title: Kaempferol inhibits Entamoeba histolytica growth by altering cytoskeletal functions.
abstract: The flavonoid kaempferol obtained from Helianthemum glomeratum, an endemic Mexican medicinal herb used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, has been shown to inhibit growth of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in vitro; however, the mechanisms associated with this activity have not been documented. Several works reported that kaempferol affects cytoskeleton in mammalian cells. In order to gain insights into the action mechanisms involved in the anti-amoebic effect of kaempferol, here we evaluated the effect of this compound on the pathogenic events driven by the cytoskeleton during E. histolytica infection. We also carried out a two dimensional gel-based proteomic analysis to evidence modulated proteins that could explain the phenotypical changes observed in trophozoites. Our results showed that kaempferol produces a dose-dependent effect on trophozoites growth and viability with optimal concentration being 27.7 μM. Kaempferol also decreased adhesion, it increased migration and phagocytic activity, but it did not affect erythrocyte binding nor cytolytic capacity of E. histolytica. Congruently, proteomic analysis revealed that the cytoskeleton proteins actin, myosin II heavy chain and cortexillin II were up-regulated in response to kaempferol treatment. In conclusion, kaempferol anti-amoebic effects were associated with deregulation of proteins related with cytoskeleton, which altered invasion mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnología, ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07320, Mexico.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bolaños
authors.affiliation: Posgrado en Biomedicina Molecular, ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07320, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Díaz-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Posgrado en Biomedicina Molecular, ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07320, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnología, ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07320, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soto
authors.affiliation: Posgrado en Biomedicina Molecular, ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07320, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnología, ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07320, Mexico.
authors.forename: Laurence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Marchat
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Investigación, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea, México City 11620, Mexico.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Monroy
authors.affiliation: Posgrado en Biomedicina Molecular, ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07320, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnología, ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07320, Mexico. Electronic address: estherramirezmoreno@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Moreno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D030601:Cistaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004748:Entamoeba histolytica / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D004749:Entamoebiasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D044949:Kaempferols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008800:Mexico; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D040901:Proteomics; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D053058:Trophozoites / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D044949:Kaempferols; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C006552:kaempferol
keywords: Cytoskeleton; Entamoeba histolytica; Flavonoids; Kaempferol; Pathogenicity; Proteomic analysis