title: Periodontal Conditions and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Level in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Scleroderma Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic disease with prominent vasculopathy, inflammation, production of autoantibodies, and tissue fibrosis. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory oral condition manifesting as microbial infection, inflammation and destruction of the alveolar bone. In both conditions tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and other proinflammatory cytokines play an important role in pathogenesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the periodontal status in SSc patients and compare these parameters to TNFα level in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of SSc patients and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty SSc patients and 20 controls underwent periodontal examination, including probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), gingival-index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and measurement of TNFα levels in collected GCF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SSc patients had a greater PD (3.74 ± 0.32 mm vs. 3.35 ± 0.31 mm, P > 0.003), GI (1.53 ± 0.34 vs. 1.12 ± 0.54, P > 0.049), and non-significantly higher BOP than controls. TNFα levels in GCF were higher in SSc patients (1.63 ± 0.36 vs. 1.15 ± 0.34 pg/ml, P = 0.001). Periodontitis parameters correlated with several SSc variables; PI in particular was higher in patients with longer disease duration, sclerodactyly, more severe skin involvement, and SSc activity score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with SSc have higher indices of periodontal inflammation and higher TNFα level in GCF than did healthy individuals. These changes probably reflect the complexity of factors that influence oral health in SSc. Common pathologic pathways may be responsible for the association between SSc and periodontitis, which requires further study.
authors.forename: Rina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elimelech
authors.forename: Yaniv
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Braun-Moscovici
authors.forename: Eli E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Machtei
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balbir-Gurman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha