title: Mechanical loading and the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D in primary human osteoblasts.
abstract: The metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) is synthesized from its precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) by human osteoblasts leading to stimulation of osteoblast differentiation in an autocrine or paracrine way. Osteoblast differentiation is also stimulated by mechanical loading through activation of various responses in bone cells such as nitric oxide signaling. Whether mechanical loading affects osteoblast differentiation through an enhanced synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D by human osteoblasts is still unknown. We hypothesized that mechanical loading stimulates the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D from 25(OH)D in primary human osteoblasts. Since the responsiveness of bone to mechanical stimuli can be altered by various endocrine factors, we also investigated whether 1,25(OH)2D or 25(OH)D affect the response of primary human osteoblasts to mechanical loading. Primary human osteoblasts were pre-incubated in medium with/without 25(OH)D3 (400 nM) or 1,25(OH)2D3 (100 nM) for 24h and subjected to mechanical loading by pulsatile fluid flow (PFF). The response of osteoblasts to PFF was quantified by measuring nitric oxide, and by PCR analysis. The effect of PFF on the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3 was determined by subjecting osteoblasts to PFF followed by 24h post-incubation in medium with/without 25(OH)D3 (400 nM). We showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 reduced the PFF-induced NO response in primary human osteoblasts. 25(OH)D3 did not significantly alter the NO response of primary human osteoblasts to PFF, but 25(OH)D3 increased osteocalcin and RANKL mRNA levels, similar to 1,25(OH)2D3. PFF did not increase 1,25(OH)2D3 amounts in our model, even though PFF did increase CYP27B1 mRNA levels and reduced VDR mRNA levels. CYP24 mRNA levels were not affected by PFF, but were strongly increased by both 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3. In conclusion, 1,25(OH)2D3 may affect the response of primary human osteoblasts to mechanical stimuli, at least with respect to NO production. Mechanical stimuli may affect local vitamin D metabolism in primary human osteoblasts. Our results suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 and mechanical loading, both stimuli of the differentiation of osteoblasts, interact at the cellular level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van der Meijden
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) and VU University Amsterdam, Research Institute MOVE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: van Essen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Heijboer
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E A J M
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Schulten
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lips
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: n.bravenboer@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bravenboer
mesh_terms: D015090:25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D016474:Weight-Bearing
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014807:Vitamin D; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D015090:25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase; D002117:Calcitriol
keywords: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3); 25-Hydroxyvitamin D(3); CYP27B1; Mechanical loading; Primary human osteoblasts