title: Tear film osmolality and electrolyte composition in healthy horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the tear film osmolality and electrolyte composition in healthy horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  15 healthy adult horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each horse was manually restrained, and an ophthalmic examination, which included slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and a Schirmer tear test, was performed. Tear samples were collected from both eyes with microcapillary tubes 3 times at 5-minute intervals. The tear samples for each horse were pooled, and the osmolality and electrolyte concentrations were measured. The mean (SD) was calculated for each variable to establish preliminary guidelines for tear film osmolality and electrolyte composition in healthy horses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (SD) tear film osmolality was 283.51 (9.33) mmol/kg, and the mean (SD) sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium concentrations were 134.75 (10), 16.3 (5.77), 3.48 (1.97), and 1.06 (0.42) mmol/L, respectively. The sodium concentration in the tear film was similar to that in serum, whereas the potassium concentration in the tear film was approximately 4.75 times that of serum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results provided preliminary guidelines with which tear samples obtained from horses with keratopathies can be compared. Measurement of tear film osmolality in these horses was easy and noninvasive. The tear film concentration of divalent cations was greater than expected and was higher than the divalent cation concentrations in the tear films of rabbits and humans. These data may be clinically useful for the diagnosis and monitoring of hyperosmolar ocular surface disease in horses.
authors.forename: Lori J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: Diane V H
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Hendrix
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D002412:Cations; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011188:Potassium / Q000737:chemistry; D011817:Rabbits; D012964:Sodium / Q000737:chemistry; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D004573:Electrolytes; D012964:Sodium; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium