title: Nanoparticle Uptake: The Phagocyte Problem.
abstract: Phagocytes are key cellular participants determining important aspects of host exposure to nanomaterials, initiating clearance, biodistribution and the tenuous balance between host tolerance and adverse nanotoxicity. Macrophages in particular are believed to be among the first and primary cell types that process nanoparticles, mediating host inflammatory and immunological biological responses. These processes occur ubiquitously throughout tissues where nanomaterials are present, including the host mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) residents in dedicated host filtration organs (i.e., liver, kidney spleen, and lung). Thus, to understand nanomaterials exposure risks it is critical to understand how nanomaterials are recognized, internalized, trafficked and distributed within diverse types of host macrophages and how possible cell-based reactions resulting from nanomaterial exposures further inflammatory host responses in vivo. This review focuses on describing macrophage-based initiation of downstream hallmark immunological and inflammatory processes resulting from phagocyte exposure to and internalization of nanomaterials.
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Department of Bioengineering, 36 S. Wasatch Dr, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA ; University of Utah, Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA.
authors.forename: Heather Herd
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Department of Bioengineering, 36 S. Wasatch Dr, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA.
authors.forename: Dolly
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holt-Casper
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Department of Bioengineering, 36 S. Wasatch Dr, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA ; University of Utah, Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA ; University of Utah, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 30 South 2000 East, Rm 301, Salt Lake City, UT USA 84112.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Grainger
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Department of Bioengineering, 36 S. Wasatch Dr, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA ; University of Utah, Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA ; University of Utah, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 30 South 2000 East, Rm 301, Salt Lake City, UT USA 84112.
authors.forename: Hamidreza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghandehari
keywords: biodistribution; circulation; clearance; drug delivery; imaging; macrophage; toxicity