title: The effect of dispersed Petrobaltic oil droplet size on photosynthetically active radiation in marine environment.
abstract: Oil pollution in seawater, primarily visible on sea surface, becomes dispersed as an effect of wave mixing as well as chemical dispersant treatment, and forms spherical oil droplets. In this study, we examined the influence of oil droplet size of highly dispersed Petrobaltic crude on the underwater visible light flux and the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of seawater, including absorption, scattering, backscattering and attenuation coefficients. On the basis of measured data and Mie theory, we calculated the IOPs of dispersed Petrobaltic crude oil in constant concentration, but different log-normal size distributions. We also performed a radiative transfer analysis, in order to evaluate the influence on the downwelling irradiance Ed, remote sensing reflectance Rrs and diffuse reflectance R, using in situ data from the Baltic Sea. We found that during dispersion, there occurs a boundary size distribution characterized by a peak diameter d0  = 0.3 μm causing a maximum E d increase of 40% within 0.5-m depth, and the maximum Ed decrease of 100% at depths below 5 m. Moreover, we showed that the impact of size distribution on the "blue to green" ratios of Rrs and R varies from 24% increase to 27% decrease at the same crude oil concentration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Gdynia Maritime University, ul. Morska 81-87, 81-225, Gdynia, Poland. k.haule@wm.am.gdynia.pl.
authors.forename: Kamila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haule
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Gdynia Maritime University, ul. Morska 81-87, 81-225, Gdynia, Poland.
authors.forename: Włodzimierz
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Freda
mesh_terms: D008027:Light; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010316:Particle Size; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis* / Q000528:radiation effects; D059392:Petroleum Pollution / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010788:Photosynthesis; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Dispersed oil; Downwelling irradiance; Oil pollution; Photosynthetically active radiation; Radiative transfer; Remote sensing reflectance; Size distribution