title: Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Stress Distribution and Displacement of the Maxilla Following Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion with Tooth- and Bone-Borne Devices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the displacement and stress distribution during surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion under different surgical conditions with tooth- and bone-borne devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of a maxilla was constructed and an expansion force of 100 N was applied to the left and right molars and premolars with tooth-borne devices and the left and right of mid-palatal sutures at the first molar level with bone-borne devices. Five computer-aided design (CAD) models were simulated as follows and surgical procedures were used: G1: control group (without surgery); G2: Le Fort I osteotomy; G3: Le Fort I osteotomy and para-median osteotomy; G4: Le Fort I osteotomy and pterygomaxillary separation; and G5: Le Fort I osteotomy, para-median osteotomy, and pterygomaxillary separation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maxillary displacement showed a gradual increase from G1 to G5 in all three planes of space, indicating that Le Fort I osteotomy combined with para-median osteotomy and pterygomaxillary separation produced the greatest displacement of the maxilla with both bone- and tooth-borne devices. Surgical relief and bone-borne devices resulted in significantly reduced stress on anchored teeth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination of Le Fort I and para-median osteotomy with pterygomaxillary separation seems to be an effective procedure for increasing maxillary expansion, and excessive stress side effects are lowered around the anchored teeth with the use of bone-borne devices.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Dental Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dalband
authors.affiliation: PhD in Mechanical Engineer, Medical Implant Technology Group, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Jamal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kashani
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashemzehi
keywords: Displacement; Expansion; Finite Element Analysis; Maxillary; Stress