title: Different levels of hyphal self-incompatibility modulate interconnectedness of mycorrhizal networks in three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi within the Glomeraceae.
abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) live in symbiosis with most plant species and produce underground extraradical hyphal networks functional in the uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients from the soil to host plants. This work investigated whether fungal genotype can affect patterns of interconnections and structural traits of extraradical mycelium (ERM), by comparing three Glomeraceae species growing in symbiosis with five plant hosts. An isolate of Funneliformis coronatus consistently showed low ability to form interconnected ERM and self-incompatibility that represented up to 21% of hyphal contacts. The frequency of post-fusion self-incompatible interactions, never detected before in AMF extraradical networks, was 8.9%. In F. coronatus ERM, the percentage of hyphal contacts leading to perfect hyphal fusions was 1.2-7.7, while it ranged from 25.8-48 to 35.6-53.6 in Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae, respectively. Low interconnectedness of F. coronatus ERM resulted also from a very high number of non-interacting contacts (83.2%). Such findings show that AMF genotypes in Glomeraceae can differ significantly in anastomosis behaviour and that ERM interconnectedness is modulated by the fungal symbiont, as F. coronatus consistently formed poorly interconnected networks when growing in symbiosis with five different host plants and in the asymbiotic stage. Structural traits, such as extent, density and hyphal self-compatibility/incompatibility, may represent key factors for the differential performance of AMF, by affecting fungal absorbing surface and foraging ability and thus nutrient flow from soil to host roots.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pepe
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovannetti
authors.affiliation: CNR, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology UOS Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy. sbrana@ibba.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8058-8566
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sbrana
mesh_terms: D055137:Glomeromycota / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D025301:Hyphae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D010944:Plants / Q000382:microbiology*; D013559:Symbiosis
keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; Extraradical networks; Funneliformis coronatus; Hyphal anastomosis; Hyphal incompatibility; Mycelial interconnectedness