title: Outwitting the series resistance in scanning spreading resistance microscopy.
abstract: The performance of nanoelectronics devices critically depends on the distribution of active dopants inside these structures. For this reason, dopant profiling has been defined as one of the major metrology challenges by the international technology roadmap of semiconductors. Scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) has evolved as one of the most viable approaches over the last decade due to its excellent spatial resolution, sensitivity and quantification accuracy. However, in case of advanced device architectures like fins and nanowires a proper measurement of the spreading resistance is often hampered by the increasing impact of parasitic series resistances (e.g. bulk series resistance) arising from the confined nature of the aforementioned structures. In order to overcome this limitation we report in this paper the development and implementation of a novel SSRM mode (fast Fourier transform-SSRM: FFT-SSRM) which essentially decouples the spreading resistance from parasitic series resistance components. We show that this can be achieved by a force modulation (leading to a modulated spreading resistance signal) in combination with a lock-in deconvolution concept. In this paper we first introduce the principle of operation of the technique. We discuss in detail the underlying physical mechanisms as well as the technical implementation on a state-of-the-art atomic force microscope (AFM). We demonstrate the performance of FFT-SSRM and its ability to remove substantial series resistance components in practice. Eventually, the possibility of decoupling the spreading resistance from the intrinsic probe resistance will be demonstrated and discussed.
authors.affiliation: IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: Andreas.Schulze@imec.be.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.affiliation: IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eyben
authors.affiliation: IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hantschel
authors.affiliation: IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vandervorst
keywords: Carrier mapping; Force modulation; SSRM; Scanning probe microscopy