title: Gut Microbiota Orchestrates Energy Homeostasis during Cold.
abstract: Microbial functions in the host physiology are a result of the microbiota-host co-evolution. We show that cold exposure leads to marked shift of the microbiota composition, referred to as cold microbiota. Transplantation of the cold microbiota to germ-free mice is sufficient to increase insulin sensitivity of the host and enable tolerance to cold partly by promoting the white fat browning, leading to increased energy expenditure and fat loss. During prolonged cold, however, the body weight loss is attenuated, caused by adaptive mechanisms maximizing caloric uptake and increasing intestinal, villi, and microvilli lengths. This increased absorptive surface is transferable with the cold microbiota, leading to altered intestinal gene expression promoting tissue remodeling and suppression of apoptosis-the effect diminished by co-transplanting the most cold-downregulated strain Akkermansia muciniphila during the cold microbiota transfer. Our results demonstrate the microbiota as a key factor orchestrating the overall energy homeostasis during increased demand.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chevalier
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ozren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stojanović
authors.affiliation: Centre for BioMedical Imaging (CIBM), Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Didier J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Colin
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suarez-Zamorano
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tarallo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Veyrat-Durebex
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dorothée
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rigo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fabbiano
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stevanović
authors.affiliation: Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagemann
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Montet
authors.affiliation: Centre for BioMedical Imaging (CIBM), Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Yann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Seimbille
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zamboni
authors.affiliation: Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hapfelmeier
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Biosciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, UK. Electronic address: mirko.trajkovski@unige.ch.
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trajkovski
mesh_terms: D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005856:Germ-Free Life; D006706:Homeostasis; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D051379:Mice; D061327:Verrucomicrobia / Q000378:metabolism