title: Dietary Protein Intake in Dutch Elderly People: A Focus on Protein Sources.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sufficient high quality dietary protein intake is required to prevent or treat sarcopenia in elderly people. Therefore, the intake of specific protein sources as well as their timing of intake are important to improve dietary protein intake in elderly people.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to assess the consumption of protein sources as well as the distribution of protein sources over the day in community-dwelling, frail and institutionalized elderly people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Habitual dietary intake was evaluated using 2- and 3-day food records collected from various studies involving 739 community-dwelling, 321 frail and 219 institutionalized elderly people.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daily protein intake averaged 71 ± 18 g/day in community-dwelling, 71 ± 20 g/day in frail and 58 ± 16 g/day in institutionalized elderly people and accounted for 16% ± 3%, 16% ± 3% and 17% ± 3% of their energy intake, respectively. Dietary protein intake ranged from 10 to 12 g at breakfast, 15 to 23 g at lunch and 24 to 31 g at dinner contributing together over 80% of daily protein intake. The majority of dietary protein consumed originated from animal sources (≥60%) with meat and dairy as dominant sources. Thus, 40% of the protein intake in community-dwelling, 37% in frail and 29% in institutionalized elderly originated from plant based protein sources with bread as the principle source. Plant based proteins contributed for >50% of protein intake at breakfast and between 34% and 37% at lunch, with bread as the main source. During dinner, >70% of the protein intake originated from animal protein, with meat as the dominant source.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily protein intake in these older populations is mainly (>80%) provided by the three main meals, with most protein consumed during dinner. More than 60% of daily protein intake consumed is of animal origin, with plant based protein sources representing nearly 40% of total protein consumed. During dinner, >70% of the protein intake originated from animal protein, while during breakfast and lunch a large proportion of protein is derived from plant based protein sources.
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, Wageningen 6700 AN, The Netherlands. michael.tieland@wur.nl.|Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands. michael.tieland@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tieland
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands. karin.borgonjen@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Karin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Borgonjen-Van den Berg
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, Wageningen 6700 AN, The Netherlands. l.vanloon@maastrichtuniversity.nl.|Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands. l.vanloon@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Luc J C
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Van Loon
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, Wageningen 6700 AN, The Netherlands. Lisette.degroot@wur.nl.|Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands. Lisette.degroot@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Lisette C P G M
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Groot
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015930:Diet Records; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006801:Humans; D007326:Institutionalization; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D009729:Nursing; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins
keywords: aging; amino acids; food sources; malnutrition; protein