title: Model-based total evidence phylogeny of Neotropical electric knifefishes (Teleostei, Gymnotiformes).
abstract: This study provides the most comprehensive Model-Based Total Evidence (MBTE) phylogenetic analyses of the clade Gymnotiformes to date, reappraising relationships using a dataset comprised of six genes (5277bp) and 223 morphological characters, and an ingroup taxon sample including 120 of 212 valid species representing 34 of the 35 extant genera. Our MBTE analyses indicate the two main gymnotiform clades are Gymnotidae and Sternopygoidei, the latter comprised of Rhamphichthyoidea (Rhamphichthyidae+Hypopomidae) and Sinusoidea (Sternopygidae+Apteronotidae). Within Gymnotidae, Electrophorus and Gymnotus are sister taxa, and Gymnotus includes the following six clades: (i) G. pantherinus clade, (ii) G. coatesi clade, (iii) G. anguillaris clade, (iv) G. tigre clade, (v) G. cylindricus clade, and (vi) G. carapo clade. Within Rhamphichthyoidea, Steatogenae (Steatogenys+Hypopygus) is a member of Rhamphichthyidae, and Hypopomidae includes the following clades: (i) Akawaio, (ii) Hypopomus, (iii) Microsternarchini, and (iv) Brachyhypopomus. Within Sternopygidae, Sternopygus and Eigenmanninae are sister groups, Rhabdolichops is the sister to other Eigenmanninae, Archolaemus+Distocyclus is the sister to Eigenmannia, and Japigny is nested within Eigenmannia. Within Apteronotidae, Sternarchorhamphinae (Sternarchorhamphus+Orthosternarchus) is the sister to Apteronotinae, Adontosternarchus is the sister group to other Apteronotinae, Sternarchorhynchini (Sternarchorhynchus+Platyurosternarchus) is the sister to Navajini, and species assigned to Apteronotus are members of two separate clades: (i) A. sensu stricto in the Apteronotini, and (ii) the "A." bonapartii clade in the Navajini.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil; University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Department of Biology, Lafayette, LA 70504-2451, USA. Electronic address: victor_tagliacollo@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Victor A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Tagliacollo
authors.affiliation: University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Department of Biology, Lafayette, LA 70504-2451, USA.
authors.forename: Maxwell J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bernt
authors.affiliation: University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Department of Biology, Lafayette, LA 70504-2451, USA.
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Department of Biology, Lafayette, LA 70504-2451, USA.
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Albert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023702:Gymnotiformes / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D014329:Tropical Climate
keywords: Electric fishes; Freshwater fishes; Molecular systematics; Morphological characters; South America; Tropical biodiversity