title: Pesticide residues in some herbs growing in agricultural areas in Poland.
abstract: The aim of this paper was to assess residue content of plant protection products in selected herbs: Achillea millefolium L., Cichorium intybus L., Equisetum arvense L., Polygonum persicaria L., Plantago lanceolata L., and Plantago major L. The study comprises herbs growing in their natural habitat, 1 and 10 m away from crop fields. The herbs, 30 plants of each species, were sampled during the flowering stage between 1 and 20 July 2014. Pesticide residue content was measured with the QuECHERS method in the dry matter of leaves, stalks, and inflorescence, all mixed together. Out of six herb species growing close to wheat and maize fields, pesticide residues were found in three species: A. millefolium L., E. arvense L., and P. lanceolata L. Most plants containing the residues grew 1 m away from the wheat field. Two active substances of fungicides were found: diphenylamine and tebuconazole, and one active substance of insecticides: chlorpyrifos-ethyl. Those substances are illegal to use on herbal plants. Samples of E. arvense L. and P. lanceolata L. contained two active substances each, which constituted 10% of all samples, while A. millefolium L. contained one substance, which is 6.6% of all samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Grassland and Landscape Architecture, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, B. Prusa 14 Street, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland. malinowskae@uph.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Malinowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Grassland and Landscape Architecture, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, B. Prusa 14 Street, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland.
authors.forename: Kazimierz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jankowski
mesh_terms: D031162:Achillea / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D000383:Agriculture; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D019669:Embryophyta / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D020829:Equisetum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D010943:Plantago / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D011044:Poland; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007306:Insecticides; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D004390:Chlorpyrifos
keywords: Plant protection product residues; Poland; Selected herbs; The QuECHERS method