title: INTRAVITREAL MELPHALAN AS SALVAGE THERAPY FOR REFRACTORY RETINAL AND SUBRETINAL RETINOBLASTOMA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This case series highlights the novel use of intravitreal melphalan for nonvitreous retinoblastoma. It assesses the efficacy and toxicity of intravitreal melphalan for nonvitreous retinoblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  This observational small case series investigates three patients treated with intravitreal melphalan for nonvitreous retinoblastoma that was refractory to multiple-course ophthalmic artery chemosurgery. Patients' demographics, response to treatment, and toxicity of treatment as clinically evaluated are measured by electroretinogram.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three eyes of three patients received a median of 7 weekly intravitreal melphalan injections (30 μg/0.07 cc) for persistent retinal or subretinal tumors refractory to treatment with multiple-course ophthalmic artery chemosurgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eyes remain tumor free at a median of 14-month follow-up. One eye was enucleated because of a vitreous hemorrhage that obscured fundus details. One eye had extinguished electroretinogram recordings before injections and two eyes had a decrease in electroretinogram responses over the intravitreal treatment course. The eye with subretinal seeding demonstrated marked retinopathy by ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography and one eye was enucleated because of the development of a vitreous hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This small case series highlights that nonvitreous disease that is, refractory or persistent despite previous ophthalmic artery chemosurgery can regress with intravitreal melphalan. However, this treatment may result in retinal toxicity.
authors.affiliation: *Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; †Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York; and ‡Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Jasmine H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Marr
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Brodie
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gobin
authors.forename: Ira J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Dunkel
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Abramson
mesh_terms: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008297:Male; D008558:Melphalan / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D008558:Melphalan