title: Cross-clade protective immune responses of NS1-truncated live attenuated H5N1 avian influenza vaccines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has raised global concern for causing huge economic losses in poultry industry, and an effective vaccine against HPAI is highly desirable. Live attenuated influenza vaccine with trunctated NS1 protein as a potential strategy will be extremely useful for improving immune efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of H5N1 avian influenza virus reassortants harboring amino-terminal 48, 70, 73, and 99 aa in NS1 proteins, along with a modified low pathogenic HA protein was generated, and named as S-HALo/NS48, S-HALo/NS70, S-HALo/NS73, and S-HALo/NS99, respectively. In addition, their biological and immunological characteristics were further analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The viruses S-HALo/NS70, S-HALo/NS73, and S-HALo/NS99, but not S-HALo/NS48, had a comparable growth property with the full-length NS1 virus, S-HALo/NSFu. Mice and chickens studies demonstrated that the viruses with truncated NS1 protein were further attenuated when compared to the virus S-HALo/NSFu. Vaccination with the virus S-HALo/NS73 in chickens induced significant cross-protection against homologous clade 2.3.4 H5 virus and heterologous clade 7.2, 2.3.2.1, and 2.3.4.4 H5 viruses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 70-aa amino-terminal fragment of NS1 protein may be long enough for viral replication. The recombinant virus S-HALo/NS73 is a broad-spectrum live attenuated H5N1 avian influenza vaccine candidate in chickens.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for the Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China.
authors.forename: Shaohua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for the Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Sujuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for the Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Weizhou
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for the Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Bai
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for the Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaojian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for the Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for the Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for the Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Yinbiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for the Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China. Electronic address: pengdx@yzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Daxin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for the Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiufan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D056738:Cross Protection; D005260:Female; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; C085820:INS1 protein, influenza virus; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors; C109963:hemagglutinin, avian influenza A virus
keywords: Cross-protection; H5N1 avian influenza; Live attenuated vaccine; NS1