title: Peripheral leukocyte profile in people with temporal lobe epilepsy reflects the associated proinflammatory state.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Markers of low-grade peripheral inflammation have been reported amongst people with epilepsy. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unknown. We attempted to characterize peripheral immune cells and their activation status in people with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty people with TLE and 19 controls were recruited, and peripheral blood lymphocyte and monocyte subsets evaluated ex vivo by multi-color flow cytometry. People with TLE had higher expression of HLA-DR, CD69, CTLA-4, CD25, IL-23R, IFN-γ, TNF and IL-17 in CD4(+) lymphocytes than controls. Granzyme A, CTLA-4, IL-23R and IL-17 expression was also elevated in CD8(+) T cells from people with TLE. Frequency of HLA-DR in CD19(+) B cells and regulatory T cells CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) producing IL-10 was higher in TLE when compared with controls. A negative correlation between CD4(+) expressing co-stimulatory molecules (CD69, CD25 and CTLA-4) with age at onset of seizures was found. The frequency of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) cells was also positively correlated with age at onset of seizures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immune cells of people with TLE show an activation profile, mainly in effector T cells, in line with the low-grade peripheral inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: ericalmvieira@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Érica Leandro Marciano
authors.initials: ÉLM
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Treatment Advanced Centre (NATE), Felício Rocho Hospital, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Medicine School, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme Nogueira M
authors.initials: GNM
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Marcelo K
authors.initials: JMK
authors.lastname: Lessa
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Epilepsy Treatment Advanced Centre (NATE), Felício Rocho Hospital, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antônio Carlos P
authors.initials: ACP
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunologia do Envelhecimento, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Moises E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, SL9 0RJ, UK.
authors.forename: Josemir W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cendes
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: altexr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Antônio Lúcio
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Teixeira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping / Q000379:methods; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000378:metabolism; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C508717:IL17A protein, human; D020381:Interleukin-17; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: Cell activation; Cytokines; Human temporal lobe epilepsy; Immunophenotyping; Lymphocytes