid, acetamiprid and pyriproxyfen, were evaluated in comparison with a susceptible laboratory strain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Field populations tended to be less susceptible than the laboratory strain. The population from Shouguang, Shandong Province, showed the lowest levels of susceptibility. A 15.64-fold and 17.29-fold resistance to spinosad and spinetoram was detected in the Shouguang population. A 11.74-fold and 13.64-fold resistance to cyantraniliprole was detected in populations from Daxing in the Beijing area and Shouguang. All populations showed a low level of resistance to imidacloprid, acetamiprid and pyriproxyfen, except for the Shouguang population, which was 127.58-fold more resistant to pyriproxyfen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variations in resistance to the tested insecticides were observed among the sampled population. Spinosad and spinetoram were the most efficient insecticides and are recommended for use in an integrated management programme. Resistance management strategies should be implemented to reduce the potential for resistance evolving. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ze-Hua
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Gui-Hua
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Bing-Yan
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Cui
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zong-Jiang
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Malheur County Extension, Oregon State University, Ontario, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reitz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shu-Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D007093:Imidazoles; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011725:Pyridines; D061149:Thysanoptera; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011725:Pyridines; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates; C082359:imidacloprid; C464485:acetamiprid; C532951:pyriprole; C558219:cyantraniliprole; C415329:spinosad; C548262:spinetoram
keywords: bioassay; cyantraniliprole; imidacloprid; resistance monitoring; spinetoram; spinosad