title: Pre-Synaptic Inhibition of Afferent Feedback in the Macaque Spinal Cord Does Not Modulate with Cycles of Peripheral Oscillations Around 10 Hz.
abstract: Spinal interneurons are partially phase-locked to physiological tremor around 10 Hz. The phase of spinal interneuron activity is approximately opposite to descending drive to motoneurons, leading to partial phase cancellation and tremor reduction. Pre-synaptic inhibition of afferent feedback modulates during voluntary movements, but it is not known whether it tracks more rapid fluctuations in motor output such as during tremor. In this study, dorsal root potentials (DRPs) were recorded from the C8 and T1 roots in two macaque monkeys following intra-spinal micro-stimulation (random inter-stimulus interval 1.5-2.5 s, 30-100 μA), whilst the animals performed an index finger flexion task which elicited peripheral oscillations around 10 Hz. Forty one responses were identified with latency < 5 ms; these were narrow (mean width 0.59 ms), and likely resulted from antidromic activation of afferents following stimulation near terminals. Significant modulation during task performance occurred in 16/41 responses, reflecting terminal excitability changes generated by pre-synaptic inhibition (Wall's excitability test). Stimuli falling during large-amplitude 8-12 Hz oscillations in finger acceleration were extracted, and sub-averages of DRPs constructed for stimuli delivered at different oscillation phases. Although some apparent phase-dependent modulation was seen, this was not above the level expected by chance. We conclude that, although terminal excitability reflecting pre-synaptic inhibition of afferents modulates over the timescale of a voluntary movement, it does not follow more rapid changes in motor output. This suggests that pre-synaptic inhibition is not part of the spinal systems for tremor reduction described previously, and that it plays a role in overall-but not moment-by-moment-regulation of feedback gain.
authors.affiliation: Movement Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Ferran
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galán
authors.affiliation: Movement Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Stuart N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae
keywords: afferent feedback; pre-synaptic inhibition; primary afferent depolarization; spinal cord; tremor