title: Malaria case in Madagascar, probable implication of a new vector, Anopheles coustani.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Indoor spraying of insecticides and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets are key strategies for national malaria vector control in the central highlands of Madagascar. During the year 2013, malaria outbreaks were reported by the National Malaria Control Programme in the highlands, including the district of Ankazobe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Entomological trapping was carried out in April and May 2013 and in March 2014, using human landing catches, collection of mosquitoes resting in stables and in houses by oral aspirators, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps. Detection of Plasmodium in mosquitoes was carried out on head and thorax of anopheline females by ELISA, CSP and PCR (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium vivax, or Plasmodium ovale). Human biting rate (HBR), sporozoite index and entomological infection rate (EIR) were calculated for Anopheles funestus, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles mascarensis, and Anopheles coustani.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Ankazobe district, the presence of malaria vectors such as An. funestus, An. arabiensis and An. mascarensis was confirmed, and a new and abundant potential vector, An. coustani was detected. Indeed, one individual of An. funestus and two An. coustani were detected positive with P. falciparum while one An. mascarensis and four An. coustani were positive with P. vivax. For An. coustani, in March 2014, the EIR varied from 0.01 infectious bites/person/month (ipm) outdoors to 0.11 ipm indoors. For An. funestus, in April 2013, the EIR was 0.13 ipm. The highest HBR value was observed for An. coustani, 86.13 ipm outdoors. The highest sporozoite rate was also for An. coustani, 9.5 % of An. coustani caught in stable was sporozoite positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implication of An. coustani in malaria transmission was not previously mentioned in Madagascar. Its very high abundance and the detection of Plasmodium coupled with an opportunistic feeding behaviour in villages with malaria cases supports its role in malaria transmission in Madagascar.
authors.affiliation: Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274, Ambatofotsikely, 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar. Jthiery@pasteur.mg.|Ecole doctorale Sciences de la vie et de l'environnement, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar. Jthiery@pasteur.mg.
authors.forename: Thiery N J J
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Nepomichene
authors.affiliation: Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274, Ambatofotsikely, 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar. etienne@pasteur.mg.
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tata
authors.affiliation: Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274, Ambatofotsikely, 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar. seboyer@pasteur.mg.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000145:classification / Q000469:parasitology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology*; D008270:Madagascar / Q000453:epidemiology; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*