title: Somatic Embryogenesis in Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (Araucariaceae).
abstract: This chapter deals with the features of somatic embryogenesis (SE) in Araucaria angustifolia, an endangered and native conifer from south Brazil. In this species SE includes the induction and proliferation of embryogenic cultures composed of pro-embryogenic masses (PEMs), which precede somatic embryos development. A. angustifolia SE model encompasses induction, proliferation, pre-maturation, and maturation steps. Double-staining with acetocarmine and Evan's blue is useful to evaluate the embryonic somatic structures. In this chapter we describe A. angustifolia SE protocols and analyzes morphological features in the different SE developmental stages.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88034-001, SC, Brazil. miguel.guerra@ufsc.br.
authors.forename: Miguel P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, UFSC, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Neusa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88034-001, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francine L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Farias-Soares
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88034-001, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leila do N
authors.initials: Ldo N
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88034-001, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hugo P F
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Fraga
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, UFSC, CP 476, Florianópolis, 88049-900, SC, Brazil.|Department of Biological Sciences, University of Joinville Region, Joinville, 89219-710, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gladys D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Rogge-Renner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biodiversity and Experimental Biology, University of Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Sara B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Maldonado
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D018525:Germination / Q000235:genetics; D063245:Plant Development / Q000235:genetics*; D058439:Plant Somatic Embryogenesis Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D064028:Tracheophyta / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*
keywords: Conifers; Forest biotechnology; Germplasm conservation; Plant cell culture; Plant physiology; Somatic embryo genesis