title: Association between sleeping hours and cardiometabolic risk factors for metabolic syndrome in a Saudi Arabian population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological and molecular studies have shown that sleep duration is associated with metabolic syndrome (MtS), a disease that is on the rise in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. We aim to investigate the association between sleep duration and selected cardiometabolic risk factors of MtS in a Saudi Arabian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary care was given to the participants. There were 2 participating centres, shopping malls in North and South Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 2686 participants over a 1-year study period. Participants were selected based on their willingness. The only criterion for exclusion was living in the area (North or South Jeddah) for less than 15 years.
  Participants were measured for blood sugar levels, blood pressure and body mass index. All participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a positive association between longer sleep duration and obesity, hypertension and hyperglycaemia. The adjusted ORs for obesity, hypertension and hyperglycaemia were 1.54 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.98), 1.89 (95% CI 1.45 to 2.48) and 1.59 (95% CI 1.19 to 2.13), respectively, in participants sleeping >8 h/night, as compared with those sleeping 7 h. The positive associations between longer sleep duration, defined as sleeping >7 h, and the disease status, did not differ from other risk factors such as physical activity and nutrition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first epidemiological study reporting on the association between sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors of MtS in a Saudi Arabian population. Sleep durations of 8 h or greater were found to be associated with all 3 cardiometabolic risk factors: obesity, hypertension and hyperglycaemia, and this relationship was not confounded by quality of nutrition or physical activity levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brocato
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Fen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environmental and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Magdy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environmental and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mansour A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alghamdi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environmental and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mamdouh I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Khoder
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environmental and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Alser A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Alkhatim
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environmental and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mamdouh H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Abdou
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D057566:Self Report; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Sleep; metabolic syndrome