title: Factors associated with pain coping and catastrophising in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study of the LuLa-cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with pain coping and catastrophising in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients were participants of the lupus erythematosus long-term study, which is based on patient-reported data assessed among members of the German Lupus Erythematosus Self-Help Organization. Assessments were performed by means of a questionnaire. Among self-reported clinical data the Pain-Related Self Statements Scale (PRSS) was included. To depict significant differences univariable analyses were carried out using non-parametrical rank tests. To examine factors influencing our outcome variables, we performed a multivariable stepwise regression model including variables that presented significantly in the univariable analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  447 cases (94.9% female) were analysed showing a mean catastrophising score of 1.1 (SD 0.8) and a mean coping score of 2.8 (SD 0.9) in the PRSS subscales. Higher catastrophising quartiles went along with higher experienced pain, lupus activity, fatigue, damage and decreased health related quality of life, whereas they presented inversely for coping. In our multivariable model, factors associated with catastrophising were: number of lupus-specific drugs (p value 0.004), pain in the last 7 days (p value 0.034), the Short Form 12 Health Survey Mental Component Summary (p value <0.001) and disease activity measured by the Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire (p value 0.042). Social participation reflected by performed leisure activities such as dancing or bowling had a positive association with coping (p value 0.006). In contrast, other health related physical activities and their extent had no impact on coping. A direct association between the amount of pain coping and catastrophising, as well as a great impact of the catastrophising, respectively, coping level on physical and mental functioning could be shown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduction or increase of detected factors might lead to a modification of pain coping and catastrophising and offer an approach to more effective care in patients with SLE.
authors.affiliation: Policlinic of Rheumatology and Hiller Research Unit Rheumatology , Heinrich-Heine-University , Düsseldorf , Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fischin
authors.affiliation: Policlinic of Rheumatology and Hiller Research Unit Rheumatology , Heinrich-Heine-University , Düsseldorf , Germany.
authors.forename: Gamal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chehab
authors.affiliation: Policlinic of Rheumatology and Hiller Research Unit Rheumatology , Heinrich-Heine-University , Düsseldorf , Germany.
authors.forename: Jutta G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: Policlinic of Rheumatology and Hiller Research Unit Rheumatology , Heinrich-Heine-University , Düsseldorf , Germany.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fischer-Betz
authors.affiliation: German Lupus Self-Help Community , Wuppertal , Germany.
authors.forename: Borgi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winkler-Rohlfing
authors.affiliation: Policlinic of Rheumatology and Hiller Research Unit Rheumatology , Heinrich-Heine-University , Düsseldorf , Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhart
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Willers
authors.affiliation: Policlinic of Rheumatology and Hiller Research Unit Rheumatology , Heinrich-Heine-University , Düsseldorf , Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schneider
keywords: Coping; catastrophizing; patient perspective; quality of life; systemic lupus erythematosus