title: Vitamin D as a risk factor for premature atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several cardiovascular risk factors have been recognized in patients with diabetes and vitamin D deficiency is emerging as a new risk. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin D deficiency on the incidence of premature atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 78 patients with type 2 diabetes were subjected to history taking, physical examination, fasting glucose level, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, lipid profile, 25(OH) vitamin D measurement, and carotid Doppler.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with normal carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) had sufficient vitamin D. Of those with increased CIMT 23.1% had insufficient vitamin D while 76.9% had sufficient vitamin D (six patients had plaques, one of them had vitamin D insufficiency, and the other five patients had sufficient vitamin D). There was a statistically significant difference in the serum level of vitamin D between patients with increased CIMT, and those with normal intima, with a decreased level in the first group. There was a significant negative correlation between vitamin D and fasting blood glucose. There was a statistically significant correlation in left CIMT between the vitamin D sufficiency group and the vitamin D insufficiency group, with higher values in the second group. There was no statistically significant difference in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol in patients with increased CIMT and those with normal intima.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased vitamin D levels in patients with diabetes lead to increased CIMT. The absence of a statistically significance difference in lipid profile between increased and normal CIMT groups raises the possibility of underlying causes for atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes other than dyslipidemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Nehal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamdy Al-Said
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Nagwa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abd El Ghaffar Mohamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Randa F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Salam
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Vascular Laboratory, Cairo University, 18th Street el Sherbieny Street, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mary Wadie
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Fawzy
keywords: atherosclerosis; diabetes; vitamin D