title: India ink induces apoptosis in the yellow clam Mesodesma mactroides (Deshayes, 1854). Optical and ultrastructural study.
abstract: This paper reports on the acute inflammatory and cellular process in the yellow clam, Mesodesma mactroides, induced by injection of India ink into the muscular foot. Histological observations with optical and electronic microscopy were made at 24 and 48 h after injection. The induced cellular inflammatory response consisted of a general hemocyte infiltration without necrosis and apoptotic activity. Migration of ink-laden phagocytes across the intestinal epithelium was recorded. It appeared that the yellow clam "excreted" ink particles through the gill and kidney. The positive staining for apoptosis was observed in the digestive gland. Electronic microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptotic bodies in the digestive gland. The mechanism by which the India ink particles induce apoptosis remains unknown, but might possibly be associated with the endoplasmic reticulum stress. This work has highlighted features that require further discussion in the restricted field the inflammatory responses of mollusks.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Yuri B M
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jethro
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Poersch
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Romano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002244:Carbon / Q000633:toxicity*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009336:Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C028433:chinese ink; D002244:Carbon