title: Use of Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators (GECIs) Combined with Advanced Motion Tracking Techniques to Examine the Behavior of Neurons and Glia in the Enteric Nervous System of the Intact Murine Colon.
abstract: Genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators (GECIs) have been used extensively in many body systems to detect Ca(2+) transients associated with neuronal activity. Their adoption in enteric neurobiology has been slower, although they offer many advantages in terms of selectivity, signal-to-noise and non-invasiveness. Our aims were to utilize a number of cell-specific promoters to express the Ca(2+) indicator GCaMP3 in different classes of neurons and glia to determine their effectiveness in measuring activity in enteric neural networks during colonic motor behaviors. We bred several GCaMP3 mice: (1) Wnt1-GCaMP3, all enteric neurons and glia; (2) GFAP-GCaMP3, enteric glia; (3) nNOS-GaMP3, enteric nitrergic neurons; and (4) ChAT-GCaMP3, enteric cholinergic neurons. These mice allowed us to study the behavior of the enteric neurons in the intact colon maintained at a physiological temperature, especially during the colonic migrating motor complex (CMMC), using low power Ca(2+) imaging. In this preliminary study, we observed neuronal and glial cell Ca(2+) transients in specific cells in both the myenteric and submucous plexus in all of the transgenic mice variants. The number of cells that could be simultaneously imaged at low power (100-1000 active cells) through the undissected gut required advanced motion tracking and analysis routines. The pattern of Ca(2+) transients in myenteric neurons showed significant differences in response to spontaneous, oral or anal stimulation. Brief anal elongation or mucosal stimulation, which evokes a CMMC, were the most effective stimuli and elicited a powerful synchronized and prolonged burst of Ca(2+) transients in many myenteric neurons, especially when compared with the same neurons during a spontaneous CMMC. In contrast, oral elongation, which normally inhibits CMMCs, appeared to suppress Ca(2+) transients in some of the neurons active during a spontaneous or an anally evoked CMMC. The activity in glial networks appeared to follow neural activity but continued long after neural activity had waned. With these new tools an unprecedented level of detail can be recorded from the enteric nervous system (ENS) with minimal manipulation of tissue. These techniques can be extended in order to better understand the roles of particular enteric neurons and glia during normal and disordered motility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine Reno, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Grant W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Hennig
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine Reno, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine Reno, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Sang Don
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine Reno, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Corrigan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine Reno, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Dante J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Heredia
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine Reno, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Shonnard
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine Reno, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Terence K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Smith
keywords: CMMC; GECIs; calcium; colon; myenteric plexus; submucous plexus