title: Effects of the Particulate Matter₂.₅ (PM₂.₅) on Lipoprotein Metabolism, Uptake and Degradation, and Embryo Toxicity.
abstract: Particulate matter2.5 (PM2.5) is notorious for its strong toxic effects on the cardiovascular, skin, nervous, and reproduction systems. However, the molecular mechanism by which PM2.5 aggravates disease progression is poorly understood, especially in a water-soluble state. In the current study, we investigated the putative physiological effects of aqueous PM2.5 solution on lipoprotein metabolism. Collected PM2.5 from Seoul, Korea was dissolved in water, and the water extract (final 3 and 30 ppm) was treated to human serum lipoproteins, macrophages, and dermal cells. PM2.5 extract resulted in degradation and aggregation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) as well as low-density lipoprotein (LDL); apoA-I in HDL aggregated and apo-B in LDL disappeared. PM2.5 treatment (final 30 ppm) also induced cellular uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) into macrophages, especially in the presence of fructose (final 50 mM). Uptake of oxLDL along with production of reactive oxygen species was accelerated by PM2.5 solution in a dose-dependent manner. Further, PM2.5 solution caused cellular senescence in human dermal fibroblast cells. Microinjection of PM2.5 solution into zebrafish embryos induced severe mortality accompanied by impairment of skeletal development. In conclusion, water extract of PM2.5 induced oxidative stress as a precursor to cardiovascular toxicity, skin cell senescence, and embryonic toxicity via aggregation and proteolytic degradation of serum lipoproteins.
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Korea.|Research Institute of Protein Sensor, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Korea.|BK21plus Program Serum Biomedical Research and Education Team, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Koreaa.
authors.forename: Jae-Yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Korea.|Research Institute of Protein Sensor, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Korea.|BK21plus Program Serum Biomedical Research and Education Team, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Koreaa.
authors.forename: Eun-Young
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Korea.|Research Institute of Protein Sensor, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Korea.|BK21plus Program Serum Biomedical Research and Education Team, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Koreaa.
authors.forename: Inho
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Korea.|Research Institute of Protein Sensor, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Korea.|BK21plus Program Serum Biomedical Research and Education Team, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Koreaa.
authors.forename: Jihoe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Korea.|Research Institute of Protein Sensor, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Korea.|BK21plus Program Serum Biomedical Research and Education Team, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Koreaa.
authors.forename: Kyung-Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016922:Cellular Senescence; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D005632:Fructose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D008074:Lipoproteins; D052638:Particulate Matter; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005632:Fructose
keywords: embryo; glycation; lipoprotein; oxidation; particulate matter 2.5; zebrafish