title: Intraoperative Three-Dimensional Imaging in Calcaneal Fracture Treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To compare the effectiveness of intraoperative three-dimensional (3D) image and conventional two-dimensional (2D) fluoroscopic images, which are used in the treatment of acute calcaneal fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed 40 patients who suffered calcaneal fracture and underwent surgery at Inje University Busan Paik Hospital. The patients were divided into two groups. Only 2D fluoroscopy was used to evaluate 20 patients of group 1. On the other hand, 3D fluoroscopy was performed on the remaining 20 patients of group 2; 3D fluoroscopy was performed on these patients after they were extensively evaluated by 2D fluoroscopy during surgery. We reviewed the radiographic and clinical outcomes of these patients, whose average follow-up period was 42.6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group 2, 3D fluoroscopy detected four cases (20%) of articular incongruence and screw misplacement. All these complicated cases were corrected during surgery. At the final follow-up session, the mean American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hind foot score was 78.3 (range, 65 to 95) in group 1 and 82.3 (range, 68 to 95) in group 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative 3D imaging of calcaneal fractures is considered to be useful in evaluating the congruence of joints and the placement of implants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Heui-Chul
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Gwak
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, District Hospital, Korea Army Training Center, Nonsan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeon-Gyo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Myung
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Roh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061646:Operative Time; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Calcaneus; Fluoroscopy; Fracture; Three-dimensional imaging; Treatment