title: Adsorption capacity of poly(ether imide) microparticles to uremic toxins.
abstract: Uremia is a phenomenon caused by retention of uremic toxins in the plasma due to functional impairment of kidneys in the elimination of urinary waste products. Uremia is presently treated by dialysis techniques like hemofiltration, dialysis or hemodiafiltration. However, these techniques in use are more favorable towards removing hydrophilic than hydrophobic uremic toxins. Hydrophobic uremic toxins, such as hydroxy hipuric acid (OH-HPA), phenylacetic acid (PAA), indoxyl sulfate (IDS) and p-cresylsulfate (pCRS), contribute substantially to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, objective of the present study is to test adsorption capacity of highly porous microparticles prepared from poly(ether imide) (PEI) as an alternative technique for the removal of uremic toxins. Two types of nanoporous, spherically shaped microparticles were prepared from PEI by a spraying/coagulation process.PEI particles were packed into a preparative HPLC column to which a mixture of the four types of uremic toxins was injected and eluted with ethanol. Eluted toxins were quantified by analytical HPLC. PEI particles were able to adsorb all four toxins, with the highest affinity for PAA and pCR. IDS and OH-HPA showed a partially non-reversible binding. In summary, PEI particles are interesting candidates to be explored for future application in CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Sarada D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Tetali
authors.affiliation: RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jankowski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.|Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow and Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Karola
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Luetzow
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.|Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow and Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kratz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.|Institute of Chemistry, University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.|Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow and Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lendlein
authors.affiliation: RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.|Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jankowski
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption / Q000502:physiology*; D055252:Cell-Derived Microparticles / Q000378:metabolism; D004986:Ether / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism*; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000378:metabolism*; D014511:Uremia / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014118:Toxins, Biological; D004986:Ether
keywords: Adsorption of uremic toxins; chronic kidney disease (CKD); hydrophobic uremic toxins; microparticles; poly(ether imide); uremia