title: Transmission of HIV Drug Resistance and the Predicted Effect on Current First-line Regimens in Europe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies have shown that baseline drug resistance patterns may influence the outcome of antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, guidelines recommend drug resistance testing to guide the choice of initial regimen. In addition to optimizing individual patient management, these baseline resistance data enable transmitted drug resistance (TDR) to be surveyed for public health purposes. The SPREAD program systematically collects data to gain insight into TDR occurring in Europe since 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic, clinical, and virological data from 4140 antiretroviral-naive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals from 26 countries who were newly diagnosed between 2008 and 2010 were analyzed. Evidence of TDR was defined using the WHO list for surveillance of drug resistance mutations. Prevalence of TDR was assessed over time by comparing the results to SPREAD data from 2002 to 2007. Baseline susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs was predicted using the Stanford HIVdb program version 7.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of TDR did not change significantly over time and was 8.3% (95% confidence interval, 7.2%-9.5%) in 2008-2010. The most frequent indicators of TDR were nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) mutations (4.5%), followed by nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) mutations (2.9%) and protease inhibitor mutations (2.0%). Baseline mutations were most predictive of reduced susceptibility to initial NNRTI-based regimens: 4.5% and 6.5% of patient isolates were predicted to have resistance to regimens containing efavirenz or rilpivirine, respectively, independent of current NRTI backbones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although TDR was highest for NRTIs, the impact of baseline drug resistance patterns on susceptibility was largest for NNRTIs. The prevalence of TDR assessed by epidemiological surveys does not clearly indicate to what degree susceptibility to different drug classes is affected.
authors.affiliation: Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg.|Department of Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L Marije
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hofstra
authors.affiliation: LuxembourgInstitute of Health, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sauvageot
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institute, Solna.|Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.affiliation: National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Ivailo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alexiev
authors.affiliation: Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Instituto de Investigación IBS Granada; on behalf of Cohorte de Adultos de la Red de Investigación en SIDA, Spain.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: LuxembourgInstitute of Health, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Struck
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: David A M C
authors.initials: DAMC
authors.lastname: Van de Vijver
authors.affiliation: University of Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Åsjö
authors.affiliation: National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Danail
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beshkov
authors.affiliation: University College Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Suzie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coughlan
authors.affiliation: AP-HP Groupe hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, IAME INSERM UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Descamps
authors.affiliation: Lithuanian AIDS Center, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Algirdas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Griskevicius
authors.affiliation: Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Osamah
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hamouda
authors.affiliation: Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horban
authors.affiliation: St Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marjo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Kasteren
authors.affiliation: Infectiology Center of Latvia, Riga.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kolupajeva
authors.affiliation: University of Cyprus, Nicosia.
authors.forename: Leondios G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Kostrikis
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liitsola
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory for HIV/AIDS, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Linka
authors.affiliation: National HIV Reference Laboratory, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: Orna
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mor
authors.affiliation: Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof. dr. Matei Bals", Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Otelea
authors.affiliation: National Retrovirus Reference Center, University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paraskevis
authors.affiliation: IrsiCaixa Foundation, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paredes
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Slovenian HIV/AIDS Reference Centre, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poljak
authors.affiliation: Medical University Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Puchhammer-Stöckl
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institute, Solna.|Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sönnerborg
authors.affiliation: Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Danica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Staneková
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stanojevic
authors.affiliation: Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kristel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Laethem
authors.affiliation: University of Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zazzi
authors.affiliation: University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljevic", Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Snjezana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zidovec Lepej
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Charles A B
authors.initials: CAB
authors.lastname: Boucher
authors.affiliation: LuxembourgInstitute of Health, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Schmit
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annemarie M J
authors.initials: AMJ
authors.lastname: Wensing
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Puchhammer-Stockl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarcletti
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmied
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Geit
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Balluch
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vandamme
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vercauteren
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Derdelinckx
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sasse
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bogaert
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ceunen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Roo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Wit
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Echahidi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fransen
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Goffard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goubau
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goudeseune
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yombi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lacor
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liesnard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moutschen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pierard
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rens
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Schrooten
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vaira
authors.forename: L P R
authors.initials: LPR
authors.lastname: Vandekerckhove
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van den Heuvel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Der Gucht
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Ranst
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Wijngaerden
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vandercam
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vekemans
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Verhofstede
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Clumeck
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Laethem
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beshkov
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alexiev
authors.forename: S Zidovec
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Lepej
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Begovac
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kostrikis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Demetriades
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kousiappa
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Demetriou
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hezka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Linka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maly
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Machala
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerstoft
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mathiesen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laursen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kvinesdal
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liitsola
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ristola
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suni
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sutinen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Descamps
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Assoumou
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grude
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flandre
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Storto
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hamouda
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kücherer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poggensee
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Däumer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eberle
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heiken
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Knechten
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Korn
