title: Trail Making Test: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To generate normative data on the Trail Making Test (TMT) across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Paraguay, Honduras, Chile, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Bolivia. Each subject was administered the TMT as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final multiple linear regression models for the TMT-A explained 23- 50% of the variance, and the final multiple linear models for the TMT-B explained 22- 49% of the variance. Although there were gender differences on the TMT in Mexico, Peru, Paraguay, and Honduras, only Honduras had an effect size greater than 0.3. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were generated for the Trail Making Test-A, but not B, in this country.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study is the first to create norms for the TMT in Latin America. As a result, this study will have important implications for the practice of neuropsychology in the future.
authors.affiliation: IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.|Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Arango-Lasprilla
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.affiliation: Instituto Vocacional Enrique Díaz de León, Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aguayo
authors.affiliation: Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Garza
authors.affiliation: CETYS University, Mexicali, Mexico.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Saracho
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía MVS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Agudelo
authors.affiliation: Servicio Médico Legal, Ministerio de Justicia, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aliaga
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Prevención Social, Asunción, Paraguay.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weiler
authors.affiliation: Universidad Dr, José Matías Delgado, San Salvador, El Salvador.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luna
authors.affiliation: Clínica de rehabilitación Las Araucarias, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Longoni
authors.affiliation: Fundación Horizontes, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ocampo-Barba
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galarza-Del-Angel
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Panyavin
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Camagüey Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz, Camaguey, Cuba.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicología, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Esenarro
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Neuropsicología y Demencias, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: García de la Cadena
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina de Rehabilitación, Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Perrin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007843:Latin America; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014145:Trail Making Test / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Latin America; Normative data; Trail Making Test; executive function; reference values