title: Dietary modifications for refractory chronic rhinosinusitis? Manipulating diet for the modulation of inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An endotype of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) refractory to medical and surgical management is characterized by persistent T-helper 1/T-helper 17 inflammation of the sinus mucosa, which potentially facilitates colonization with dysbiotic microbial flora. Dietary interventions that target reduction of systemic inflammation are increasingly recommended as adjuncts to ongoing medical therapy in chronic disorders with a strong inflammatory component, such as cardiac disease, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Inflammation-reducing dietary modifications may thus be of benefit in patients with refractory CRS (RCRS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify nonpharmacologic approaches that implicate modification of dietary factors, potentially reducing systemic level of inflammation in RCRS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to identify dietary strategies for reducing inflammation in metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiac disease. Mechanistic-based strategies for reducing systemic inflammation were identified and categorized to identify potential therapeutic avenues, which would be applicable to RCRS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Principal mechanisms for altering inflammation at the systemic level via dietary manipulation center around (1) increased consumption of foods with anti-inflammatory properties, and (2) modulation of the gut microbiome to reduce short-chain fatty acid secretion by dysbiotic gut flora. Recommended dietary modifications to reduce systemic markers of inflammation or to improve RCRS include alteration of macronutrient intake, alterations in consumption of meat and fats, consumption of prebiotics and probiotics, and a low-salicylate diet in the context of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary modifications may offer a potential nonpharmacologic means of reducing inflammation in patients with RCRS and hence may represent a complementary adjunct to existing medical therapies. Additional prospective studies are required to further validate the concept of dietary modifications in patients with RCRS to support the findings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
authors.forename: Smriti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nayan
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maby
authors.forename: Leandra Mfuna
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Endam
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desrosiers
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000178:diet therapy; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000178:diet therapy*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000178:diet therapy*