title: Reduced β-cell function in early preclinical type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to characterize insulin responses to i.v. glucose during the preclinical period of type 1 diabetes starting from the emergence of islet autoimmunity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large population-based cohort of children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes was observed from birth. During regular follow-up visits islet autoantibodies were analysed. We compared markers of glucose metabolism in sequential intravenous glucose tolerance tests between 210 children who were positive for multiple (≥2) islet autoantibodies and progressed to type 1 diabetes (progressors) and 192 children testing positive for classical islet-cell antibodies only and remained healthy (non-progressors).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the progressors, the first phase insulin response (FPIR) was decreased as early as 4-6 years before the diagnosis when compared to the non-progressors (P=0.001). The difference in FPIR between the progressors and non-progressors was significant (P<0.001) in all age groups, increasing with age (at 2 years: difference 50% (95% CI 28-75%) and at 10 years: difference 172% (95% CI 128-224%)). The area under the 10-min insulin curve showed a similar difference between the groups (P<0.001; at 2 years: difference 36% (95% CI 17-58%) and at 10 years: difference 186% (95% CI 143-237%)). Insulin sensitivity did not differ between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FPIR is decreased several years before the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, implying an intrinsic defect in β-cell mass and/or function.
authors.affiliation: Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandImmunogenetics LaboratoryUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyUniversity of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FinlandChildren's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandResearch Programs UnitDiabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandFolkhälsan Research CentreUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascu
authors.forename: Maarit K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Koskinen
authors.affiliation: Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandImmunogenetics LaboratoryUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyUniversity of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FinlandChildren's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandResearch Programs UnitDiabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandFolkhälsan Research CentreUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascu
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Helminen
authors.affiliation: Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandImmunogenetics LaboratoryUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyUniversity of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FinlandChildren's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandResearch Programs UnitDiabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandFolkhälsan Research CentreUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matomäki
authors.affiliation: Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandImmunogenetics LaboratoryUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyUniversity of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FinlandChildren's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandResearch Programs UnitDiabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandFolkhälsan Research CentreUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascu
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aspholm
authors.affiliation: Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandImmunogenetics LaboratoryUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyUniversity of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FinlandChildren's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandResearch Programs UnitDiabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandFolkhälsan Research CentreUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mykkänen
authors.affiliation: Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandImmunogenetics LaboratoryUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyUniversity of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FinlandChildren's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandResearch Programs UnitDiabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandFolkhälsan Research CentreUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascu
authors.forename: Marjaana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mäkinen
authors.affiliation: Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandImmunogenetics LaboratoryUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyUniversity of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FinlandChildren's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandResearch Programs UnitDiabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandFolkhälsan Research CentreUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Ville
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.affiliation: Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandImmunogenetics LaboratoryUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyUniversity of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FinlandChildren's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandResearch Programs UnitDiabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandFolkhälsan Research CentreUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vähä-Mäkilä
authors.affiliation: Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandImmunogenetics LaboratoryUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyUniversity of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FinlandChildren's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandResearch Programs UnitDiabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandFolkhälsan Research CentreUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascu
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.affiliation: Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandImmunogenetics LaboratoryUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyUniversity of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FinlandChildren's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandResearch Programs UnitDiabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandFolkhälsan Research CentreUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascu
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.affiliation: Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandImmunogenetics LaboratoryUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyUniversity of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FinlandChildren's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandResearch Programs UnitDiabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandFolkhälsan Research CentreUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascu
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.affiliation: Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandImmunogenetics LaboratoryUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyUniversity of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FinlandChildren's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandResearch Programs UnitDiabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandFolkhälsan Research CentreUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascu
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veijola
authors.affiliation: Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandImmunogenetics LaboratoryUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyUniversity of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FinlandChildren's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandResearch Programs UnitDiabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandFolkhälsan Research CentreUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascu
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toppari
authors.affiliation: Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandImmunogenetics LaboratoryUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of Clinical MicrobiologyUniversity of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FinlandChildren's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandResearch Programs UnitDiabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandFolkhälsan Research CentreUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandMediCity LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, FinlandPEDEGO Research UnitDepartment of Paediatrics, Medical Research Centre Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDepartment of Children and AdolescentsOulu University Hospital, Oulu, FinlandClinical Research CentreTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTampere University Hospital, Tampere, FinlandNovo Nordisk Farma OyCMR Department, Espoo, FinlandDiabetes Outpatient ClinicTampere, FinlandDepartment of PaediatricsTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascu
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006680:HLA Antigens; D007328:Insulin; C024211:islet cell antibody