title: Chitosan scaffold enhances growth factor release in wound healing in von Willebrand disease.
abstract: Chitosan-derived biomaterials have been reported to adhere when in contact with blood by encouraging platelets to adhere, activate and aggregate at the sites of vascular injury, thus enhanced wound healing capacity. This study investigated platelet morphology changes and the expression level of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and platelet-derived growth factor-AB (PDGF-AB) in the adherence of two different types of chitosans in von Willebrand disease (vWD): N,O-carboxymethylchitosan (NO-CMC) and oligo-chitosan (O-C). Fourteen vWD voluntary subjects were recruited, and they provided written informed consent. Scanning electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test procedures were employed to achieve the objective of the study. The results suggest that the O-C group showed dramatic changes in the platelet's behaviors. Platelets extended filopodia and generated lamellipodia, leading to the formation of grape-like shaped aggregation. The platelet aggregation occurred depending on the severity of vWD. O-C was bound to platelets on approximately 90% of the surface membrane in vWD type 1; there was 70% and 50% coverage in vWD type II and III, respectively. The O-C chitosan group showed an elevated expression level of TGF-β1 and PDGF-AB. This finding suggests that O-C stimulates these mediators from the activated platelets to the early stage of restoring the damaged cells and tissues. This study demonstrated that the greater expression level of O-C assists in mediating the cytokine complex networks of TGF-β1 and PDGF-AB and induces platelet activities towards wound healing in vWD. With a better understanding of chitosan's mechanisms of action, researchers are able to accurately develop novel therapies to prevent hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Reconstructive Sciences Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mercy Halleluyah
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Periayah
authors.affiliation: Reconstructive Sciences Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ahmad Sukari
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Halim
authors.affiliation: Reconstructive Sciences Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Arman Zaharil Mat
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nik Soriani
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Yaacob
authors.affiliation: Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute No. 1-8, Persiaran Seksyen 4/1, Bandar Putra Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Abdul Rahim
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.affiliation: Hemophilia Clinic, National Blood Centre Jalan Tun Razak, Wilayah Persekutuan 50400, Kuala Lumpur.
authors.forename: Faraizah Abdul
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.affiliation: Industrial Biotechnology Research Centre, SIRIM Berhad No. 1 Persiaran Dato' Menteri, Section 2, P. O. Box 7035, Shah Alam 40700, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ahmad Hazri Abdul
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.affiliation: Industrial Biotechnology Research Centre, SIRIM Berhad No. 1 Persiaran Dato' Menteri, Section 2, P. O. Box 7035, Shah Alam 40700, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zanariah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ujang
keywords: Wound healing; chitosan; growth factors; platelet morphology; von Willebrand disease