title: Taking local ownership: government and household contribution to indoor residual spraying in Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania.
abstract: While donor funding is instrumental in initiation and implementation of malaria control efforts, national government contributions are key to local ownership and sustainability. This study explored in-kind contributions of local government and households towards the cost of indoor residual spraying (IRS) interventions in Tanzania.
  
  
  
  Data were collected through interviews with local government officials and technical teams in the IRS project. Household contribution was based on provision of water for IRS. Government contributions included government-provided warehouse and office space, vehicles, and staff labour. In-kind contributions were aggregated at the district, regional and national level. Calculations were based on proportion of total costs of IRS from 2010 to 2012.
  
  
  
  The mainland government provided larger amounts of in-kind contribution in absolute value (mean of US$454 200) compared to Zanzibar (US$89 163). On average, in-kind contribution was 5.5% of total costs in Zanzibar and 2.9% in mainland. The proportion of government in-kind contribution was higher in Zanzibar versus the mainland (86% vs 50%) while household contribution was higher in mainland compared to Zanzibar (50% vs 14%).
  
  
  
  Government involvement, particularly through budgetary allocations and increased in-kind contribution, needs to be encouraged for malaria control efforts to be locally owned, managed and sustained.
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania zalidina@hotmail.co.uk.
authors.forename: Zainab
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Alidina
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Colaco
authors.affiliation: Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Abdullah S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Juma H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Mcha
authors.affiliation: National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mwalimu
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Narjis G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Thawer
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Shabbir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lalji
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mutagahywa
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Mahdi M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ramsan
authors.affiliation: United States Agency for International Development/President's Malaria Initiative, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kafuko
authors.affiliation: United States Agency for International Development/President's Malaria Initiative, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kaspar
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Magesa
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reithinger
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Jeremiah M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ngondi
mesh_terms: D005191:Family Characteristics; D035082:Federal Government; D005380:Financing, Government / Q000379:methods*; D005381:Financing, Organized / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009111:Local Government; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000191:economics*; D010067:Ownership / Q000191:economics*; D013636:Tanzania
keywords: Cost analysis; Government contribution; Indoor residual spraying; Malaria control; Tanzania; Zanzibar