title: Glenohumeral Anatomic Study. A Comparison of Male and Female Shoulders with Similar Average Age and BMI.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous anatomic studies of the shoulder have quantified the size, shape, and variability of either the humerus or scapula individually. However, few have attempted to quantify the relationship of the humerus to the scapula to better understand the spatial variation of these bones in both male and female shoulders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-four cadaveric shoulder CT scans (37 males and 37 females with statistically equivalent age and BMI) were reconstructed using Mimics ® to create 3D models of the humerus and scapula. After 3D reconstruction, each CT bone model was analyzed in Rapidform® to quantify the morphology of the humerus, scapula, and the spatial relationship between the two to better understand the role of gender on the morphological variability of the glenohumeral joint.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spatial glenohumeral relationships of male shoulders were significantly larger than female shoulders in 13 of 16 measurements; morphology of male humeri were significantly larger than female humeri in 17 of 24 measurements, and scapula and glenoid morphology of male shoulders were significantly larger than female scapula and glenoids in 11 of 22 measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous significant gender differences in spatial relationships and morphology were identified in this anatomic study of the glenohumeral joint. An improved understanding of these observed binomial distributions has utility for shoulder arthroplasty prosthesis design, computer navigation, and may also be useful to the orthopaedic surgeon during surgical preoperative planning.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gilot
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Pierre-Henri
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Flurin
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Zuckerman
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Roche
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002102:Cadaver; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D061165:Glenoid Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D012737:Sex Factors; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed