title: The role of mechanistic target of rapamycin in maintenance of glomerular epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have emerged to reveal the pivotal roles of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling not only in the maintenance of the physiological functions of renal cells but also in the pathogenesis of renal cell dysfunctions and kidney diseases. We introduce the current understanding of mTOR signaling, and its crucial roles in glomerular epithelial cell biology and the pathophysiology related to kidney diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  mTOR, a Ser/Thr kinase, forms two distinct functional complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Recent studies revealed that physiologic levels of mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity play key roles in maintaining podocyte and glomerular functions. However, aberrant activation of mTORC1 or loss of mTORC2 activity in podocytes may underlie the pathogenesis of glomerular disorders, including diabetic kidney disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An effective treatment for mTORC1-associated podocyte and glomerular dysfunction may require the attenuation of mTORC1 activity in the setting of both an intact mTORC2 pathway and normal basal mTORC1 activity in order to preserve physiologic podocyte functions.
authors.affiliation: aLife Sciences Institute bDepartment of Molecular and Integrative Physiology cDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D000076225:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes / Q000502:physiology; D050199:Podocytes / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D000076225:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus