title: The efficacy of supplementation with the novel medical food, Souvenaid, in patients with Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Certain nutritional supplements are being marketed for the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the evidence for their effectiveness is not established. The objective of this review was to evaluate the evidence from randomized clinical trial (RCTs) examining the effect of Souvenaid in patients with AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted electronic searches in Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Library. The reporting quality of the included studies was determined using the Cochrane collaboration tool for assessing the risk of bias. Two reviewers independently determined eligibility, assessed the reporting quality of included studies and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three studies with a total of 1011 participants were included. All were of good reporting quality. Meta-analyses revealed non-significant differences in cognition (ADAS-cog scores MD: 0.08, 95% CI: -0.71 to 0.88) and function (ADCS-ADL scores MD: 0.36, 95% CI: -0.54 to 1.25) between Souvenaid and placebo. One study showed significant increase in neuropsychological test battery composite z-score with Souvenaid compared with placebo, and another reported significant improvement in delayed verbal recall for a subgroup of patients with very mild AD. There was no significant effect on global clinical function. No serious adverse events were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence from published clinical trials does not show that supplementation with Souvenaid has beneficial effects on functional ability, behaviour, or global clinical change. Souvenaid may cause improvements in verbal recall in patients at early stages of AD. Few RCTs examining the effect of Souvenaid have been conducted, and they are all funded by same manufacturer. Future research should include using unified tools to measure cognition, function, and behaviour in AD.
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences , University of Oxford , UK.
authors.forename: Igho J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Onakpoya
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences , University of Oxford , UK.
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Heneghan
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D018697:Nootropic Agents
keywords: Alzheimers; Clinical Trial; Nutrition; Souvenaid; Systematic Review