title: Phylogenomic methods outperform traditional multi-locus approaches in resolving deep evolutionary history: a case study of formicine ants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultraconserved elements (UCEs) have been successfully used in phylogenomics for a variety of taxa, but their power in phylogenetic inference has yet to be extensively compared with that of traditional Sanger sequencing data sets. Moreover, UCE data on invertebrates, including insects, are sparse. We compared the phylogenetic informativeness of 959 UCE loci with a multi-locus data set of ten nuclear markers obtained via Sanger sequencing, testing the ability of these two types of data to resolve and date the evolutionary history of the second most species-rich subfamily of ants in the world, the Formicinae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phylogenetic analyses show that UCEs are superior in resolving ancient and shallow relationships in formicine ants, demonstrated by increased node support and a more resolved phylogeny. Phylogenetic informativeness metrics indicate a twofold improvement relative to the 10-gene data matrix generated from the identical set of taxa. We were able to significantly improve formicine classification based on our comprehensive UCE phylogeny. Our divergence age estimations, using both UCE and Sanger data, indicate that crown-group Formicinae are older (104-117 Ma) than previously suggested. Biogeographic analyses infer that the diversification of the subfamily has occurred on all continents with no particular hub of cladogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found UCEs to be far superior to the multi-locus data set in estimating formicine relationships. The early history of the clade remains uncertain due to ancient rapid divergence events that are unresolvable even with our genomic-scale data, although this might be largely an effect of several problematic taxa subtended by long branches. Our comparison of divergence ages from both Sanger and UCE data demonstrates the effectiveness of UCEs for dating analyses. This comparative study highlights both the promise and limitations of UCEs for insect phylogenomics, and will prove useful to the growing number of evolutionary biologists considering the transition from Sanger to next-generation sequencing approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560, USA. bonnieblaimer@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bonnie B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Blaimer
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560, USA. bradys@si.edu.
authors.forename: Seán G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560, USA. schultzt@si.edu.
authors.forename: Ted R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560, USA. lloydm@si.edu.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA. bfisher@calacademy.org.
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. psward@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001000:Ants / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D049750:Genome, Insect; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA