title: Smoking and its associations with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia treated in primary care in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maintenance treatment for clinically stable patients with schizophrenia is usually provided by Chinese primary care physicians, but no study has investigated smoking rates in this population. This study investigated the rate of smoking and its associations with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and quality of life (QOL) in patients with schizophrenia treated in primary care in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional, community-based survey. A total of 621 schizophrenia patients were recruited from 22 primary care services in Guangzhou, China, in 2013. Patients' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, smoking status, and QOL were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of current smoking was 23.8% in the whole sample; 41.5% for men and 2.5% for women. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that male gender, married status, alcohol use, older age at onset, fewer major medical conditions, lower education level and more hospitalizations were independently associated with current smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of smoking in Chinese schizophrenia patients treated by primary care physicians is lower than most figures reported from Western and Chinese psychiatric settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Province, China; Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China.
authors.forename: Cai-Lan
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Ningxia Mental Health Center, Ningxia Ning-An Hospital, Ningxia Province, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Rong
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Psychological Healthcare & Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital & Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Province, China. Electronic address: jiafujun@126.com.
authors.forename: Fu-Jun
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Bao-Liang
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Qiang
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Helen F K
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: The University of Notre Dame Australia/Marian Centre, Perth, Australia; School of Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Gabor S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ungvari
authors.affiliation: Division of Services Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Himelhoch
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Psychological Healthcare & Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital & Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Lan
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Yuexiu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Mei-Ying
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Kelly Y C
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Province, China. Electronic address: xyutly@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yu-Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Xiang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: China; Primary care; Schizophrenia; Smoking