title: Anti-inflammatory and anti-chemotactic effects of dietary flaxseed oil on CD8(+) T cell/adipocyte-mediated cross-talk.
abstract: METHODS
  CD8(+) T cell/adipocyte paracrine interactions represent a critical step in the development of the obese inflammatory phenotype that is disrupted by long-chain n-3 PUFA. Our objective was to determine the effect of flaxseed-derived n-3 PUFA (α-linolenic acid) on these paracrine interactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C57BL/6 mice were fed 3.5% flaxseed oil (FX) + 3.5% corn oil diet w/w or an isocaloric 7% corn oil w/w control diet (CON) for 3 wk. 3T3-L1 adipocytes and purified primary splenic CD8(+) T cells were cocultured at an obese cellular ratio (10% CD8(+) T cells) and LPS-stimulated (10 ng/mL mimicking obese circulating endotoxin levels) for 24 h. FX cocultures reduced (i) secreted IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) levels; (ii) activation of inflammatory transcription factors NFκB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell) p65 and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3); and (iii) RAW264.7 macrophage chemotaxis versus CON (p ≤ 0.05). Coculture of pre-inflamed adipocytes (10 ng/mL LPS, 24 h prior to CD8(+) T-cell addition) resulted in reduced secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, MCP-3, MIP-1β, and RANTES in FX cocultures versus CON (p ≤ 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FX exerts an anti-chemotactic and anti-inflammatory effect on CD8(+) T cell/adipocyte paracrine interactions (cross-talk), which has the potential to mitigate macrophage chemotaxis which drives components of the obese phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.|Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Monk
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Danyelle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Liddle
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Morgan J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.|Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zarepoor
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Anna A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: De Boer
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: David W L
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.|Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Krista A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Power
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Lindsay E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000187:drug effects; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D005227:Fatty Acids; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008043:Linseed Oil
keywords: Adipocytes; CD8+ T cells; Flaxseed oil; Obesity; Paracrine cross-talk