title: Non-target effects of repeated chlorothalonil application on soil nitrogen cycling: The key functional gene study.
abstract: The widespread and increasing application of chlorothalonil (CTN) raises concerns about its non-target impacts, but little information is available on the effect of CTN on the key functional genes related to soil nitrogen (N) cycling, especially in the case of repeated applications. In the present study, a microcosm incubation was conducted to determine CTN residues and the impacts on the abundances of key functional genes related to N cycling after repeated CTN applications. The results demonstrated that repeated CTN applications at the recommended application rate and five times the recommended rate led to the accumulation of CTN residue in soil at concentrations of 5.59 and 78.79 mg kg(-1), respectively, by the end of incubation. Real time PCR (RT-PCR) revealed that repeated CTN applications had negative effects on the chiA and aprA gene abundances. There were significantly negative correlations between CTN residues and abundances of AOA and AOB genes. In addition, the abundances of key functional genes involved in soil denitrification were declined by repeated CTN applications with the sole exception of the nosZ gene. This study suggests that repeated CTN applications could lead to the accumulation of CTN residue and generate somewhat inconsistent and erratic effects on the abundances of key functional genes related to soil N cycling.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia.
authors.forename: Manyun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China. Electronic address: yteng@issas.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Chongqing Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
authors.forename: Wenjie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
authors.forename: Yongming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
authors.forename: Zhengao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D064351:Genes, Microbial; D009570:Nitriles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D058458:Nitrogen Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009570:Nitriles; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C005806:tetrachloroisophthalonitrile; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Chlorothalonil; Functional gene; Nitrogen cycling; Non-target effects