title: Effectiveness and implementation of interventions to increase commuter cycling to school: a quasi-experimental study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Active transportation to school has been positively associated with various health parameters whereas only sparse evidence exists on risk of injury while commuting to school. This study investigated the overall effectiveness of cycling promotion combined with structural changes on cycling to school.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interventions at public schools in three different regions in Denmark were based on planned infrastructural changes near schools (e.g. road surface and traffic regulation) and school-motivation for promoting commuter cycling. Participants were pupils from control schools (n = 12) or intervention schools (n = 13). All children (n = 2415) from the 4(th) and 5(th) grade were measured at baseline during spring 2010 and at follow-up one year later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in commuter cycling were detected in the adjusted analyses comparing the intervention with the control group neither when assessed as changes in short term (beta: 0.15 trips/week, p = 0.463) nor when assessed as changes in long term school cycling (beta: -0.02 units, p = 0.485). No differences were observed neither in the incidence of traffic injuries nor in the characteristics of injuries when comparing the control group and the intervention group. Approximately 50 % of all traffic injuries occurred during school transport with most injuries categorized as solo injuries. The only significant predictor of future traffic injuries was previous school transport injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This multifaceted school cycling promotion programme did not affect school cycling behaviour or the health parameters assessed. Implementation issues relevant in the planning of future school cycling interventions are discussed in the article. The one year incidence of being involved in a traffic injury was approximately 25 % with almost 50 % of all traffic injuries occurred during school transport. Previous school transport injury predicted future school traffic injuries.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej, 555230, Odense, Denmark. lostergaard@health.sdu.dk.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Østergaard
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej, 555230, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jan Toftegaard
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Støckel
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej, 555230, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars Bo
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D001642:Bicycling / Q000293:injuries; D002648:Child; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012574:Schools; D014186:Transportation; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*