title: Neuromodulation for Epilepsy.
abstract: Several palliative neuromodulation treatment modalities are currently available for adjunctive use in the treatment of medically intractable epilepsy. Over the past decades, a variety of different central and peripheral nervous system sites have been identified, clinically and experimentally, as potential targets for chronic, nonresponsive therapeutic neurostimulation. Currently, the main modalities in clinical use, from most invasive to least invasive, are anterior thalamus deep brain stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, and trigeminal nerve stimulation. Significant reductions in seizure frequency have been demonstrated in clinical trials using each of these neuromodulation therapies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T2S8, Canada.
authors.forename: Vibhor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T2S8, Canada.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sammartino
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433.
authors.forename: Nicholas Kon Kam
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Department of Neural & Biomedical Technology, Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #21-01 Connexis, Singapore 138632.
authors.forename: Rosa Qui Yue
authors.initials: RQ
authors.lastname: So
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T2S8, Canada. Electronic address: richard.wennberg@uhn.ca.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wennberg
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D012640:Seizures / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Deep brain stimulation (DBS); Intractable; Neurostimulation; Refractory seizures; Trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS); Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)