title: Morphologic evaluation of the incisive canal and its proximity to the maxillary central incisors using computed tomography images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the morphologic features and the relative position of the incisive canal with regard to the maxillary incisor roots using computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Morphologic evaluation of the incisive canal and its proximity to the maxillary central incisors were measured using CT images of 38 adults with skeletal and dental class I normal occlusion. Linear measurements were performed on the axial cross-sectional images corresponding to three vertical levels, the palatal opening of the incisive canal (L1), midlevel between the opening level and the root apex of the maxillary central incisors (L2), and the root apex of the maxillary central incisors (L3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of subjects with an incisive canal width greater than the interroot distance of the central incisors was 86.8% and 63.2% at levels L1 and L2, respectively. The anteroposterior distance between the maxillary incisor roots and the boarder of the incisive canal was approximately 5-6 mm at levels L1 and L2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anteroposterior distance between the maxillary central incisor roots and the incisive canal was approximately 5-6 mm. More than 60% of the subjects had an incisive canal width greater than the interroot distance. Evaluation of the proximity of the incisive canal to the maxillary incisors, along with its dimensional characteristics, may be helpful when a considerable amount of maxillary retraction is planned.
authors.affiliation: a   Graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Ae
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: a   Graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: b   Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon Jeong
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: c   Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: d   Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Chooryung J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor; D008437:Maxilla; D014092:Tooth Root
keywords: Complication; Envelope of discrepancy; Incisive canal; Maximum retraction; Tooth movement