title: Attention during visual search: The benefit of bilingualism.
abstract: Following reports showing bilingual advantages in executive control (EC) performance, the current study investigated the role of selective attention as a foundational skill that might underlie these advantages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilingual and monolingual young adults performed a visual search task by determining whether a target shape was present amid distractor shapes. Task difficulty was manipulated by search type (feature or conjunction) and by the number and discriminability of the distractors. In feature searches, the target (e.g., green triangle) differed on a single dimension (e.g., color) from the distractors (e.g., yellow triangles); in conjunction searches, two types of distractors (e.g., pink circles and turquoise squares) each differed from the target (e.g., turquoise circle) on a single but different dimension (e.g., color or shape).
  
  
  METHODS
  Reaction time and accuracy data from 109 young adults (53 monolinguals and 56 bilinguals) were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Group membership, search type, number and discriminability of distractors were the independent variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participants identified the target more quickly in the feature searches, when the target was highly discriminable from the distractors and when there were fewer distractors. Importantly, although monolinguals and bilinguals performed equivalently on the feature searches, bilinguals were significantly faster than monolinguals in identifying the target in the more difficult conjunction search, providing evidence for better control of visual attention in bilinguals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike previous studies on bilingual visual attention, the current study found a bilingual attention advantage in a paradigm that did not include a Stroop-like manipulation to set up false expectations.
  Thus, our findings indicate that the need to resolve explicit conflict or overcome false expectations is unnecessary for observing a bilingual advantage in selective attention. Observing this advantage in a fundamental skill suggests that it may underlie higher order bilingual advantages in EC.
authors.affiliation: York University, Canada.
authors.forename: Deanna C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Friesen
authors.affiliation: York University, Canada.
authors.forename: Vered
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Latman
authors.affiliation: York University, Canada.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.affiliation: York University, Canada.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bialystok
keywords: Bilingualism; attention; executive control; task difficulty; visual search