title: Beliefs as Self-Sustaining Networks: Drawing Parallels Between Networks of Ecosystems and Adults' Predictions.
abstract: In this paper, we argue that beliefs share common properties with the self-sustaining networks of complex systems. Matching experiences are said to couple with each other into a mutually reinforcing network. The goal of the current paper is to spell out and develop these ideas, using our understanding of ecosystems as a guide. In Part 1 of the paper, we provide theoretical considerations relevant to this new conceptualization of beliefs, including the theoretical overlap between energy and meaning. In Part 2, we discuss the implications of this new conceptualization on our understanding of belief emergence and belief change. Finally, in Part 3, we provide an analytical mapping between beliefs and the self-sustaining networks of ecosystems, namely by applying to behavioral data a measure developed for ecosystem networks. Specifically, average accuracies were subjected to analyses of uncertainty (H) and average mutual information. The ratio between these two values yields degree of order, a measure of how organized the self-sustained network is. Degree of order was tracked over time and compared to the amount of explained variance returned by a categorical non-linear principal components analysis. Finding high correspondence between the two measures of order, together with the theoretical groundwork discussed in Parts 1 and 2, lends preliminary validity to our theory that beliefs have important similarities to the structural characteristics of self-sustaining networks.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Talca Talca, Chile.
authors.forename: Ramon D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognition, Action, and Perception, Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, USA.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kloos
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognition, Action, and Perception, Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Talia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Waltzer
keywords: average mutual information; degree of order; information theory; predictive learning; uncertainty