title: An embryological point of view on associated congenital anomalies of children with Hirschsprung disease.
abstract: The most common congenital gut motility disorder is the Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). This anomaly is characterized by absence of neural crest-derived enteric neuronal ganglia. The aim of our study was to analyze the relationship between HSCR and other congenital anomalies or malfunctions. We examined 130 patients with Hirschsprung disease from Slovakia for last 10 years. During patients examination we focused not only on morphological abnormalities, but also functional anomalies. The incidence of associated congenital anomalies in our patients with HSCR was 26.1 %. But if we add functional defects (hypothyroidism, malfunction in cellular immunity, neurological deficit) to the morphological congenital abnormalities, the rate of the patients with HSCR with additional defects achieves 50.1 %. Nine of our patients (6.9 %) had syndromic HSCR. The most frequent disorder (13.6 % of patients) was primary deficiency in cellular immunity. More than 12.3 % of patients with HSCR had genitourinary abnormalities, in 10.0 % of patients variable degree of psychomotor retardation was observed, and skeletal, muscle and limb anomalies involved 7.7 % of patients. In 7.6 % cases of patients we found congenital hypothyroidism (including 2 cases of agenesis of thyroid gland). More than 6.1 % of patients presented with an associated anomaly in gastrointestinal tract (mostly anorectal malformations). Up to 5.5 % patients had congenital anomaly of heart, 3.8 % had ophthalmic and 3.1 % had craniofacial anomalies. Down syndrome was the main diagnosis in 3.8 % patients. We discussed  the relationship between HSCR and other anomalies, which are probably caused by abnormal migration, proliferation, or differentiation, of neural crest cells during embryogenesis (Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 75).
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Slavikova
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zabojnikova
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Babala
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Varga
mesh_terms: D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006627:Hirschsprung Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000196:embryology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018154:Slovakia / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Down syndrome.; Hirschsprung disease; cardiac abnormalities; genitourinary abnormalities; hypothyroidism; impaired cellular immunity; neurological deficiency