title: Diagnosis of Bladder Carcinoma: A Clinician's Perspective.
abstract: In 2014, more than 74,000 new cases and 15,000 deaths from bladder cancer were estimated to occur. The most reliable prognostic factors for survival are pathologic stage and histologic grade. Accordingly, a good understanding of the pathologic features of these cancers is essential to guide optimal clinical treatment, which requires a multidisciplinary team of pathologists, urologists, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists. This review highlights several clinical scenarios in which detailed pathologic evaluation and accurate reporting impact clinical management.
authors.affiliation: Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 1230 DANA, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Electronic address: LaurenC_Harshman@DFCI.HARVARD.EDU.
authors.forename: Lauren C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Harshman
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45, Francis street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.affiliation: Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 1230 DANA, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bellmunt
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Clair
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beard
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000473:pathology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Bladder cancer; Histologic variants; Nonmetastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer; Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer