title: Upper-normal waist circumference is a risk marker for metabolic syndrome in normal-weight subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate implication of upper-normal waist circumference (WC), we examined whether the normal range of WC still represents a risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) or non-adipose MetS components among normal-weight subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 173,510 persons (100,386 men and 73,124 women) with normal WC (<90/80 cm in men/women) and body mass index (BMI) of 18.5-24.9 were included. Subjects were categorized as having low, moderate, and upper-normal WC for those with WC < 80, 80-84, and 85-89 cm in men and <70, 70-74, and 75-79 cm in women, respectively. The prevalence of all the non-adipose MetS components (e.g. prediabetes and borderline dyslipidemia) was significantly higher in subjects with upper-normal WC on comparison with those with low WC. Overall, the prevalence of MetS (having three or more of four non-adipose MetS components) gradually increased with increasing WC (12%, 21%, and 27% in men and 11%, 14%, and 19% in women for low, moderate, and upper-normal WC, respectively). Moreover, the risk of having a greater number of MetS components increased in subjects with upper-normal WC compared with those with low WC (odds ratios for the number of one, two, three, and four MetS components: 1.29, 1.81, 2.53, and 2.47 in men and 1.16, 1.55, 1.49, and 2.20 in women, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upper-normal WC represents a risk for acquiring a greater number of MetS components and the early stage of MetS components (prediabetes and borderline dyslipidemia), after adjusting for BMI, in a large general population with normal WC and BMI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan. Electronic address: rieokada@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Health Science Center, Aichi Health Promotion Foundation, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsushita
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakai
authors.affiliation: Department of Young Leaders' Program in Health Care Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D056865:Ideal Body Weight; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Body mass index; Dyslipidemia; Metabolic syndrome; Prediabetes; Waist circumference