title: Occurrence of "never events" after major open vascular surgery procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  "Never events" refers to harmful hospital-acquired conditions that the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services identified in 2008 as largely preventable and that would no longer be reimbursed. Our goal was to identify the incidence, predictive factors, temporal trend, and associated consequences of never events after major open vascular surgery procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) (2003-2011) was queried to identify never events applicable to vascular surgery patients, including air embolism, catheter-based urinary tract infections (UTIs), stage 3 and 4 pressure ulcers, falls/trauma, blood incompatibility, vascular catheter infections, complications of poor glucose control, retained foreign objects, and wrong-site surgery. We specifically evaluated open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, carotid endarterectomy, and lower extremity bypass/femoral endarterectomy. Multivariable logistic regression was used to predict never events based on preoperative variables. Multivariable logistic and gamma regression models were used to study mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), and charges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Never events were identified in 774 of 267,734 patients. The distribution of never events were falls/trauma (59%), pressure ulcers (19%), catheter-based UTI (9%), vascular catheter infection (6%), complications of poor glucose control (5%), and retained objects (4%). Rates of falls and catheter-based UTIs have increased since 2008. Multivariable predictors of any never event included lower extremity bypass, abdominal aortic aneurysm, weight loss, nonelective admission, paralysis, repair, congestive heart failure, altered mental status, renal failure, weekend admission, diabetes, female gender, and age. Race, insurance, hospital type, income level, geography, July to September admission, and other comorbidities were not predictive. After risk factor adjustment, never events were associated with increased perioperative mortality (odds ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-34.8; P < .001), LOS (means ratio, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.7-2.0; P < .001), and total charges (means ratio, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.6-1.8; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Never events after major vascular surgery are associated with a number of perioperative factors and are predictive of increased charges, LOS, and mortality. Falls and catheter-based UTIs have increased in frequency since the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced that it would no longer reimburse for these complications. This study establishes baseline never event rates in the vascular surgery patient population and identifies high-risk patients to target for quality improvement.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Nishant K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Alik
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kalish
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Mohammad H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Eslami
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Aditya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Gheorghe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Doros
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rybin
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass. Electronic address: jeffrey.siracuse@bmc.org.
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Siracuse
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D017722:Hospital Charges; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality