title: Cortisol Supplement Combined with Psychotherapy and Citalopram Improves Depression Outcomes in Patients with Hypocortisolism after Traumatic Brain Injury.
abstract: Depression is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in people with Traumatic brain injury (TBI). Depression after TBI is closely related with social and psychological factors and hypothalamic-pituitary -adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding effective treatment approaches for depression. A total of 68 patients with depression following closed TBI were recruited. Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) was employed to demonstrate the severity of neurological deficits and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was employed to measure functional outcome after TBI. The severity of depression was quantified using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) in line with DSM-IV. Citalopram and Prednisone were administered to subjects with normal cortisol levels or hypocortisolism separately, based on psychotherapeutic interventions. We investigated the relationship between degree of depression of TBI patients and the severity and progression of TBI with the therapeutic effects of Citalopram in combination with psychotherapeutic and Prednisone in depressed patients. There was no relationship between the severity of depression and the severity and progression of TBI. The basic treatment of psychotherapeutic interventions could partially relieve depressive symptoms. Combination of psychotherapeutic support and Citalopram significantly improved depressive symptoms in patients with normal cortisol levels, but not in hypocortisolic patients. Combination of Prednisone administration with psychotherapeutic treatment and Citalopram significantly improved depression outcome in hypocortisolic patients after TBI. Hypocortisolism after TBI may regulate depression. Combination of Prednisone with psychotherapeutic treatment and Citalopram may provide better therapeutic effects in depression patients with hypocortisolism after TBI.
authors.affiliation: 1 Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China ; 2 Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Lanlan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: 2 Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.affiliation: 2 Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China ; 3 Neurosurgery of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Rongcai
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: 2 Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China ; 3 Neurosurgery of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1 Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China ; 2 Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yan
keywords: citalopram; cortisol supplement; depression; traumatic brain injury