title: Evidence of male hypogonadism at an early age as a familial risk of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous investigations provide evidence of an association of hypogonadism with type 2 diabetes in men, and low testosterone levels have been regarded a risk factor for the disease. Since a strong genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes has been demonstrated, here we investigate a possible tendency towards hypogonadism in young male offspring of diabetic parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study compares 32 male offspring of diabetic parents with 31 male offspring of nondiabetic parents matched by age. The subjects comprised boys (9-17 years) and young adults (19-25 years). Anthropomorphic measurements were made in all subjects. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for glucose and serum concentrations of testosterone (T), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), insulin and leptin were measured by ELISA. Free testosterone (FT) was calculated using T and SHBG levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum T, FT and bioavailable T (BAT) levels in offspring of diabetic parents were significantly lower than those of offspring of nondiabetic parents across all age groups. Mean serum LH levels were also lower in offspring of diabetic parents compared to the controls. Although LH levels in young adults with diabetic parents, tended to be lower than those of age-matched controls but the difference was not statistically significant. Serum insulin and leptin, and insulin resistance measured by HOMA-IR were significantly raised in older offspring of diabetic parents but were within the normal range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas hypogonadism was the only indicator of a possible predisposition to metabolic dysfunction in peripubertal children of diabetic parents, a significant change in other metabolic markers becomes apparent at a more advanced age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University College of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Qasim M
authors.initials: QM
authors.lastname: Janjua
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Shalamar Medical College, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Adeela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shahid
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Rabail
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
authors.forename: Marvi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizwan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mahmood H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Qazi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore 54000, Pakistan. Electronic address: muhammadarslan@fccollege.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arslan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D005058:Eunuchism / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D005190:Family; D005215:Fasting; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000032:analysis; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D013739:Testosterone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone
keywords: Hormone lutéinisante; Insulin resistance; Insulinorésistance; Leptin; Leptine; Luteinizing hormone; SHBG; Testosterone; Testostérone