title: Determination of Lead in Water Samples Using a New Vortex-Assisted, Surfactant-Enhanced Emulsification Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.
abstract: A low toxic solvent-based vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction (LT-VSLLME) combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was developed for the extraction and determination of lead (Pb) in water samples. In the LT-VSLLME method, the extraction solvent was dispersed into the aqueous samples by the assistance of vortex agitator. Meanwhile, the addition of a surfactant, which acted as an emulsifier, could enhance the speed of the mass-transfer from aqueous samples to the extraction solvent. The influences of analytical parameters, including extraction solvent type and its volume, surfactant type and its volume, pH, concentration of chelating agent, salt effect and extraction time were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, a good relative standard deviation of 3.69% at 10 ng L(-1) was obtained. The calibration graph showed a linear pattern in the ranges of 5-30 ngL(-1), with a limit of detection of 0.76 ng L(-1). The linearity was obtained by five points in the concentration range of 5-30 ngL(-1). The enrichment factor was 320. The procedure was applied to wastewater and river water, and the accuracy was assessed through the analysis of the recovery experiments.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China. pengguilong0325@163.com.
authors.forename: Guilong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China. heqiang0980@163.com.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Mathematics and Physics, Armed Police College, Chengdu, 610213, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: National Centre for International Research of Low Carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mmereki
authors.affiliation: School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China.
authors.forename: Weiliang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
authors.forename: Guangming
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
authors.forename: Xaioxuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002614:Chelating Agents; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007854:Lead; D006108:Graphite