title: Pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular injection of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the pharmacokinetics and adverse effects at the injection site of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) following IM administration of 1 dose to red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis).
  
  
  METHODS
  7 adult nonreleasable healthy red-tailed hawks.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized crossover study, CCFA (10 or 20 mg/kg) was administered IM to each hawk and blood samples were obtained. After a 2-month washout period, administration was repeated with the opposite dose. Muscle biopsy specimens were collected from the injection site 10 days after each sample collection period. Pharmacokinetic data were calculated. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of ceftiofur for various bacterial isolates were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean peak plasma concentrations of ceftiofur-free acid equivalent were 6.8 and 15.1 μg/mL for the 10 and 20 mg/kg doses, respectively. Mean times to maximum plasma concentration were 6.4 and 6.7 hours, and mean terminal half-lives were 29 and 50 hours, respectively. Little to no muscle inflammation was identified. On the basis of a target MIC of 1 μg/mL and target plasma ceftiofur concentration of 4 μg/mL, dose administration frequencies for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms were estimated as every 36 and 45 hours for the 10 mg/kg dose and every 96 and 120 hours for the 20 mg/kg dose, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study results suggested that CCFA could be administered IM to red-tailed hawks at 10 or 20 mg/kg to treat infections with ceftiofur-susceptible bacteria. Administration resulted in little to no inflammation at the injection site. Additional studies are needed to evaluate effects of repeated CCFA administration.
authors.forename: Miranda J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sadar
authors.forename: Michelle G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Cartoceti
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keel
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Drazenovich
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Tell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003460:Crystallization; D005260:Female; D046428:Hawks; D007249:Inflammation; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; C053503:ceftiofur