title: Imaging the postoperative patient: long-term complications of gastrointestinal surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this review are (1) to become acquainted with the long-term complications of surgery of the gastrointestinal tract, and (2) to appreciate the appropriate use of imaging in the assessment of long-term complications.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Gastrointestinal tract surgery comprises a group of procedures performed for a variety of both benign and malignant diseases. In the late postoperative setting, adhesions and internal hernias are the most important complications. and they can be further complicated by volvulus and ischemia. At present, computed tomography (CT) is the workhorse for evaluating late postoperative complications. Accurate imaging assessment of patients is essential for adequate treatment planning.
  In this pictorial essay we will review the most frequent long-term complications after gastrointestinal surgery, including adhesions, afferent loop syndrome, closed-loop obstruction, strangulated obstruction, internal hernias, external hernias, anastomotic strictures and disease recurrence. Examples will be depicted using iconography from the authors' imaging department.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of the most frequent complications after gastrointestinal surgery in the late postoperative period is of paramount importance for every radiologist, so that potentially life-threatening situations can be promptly diagnosed and adequate therapy can be planned.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • Long-term postoperative complications of gastrointestinal tract surgery can be divided into procedure-related and disease-related categories. • The most common procedure-related complications are internal hernias and adhesions. • The most frequent disease-related complications are mainly associated with neoplastic or inflammatory recurrence. • Computed tomography is the most useful examination when such complications are suspected.
authors.affiliation: Medical Imaging Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramos-Andrade
authors.affiliation: Medical Imaging Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luísa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Medical Imaging Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruivo
authors.affiliation: Medical Imaging Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria Antónia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Portilha
authors.affiliation: Medical Imaging Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Filipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caseiro-Alves
authors.affiliation: Medical Imaging Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal. curvosemedo@gmail.com.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. curvosemedo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Curvo-Semedo
keywords: Abdominal hernia; Afferent loop syndrome; Intestinal obstruction; Postoperative complications; Surgical adhesions