title: The role of viral infections in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma.
abstract: Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are major causes of global morbidity and mortality worldwide. The clinical course of both asthma and COPD are punctuated by the occurrence of exacerbations, acute events characterized by increased symptoms and airflow obstruction. Exacerbations contribute most of the morbidity, mortality and excess healthcare costs associated with both asthma and COPD. COPD and asthma exacerbations are frequently associated with respiratory virus infections and this has led to an intense research focus into the mechanisms of virus-induced exacerbations over the past decade. Current therapies are effective in reducing chronic symptoms but are less effective in preventing exacerbations, particularly in COPD. Understanding the mechanisms of virus-induced exacerbation will lead to the development of new targeted therapies that can reduce the burden of virus-induced exacerbations. In this review we discuss current knowledge of virus-induced exacerbations of asthma and COPD with a particular focus on mechanisms, human studies, virus-bacteria interactions and therapeutic advances.
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Farne
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.affiliation: Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Luke
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK.
authors.forename: Sebastian L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK p.mallia@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mallia
mesh_terms: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D060085:Coinfection; D018450:Disease Progression; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D014780:Viruses / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents
keywords: COPD; asthma; bacteria; respiratory viruses