title: Physical Training for Long-Duration Spaceflight.
abstract: Physical training has been conducted on the International Space Station (ISS) for the past 10 yr as a countermeasure to physiological deconditioning during spaceflight. Each member space agency has developed its own approach to creating and implementing physical training protocols for their astronauts. We have divided physical training into three distinct phases (preflight, in-flight, and postflight) and provided a description of each phase with its constraints and limitations. We also discuss how each member agency (NASA, ESA, CSA, and JAXA) prescribed physical training for their crewmembers during the first 10 yr of ISS operations. It is important to understand the operational environment, the agency responsible for the physical training program, and the constraints and limitations associated with spaceflight to accurately design and implement exercise training or interpret the exercise data collected on ISS. As exploration missions move forward, resolving agency differences in physical training programs will become important to maximizing the effectiveness of exercise as a countermeasure and minimizing any mission impacts.
authors.affiliation: Wyle Science, Technology and Engineering Group, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Loehr
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Guilliams
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: Shino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohshima
mesh_terms: D018480:Astronauts; D002170:Canada; D018493:Cardiovascular Deconditioning; D005060:Europe; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D064797:Physical Conditioning, Human / Q000379:methods*; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods*; D013026:Space Flight; D014481:United States; D018557:United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration; D018544:Weightlessness Countermeasures