title: Radiation dosimetry and biodistribution in non-human primates of the sodium/iodide PET ligand [(18)F]-tetrafluoroborate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  [(18)F]-tetrafluoroborate is a PET radiotracer taken up by the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS). Albeit the in vivo behavior in rodents is similar to the (99m)Tc-pertechnetate, no studies exist in primates or in humans. The aims of this study were to evaluate the biodistribution of [(18)F]-tetrafluoroborate in non-human primates with PET and to estimate the absorbed dose in organs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-body PET imaging was done in a Siemens ECAT HR+ scanner in two male Macaca fascicularis monkeys. After an i.v. injection of 24.93 ± 0.05 MBq/kg of [(18)F]-tetrafluoroborate, prepared by isotopic exchange of sodium tetrafluoroborate with [(18)F]-fluoride under acidic conditions, eight sequential images from the head to the thigh (five beds) were collected for a total duration of 132 min. The whole-body emission scan was reconstructed applying attenuation and scatter corrections. After image reconstruction, three-dimensional volumes of interest (VOIs) were hand-drawn on the PET transaxial or coronal slices of the frame where the organ was most conspicuous. Time-activity curves for each VOI were obtained, and the organ residence times were calculated by integration of the time-activity curves. Human absorbed doses were estimated using the OLINDA/EXM software and the standard human model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  [(18)F]-tetrafluoroborate was able to discriminate clearly the thyroid gland with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio. Most of the radiotracers (residence time) are localised in the organs that express NIS (stomach wall, salivary glands, thyroid, olfactory mucosa), are involved in excretion (kidneys and bladder), or reflect the vascular phase (heart and lungs). Considering the OLINDA source organs, the critical organs were the stomach wall, thyroid and bladder wall, with absorbed doses lower than 0.078 mGy/MBq. The effective dose was 0.025 mSv/MBq.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  [(18)F]-tetrafluoroborate is a very useful radiotracer for PET thyroid imaging in primates, with a characteristic biodistribution in organs expressing NIS. It delivers an effective dose slightly higher than the dose produced by (99m)Tc-pertechnetate but much lower than that produced by radioiodine in the form of (131)INa, (123)INa, or (124)INa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. jmmartic@unav.es.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain. jmmartic@unav.es.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Marti-Climent
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. mcollant@unav.es.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain. mcollant@unav.es.|Small Animal Imaging Research Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) - Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. mcollant@unav.es.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Collantes
authors.affiliation: Division of Imaging Sciences, King's College, London, UK. maite.jauregui-osoro@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jauregui-Osoro
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. gquinfer@unav.es.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain. gquinfer@unav.es.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Quincoces
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. eprietoaz@unav.es.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain. eprietoaz@unav.es.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prieto
authors.affiliation: Small Animal Imaging Research Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) - Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. izaskun.bilbao@cnic.es.|Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) - CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain. izaskun.bilbao@cnic.es.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bilbao
authors.affiliation: Small Animal Imaging Research Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) - Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. mecay@unav.es.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ecay
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. jarichter@unav.es.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain. jarichter@unav.es.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. ipenuelas@unav.es.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain. ipenuelas@unav.es.|Small Animal Imaging Research Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) - Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. ipenuelas@unav.es.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Peñuelas
keywords: Dosimetry; Non-human primate; PET; Radionuclide imaging; Sodium/iodide symporter; Tetrafluoroborate; Thyroid