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neifer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harrer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paraskevis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hatzakis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zavitsanou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vassilakis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazanas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lioni
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sakka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kourkounti
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Paparizos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antoniadou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poulakou
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Katsarolis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Protopapas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chryssos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Drimis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gargalianos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xylomenos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lourida
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Psichogiou
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Daikos
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Sipsas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kontos
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Gamaletsou
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koratzanis
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sambatakou
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mariolis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skoutelis
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Papastamopoulos
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Panagopoulos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maltezos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coughlan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Gascun
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bergin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reidy
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rochford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coakely
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Dea
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mor
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chemtob
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zazzi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Luca
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balotta
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mussini
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Caramma
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Capetti
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Prati
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tramuto
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciccozzi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Angarano
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rezza
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kolupajeva
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vasins
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Griskevicius
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lipnickiene
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Schmit
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Struck
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sauvageot
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hemmer
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Arendt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michaux
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Staub
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sequin-Devaux
authors.forename: A M J
authors.initials: AMJ
authors.lastname: Wensing
authors.forename: C A B
authors.initials: CAB
authors.lastname: Boucher
authors.forename: D A M C
authors.initials: DAMC
authors.lastname: van de Vijver
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Kessel
authors.forename: P H M
authors.initials: PHM
authors.lastname: van Bentum
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brinkman
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Connell
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: van der Ende
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Hoepelman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Kasteren
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Langebeek
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: R M W J
authors.initials: RMWJ
authors.lastname: Santegoets
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schrijnders-Gudde
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schuurman
authors.forename: B J M
authors.initials: BJM
authors.lastname: van de Ven
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Åsjö
authors.forename: A-M Bakken
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kran
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ormaasen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aavitsland
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horban
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Stanczak
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Stanczak
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Firlag-Burkacka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiercinska-Drapalo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jablonowska
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maolepsza
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leszczyszyn-Pynka
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Szata
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paixão
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duque
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Otelea
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paraschiv
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tudor
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cernat
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiriac
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dumitrescu
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Prisecariu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stanojevic
authors.forename: Dj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jevtovic
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Salemovic
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stanekova
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Habekova
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chabadová
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Drobkova
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bukovinova
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shunnar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Truska
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poljak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lunar
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Babic
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tomazic
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vidmar
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vovko
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karner
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paredes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Monge
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Del Amo
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Asensi
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sirvent
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Mendoza
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berenguer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garcia-Bujalance
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stella
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: de Los Santos
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dalmau
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rivero
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Segura
authors.forename: M J Pérez
authors.initials: MJP
authors.lastname: Elías
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chueca
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Martín
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Palomares
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Viciana
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Viciana
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cordoba
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aguilera
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Domingo
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Galindo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miralles
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Del Pozo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ribera
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Iribarren
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de la Torre
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clotet
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heidarian
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aperia-Peipke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Axelsson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mild
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sönnerborg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thalme
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Navér
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bratt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blaxhult
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gisslén
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Svennerholm
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bergbrant
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Björkman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Säll
authors.forename: Å
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Mellgren
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuylenstierna
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montelius
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azimi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ljungberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ekvall
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strand
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mäkitalo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Öberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holmblad
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Höfer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Josefson
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ryding
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D015995:Prevalence; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
keywords: Europe; HIV-1; antiretroviral therapy; drug resistance; transmission