title: The relative biological effectiveness of out-of-field dose.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  using simulations and models derived from existing literature, this work investigates relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for out-of-field radiation and attempts to quantify the relative magnitudes of different contributing phenomena (spectral, bystander, and low dose hypersensitivity effects). Specific attention is paid to external beam radiotherapy treatments for prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  using different biological models that account for spectral, bystander, and low dose hypersensitivity effects, the RBE was calculated for different points moving radially out from isocentre for a typical single arc VMAT prostate case. The RBE was found by taking the ratio of the equivalent dose with the physical dose. Equivalent doses were calculated by determining what physical dose would be necessary to produce the same overall biological effect as that predicted using the different biological models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  spectral effects changed the RBE out-of-field less than 2%, whereas response models incorporating low dose hypersensitivity and bystander effects resulted in a much more profound change of the RBE for out-of-field doses. The bystander effect had the largest RBE for points located just outside the edge of the primary radiation beam in the cranial caudal (z-direction) compared to low dose hypersensitivity and spectral effects. In the coplanar direction, bystander effect played the largest role in enhancing the RBE for points up to 8.75 cm from isocentre.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  spectral, bystander, and low dose hypersensitivity effects can all increase the RBE for out-of-field radiation doses. In most cases, bystander effects seem to play the largest role followed by low dose hypersensitivity. Spectral effects were unlikely to be of any clinical significance. Bystander, low dose hypersensitivity, and spectral effect increased the RBE much more in the cranial caudal direction (z-direction) compared with the coplanar directions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Jack Ady Cancer Center, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balderson
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koger
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kirkby
mesh_terms: D024201:Bystander Effect; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness