title: A Bioenergetics Approach to Understanding the Population Consequences of Disturbance: Elephant Seals as a Model System.
abstract: Using long-term empirical data, we developed a complete population consequences of acoustic disturbance (PCAD) model and application for northern elephant seals. We assumed that the animals would not successfully forage while in a 100-km-diameter disturbance region within their foraging and transit paths. The decrease in lipid gain due to exposure was then translated to changes in birth rate and pup survival. Given their large foraging range, elephant seals were resilient to such a disturbance, showing no population-level effects. However, similar track analysis showed that given their more coastal nature, California sea lions were within a 25-km-diameter region of disturbance more often.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA. costa@ucsc.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA. schwarz@biology.ucsc.edu.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA. robinson@biology.ucsc.edu.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9LZ, UK. rss5@st-andrews.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Schick
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA. pamorris@ucsc.edu.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama Unit 0948, APO AA, Panama, 34002, USA. conditr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Condit
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA. crocker@sonoma.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Crocker
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA. akilpatr@ucsc.edu.
authors.forename: A Marm
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kilpatrick
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011336:Probability; D012098:Reproduction; D046070:Sea Lions / Q000502:physiology; D046048:Seals, Earless / Q000502:physiology*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids
keywords: Acoustic disturbance; Behavior; Demography; Population consequences of acoustic disturbance; Sea lion