title: The potential of organic substrates based on mushroom substrate and straw to dissipate fungicides contained in effluents from the fruit-packaging industry - Is there a role for Pleurotus ostreatus?
abstract: Citrus fruit-packaging plants (FPP) produce large wastewater volumes with high loads of fungicides like ortho-phenylphenol (OPP) and imazalil (IMZ). No methods are in place for the treatment of those effluents and biobeds appear as a viable alternative. We employed a column study to investigate the potential of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of Pleurotus ostreatus, either alone or in mixture with straw and soil plus a mixture of straw /soil to retain and dissipate IMZ and OPP. The role of P. ostreatus on fungicides dissipation was also investigated by studying in parallel the performance of fresh mushroom substrate of P. ostreatus (FMS) and measuring lignolytic enzymatic activity in the leachates. All substrates effectively reduced the leaching of OPP and IMZ which corresponded to 0.014-1.1% and 0.120-0.420% of their initial amounts respectively. Mass balance analysis revealed that FMS and SMS/Straw/Soil (50/25/25 by vol) offered the most efficient removal of OPP and IMZ from wastewaters respectively. Regardless of the substrate, OPP was restricted in the top 0-20cm of the columns and was bioavailable (extractable with water), compared to IMZ which was less bioavailable (extractable with acetonitrile) but diffused at deeper layers (20-50, 50-80cm) in the SMS- and Straw/Soil-columns. PLFAs showed that fungal abundance was significantly lower in the top layer of all substrates from where the highest pesticide amounts were recovered suggesting an inhibitory effect of fungicides on total fungi in the substrates tested. Our data suggest that biobeds packed with SMS-rich substrates could ensure the efficient removal of IMZ and OPP from wastewaters of citrus FPP.
authors.affiliation: University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ploutonos 26 and Aiolou, 41221 Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Karas
authors.affiliation: University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ploutonos 26 and Aiolou, 41221 Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Sotirina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Makri
authors.affiliation: University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ploutonos 26 and Aiolou, 41221 Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Evangelia S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Papadopoulou
authors.affiliation: Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Natural Resources and Agricultural Engineering, Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry, 75 IeraOdos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ehaliotis
authors.affiliation: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Pesticide Science Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Urania
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Menkissoglu-Spiroudi
authors.affiliation: University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ploutonos 26 and Aiolou, 41221 Larissa, Greece. Electronic address: dkarpouzas@bio.uth.gr.
authors.forename: Dimitrios G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Karpouzas
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales; D002957:Citrus; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007221:Industry; D010575:Pesticides; D020076:Pleurotus; D012987:Soil; D014908:Triticum; D014675:Vegetables; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007093:Imidazoles; D010575:Pesticides; D012987:Soil; D062065:Wastewater; C017435:enilconazole
keywords: Fruit-packaging plants; Imazalil; Leaching; Ortho-phenylphenol; Spent mushroom substrate