title: The relevance of neutral arm positioning for true ap-view X-ray to provide true projection of the humeral head shaft angle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Textbooks commonly recommend using the true anterior-posterior (ap)-view with the patient's arm in a sling and therefore in internal rotation (IR) for radiologic diagnostic assessment of the proximal humerus after trauma. However, IR or external rotation (ER) may affect the projection of the head shaft angle (HSA) and therefore bias the diagnostic conclusion significantly. We hypothesized that neutral rotation (NR) of the arm is mandatory for true ap-view to provide true projection of the HSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A simplified geometrical model of the proximal humerus was used to examine the influence of different arm positions and angulations of the central ray in relation to the projection of the HSA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both ER and IR misleadingly suggested an increased valgus angle. Simulating the true ap-view with the central ray in cranio-caudal direction, IR changed the projection of the HSA substantially.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, standard fixation of the patient's arm in a shoulder sling in IR for true ap-view may result in an oblique projection, potentially leading to incorrect surgical implications. To prevent misdiagnosed valgus or varus angulation, NR of the arm should be obeyed when performing true ap-view X-ray. We, therefore, highly recommend to overcome the traditionally arm position, ensuring the true amount of dislocation to assure correct surgical implications and comparable follow-up examinations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. clemens.hengg@tirol-kliniken.at.
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hengg
authors.affiliation: Unit Geometry and CAD, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 13, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mayrhofer
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Euler
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wambacher
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blauth
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kralinger
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D058430:Humeral Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D056888:Patient Positioning; D011859:Radiography; D012399:Rotation; D012784:Shoulder Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
keywords: Head shaft angle; Proximal humerus; True ap-view; Valgus; Varus; X-ray