title: Open circuit potential build-up in perovskite solar cells from dark conditions to 1 sun.
abstract: The high open-circuit potential (Voc) achieved by perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is one of the keys to their success. The Voc analysis is essential to understand their working mechanisms. A large number of CH3NH3PbI3-xClx PSCs were fabricated on single large-area substrates and their Voc dependencies on illumination intensity, I0, were measured showing three distinctive regions. Similar results obtained in Al2O3 based PSCs relate the effect to the compact TiO2 rather than the mesoporous oxide. We propose that two working mechanisms control the Voc in PSCs. The rise of Voc at low I0 is determined by the employed semiconductor n-type contact (TiO2 or MgO coated TiO2). In contrast, at I0 close to AM1.5G, the employed oxide does not affect the achieved voltage. Thus, a change of regime from an oxide-dominated EFn (as in the dye sensitized solar cells) to an EFn, directly determined by the CH3NH3PbI3-xClx absorber is suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.|Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive, Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, Singapore , 637553.
authors.forename: Laxman
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gouda
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.|Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive, Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, Singapore , 637553.
authors.forename: Ronen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gottesman
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.|Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive, Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, Singapore , 637553.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ginsburg
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.|Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive, Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, Singapore , 637553.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.|Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive, Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, Singapore , 637553.
authors.forename: Eynav
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haltzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.|Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive, Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, Singapore , 637553.
authors.forename: Jiangang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.|Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive, Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, Singapore , 637553.
authors.forename: Shay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tirosh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.|Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive, Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, Singapore , 637553.
authors.forename: Assaf Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.|Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive, Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, Singapore , 637553.
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaban
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.|Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive, Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, Singapore , 637553.
authors.forename: Pablo P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Boix
keywords: PSC; dark condition; methylammonium lead iodide; perovskite; solar cells