title: Metastatic anal sac carcinoma with hypercalcaemia and associated hypertrophic osteopathy in a dog.
abstract: A seven-year-old male neutered Irish setter was treated for a metastatic anal sac adenocarcinoma (ASAC) and hypercalcaemia by complete surgical excision of the primary tumour and partial excision of the sublumbar lymph nodes. Further enlargement of the sublumbar lymph nodes was linked to recurrent hypercalcaemia 3 months after surgical treatment. Medical treatment with Toceranib and Clodronate showed modest results in the treatment of the tumour and the hypercalcaemia. Radiotherapy of the sublumbar lymph nodes and later concurrent carboplatin chemotherapy resulted in partial tumour remission with marked reduction in size of the lymph nodes and normalization of the calcaemia. Unfortunately, concurrently with subsequent relapse of the hypercalaemia, the dog developed hypertrophic osteopathy (HO) and lumbar spinal metastasis and the dog was euthanized. To the authors' knowledge, this is the second case of metastatic apocrine gland carcinoma of the anal sac associated with HO and the first case that describe the development of HO late in the stage of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giuliano
authors.affiliation: Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salgüero
authors.affiliation: Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dobson
keywords: Anal sac carcinoma; Hypercalcaemia; Hypertrophic osteopathy