title: Successful management of ivermectin-induced blindness in an African lion (Panthera leo) by intravenous administration of a lipid emulsion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ivermectin is widely used in veterinary practice for the treatment of ecto- and endo-parasites. In wildlife, an extra-label use this parasiticide is sometimes associated with toxicity. Different treatment regimens have been used in ivermectin toxicosis. The present report describes a successful reversal of ivermectin toxicity by intravenous administration of a commercially available lipid emulsion in a captive African lion (Panthera leo).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-year old captive African lion (Panthera leo) weighing ~130 kg was presented with acute neurological impairment and bilateral blindness that had developed 24 h after ivermectin exposure. The animal was treated with a commercially available lipid emulsion along with supportive therapy and experienced complete recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first case report of the use of lipid emulsion in the management of ivermectin induced blindness in an African lion and it appears that intravenous lipid emulsion may be an effective therapy in ivermectin toxicity in lions. Further testing in expanded clinical trials is clearly warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Punjab, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saqib
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Punjab, Pakistan. ghazanfarabbas3479@gmail.com.|The Equine Center, 4850 Davenport Creek Road, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93401, USA. ghazanfarabbas3479@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ghazanfar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Punjab, Pakistan.|State key of agricultural microbiology, Hzauhong Agriculture university, 430070, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Mudassar Niaz
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Mughal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D001766:Blindness / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D062787:Drug Overdose; D004655:Emulsions / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008045:Lions; D008297:Male; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D010743:Phospholipids; C545823:soybean oil, phospholipid emulsion; D007559:Ivermectin; D013024:Soybean Oil