title: Feeding nitrate and docosahexaenoic acid affects enteric methane production and milk fatty acid composition in lactating dairy cows.
abstract: An experiment was conducted to study potential interaction between the effects of feeding nitrate and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6 n-3) on enteric CH4 production and performance of lactating dairy cows. Twenty-eight lactating Holstein dairy cows were grouped into 7 blocks of 4 cows. Within blocks, cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: control (CON; urea as alternative nonprotein N source to nitrate), NO3 [21 g of nitrate/kg of dry matter (DM)], DHA (3 g of DHA/kg of DM and urea as alternative nonprotein N source to nitrate), or NO3 + DHA (21 g of nitrate/kg of DM and 3 g of DHA/kg of DM, respectively). Cows were fed a total mixed ration consisting of 21% grass silage, 49% corn silage, and 30% concentrates on a DM basis. Feed additives were included in the concentrates. Cows assigned to a treatment including nitrate were gradually adapted to the treatment dose of nitrate over a period of 21 d during which no DHA was fed. The experimental period lasted 17 d, and CH4 production was measured during the last 5d in climate respiration chambers. Cows produced on average 363, 263, 369, and 298 g of CH4/d on CON, NO3, DHA, and NO3 + DHA treatments, respectively, and a tendency for a nitrate × DHA interaction effect was found where the CH4-mitigating effect of nitrate decreased when combined with DHA. This tendency was not obtained for CH4 production relative to dry matter intake (DMI) or to fat- and protein corrected milk (FPCM). The NO3 treatment decreased CH4 production irrespective of the unit in which it was expressed, whereas DHA did not affect CH4 production per kilogram of DMI, but resulted in a higher CH4 production per kilogram of fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) production. The FPCM production (27.9, 24.7, 24.2, and 23. 8 kg/d for CON, NO3, DHA, and NO3 + DHA, respectively) was lower for DHA-fed cows because of decreased milk fat concentration. The proportion of saturated fatty acids in milk fat was decreased by DHA, and the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids was increased by both nitrate and DHA. Milk protein concentration was lower for nitrate-fed cows. In conclusion, nitrate but not DHA decreased enteric CH4 production and no interaction effects were found on CH4 production per kilogram of DMI or per kilogram of FPCM.
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands. Electronic address: geronda.klop@wur.nl.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Klop
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hatew
authors.affiliation: Wageningen UR Livestock Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bannink
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D008697:Methane / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D009566:Nitrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006109:Poaceae; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism; D012820:Silage / Q000032:analysis; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D008894:Milk Proteins; D009566:Nitrates; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D008697:Methane
keywords: docosahexaenoic acid; methane; milk fatty acid; nitrate