title: Perfluorooctanoic acid enhances colorectal cancer DLD-1 cells invasiveness through activating NF-κB mediated matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is widely used in consumer products and detected in human serum. Our study meant to elucidate the uncovered molecular mechanisms underlying the PFOA induced colorectal cancer cell DLD-1 invasion and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trans-well filter assay appeared that PFOA treatment stimulated DLD-1 cells invasion significantly. Meanwhile, the results of luciferase reporter, quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, and gelatin zymography showed that PFOA induced MMP-2/-9 expression and enzyme activation levels consistently (P < 0.05 each). Subsequently, western blotting and immunofluorescence assay demonstrated that PFOA could enhance nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) activity by stimulating NF-κB translocation into nuclear in DLD-1 cells. Furthermore, JSH-23, a well-known NF-κB inhibitor, could reverse the PFOA induced colorectal cancer cell invasion and MMP-2/-9 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirmed that PFOA could induce colorectal cancer cell DLD-1 invasive ability and MMP-2/-9 expression through activating NF-κB, which deserves more concerns on environmental pollutant-resulted public health risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Guangzhou Road 300#, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.affiliation: Digestive Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Tongren Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200336, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Central Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210001, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yajie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Digestive Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Tongren Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200336, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yimin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Digestive Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Tongren Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200336, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Digestive Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Tongren Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200336, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuai
authors.affiliation: Digestive Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Tongren Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200336, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Saiyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Digestive Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Tongren Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200336, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Haixia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peng
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002210:Caprylates / Q000633:toxicity*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D002210:Caprylates; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D016328:NF-kappa B; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: Perfluorooctanoic acid; colorectal cancer; invasion