title: Examining the Effectiveness of Climate Change Frames in the Face of a Climate Change Denial Counter-Frame.
abstract: Prior research on the influence of various ways of framing anthropogenic climate change (ACC) do not account for the organized ACC denial in the U.S. media and popular culture, and thus may overestimate these frames' influence in the general public. We conducted an experiment to examine how Americans' ACC views are influenced by four promising frames for urging action on ACC (economic opportunity, national security, Christian stewardship, and public health)-when these frames appear with an ACC denial counter-frame. This is the first direct test of how exposure to an ACC denial message influences Americans' ACC views. Overall, these four positive frames have little to no effect on ACC beliefs. But exposure to an ACC denial counter-frame does significantly reduce respondents' belief in the reality of ACC, belief about the veracity of climate science, awareness of the consequences of ACC, and support for aggressively attempting to reduce our nation's GHG emissions in the near future. Furthermore, as expected by the Anti-Reflexivity Thesis, exposure to the ACC denial counter-frame has a disproportionate influence on the ACC views of conservatives (than on those of moderates and liberals), effectively activating conservatives' underlying propensity for anti-reflexivity.
authors.affiliation: Lyman Briggs College, Department of Sociology, and Environmental Science and Policy Program, Michigan State University.
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McCright
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, Michigan State University.
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charters
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, Michigan State University.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dentzman
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science and Policy Program, Department of Sociology, Animal Studies Program, and the Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Michigan State University.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dietz
mesh_terms: D001364:Awareness; D057231:Climate Change; D003469:Culture; D003717:Denial, Psychological; D005544:Forecasting; D017752:Greenhouse Effect / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D057766:Policy; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000379:methods*; D011589:Psychology, Experimental / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
keywords: Climate change; Counter-framing; Denial; Experiment; Framing