title: Macrophages polarization is mediated by the combination of PRR ligands and distinct inflammatory cytokines.
abstract: Macrophages recognize microbes through Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), and then release pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Recent studies have highlighted that collaboration between different PRRs. However, these studies have neglected the crosstalk between various PRRs on macrophages. In the present study, we investigated the interplay of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) (NOD1, NOD2) and TLRs (TLR1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) in terms of macrophage activation, the expression and production of cytokines. The macrophages were stimulated with a single PRR ligand or a combination of TLR and NOD ligands. After 8 h of incubation, the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, IL-13, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was evaluated. The production of these cytokines was also measured. NOD2 synergized with TLR3 agonists on enhancement of IL-10 release. However, the combination of NOD1 with TLR3 ligands showed little effect on IL-10 production. Moreover, NOD2 inhibited the percentages of CD11b + F4/80 + cells activated by TLR3 agonist.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Xixi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Yuhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Mingwen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition
keywords: Macrophage; NLRs; interleukin; pattern recognition receptor; toll-like receptor