title: The Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries among 24 to 36 Months Old Children of Iran: Using the Novel ICDAS-II Method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early childhood caries is an important oral health issue. Finding its prevalence would predict the need for oral health promotion disciplines for specific age groups.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the caries experience of children living in Tehran, Iran. It also would evaluate the impact of gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) on this oral condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  This epidemiological cross-sectional study was based upon stratified cluster random sampling. The samples consisted of 239 children (2- to 3- years old) registered in Tehran's public healthcare centers for "Healthy Child Program". Mothers of the recruited children were interviewed for the background data; then children were examined for the oral health status according to ICDAS-II (International Caries Detection and Assessment System) and WHO (World Health Organization) criteria. Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA.11 for SES classification considering six socioeconomic variables, and SPSS.21 for descriptive/analytical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary Component Analysis (PCA) demonstrated five classes of SES ranging from the lowest to the highest. The distribution of caries-free (CF) children was 10.87%, non-cavitated enamel caries (codes 01-02) were 28.03%, and about 61.1% had cavitated caries (codes 03-06). There was no significant difference in caries experience between the two genders. Cavitated lesions were more prevalent among Kurdish, who also had the least CF children. Caries prevalence, especially code 02, was more among children from 3(rd) class SES (moderate level). Gender, ethnicity, or SES had no impact on the CF status of the children; however, ethnicity showed significant impact on the prevalence of extensive caries (codes 05-06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The result of the present study is indicative of high caries prevalence among 2 to 3 years old children residing in Tehran. It highlights the need for comprehensive oral health promotion disciplines for this age group.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Community Oral Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences School of Dentistry, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hediyeh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toutouni
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Restorative Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences School of Dentistry, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad-Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nokhostin
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Comprehensive Dentistry, Dental School, UT health science center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Bennett Tochukwu
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Amaechi
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Community Oral Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences School of Dentistry, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdol Hamid
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Zafarmand
keywords: Caries-free; Dental caries; Early childhood caries; ICDAS-II; Iran; Oral health; Prevalence; Young children