title: The response of guinea pig primary utricular and saccular irregular neurons to bone-conducted vibration (BCV) and air-conducted sound (ACS).
abstract: This study sought to characterize the response of mammalian primary otolithic neurons to sound and vibration by measuring the resting discharge rates, thresholds for increases in firing rate and supra-threshold sensitivity functions of guinea pig single primary utricular and saccular afferents. Neurons with irregular resting discharge were activated in response to bone conducted vibration (BCV) and air conducted sound (ACS) for frequencies between 100 Hz and 3000 Hz. The location of neurons was verified by labelling with neurobiotin. Many afferents from both maculae have very low or zero resting discharge, with saccular afferents having on average, higher resting rates than utricular afferents. Most irregular utricular and saccular afferents can be evoked by both BCV and ACS. For BCV stimulation: utricular and saccular neurons show similar low thresholds for increased firing rate (around 0.02 g on average) for frequencies from 100 Hz to 750 Hz. There is a steep increase in rate change threshold for BCV frequencies above 750 Hz. The suprathreshold sensitivity functions for BCV were similar for both utricular and saccular neurons, with, at low frequencies, very steep increases in firing rate as intensity increased. For ACS stimulation: utricular and saccular neurons can be activated by high intensity stimuli for frequencies from 250 Hz to 3000 Hz with similar flattened U-shaped tuning curves with lowest thresholds for frequencies around 1000-2000 Hz. The average ACS thresholds for saccular afferents across these frequencies is about 15-20 dB lower than for utricular neurons. The suprathreshold sensitivity functions for ACS were similar for both utricular and saccular neurons. Both utricular and saccular afferents showed phase-locking to BCV and ACS, extending up to frequencies of at least around 1500 Hz for BCV and 3000 Hz for ACS. Phase-locking at low frequencies (e.g. 100 Hz) imposes a limit on the neural firing rate evoked by the stimulus since the neurons usually fire one spike per cycle of the stimulus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are in accord with the hypothesis put forward by Young et al. (1977) that each individual cycle of the waveform, either BCV or ACS, is the effective stimulus to the receptor hair cells on either macula. We suggest that each cycle of the BCV or ACS stimulus causes fluid displacement which deflects the short, stiff, hair bundles of type I receptors at the striola and so triggers the phase-locked neural response of primary otolithic afferents.
authors.affiliation: Vestibular Research Laboratory, School of Psychology, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: ianc@psych.usyd.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ian S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Curthoys
authors.affiliation: Vestibular Research Laboratory, School of Psychology, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Vedran
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vulovic
authors.affiliation: Vestibular Research Laboratory, School of Psychology, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.affiliation: Vestibular Research Laboratory, School of Psychology, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Ljiljana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sokolic
authors.affiliation: Vestibular Research Laboratory, School of Psychology, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Samanthi C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Goonetilleke
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000388:Air; D000818:Animals; D001710:Biotin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D001844:Bone Conduction / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006309:Hearing; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology; D010037:Otolithic Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D013016:Sound; D014724:Vestibular Function Tests; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: C070614:neurobiotin; D001710:Biotin
keywords: Bone conduction; Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential; Otolith; VEMP; Vestibular