title: A Longitudinal Examination of Hope and Optimism and Their Role in Type 1 Diabetes in Youths.
abstract: To test the longitudinal associations between hope and optimism and health outcomes (i.e., HbA1c and self-monitored blood glucose [SMBG]) among youths with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) over a 6-month period.
  
  
  
  A total of 110 participants (aged 10-16 years) completed study measures at Time 1, and 81 completed measures at Time 2. Analyses examined hope and optimism as predictors of change in health outcomes, and examined SMBG as a mediator of the relationship between hope and optimism, and HbA1c.
  
  
  
  Change in hope, but not optimism, was associated with change in SMBG and HbA1c. Change in SMBG mediated the relationship between change in hope and HbA1c, but not between optimism and HbA1c.
  
  
  
  It may be beneficial to assess hope in pediatric T1DM patients to identify youths who may be at risk for poor diabetes management, and to test the benefit of hope-based intervention efforts in clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology Program, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, jasonmvanallen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Allen
authors.affiliation: Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas.
authors.forename: Ric G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peugh
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Mercy Kansas City.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, and.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center.
authors.forename: Susana R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Patton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D065026:Hope; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D000067656:Optimism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents