title: Isolating the Norepinephrine Pathway Comparing Lithium in Bipolar Patients to SSRIs in Depressive Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this investigatory neuroimaging analysis was done to better understand the pharmacodynamics of Lithium by isolating the norepinephrine pathway in the brain. To accomplish this, we compared patients with Bipolar Disorder treated with Lithium to patients diagnosed with Major Depression or Depressive Disorder who are treated with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Standardized Low Resolution Brain Electrotomography to calculate the whole brain, voxel-by-voxel, unpaired t-tests Statistical non-Parametric Maps. For our first electrophysiological neuroimaging investigation, we compared 46 patients (average age = 34 ± 16.5) diagnosed with Bipolar Affective Disorder to three patient groups all diagnosed with Major Depression or Depressive Episode. The first is with 48 patients diagnosed with Major Depression or Depressive Episode (average age = 49 ± 12.9), the second to 16 male depressive patients (average age = 45 ± 15.1), and the final comparison to 32 depressive females (average age = 50 ± 11.7).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of sLORETA three-dimensional statistical non-parametric maps illustrated that Lithium influenced an increase in neurotransmission in the right Superior Temporal Gyrus (t=1.403, p=0.00780), Fusiform Gyrus (t=1.26), and Parahippocampal Gyrus (t=1.29). Moreover, an increased in neuronal function was found was also identified at the Cingulate Gyrus (t=1.06, p=0.01200).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We are proposing a translational clinical biological marker for patients diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder to guide physicians during the course of Lithium therapy and have identified neuroanatomical structures influenced by norepinephrine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Gonda 19, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Andy R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Eugene
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Gluska 1 (SPSK Nr 1), Lublin 20-439, Poland.
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Masiak
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Gluska 1 (SPSK Nr 1), Lublin 20-439, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masiak
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Systems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, Lublin 20-950, Poland.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kapica
keywords: Lithium pharmacodynamics; SSRI; biomarker; bipolar disorder; lithium; neuroimaging