title: Levodopa-Carbidopa Intestinal Gel Infusion Therapy in Advanced Parkinson's Disease: Single Middle Eastern Center Experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD) is often associated with disabling motor and non-motor complications in patients with advanced disease due to the variable absorption of levodopa because of an irregular or erratic emptying of the gastric content.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective single movement disorder center study using pre-set selection criteria, unified PD scale (UPDRS III), non-motor symptoms scale (NMSS), and PD questionnaire-8 (PDQ-8) to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and long-term treatment outcomes using levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) infusion in patients with advanced PD, who were followed up every 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty patients were recruited over a period of 6 years. Disease duration prior to LCIG infusion ranged from 5 to 18 years (mean 11.4 ± 4.2). The mean follow-up time on LCIG therapy was 48.5 ± 23.2 months (range 11-83 months). Mean 'off' time, UPDRS III, NMSS, and PDQ-8 improvement were statistically significant. Two patients dropped out and 66.7% of patients required tube replacement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LCIG infusion monotherapy demonstrated significant improvement in reducing the 'off' time, reducing levodopa-induced dyskinesia, and improving non-motor symptoms and quality of life. This therapy is recommended for patients in whom motor fluctuations are inadequately treated with traditional oral PD therapy.
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorder Program, Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bohlega
authors.forename: Hussam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abou Al-Shaar
authors.forename: Thamer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alkhairallah
authors.forename: Fahad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Ajlan
authors.forename: Nael
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alkahtani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002230:Carbidopa / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004386:Duodenum / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal; D007980:Levodopa / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005782:Gels; C009265:carbidopa, levodopa drug combination; D007980:Levodopa; D002230:Carbidopa