title: Prevalence of Depression Among Stroke Survivors: Racial-Ethnic Differences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although poststroke depression is common, racial-ethnic disparities in depression among stroke survivors remain underexplored. Thus, we investigated the relationship between race/ethnicity and depression in a multiracial-ethnic stroke cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline survey data of validated scales of depression and functional status, demographics, comorbidities, and socioeconomic status were used from a recurrent stroke prevention study among community-dwelling urban stroke/transient ischemic attack survivors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort included 556 participants with a mean age of 64 years. The majorities were black (44%) or latino (42%) and female (60%), had their last stroke/transient ischemic attack nearly 2 years before study enrollment, and lived below the poverty level (58%). Nearly 1 in 2 latinos, 1 in 4 blacks, and 1 in 8 whites were depressed. Multivariate logistic regression showed that survivors who were younger, were female, had ≥3 comorbid conditions, were functionally disabled from stroke, lacked emotional-social support, and who took antidepressants before study entry had higher risk of depression. Time since last stroke/transient ischemic attack did not affect the chance of depression. After adjusting for all above risk factors, latinos had 3× the odds of depression (95% confidence interval: 1.18-6.35) than whites; blacks and whites had similar odds of depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reveals that latino stroke survivors have a significantly higher prevalence of depression compared with their non-latino counterparts.
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Health Equity and Community Engaged Research (K.F., E.K.T.B., C.R.H.) and Center for Biostatistics (K.F., E.K.T.B.), Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; Yale Institute for Network Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT (R.N.); Institute for Family Health, New York, NY (G.A.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY (C.R.H.). kezhen.fei@mountsinai.org.
authors.forename: Kezhen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fei
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Health Equity and Community Engaged Research (K.F., E.K.T.B., C.R.H.) and Center for Biostatistics (K.F., E.K.T.B.), Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; Yale Institute for Network Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT (R.N.); Institute for Family Health, New York, NY (G.A.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY (C.R.H.).
authors.forename: Emma K T
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Benn
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Health Equity and Community Engaged Research (K.F., E.K.T.B., C.R.H.) and Center for Biostatistics (K.F., E.K.T.B.), Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; Yale Institute for Network Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT (R.N.); Institute for Family Health, New York, NY (G.A.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY (C.R.H.).
authors.forename: Rennie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Negron
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Health Equity and Community Engaged Research (K.F., E.K.T.B., C.R.H.) and Center for Biostatistics (K.F., E.K.T.B.), Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; Yale Institute for Network Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT (R.N.); Institute for Family Health, New York, NY (G.A.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY (C.R.H.).
authors.forename: Guedy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arniella
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Health Equity and Community Engaged Research (K.F., E.K.T.B., C.R.H.) and Center for Biostatistics (K.F., E.K.T.B.), Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; Yale Institute for Network Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT (R.N.); Institute for Family Health, New York, NY (G.A.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY (C.R.H.).
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tuhrim
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Health Equity and Community Engaged Research (K.F., E.K.T.B., C.R.H.) and Center for Biostatistics (K.F., E.K.T.B.), Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY; Yale Institute for Network Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT (R.N.); Institute for Family Health, New York, NY (G.A.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY (C.R.H.).
authors.forename: Carol R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Horowitz
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D020521:Stroke / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: comorbidity; depression; prevalence; racial/ethnic disparity; stroke