title: Diacerein-mediated inhibition of IL-6/IL-6R signaling induces apoptotic effects on breast cancer.
abstract: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling network has been implicated in oncogenic transformations making it attractive target for the discovery of novel cancer therapeutics. In this study, potent antiproliferative and apoptotic effect of diacerein were observed against breast cancer. In vitro apoptosis was induced by this drug in breast cancer cells as verified by increased sub-G1 population, LIVE/DEAD assay, cell cytotoxicity and presence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, as well as downregulation of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and upregulation of apoptotic protein Bax. In addition, apoptosis induction was found to be caspase dependent. Further molecular investigations indicated that diacerein instigated apoptosis was associated with inhibition of IL-6/IL-6R autocrine signaling axis. Suppression of STAT3, MAPK and Akt pathways were also observed as a consequence of diacerein-mediated upstream inhibition of IL-6/IL-6R. Fluorescence study and western blot analysis revealed cytosolic accumulation of STAT3 in diacerein-treated cells. The docking study showed diacerein/IL-6R interaction that was further validated by competitive binding assay and isothermal titration calorimetry. Most interestingly, it was found that diacerein considerably suppressed tumor growth in MDA-MB-231 xenograft model. The in vivo antitumor effect was correlated with decreased proliferation (Ki-67), increased apoptosis (TUNEL) and inhibition of IL-6/IL-6R-mediated STAT3, MAPK and Akt pathway in tumor remnants. Taken together, diacerein offered a novel blueprint for cancer therapy by hampering IL-6/IL-6R/STAT3/MAPK/Akt network.
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bharti
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.affiliation: Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Ojha
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajput
authors.affiliation: IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jaganathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mandal
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; C025292:diacerein