title: Early habituation of maize (Zea mays) suspension-cultured cells to 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile is associated with the enhancement of antioxidant status.
abstract: The cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) has been widely used to gain insights into cell wall composition and architecture. Studies of changes during early habituation to DCB can provide information on mechanisms that allow tolerance/habituation to DCB. In this context, maize-cultured cells with a reduced amount of cellulose (∼20%) were obtained by stepwise habituation to low DCB concentrations. The results reported here attempt to elucidate the putative role of an antioxidant strategy during incipient habituation. The short-term exposure to DCB of non-habituated maize-cultured cells induced a substantial increase in oxidative damage. Concomitantly, short-term treated cells presented an increase in class III peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activities and total glutathione content. Maize cells habituated to 0.3-1 µM DCB (incipient habituation) were characterized by a reduction in the relative cell growth rate, an enhancement of ascorbate peroxidase and class III peroxidase activities, and a net increment in total glutathione content. Moreover, these cell lines showed increased levels of glutathione S-transferase activity. Changes in antioxidant/conjugation status enabled 0.3 and 0.5 µM DCB-habituated cells to control lipid peroxidation levels, but this was not the case of maize cells habituated to 1 μM DCB, which despite showing an increased antioxidant capacity were not capable of reducing the oxidative damage to control levels. The results reported here confirm that exposure and incipient habituation of maize cells to DCB are associated with an enhancement in antioxidant/conjugation activities which could play a role in incipient DCB habituation of maize-cultured cells.
authors.affiliation: Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain.
authors.forename: Asier
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Largo-Gosens
authors.affiliation: Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Encina
authors.affiliation: Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Castro
authors.affiliation: Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain.|Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, E-28223, Spain.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mélida
authors.affiliation: Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain.
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Acebes
authors.affiliation: Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain.
authors.forename: Penélope
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: García-Angulo
authors.affiliation: Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Álvarez
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002482:Cellulose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D009570:Nitriles; D010940:Plant Proteins; D002482:Cellulose; D010544:Peroxidases; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C055869:dichlobanil