title: Immune suppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment.
abstract: Effective immunotherapy, whether by checkpoint blockade or adoptive cell therapy, is limited in most patients by a key barrier: the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Suppression of tumor-specific T cells is orchestrated by the activity of a variety of stromal myeloid and lymphoid cells. These often display inducible suppressive mechanisms that are triggered by the same anti-tumor inflammatory response that the immunotherapy intends to create. Therefore, a more comprehensive understanding of how the immunosuppressive milieu develops and persists is critical in order to harness the full power of immunotherapy of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Georgia Regents University Cancer Center and the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta GA 30192, USA. Electronic address: dmunn@gru.edu.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Munn
authors.affiliation: University Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134, Italy. Electronic address: vincenzo.bronte@univr.it.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bronte
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment