title: Malpractice Liability Risk and Use of Diagnostic Imaging Services: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A widespread concern among physicians is that fear of medical malpractice liability may affect their decisions for diagnostic imaging orders. The purpose of this article is to synthesize evidence regarding the defensive use of imaging services.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted using a number of databases. The review included peer-reviewed publications that studied the link between physician orders of imaging tests and malpractice liability pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 13 peer-reviewed studies conducted in the United States. Five of the studies reported physician assessments of the role of defensive medicine in imaging-order decisions; five assessed the association between physicians' liability risk and imaging ordering, and three assessed the impact of liability risk on imaging ordering at the state level. Although the belief that medical liability risk could influence decisions is highly prevalent among physicians, findings are mixed regarding the impact of liability risk on imaging orders at both the state and physician level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inconclusive evidence suggests that physician ordering of imaging tests is affected by malpractice liability risk. Further research is needed to disentangle defensive medicine from other reasons for inefficient use of imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Electronic address: suhuili@gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Suhui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, George Washington University, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brantley
mesh_terms: D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016365:Liability, Legal; D008318:Malpractice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011871:Radiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States; D014600:Utilization Review
keywords: Malpractice liability; diagnostic imaging utilization; physician behavior; tort reform