title: Mild traumatic brain injury in children is associated with a low risk for posttraumatic seizures.
abstract: OBJECT Of the 1.7 million traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in the US, a third occur in patients under 14 years of age. The rate of posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) may be as high as 19% after severe pediatric TBI, but the risk for seizures after mild TBI is unknown. Although the rate of seizures after mild TBI may be low, current practice is often driven by high clinical concern for posttraumatic seizures. In this study, the authors evaluated electroencephalography (EEG) results and antiepileptic drug (AED) use in a large cohort of children with mild TBI to estimate the incidence of posttraumatic seizures in this population. METHODS Patients presenting to Children's Hospital of Atlanta for mild TBI from 2010 to 2013 were evaluated. Five thousand one hundred forty-eight patients with mild TBI were studied and divided into 3 groups: 4168 who were discharged from the emergency department, 868 who were admitted without neurosurgical intervention, and 112 who underwent neurosurgical procedures (craniotomy for hematoma evacuation or elevation of depressed skull fractures) but were discharged without an extended stay. Demographic information, CT characteristics, EEG reports, and prescriptions for AEDs were analyzed. Long-term follow-up was sought for all patients who underwent EEG. Correlation between EEG result and AED use was also evaluated. RESULTS All patients underwent head CT, and admitted patients were more likely to have an abnormal study (p < 0.0001). EEG evaluations were performed for less than 1.0% of patients in all 3 categories, without significant differences between groups (p = 0.97). Clinicians prescribed AEDs in less than 2.0% of patients for all groups, without significant differences between groups (p = 0.094). Even fewer children continue to see a neurologist for long-term seizure management. The EEG result had good negative predictive value, but only an abnormal EEG reading that was diagnostic of seizures correlated significantly with AED prescription (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS EEG utilization and AED prescription was low in all 3 groups, indicating that seizures following mild TBI are likely rare events. EEG has good negative predictive value for patients who did not receive AEDs, but has poorer positive predictive value for AED use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University; and.
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Huguenard
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University; and.
authors.forename: Brandon A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurosurgery Associates at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarda
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurosurgery Associates at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Capasse
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University; and.|Pediatric Neurosurgery Associates at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reisner
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University; and.|Pediatric Neurosurgery Associates at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chern
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011859:Radiography; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants
keywords: AED = antiepileptic drug; CHOA = Children’s Hospital of Atlanta; ED = emergency department; EEG = electroencephalography; GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; LOS = length of stay; PTE = posttraumatic epilepsy; TBI = traumatic brain injury; antiepileptic drug; electroencephalography; mild traumatic brain injury; posttraumatic seizure; trauma