title: Inflammatory Markers and Procoagulants in Chronic Renal Disease Stages 1-4.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Starting from the point that the chronic kidney disease (CKD) is chronic, inflammatory and hypercoagulable state characterized by an increase in procoagulant and inflammatory markers high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in these patients could be explained.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the research was to monitor inflammatory markers and procoagulants in various stages of kidney disease (stage 1-4).
  
  
  METHODS
  The research included 120 subjects older than 18 years with CKD stages 1-4 examined and monitored in Clinic of Nephrology, University Clinical Centre Sarajevo over a period of 24 months. The research included determining the following laboratory parameters: serum creatinine, serum albumin, C-reactive protein, leukocytes in the blood, plasma fibrinogen, D-dimer, antithrombin III, coagulation factors VII (FC VII) and coagulation factor VIII (FC VIII).
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the progression of kidney disease (CKD stages 1-4), there was a significant increase of inflammatory and procoagulant markers: CRP, fibrinogen and coagulation factor VIII, and an increase in the average values of leukocytes and a reduction in the value of antithrombin III, but without statistical significance. Also, there were no significant differences in the values of D-dimer and coagulation factor VII.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The progression of kidney disease is significantly associated with inflammation, which could in the future be useful in prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Connection of CKD with inflammation and proven connection of inflammation with cardiovascular risk indicates the potential value of some biomarkers, which could in the future identify as predictors of outcome and could have the benefit in the early diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease in CKD.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Nephrology, University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Alma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muslimovic
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Nephrology, University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Senija
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rasic
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosna and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Denijal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tulumovic
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Nephrology, University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Senad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasanspahic
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Nephrology, University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Damir
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rebic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000032:analysis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D005167:Factor VII / Q000032:analysis; D005169:Factor VIII / Q000032:analysis; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood*; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D012709:Serum Albumin; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D000990:Antithrombin III; D005167:Factor VII; D005169:Factor VIII; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: cardiovascular morbidity; cystatin C; inflammatory biomarkers; procoagulants