title: Yeast influence on the formation of stable pigments in red winemaking.
abstract: The anthocyanin profile of a wine greatly varies over time depending on many factors. In addition to color modifications due to changes in the chemical composition of wine, there may be some influence of the yeast strain used in fermentation. The main aim of this study is to identify and quantify the different ways in which yeast may influence on wine color and its stability, during red winemaking. Hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase activity was measured by the ability to transform the p-coumaric acid (HPLC-DAD). Acetaldehyde (GC-FID) and pyruvic acid (Y15 enzymatic autoanalyser) contents were monitored along fermentation. Stable pigments formation, including vitisins, vinylphenolic pyranoanthocyanins and flavanols-anthocyanins adducts, were analyzed by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS. Moreover, the ability of adsorbing color molecules by yeasts' cell walls was assessed. It could be concluded that the strain used has substantial influence on the formation of stable pigments, and therefore, proper yeast selection is important to ensure the stability of the wine coloring matter.
authors.affiliation: enotecUPM, Chemistry and Food Technology Department, Technical College of Agronomic Engineers, Technical University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: antonio.morata@upm.es.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morata
authors.affiliation: enotecUPM, Chemistry and Food Technology Department, Technical College of Agronomic Engineers, Technical University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Loira
authors.affiliation: Lallemand Ibérica, Spain.
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Heras
authors.affiliation: enotecUPM, Chemistry and Food Technology Department, Technical College of Agronomic Engineers, Technical University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: María Jesús
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Callejo
authors.affiliation: enotecUPM, Chemistry and Food Technology Department, Technical College of Agronomic Engineers, Technical University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Wendu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tesfaye
authors.affiliation: enotecUPM, Chemistry and Food Technology Department, Technical College of Agronomic Engineers, Technical University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: enotecUPM, Chemistry and Food Technology Department, Technical College of Agronomic Engineers, Technical University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Suárez-Lepe
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000737:chemistry; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003116:Color; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D005285:Fermentation; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000737:chemistry*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis; D011422:Propionates; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D059808:Polyphenols; D011422:Propionates; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; C460086:4-hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases; D000079:Acetaldehyde; C495469:p-coumaric acid
keywords: (+)-Catechin; (+)-Catechin (PubChem CID: 73160); Acetaldehyde (PubChem CID: 177); Color losses; Malvidin glucoside-ethyl-catechin (PubChem CID: 71308233); Malvidin-3-O-glucoside (PubChem CID: 443652); Malvidin-3-O-glucoside-procyanidin B2; Procyanidin B2; Procyanidin B2 (PubChem CID: 122738); Pyruvic acid (PubChem CID: 1060); Red wine; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Stable pigments; Vitisin A (PubChem CID: 16131430); Vitisin B (PubChem CID: 16138152)