title: Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Their Metabolites in Indoor Dust from Homes and Microenvironments.
abstract: Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs), including 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT), are extensively used in food, cosmetic and plastic industries. Nevertheless, limited information is available on human exposures, other than the dietary sources, to SPAs. In this study, occurrence of 9 SPAs and their metabolites/degradation products was determined in 339 indoor dust collected from 12 countries. BHT was found in 99.5% of indoor dust samples from homes and microenvironments at concentrations that ranged from < LOQ to 118 μg/g and 0.10 to 3460 μg/g, respectively. This is the first study to measure BHT metabolites in house dust (0.01-35.1 μg/g) and their concentrations accounted for 9.2-58% of the sum concentrations (∑SPAs). 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (BHT-CHO), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenol (BHT-OH), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BHT-Q) were the major derivatives of BHT found in dust samples. The concentrations of gallic acid esters (gallates) in dust from homes and microenvironments ranged from < LOQ to 18.2 and < LOQ to 684 μg/g, respectively. The concentrations and profiles of SPAs varied among countries and microenvironments. Significantly elevated concentrations of SPAs were found in dust from an e-waste workshop (1530 μg/g). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of BHT via house dust ingestion ranged from 0.40 to 222 ng/kg/d (95th percentile).
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States.
authors.forename: Alexandros G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Asimakopoulos
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Khalid O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Abualnaja
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covaci
authors.affiliation: Environmental Management Program, Environment and Life Sciences Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research , P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Bondi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gevao
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Chemistry Group, Sede San Pablo, University of Cartagena , Cartagena, Bolívar 130015, Colombia.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johnson-Restrepo
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Taha A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kumosani
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Govindan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malarvannan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi , 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Tu Binh
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Minh
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University , Ansan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo-Bang
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruhiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Patna University , Patna 800 005, India.
authors.forename: Ravindra K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States.|Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Kurunthachalam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000032:analysis; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D012111:Residence Characteristics
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001547:Benzaldehydes; D004391:Dust; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010636:Phenols; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene; D005707:Gallic Acid; C513957:3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde