title: Mitophagy programs: mechanisms and physiological implications of mitochondrial targeting by autophagy.
abstract: Mitochondria are an essential source of ATP for cellular function, but when damaged, mitochondria generate a plethora of stress signals, which lead to cellular dysfunction and eventually programmed cell death. Thus, a major component of maintaining cellular homeostasis is the recognition and removal of dysfunctional mitochondria through autophagy-mediated degradation, i.e., mitophagy. Mitophagy further constitutes a developmental program, and undergoes a high degree of crosstalk with apoptosis. Reduced mitochondrial quality control is linked to disease pathogenesis, suggesting the importance of process elucidation as a clinical target. Recent work has revealed multiple mitophagy programs that operate independently or undergo crosstalk, and require modulated autophagy receptor activities at outer membranes of mitochondria. Here, we review these mitophagy programs, focusing on pathway mechanisms which recognize and target mitochondria for sequestration by autophagosomes, as well as mechanisms controlling pathway activities. Furthermore, we provide an introduction to the currently available methods for detecting mitophagy.
authors.affiliation: Lysosomal Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. a.brady@dkfz.de.|Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, INF 267, BQ0045, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. a.brady@dkfz.de.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamacher-Brady
authors.affiliation: Systems Biology of Cell Death Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. n.brady@dkfz.de.|Department of Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. n.brady@dkfz.de.|Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, INF 267, BQ0045, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. n.brady@dkfz.de.
authors.forename: Nathan Ryan
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Brady
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D063306:Mitophagy; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D060066:Protein Interaction Maps; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C090121:BNIP3 protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D025801:Ubiquitin; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; C111567:parkin protein
keywords: Bnip3; FUNDC1; LC3-interacting region (LIR); Macroautophagy; Mitophagy; Nix; Parkin E3 ligase; Ubiquitin