title: Association of the -1031T>C polymorphism and soluble TNF-α levels with Acute Coronary Syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation has gained a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that could be a potential biomarker in ACS due to its multiple functions. The rs1799964 TNFA polymorphism (-1031T>C) has been associated with a decrease in gene transcription and cytokine levels.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association of rs1799964 TNFA polymorphism and TNF-α soluble levels in ACS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 251 patients diagnosed with ACS and 164 individuals without cardiovascular diseases classified as the reference group (RG), were included. The rs1799964 polymorphism was genotyped by PCR-RFLP. Soluble protein levels were determined by ELISA. Statistical analyses were performed using chi square and U-Mann Whitney tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The genotype and allele frequencies were different between ACS and RG (OR=0.317, p=0.01; OR=0.688, p=0.03 respectively). ACS patients had higher soluble TNF-α levels compared with the RG (31.08 vs 23.00pg/mL, p<0.001); according genotype significant differences were observed (T/T: 24.06 vs T/C: 34.95pg/mL, p=0.0001) in patients. In the RG, T/T carriers showed discrete lower levels than C/C genotype (22.14 vs 27.83pg/mL, p=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The -1031C allele of the TNFA polymorphism confers protection for the development of ACS. The T/C genotype carriers had higher TNF-α serum levels compared to the T/T genotype in ACS. In addition, the -1031T>C TNFA polymorphism was associated with dyslipidemia in ACS in a Western Mexican population.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sandoval-Pinto
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jorge Ramón
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Padilla-Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Valdés-Alvarado
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ilian Janet
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: García-González
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Angélica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valdez-Haro
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: José Francisco
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Valle
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Hector Enrique
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Flores-Salinas
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Lorena Michele
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Brennan-Bourdon
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Electronic address: yemivalle@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: Yeminia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Valle
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C439524:TNF protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Acute Coronary Syndrome; Genetic polymorphisms; Proinflammatory cytokines; Soluble protein; TNF-α