title: Impact of Funding Source on Clinical Trial Results Including Cardiovascular Outcome Trials.
abstract: Previous authors have suggested a higher likelihood for industry-sponsored (IS) studies to have positive outcomes than non-IS studies, though the influence of publication bias was believed to be a likely confounder. We attempted to control for the latter using a prepublication database to compare the primary outcome of recent trials based on sponsorship. We used the "advanced search" feature in the clinicaltrials.gov website to identify recently completed phase III studies involving the implementation of a pharmaceutical agent or device for which primary data were available. Studies were categorized as either National Institutes of Health (NIH) sponsored or IS. Results were labeled "favorable" if the results favored the intervention under investigation or "unfavorable" if the intervention fared worse than standard medical treatment. We also performed an independent literature search to identify the cardiovascular trials as a case example and again categorized them into IS versus NIH sponsored. A total of 226 studies sponsored by NIH were found. When these were compared with the latest 226 IS studies, it was found that IS studies were almost 4 times more likely to report a positive outcome (odds ratio [OR] 3.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.6087 to 5.9680, p <0.0001). As a case example of a specialty, we also identified 25 NIH-sponsored and 215 IS cardiovascular trials, with most focusing on hypertension therapy (31.6%) and anticoagulation (17.9%). IS studies were 7 times more likely to report favorable outcomes (OR 7.54, 95% CI 2.19 to 25.94, p = 0.0014). They were also considerably less likely to report unfavorable outcomes (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.26, p <0.0001). In conclusion, the outcomes of large clinical studies especially cardiovascular differ considerably on the basis of their funding source, and publication bias appears to have limited influence on these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. Electronic address: riazh@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Haris
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Riaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Sajjad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Shahzeb
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
authors.forename: Irbaz Bin
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Riaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Krasuski
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics*; D005376:Financial Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D012109:Research Support as Topic / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States