title: Hemostasis in sinus surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Optimization of the surgical field involves a complex interplay of many factors. Although it is agreed that hemostasis is critical to safe, efficient, and successful sinus surgery, a lack of consensus exists as to the best way to achieve it. This review examines the current body of evidence supporting many of the practices surgeons believe to influence hemostasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although many of the practices discussed in this article have long been considered to influence hemostasis, it is not until recently that high-level evidence supporting their use has been available. Well designed studies now exist supporting the preoperative use of oral steroids in polyp patients, the importance of adequate reverse trendelenburg positioning, the use of flexible laryngeal mask ventilation during general anesthesia, and the increased safety and comparable efficacy of topical epinephrine over other topical and injectable agents. Controversy still exists as to the ideal method of achieving controlled hypotensive anesthesia, although new evidence has emerged as to what hemodynamic parameters should be adhered to, to reduce the risk of cerebral hypoperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous factors influence hemostasis and so it is important that ENT surgeons have a sound understanding of the evidence supporting their everyday surgical practice. Improved standardization of scoring and reporting of bleeding may increase the power of research studies to draw more definitive conclusions about the role that certain factors have on hemostasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Yi C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Alkis J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Psaltis
mesh_terms: D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical; D006489:Hemostatic Techniques; D006801:Humans; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000601:surgery*