title: Oligosaccharides in Urine, Blood, and Feces of Piglets Fed Milk Replacer Containing Galacto-oligosaccharides.
abstract: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are absorbed into the blood (about 1% of the HMO intake) and subsequently excreted in urine, where they may protect the infant from pathogen infection. As dietary galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) have partial structural similarities with HMOs, this study investigated the presence of GOS and oligosaccharides originating from milk replacer in blood serum, urine, and cecal and fecal samples of piglets, as a model for human infants. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection, oligosaccharides originating from piglet diet including 3'-sialyllactose and specific GOS ranging from degree of polymerization 3 to 6 were detected in blood serum and in urine of piglets. In blood serum, GOS levels ranged from 16 to 23 μg/mL, representing about 0.1% of the GOS daily intake. In urine, approximately 0.85 g of GOS/g of creatinine was found. Cecum digesta and feces contained low amounts of oligosaccharides, suggesting an extensive GOS intestinal fermentation in piglets.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Difilippo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bettonvil
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rianne H A M
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Subdivision of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy, and Toxicology, Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80125, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Braber
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Subdivision of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy, and Toxicology, Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80125, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fink-Gremmels
authors.affiliation: Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12 Utrecht Science Park, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University , David de Wied Building, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Prescilla V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Jeurink
authors.affiliation: FrieslandCampina, P.O. Box 1551, 3800 BN Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Margriet H C
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Schoterman
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gruppen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Schols
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005285:Fermentation; D005690:Galactose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism; D041941:Milk Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides; D005690:Galactose
keywords: GOS; absorption; capillary electrophoresis; creatinine; fermentation; intestine; liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry; pig; prebiotics