title: Role of Human Bocavirus in Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Acute Otitis Media.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly described parvovirus. HBoV1 has been associated with respiratory infections, including acute otitis media (AOM), but the knowledge on the significance of HBoV1 in upper respiratory tract infections (URI) and AOM in relation to other respiratory viruses is limited. The objective of this study was to compare the rate of detection of HBoV1 to that of other respiratory viruses in specimens from children with URI, with and without AOM complication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) were collected during URI from healthy children (6-35 months) followed prospectively for 1 year; specimens have been previously analyzed for broad spectrum of respiratory viruses. Archived NPS were analyzed for HBoV1 using a high-throughput, quantitative polymerase chain reaction method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven hundred and seven NPS samples collected during URI episodes from 201 children were studied for HBoV1. A total of 94 (47%) children tested positive for HBoV1 DNA during 172 (24%) URI episodes; HBoV1 was present as the only virus in 44 (6%) URI episodes. Overall, 37% of URI episodes were complicated by AOM. Of URI associated with single virus (n = 303), the rate of AOM complicating URI associated with HBoV1 only was 52% (23 of 44); this was a higher AOM rate, compared to that of other respiratory viruses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among URI associated with single respiratory virus, HBoV1-URI was commonly associated with AOM complication. The important role of HBoV1 on AOM pathogenesis needs to be studied further.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nokso-Koivisto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics Department of Microbiology and Immunology.
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Pyles
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics.
authors.forename: Aaron L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health.
authors.forename: Kristofer
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loeffelholz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.
authors.forename: Tasnee
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chonmaitree
keywords: acute otitis media; children; human bocavirus; upper respiratory tract infection