title: Markers of Antioxidant Defense in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes is considered a state of increased oxidative stress. This study evaluates blood concentrations of selected markers of antioxidant defense in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 80 type 2 diabetes patients and 79 apparently healthy controls. Measured markers included ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and uric acid serum, and plasma and/or hemolysate levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FRAP, uric acid, CRP, and GGT levels were significantly higher in patients with diabetes. Plasma and hemolysate GR was significantly higher whereas GPx activity was significantly lower in patients with diabetes. There were no significant differences in antioxidant defense markers between patients with and without chronic diabetes complications. Fasting serum glucose correlated with plasma GPx, plasma and hemolysate GR, FRAP, and serum GGT, and HbA1c correlated with serum GGT. Only FRAP and serum uric acid were significantly higher in obese (BMI > 30 kg/m(2)) patients with diabetes than in nonobese patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some components of antioxidant defense such as GR, uric acid, and GGT are increased in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the whole system cannot compensate for an enhanced production of ROS as reflected by the trend toward decreased erythrocytes GSH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gawlik
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Naskalski
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fedak
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pawlica-Gosiewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Grudzień
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dumnicka
authors.affiliation: Chair of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Małecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Solnica
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human