title: MiRNAs and Other Epigenetic Changes as Biomarkers in Triple Negative Breast Cancer.
abstract: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterised by the lack of receptors for estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2). Since it cannot be treated by current endocrine therapies which target these receptors and due to its aggressive nature, it has one of the worst prognoses of all breast cancer subtypes. The only treatments remain chemo- and/or radio-therapy and surgery and because of this, novel biomarkers or treatment targets are urgently required to improve disease outcomes. MicroRNAs represent an attractive candidate for targeted therapies against TNBC, due to their natural ability to act as antisense interactors and regulators of entire gene sets involved in malignancy and their superiority over mRNA profiling to accurately classify disease. Here we review the current knowledge regarding miRNAs as biomarkers in TNBC and their potential use as therapeutic targets in this disease. Further, we review other epigenetic changes and interactions of these changes with microRNAs in this breast cancer subtype, which may lead to the discovery of new treatment targets for TNBC.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Information Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia. andrea.mathe@uon.edu.au.|Priority Research Centre for Cancer, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia. andrea.mathe@uon.edu.au.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mathe
authors.affiliation: Centre for Information Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia. rodney.scott@newcastle.edu.au.|Priority Research Centre for Cancer, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia. rodney.scott@newcastle.edu.au.|Hunter Area Pathology Service, Pathology North, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia. rodney.scott@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Centre for Information Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia. Kelly.Kiejda@newcastle.edu.au.|Priority Research Centre for Cancer, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia. Kelly.Kiejda@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Avery-Kiejda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D034622:RNA Interference; D064726:Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D035683:MicroRNAs
keywords: DNA methylation; microRNA; triple negative breast cancer