title: Respiratory muscle endurance after training in athletes and non-athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: The objectives of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of respiratory muscle training (RMT) on respiratory muscle endurance (RME) and to determine the RME test that demonstrates the most consistent changes after RMT. Electronic searches were conducted in EMBASE, MEDLINE, COCHRANE CENTRAL, CINHAL and SPORTDiscus. The PEDro scale was used for quality assessment and meta-analysis were performed to compare effect sizes of different RME tests. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Isocapnic hyperpnea training was performed in 40% of the studies. Meta-analysis showed that RMT improves RME in athletes (P = 0.0007) and non-athletes (P = 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed differences among tests; maximal sustainable ventilatory capacity (MSVC) and maximal sustainable threshold loading tests demonstrated significant improvement after RMT (P = 0.007; P = 0.003 respectively) compared to the maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) (P = 0.11) in athletes whereas significant improvement after RMT was only shown by MSVC in non-athletes. The effect size of MSVC was greater compared to MVV in studies that performed both tests. The meta-analysis results provide evidence that RMT improves RME in athletes and non-athletes and MSVC test that examine endurance over several minutes are more sensitive to improvement after RMT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University Federal of the Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Electronic address: aninhat.sales@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana Tereza do N
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Sales
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University Federal of the Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme A de F
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Fregonezi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Ramsook
authors.affiliation: Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Jordan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Guenette
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University Federal of the Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Illia Nadinne D F
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: W Darlene
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D001945:Breathing Exercises / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Breathing exercises; Maximal voluntary ventilation; Pulmonary function test; Respiratory muscles