title: Transdermal delivery of oxybutynin chloride proniosomal gels for the treatment of overactive bladder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common problem and anticholinergic drugs are first-line therapy, but they have side effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Development of oxybutynin chloride (OC) proniosomal gels and analyses of its efficacy for OAB treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase separation coacervation was used to prepare proniosomal gels using various non-ionic surfactants, lipids, soy lecithin and isopropyl alcohol. Gels were characterized with regard to entrapment efficiency (EE), vesicle size, surface morphology (using environmental scanning electron microscopy [E-SEM]), stability, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, in vitro skin permeation, in vivo animal studies and histopathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EE was 87-92%, vesicle size was 0.38-5.0 μm, and morphology showed some loosened pores in proniosomes after hydration. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy showed no significant shifts in peaks corresponding to OC and excipients. Most formulations exhibited >50% permeation but the cholesterol-containing formulations P3 (Span 20:Span 60 [1:1]) and P4 [Tween 20:Tween 80 (1:1)] had the highest percent cumulative permeation. P3 and P4 also showed faster recovery of cholinergic effects on salivary glands than oral formulations. P3 and P4 had pronounced therapeutic effects in reduction of urinary frequency and demonstrated improvements in bladder morphology (highly regenerative surface of the transitional epithelium).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that OC could be incorporated into proniosomal gels for transdermal delivery in the treatment of OAB.
authors.affiliation: a Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam , Brunei Darussalam .|b School of Pharmacy, International Medical University , Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , and.
authors.forename: Rajan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajabalaya
authors.affiliation: a Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam , Brunei Darussalam .|b School of Pharmacy, International Medical University , Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , and.
authors.forename: Sheba R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: David
authors.affiliation: b School of Pharmacy, International Medical University , Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , and.
authors.forename: Jestin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chellian
authors.affiliation: b School of Pharmacy, International Medical University , Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , and.
authors.forename: Gwee
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xin Yun
authors.affiliation: b School of Pharmacy, International Medical University , Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , and.|c School of Medicine, Perdana University, Jalan MAEPS Perdana , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Srikumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakravarthi
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D004355:Drug Stability; D005782:Gels / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D006601:Hexoses / Q000737:chemistry*; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008333:Mandelic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D006601:Hexoses; D008055:Lipids; D008333:Mandelic Acids; C014822:sorbitan monolaurate; C005419:oxybutynin
keywords: Oxybutynin chloride; permeation; proniosomal gel; salivary secretion; transdermal delivery