title: What the Erythrocytic Nuclear Alteration Frequencies Could Tell Us about Genotoxicity and Macrophage Iron Storage?
abstract: Erythrocytic nuclear alterations have been considered as an indicative of organism's exposure to genotoxic agents. Due to their close relationship among their frequencies and DNA damages, they are considered excellent markers of exposure in eukaryotes. However, poor data has been found in literature concerning their genesis, differential occurrence and their life span. In this study, we use markers of cell viability; genotoxicity and cellular turn over in order to shed light to these events. Tilapia and their blood were exposed to cadmium in acute exposure and in vitro assays. They were analyzed using flow cytometry for oxidative stress and membrane disruption, optical microscopy for erythrocytic nuclear alteration, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for cadmium content in aquaria water, blood and cytochemical and analytical electron microscopy techniques for the hemocateretic aspects. The results showed a close relationship among the total nuclear alterations and cadmium content in the total blood and melanomacrophage centres area, mismatching reactive oxygen species and membrane damages. Moreover, nuclear alterations frequencies (vacuolated, condensed and blebbed) showed to be associated to cadmium exposure whereas others (lobed and bud) were associated to depuration period. Decrease on nuclear alterations frequencies was also associated with hemosiderin increase inside spleen and head kidney macrophages mainly during depurative processes. These data disclosure in temporal fashion the main processes that drive the nuclear alterations frequencies and their relationship with some cellular and systemic biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana M M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 35010-177, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Heder J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcela S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Procópio
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Betânia M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Alvarenga
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antônio C S
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Walderez O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Dutra
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: José B B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: José D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Corrêa Junior
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006485:Hemosiderin / Q000378:metabolism; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017210:Tilapia
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002104:Cadmium; D006485:Hemosiderin; D007501:Iron