title: Gambogic acid induces apoptotic cell death in T98G glioma cells.
abstract: Gambogic acid (GA), a natural product with a xanthone structure, has a broad range of anti-proliferative effects on cancer cell lines. We evaluated GA for its cytotoxic effects on T98G glioblastoma cells. GA exhibited potent anti-proliferative activity and induced apoptosis in T98G glioblastoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Incubation of cells with GA revealed apoptotic features including increased Bax and AIF expression, cytochrome c release, and cleavage of caspase-3, -8, -9, and PARP, while Bcl-2 expression was downregulated. Furthermore, GA induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in T98G cells. Our results indicate that GA increases Bax- and AIF-associated apoptotic signaling in glioblastoma cells.
authors.affiliation: Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 210-340, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thida
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Science, College of Dentistry, Gangneung Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Natural Products Research, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cay Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Thi Thu Thuy
authors.initials: TTT
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Institute of Natural Products Research, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cay Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Minh Quan
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Gangneung Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Heesu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ik.kim@amc.seoul.kr.
authors.forename: Inki
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 210-340, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Daejeun, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jwlee5@kist.re.kr.
authors.forename: Jae Wook
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D044004:Xanthones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D044004:Xanthones; C052659:gambogic acid; D045304:Cytochromes c; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9
keywords: Anticancer; Apoptosis; Gambogic acid; Glioblastoma; Reactive oxygen species (ROS)