title: Relevance of fruits, vegetables and flavonoids from fruits and vegetables during early life, mid-childhood and adolescence for levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and its binding proteins IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 in young adulthood.
abstract: The growth hormone (GH) insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis has been linked to insulin metabolism and cancer risk. Experimental evidence indicates that the GH-IGF axis itself can be influenced by dietary flavonoids. As fruit and vegetable (FV) intake is a major source of flavonoid consumption, FV's beneficial health effects may be explained via flavonoids' influence on the GH-IGF axis, but observational evidence is currently rare. We used data from Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study participants to analyse prospective associations between FV, fruit intake and flavonoid intake from FV (FlavFV) with IGF-1 and its binding proteins IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3. Subjects needed to provide a fasting blood sample in adulthood (18-39 years) and at least two 3-d weighed dietary records in early life (0·5-2 years, n 191), mid-childhood (3-7 years, n 265) or adolescence (girls: 9-15 years, boys: 10-16 years, n 261). Additional analyses were conducted among those providing at least three 24-h urine samples in adolescence (n 236) to address the predictor urinary hippuric acid (HA), a biomarker of polyphenol intake. Higher fruit intake in mid-childhood and adolescence was related to higher IGFBP-2 in adulthood (P=0·03 and P=0·045). Comparable trends (P=0·045-0·09) were discernable for FV intake (but not FlavFV) in all three time windows. Similarly, higher adolescent HA excretion tended to be related (P=0·06) to higher adult IGFBP-2 levels. Regarding IGFBP-3, a marginal (P=0·08) positive association was observed with FlavFV in mid-childhood only. None of the investigated dietary factors was related to IGF-1. In conclusion, higher fruit and FV intakes during growth may be relevant for adult IGFBP-2, but probably not for IGFBP-3 or IGF-1.
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences - Nutritional Epidemiology,Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn,Heinstueck 11,44225 Dortmund,Germany.
authors.forename: Danika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krupp
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences - Nutritional Epidemiology,Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn,Heinstueck 11,44225 Dortmund,Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Remer
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences - Nutritional Epidemiology,Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn,Heinstueck 11,44225 Dortmund,Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Penczynski
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences - Nutritional Epidemiology,Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn,Heinstueck 11,44225 Dortmund,Germany.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bolzenius
authors.affiliation: 2Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Pediatric Endocrinology,Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine,Peptide Hormone Research Unit,Justus Liebig University of Giessen,Feulgenstrasse 12,35392 Giessen,Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wudy
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences - Nutritional Epidemiology,Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn,Heinstueck 11,44225 Dortmund,Germany.
authors.forename: Anette E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Buyken
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015930:Diet Records; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006626:Hippurates / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018971:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006626:Hippurates; C583557:IGF1 protein, human; C577903:IGFBP2 protein, human; C515497:IGFBP3 protein, human; D018971:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D059808:Polyphenols; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; C030514:hippuric acid
keywords: Children; DONALD Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed; FV fruit and vegetable; FlavFV flavonoid intake from FV; Flavonoids; Fruits and vegetables; GH growth hormone; GI glycaemic index; HA hippuric acid; IGF insulin-like growth factor; IGFBP IGF-1 and its binding protein; Insulin-like growth factor; USDA US Department of Agriculture