title: Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction: what have we learned?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the review is to summarize and discuss recent research regarding the role of mechanical ventilation in producing weakness and atrophy of the diaphragm in critically ill patients, an entity termed ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Severe weakness of the diaphragm is frequent in mechanically ventilated patients, in whom it contributes to poor outcomes including increased mortality. Significant progress has been made in identifying the molecular mechanisms responsible for VIDD in animal models, and there is accumulating evidence for occurrence of the same cellular processes in the diaphragms of human patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent research is pointing the way to novel pharmacologic therapies as well as nonpharmacologic methods for preventing VIDD. The next major challenge in the field will be to move these findings from the bench to the bedside in critically ill patients.
authors.affiliation: aMeakins Christie Laboratories, and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute bDepartment of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Basil J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Petrof
authors.forename: Sabah N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D012133:Respiratory Paralysis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome