title: Current Status of Development of Methods to Assess Effects of Cumulative or Aggregated Underwater Sounds on Marine Mammals.
abstract: There are no standards for assessment of the cumulative effects of underwater sound. Quantitative assessments typically consider a single source, whereas qualitative assessments may include multiple sources but rarely identify response variables. As a step toward understanding the cumulative effects of underwater sound, we assessed the aggregated sounds of multiple sources received by migrating bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus). The quantitative method models the sound field from multiple sources and simulates movement of a population through it. The qualitative method uses experts to assess the responses of individuals and populations to sound sources and identify the potential mechanisms. These methods increase the transparency of assessments.
authors.affiliation: John Muir Institute of the Environment, The Barn, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. efleishman@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fleishman
authors.affiliation: BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc., Anchorage, AK, 99519, USA. streevbj@bp.com.
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Streever
authors.affiliation: National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA. robyn.angliss@noaa.gov.
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Angliss
authors.affiliation: Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA. cwc2@cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Marine Acoustics, Inc., Marshfield, MA, 02050, USA. wemai@aol.com.
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.affiliation: Marine Acoustics, Inc., Shady Side, MD, 20764, USA. adam.frankel@marineacoustics.com.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.affiliation: Office of Science and Technology, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA. jason.gedamke@noaa.gov.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gedamke
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA. mleu@wm.edu.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leu
authors.affiliation: Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division, United States National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA. megan.mckenna@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.affiliation: JASCO Applied Sciences, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8Z 7X8. roberto.racca@jasco.com.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Racca
authors.affiliation: Marine Mammal Commission, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. ssimmons@mmc.gov.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.affiliation: North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK, 99723, USA. robert.suydam@north-slope.org.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suydam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000502:physiology*; D050642:Bowhead Whale / Q000502:physiology*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D013016:Sound; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Aggregate effects; Behavior; National Environmental Policy Act; Population dynamics; Stressor