title: Evaluating a handwashing with soap program in Australian remote Aboriginal communities: a pre and post intervention study design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The No Germs on Me (NGoM) Social Marketing Campaign to promote handwashing with soap to reduce high rates of infection among children living in remote Australian Aboriginal communities has been ongoing since 2007. Recently three new television commercials were developed as an extension of the NGoM program. This paper reports on the mass media component of this program, trialling an evaluation design informed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB).
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey questionnaire taking an ecological approach and based on the principals and constructs of the TPB was developed. Surveys were completed in six discrete Aboriginal communities immediately before and on completion of four weeks intensive televising of the three new commercials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across the six communities access in the home to a television that worked ranged from 49 to 83 % (n = 415). Seventy-seven per cent (n = 319) of participants reported having seen one or more of the new commercials. Levels of acceptability and comprehension of the content of the commercials was high (97 % n = 308). Seventy-five per cent (n = 651) of participants reported they would buy more soap, toilet paper and facial tissues if these were not so expensive in their communities. For TPB constructs demonstrated to have good internal reliability the findings were mixed and these need to be interpreted with caution due to limitations in the study design.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cultural, social-economic and physical barriers in remote communities make it challenging to promote adults and children wash their hands with soap and maintain clean faces such that these behaviours become habit. Low levels of access to a television in the home illustrate the extreme level of disadvantage experienced in these communities. Highlighting that social marketing programs have the potential to increase disadvantage if expensive items such as television sets are needed to gain access to information. This trial of a theory informed evaluation design allowed for new and rich information to be obtained about community members' beliefs, attitudes and intentions towards teaching and assisting children so safe hygiene behaviours become habit. Findings will support an evidence-based approach is taken to plan future NGoM program activities.
authors.affiliation: Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Post Office Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Australia. liz.mcdonald@menzies.edu.au.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.affiliation: Centre for Child Development and Education, Menzies School of Health Research, Menzies School of Health Research, Post Office Box 41096, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Australia. Teresa.cunningham@menzies.edu.au.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.affiliation: Northern Territory Government Environmental Health Branch, Post Office Box 40596, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Australia. Nicola.Slavin@nt.gov.au.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Slavin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D032882:Comprehension; D004463:Ecology; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D008297:Male; D008402:Mass Media; D011203:Poverty; D015397:Program Evaluation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012915:Soaps; D040241:Social Marketing; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013690:Television
chemical_list: D012915:Soaps