title: Effect of divalent minerals on the bioaccessibility of pure carotenoids and on physical properties of gastro-intestinal fluids.
abstract: During digestion, high concentrations of divalent minerals (DMs) can lead to insoluble lipid-soap complex formation, hampering carotenoid bioaccessibility. The effect of varying concentrations (0-1000 mg/L) of calcium, magnesium, zinc and sodium (control) on the bioaccessibility of lutein, neoxanthin, lycopene and β-carotene, following in vitro gastro-intestinal digestion (GI), was investigated systematically and coupled with physical measurements of the digesta. Addition of DMs significantly decreased (p<0.001) carotenoid bioaccessibility, up to 100% in the case of calcium. Mean half maximal inhibitory concentrations (EC50) for calcium, magnesium and zinc were 270±18, 253±75 and 420±322 mg/L respectively. Increased DM concentrations correlated with decreased viscosity (r>0.9) and decreased carotenoid bioaccessibility. Surface tension of digesta correlated inversely (p<0.05) with the bioaccessibility of carotenoids. This correlation was mineral and carotenoid dependent. Although based on in vitro findings, it is plausible that similar interactions occur in vivo, with DMs affecting the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of carotenoids and other lipophilic micronutrients and phytochemicals.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, LIST - Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Corte-Real
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, LIST - Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iddir
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, LIST - Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soukoulis
authors.affiliation: Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Richling
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, LIST - Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Lucien
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, LIST - Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg. Electronic address: torsten.bohn@gmx.ch.
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bohn
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D004063:Digestion; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007419:Intestinal Secretions / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008274:Magnesium / Q000378:metabolism; D008903:Minerals / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D002338:Carotenoids; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Calcium; Carotenes; Digestion; Magnesium; Micellarization; Solubility; Xanthophylls; Zinc