title: Theoretical Investigation of Tautomeric Equilibria for Isonicotinic Acid, 4-Pyridone, and Acetylacetone in Vacuo and in Solution.
abstract: Tautomeric equilibria have been theoretically calculated for isonicotinic acid (neutral and zwitterionic forms), the 4-pyridone/4-hydroxypyridine system, and the keto-enol transformation for acetylacetone in vacuo and in tetrahydrofuran, methanol, and water solvents. Solvent, basis set, and cavity model effects have been studied in the integral equation formalism for the polarizable continuum model (IEF-PCM)/B3LYP framework, as well as the effect of the procedure, CHELPG or RESP, applied in fitting atomic charges to the in-solution molecular electrostatic potential (ELPO). The in-solution optimized geometries obtained at the IEF-PCM/B3LYP/6-31G* and 6-311++G** levels differ moderately but deviate from their gas-phase counterparts. Atomic charges fitted to the in-solution ELPO show small variations in the considered solvents, as well as when the united-atom cavity model, or a model with explicit consideration of polar hydrogens and scaled Bondi radii, has been applied. In contrast, the fitting procedure considerably affects the derived charges producing more separated atomic charges when the CHELPG rather than the RESP procedure is utilized. The fitted charges increase up to 20% in absolute value when the basis set is enlarged from 6-31G* to 6-311++G** in the IEF-PCM/B3LYP calculations. The relative free energy, calculated as ΔGtot = ΔEint + ΔG(solv) + ΔGthermal + (symmetry correction), in an ab initio/density funtional theory (DFT) + free energy perturbation (FEP)/Monte Carlo (MC) approximation strongly depends on the accepted value for the relative internal energy, ΔEint, of the tautomers. ΔEint is to be calculated at the IEF-PCM/QCISD(T)/cc-pVTZ//IEF-PCM/B3LYP/6-31G* level for the isonicotinic acid tautomers for producing relative free energies in aqueous solution close to experimental values. In other solvents, for this system and for the other two tautomeric equilibria, calculation of ΔEint at the IEF-PCM/B3LYP/6-31G* level produces ΔGtot in agreement up to 1 kcal/mol with the experimental values. FEP/MC ΔG(solv) calculations provide robust results with RESP charges derived by a fit to the in-solution ELPO generated at the IEF-PCM/B3LYP/6-31G* level. Molecular dynamics simulations pointed out that isonicotinic acid forms a dimeric zwitterion in tetrahydrofuran, in contrast to what happens in aqueous solution, and this structural peculiarity was interpreted as the reason for the failure of the ab initio/DFT + FEP/MC method in this particular solution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry and Center for Drug Design and Development, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, and CNR-IPCF, Institute for Physico-Chemical Processes, Molecular Modeling Lab, Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Peter I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry and Center for Drug Design and Development, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, and CNR-IPCF, Institute for Physico-Chemical Processes, Molecular Modeling Lab, Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alagona
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry and Center for Drug Design and Development, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, and CNR-IPCF, Institute for Physico-Chemical Processes, Molecular Modeling Lab, Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ghio