title: Presence of the knockdown resistance mutation, Vgsc-1014F in Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis in western Kenya.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The voltage gated sodium channel mutation Vgsc-1014S (kdr-east) was first reported in Kenya in 2000 and has since been observed to occur at high frequencies in the local Anopheles gambiae s.s.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mutation Vgsc-1014F has never been reported from An. gambiae Complex complex mosquitoes in Kenya.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Molecularly confirmed An. gambiae s.s. (hereafter An. gambiae) and An. arabiensis collected from 4 different parts of western Kenya were genotyped for kdr from 2011 to 2013. Vgsc-1014F was observed to have emerged, apparently, simultaneously in both An. gambiae and An. arabiensis in 2012. A portion of the samples were submitted for sequencing in order to confirm the Vgsc-1014F genotyping results. The resulting sequence data were deposited in GenBank (Accession numbers: KR867642-KR867651, KT758295-KT758303). A single Vgsc-1014F haplotype was observed suggesting, a common origin in both species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of Vgsc-1014F in Kenya. Based on our samples, the mutation is present in low frequencies in both An. gambiae and An. arabiensis. It is important that we start monitoring relative frequencies of the two kdr genes so that we can determine their relative importance in an area of high insecticide treated net ownership.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya. eochomo@kemricdc.org.|Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu, 40100, Kenya. eochomo@kemricdc.org.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ochomo
authors.affiliation: Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK. krishanthi.subramaniam@lstmed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Krishanthi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu, 40100, Kenya. brigidkemei@ymail.com.
authors.forename: Brigid
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kemei
authors.affiliation: Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK. emily.rippon@lstmed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rippon
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu, 40100, Kenya. nbayoh@kemricdc.org.
authors.forename: Nabie M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bayoh
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biotechnology and Research Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. lkamau@kemri.org.
authors.forename: Luna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kamau
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu, 40100, Kenya. fatieli@kemri.org.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Atieli
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu, 40100, Kenya. vulule@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vulule
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya. collinouma@yahoo.com.|Health Challenges and Systems, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. collinouma@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Collins
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ouma
authors.affiliation: Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA. hzg1@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gimnig
authors.affiliation: Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK. martin.donnelly@lstmed.ac.uk.|Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK. martin.donnelly@lstmed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya. cmbogo@kemri-wellcome.org.|Malaria Public Health Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Nairobi, Kenya. cmbogo@kemri-wellcome.org.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mbogo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006239:Haplotypes; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007630:Kenya; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D061566:Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D061566:Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels