title: Periodontal Microorganisms and Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes and Without Diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A subset of periodontal microorganisms has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading complication of type 1 diabetes (t1DM). The authors therefore evaluated the association between periodontal microorganism groups and early markers of CVD in youth with t1DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among youth aged 12 to 19 years at enrollment; 105 had t1DM for ≥5 years and were seeking care at the Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado, from 2009 to 2011, and 71 did not have diabetes. Subgingival plaque samples were assessed for counts of 41 periodontal microorganisms using DNA-DNA hybridization. Microorganisms were classified using cluster analysis into four groups named red-orange, orange-green, blue/other, and yellow/other, modified from Socransky's color scheme for periodontal microorganisms. Subsamples (54 with t1DM and 48 without diabetes) also received a periodontal examination at the University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were ≈15 years old on average, and 74% were white. Mean periodontal probing depth was 2 mm (SE 0.02), and 17% had bleeding on probing. In multivariable analyses, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was inversely associated with the yellow/other cluster (microorganisms that are not associated with periodontal disease) among youth with t1DM. Blood pressure, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol were not associated with microorganism clusters in this group. HbA1c was not associated with periodontal microorganism clusters among youth without diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among youth with t1DM who had good oral health, periodontal microorganisms were not associated with CVD risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
authors.forename: Anwar T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
authors.forename: Georges J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Nahhas
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: R Paul
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Wadwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
authors.forename: Jiajia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
authors.forename: Yifan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Lonnie R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maahs
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.affiliation: Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Teles
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Elaine H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Morrato
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006801:Humans; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin
keywords: Adolescent; blood pressure; diabetes mellitus, type 1; hemoglobin A, glycosylated; microbiology; periodontal diseases