title: Evaluation of periodontitis in hospital outpatients with major depressive disorder. A focus on gingival and circulating cytokines.
abstract: An imbalance in stimulated cytokine production is associated with the etiopathogenesis of numerous diseases such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and periodontal disease. Increased cytokine levels have been reported in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with MDD. Thirty-six outpatients with MDD participated in this study. Each outpatient was age-matched (± 3 years) with a healthy control (n=36). The patients were controlled for race and smoking habits. Unstimulated and stimulated interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and interferon-γ (INF-γ) production in whole blood culture (WBC) and IL-6 and IL-1β levels in the GCF were evaluated. Circulating levels of IL-6 and IL-1β (unstimulated) as well as GCF IL-1β were modestly lower in MDD patients, compared to the levels in age-matched controls (Mann-Whitney, p=0.002, 0.0075, ANCOVA, p=0.025, respectively). In the unstimulated group, there was no correlation between the levels of circulating IL-6 and GCF IL-6 (r=0.07, p=0.67), and between the levels of circulating IL-1β and the IL-1β level in the CGF (r=-0.08, p=0.63). In the LPS stimulation group, there was no correlation between the levels of circulating levels of IL-6 and GCF IL-6 (r=0. 02, p=0.91) or between the circulating IL-1β and GCF IL-1β (r=0.13, p=0.42). We observed modest immunosuppression in MDD patients (evaluated by no stimulation whole blood culture [WBC]), especially in patients with melancholic depression, chronic depression, and severe depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: anacristinasolis@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana Cristina de Oliveira
authors.initials: ACO
authors.lastname: Solis
authors.affiliation: Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: andreahorvathmarques@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Andrea Horvath
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: wagdom@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Wagner Vasques
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.affiliation: The Program of Research on Violence (PROVE), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: ebaprado@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Euthymia Brandão de Almeida
authors.initials: EBA
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: pannuti@usp.br.
authors.forename: Cláudio Mendes
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pannuti
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: rfml@usp.br.
authors.forename: Roberto Fraga Moreira
authors.initials: RFM
authors.lastname: Lotufo
authors.affiliation: Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: franciscolotufo@uol.com.br.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lotufo-Neto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: Interferon-γ; Interleukin-1β; Interleukin-6; Major depressive disorder; Periodontal disease