title: Negative symptoms and longitudinal grey matter tissue loss in adolescents at risk of psychosis: preliminary findings from a 6-year follow-up study.
abstract: Negative symptoms are perhaps the most disabling feature of schizophrenia. Their pathogenesis remains poorly understood and it has been difficult to assess their development over time with imaging techniques.
  
  
  
  To examine, using tensor-based structural imaging techniques, whether there are regions of progressive grey matter volume change associated with the development of negative symptoms.
  
  
  
  A total of 43 adolescents at risk of psychosis were examined using magnetic resonance imaging and whole brain tensor-based morphometry at two time points, 6 years apart.
  
  
  
  When comparing the individuals with significant negative symptoms with the remaining participants, we identified five regions of significant grey matter tissue loss over the 6-year period. These regions included the left temporal lobe, the left cerebellum, the left posterior cingulate and the left inferior parietal sulcus.
  
  
  
  Negative symptoms are associated with longitudinal grey matter tissue loss. The regions identified include areas associated with psychotic symptoms more generally but also include regions uniquely associated with negative symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Andrew G. McKechanie, MRCPsych, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Thomas W. J. Moorhead, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Andrew C. Stanfield, PhD, MRCPsych, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Heather C. Whalley, PhD, Eve C. Johnstone, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, Stephen M. Lawrie, MD, FRCPE, FRCPsych, David G. C. Owens, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK andrew.mckechanie@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: McKechanie
authors.affiliation: Andrew G. McKechanie, MRCPsych, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Thomas W. J. Moorhead, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Andrew C. Stanfield, PhD, MRCPsych, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Heather C. Whalley, PhD, Eve C. Johnstone, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, Stephen M. Lawrie, MD, FRCPE, FRCPsych, David G. C. Owens, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas W J
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Moorhead
authors.affiliation: Andrew G. McKechanie, MRCPsych, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Thomas W. J. Moorhead, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Andrew C. Stanfield, PhD, MRCPsych, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Heather C. Whalley, PhD, Eve C. Johnstone, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, Stephen M. Lawrie, MD, FRCPE, FRCPsych, David G. C. Owens, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Stanfield
authors.affiliation: Andrew G. McKechanie, MRCPsych, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Thomas W. J. Moorhead, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Andrew C. Stanfield, PhD, MRCPsych, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Heather C. Whalley, PhD, Eve C. Johnstone, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, Stephen M. Lawrie, MD, FRCPE, FRCPsych, David G. C. Owens, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Heather C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Whalley
authors.affiliation: Andrew G. McKechanie, MRCPsych, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Thomas W. J. Moorhead, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Andrew C. Stanfield, PhD, MRCPsych, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Heather C. Whalley, PhD, Eve C. Johnstone, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, Stephen M. Lawrie, MD, FRCPE, FRCPsych, David G. C. Owens, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Eve C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.affiliation: Andrew G. McKechanie, MRCPsych, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Thomas W. J. Moorhead, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Andrew C. Stanfield, PhD, MRCPsych, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Heather C. Whalley, PhD, Eve C. Johnstone, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, Stephen M. Lawrie, MD, FRCPE, FRCPsych, David G. C. Owens, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lawrie
authors.affiliation: Andrew G. McKechanie, MRCPsych, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Thomas W. J. Moorhead, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Andrew C. Stanfield, PhD, MRCPsych, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Heather C. Whalley, PhD, Eve C. Johnstone, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, Stephen M. Lawrie, MD, FRCPE, FRCPsych, David G. C. Owens, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: David G C
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Owens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult