title: Pore-forming toxins: ancient, but never really out of fashion.
abstract: Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are virulence factors produced by many pathogenic bacteria and have long fascinated structural biologists, microbiologists and immunologists. Interestingly, pore-forming proteins with remarkably similar structures to PFTs are found in vertebrates and constitute part of their immune system. Recently, structural studies of several PFTs have provided important mechanistic insights into the metamorphosis of PFTs from soluble inactive monomers to cytolytic transmembrane assemblies. In this Review, we discuss the diverse pore architectures and membrane insertion mechanisms that have been revealed by these studies, and we consider how these features contribute to binding specificity for different membrane targets. Finally, we explore the potential of these structural insights to enable the development of novel therapeutic strategies that would prevent both the establishment of bacterial resistance and an excessive immune response.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dal Peraro
authors.affiliation: Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: F Gisou
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: van der Goot
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology*; D052899:Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D037521:Virulence Factors
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D052899:Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors