title: Analgesic efficacy of lidocaine and multimodal analgesia for chest tube removal: A randomized trial study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the analgesic efficacy of subcutaneous lidocaine and multimodal analgesia for chest tube removal following heart surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty volunteers were randomly allocated in two groups; 30 participants in the experimental group were given 1% subcutaneous lidocaine, and 30 controls were given a multimodal analgesia regime comprising systemic anti-inflammatory agents and opioids. The intensity and quality of pain and trait and state anxiety were assessed. The association between independent variables and final outcome was assessed by means of the Chi-squared test with Yates' correction and Fisher's exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups did not exhibit significant difference with respect to the intensity of pain upon chest tube removal (p= 0.47). The most frequent descriptors of pain reported by the participants were pressing, sharp, pricking, burning and unbearable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that the analgesic effect of the subcutaneous administration of 1% lidocaine combined with multimodal analgesia is most efficacious.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valdecy Ferreira de Oliveira
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: Hospital Promater, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Madson Vidal
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.affiliation: Hospital Promater, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo Matos
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cascudo
authors.affiliation: Hospital Promater, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ênio de Oliveira
authors.initials: Êde O
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Angela Ferreira
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ivonete Batista
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: de Araujo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015505:Chest Tubes; D020878:Device Removal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D000073818:Procedural Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine