title: Clinical implications of cephalic vein morphometry in routine cardiac implantable electronic device insertion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Morphometric parameters of the venous vasculature constitute an important aspect in successful cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) insertion. The purpose of this study was to present morpho-anatomical variations of the cephalic vein (CV) and their effect on the course of CIED implantation procedures, based on the patients from our centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed contrast venography results obtained during first-time lead placement. Venography was indicated in the cases of problematic lead introduction with either the CV cutdown or axillary/subclavian vein puncture techniques. The 214 cases of venography (15%) performed out of 1425 first-time lead placement in the period 2011-2013 were divided into 9 subgroups according to the most commonly observed CV variations of similar morpho-anatomical features that limited the use of the CV cutdown technique for lead insertion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following CV morphometric parameters were found to be unfavo-urable in terms of lead placement: CV diameter of ≤ 1 mm (18%), sharp curva-ture of the terminal CV segment as it joined the axillary vein (14%), terminal CV bifurcation (9%), additional CV branches (7%) or tributaries (7%), stenoses (5%), sharply winding course (5%), single CV with a supraclavicular course (4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The radiographic records obtained during the procedures allowed us to assess the prevalence of those atypical CV variations in our study group, with graphic presentation of characteristic types and sporadically reported CV variations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw. r.steckiewicz@pro.onet.pl.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steckiewicz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Świętoń
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stolarz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grabowski
keywords: cephalic vein; contrast venography; transvenous lead placement