title: Validation of the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) and evaluation of the nine DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder criteria.
abstract: The inclusion of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in the DSM-5 (Section 3) has given rise to much scholarly debate regarding the proposed criteria and their operationalization. The present study's aim was threefold: to (i) develop and validate a brief psychometric instrument (Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test; IGDT-10) to assess IGD using definitions suggested in DSM-5, (ii) contribute to ongoing debate regards the usefulness and validity of each of the nine IGD criteria (using Item Response Theory [IRT]), and (iii) investigate the cut-off threshold suggested in the DSM-5.
  
  
  
  An online gamer sample of 4887 gamers (age range 14-64years, mean age 22.2years [SD=6.4], 92.5% male) was collected through Facebook and a gaming-related website with the cooperation of a popular Hungarian gaming magazine. A shopping voucher of approx. 300 Euros was drawn between participants to boost participation (i.e., lottery incentive). Confirmatory factor analysis and a structural regression model were used to test the psychometric properties of the IGDT-10 and IRT analysis was conducted to test the measurement performance of the nine IGD criteria. Finally, Latent Class Analysis along with sensitivity and specificity analysis were used to investigate the cut-off threshold proposed in the DSM-5.
  
  
  
  Analysis supported IGDT-10's validity, reliability, and suitability to be used in future research. Findings of the IRT analysis suggest IGD is manifested through a different set of symptoms depending on the level of severity of the disorder. More specifically, "continuation", "preoccupation", "negative consequences" and "escape" were associated with lower severity of IGD, while "tolerance", "loss of control", "giving up other activities" and "deception" criteria were associated with more severe levels. "Preoccupation" and "escape" provided very little information to the estimation IGD severity. Finally, the DSM-5 suggested threshold appeared to be supported by our statistical analyses.
  
  
  
  IGDT-10 is a valid and reliable instrument to assess IGD as proposed in the DSM-5. Apparently the nine criteria do not explain IGD in the same way, suggesting that additional studies are needed to assess the characteristics and intricacies of each criterion and how they account to explain IGD.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella 46, Budapest 1064, Hungary. Electronic address: orsolya.papay@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Orsolya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Király
authors.affiliation: IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Parzivalstr. 25, D-80804 München, Germany.
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sleczka
authors.affiliation: International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, NG1 4BU Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Halley M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Pontes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella 46, Budapest 1064, Hungary.
authors.forename: Róbert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Urbán
authors.affiliation: International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, NG1 4BU Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella 46, Budapest 1064, Hungary.
authors.forename: Zsolt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Demetrovics
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018910:Video Games / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Behavioral addiction; Internet Gaming Disorder; Item Response Theory; Online game; Psychometric validation; Structural equation modeling