title: The relationship of calcaneal apophyseal ossification and Sanders hand scores to the timing of peak height velocity in adolescents.
abstract: The accurate assessment of skeletal maturity is essential in the management of orthopaedic conditions in the growing child. In order to identify the time of peak height velocity (PHV) in adolescents, two systems for assessing skeletal maturity have been described recently; the calcaneal apophyseal ossification method and the Sanders hand scores. The purpose of this study was to compare these methods in assessing skeletal maturity relative to PHV. We studied the radiographs of a historical group of 94 healthy children (49 females and 45 males), who had been followed longitudinally between the ages of three and 18 years with serial radiographs and physical examination. Radiographs of the foot and hand were undertaken in these children at least annually between the ages of ten and 15 years. We reviewed 738 radiographs of the foot and 694 radiographs of the hand. PHV was calculated from measurements of height taken at the time of the radiographs. Prior to PHV we observed four of six stages of calcaneal apophyseal ossification and two of eight Sanders stages. Calcaneal stage 3 and Sanders stage 2 was seen to occur about 0.9 years before PHV, while calcaneal stage 4 and Sanders stage 3 occurred approximately 0.5 years after PHV. The stages of the calcaneal and Sanders systems can be used in combination, offering better assessment of skeletal maturity with respect to PHV than either system alone.
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208071, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester School of Medicine, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208071, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Cooperman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology*; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000254:growth & development*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Sanders hand scores; calacaneum; calcaneal system; peak height velocity; skeletal maturity