title: Sustained efficacy of the novel topical repellent TT-4302 against mosquitoes and ticks.
abstract: Mosquitoes and ticks are blood-feeding pests of humans and animals that can vector many important aetiological agents of disease. Previous research demonstrated that TT-4302 (Guardian(®) Wilderness) containing 5% geraniol applied to human subjects gave 5-6 h of repellency against mosquitoes (depending on species) and was repellent to ticks in vitro. This study was conducted to obtain an independent third-party evaluation of TT-4302 against Stegomyia aegypti (= Aedes aegypti) (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes and to test the efficacy of the product in the field against ticks. TT-4302 provided an average of 6.5 h of repellency of ≥ 95% [Weibull mean protection time: 7.4 h, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.8-11.3 h] for St. aegypti, whereas a 15% DEET formulation provided 4.7 h of repellency (Weibull mean protection time: 5.2 h, 95% CI 3.7-6.9 h). In tick field trials, the efficacy of TT-4302 did not differ significantly from that of a 25% DEET formulation against Amblyomma americanum (Ixodida: Ixodidae). TT-4302 was 81.3% repellent at 2.5 h after application, whereas DEET was 77.2% repellent at the same time-point. Results at 3.5 h after application were 71.4% for TT-4302 and 72.9% for DEET.
authors.affiliation: TyraTech, Inc., Morrisville, NC, U.S.A.
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Bissinger
authors.affiliation: TyraTech, Inc., Morrisville, NC, U.S.A.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: Carroll-Loye Biological Research, Davis, CA, U.S.A.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides; D000330:Aedes; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007302:Insect Repellents; D009032:Mosquito Control; D009758:Nymph; D013729:Terpenes; D013983:Tick Control; D013987:Ticks / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D007302:Insect Repellents; C588376:TT-4302; D013729:Terpenes
keywords: Amblyomma americanum; DEET; Stegomyia aegypti; geraniol