title: Heat Transfer and Thermal Stress Analysis of a Mandibular Molar Tooth Restored by Different Indirect Restorations Using a Three-Dimensional Finite Element Method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Daily consumption of food and drink creates rapid temperature changes in the oral cavity. Heat transfer and thermal stress caused by temperature changes in restored teeth may damage the hard and soft tissue components, resulting in restoration failure. This study evaluates the temperature distribution and related thermal stress on mandibular molar teeth restored via three indirect restorations using three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3D finite element model was constructed of a mandibular first molar and included enamel, dentin, pulp, surrounding bone, and indirect class 2 restorations of type 2 dental gold alloy, ceramic, and composite resin. A transient thermal FEA was performed to investigate the temperature distribution and the resulting thermal stress after simulated temperature changes from 36°C to 4 or 60°C for a 2-second time period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The restoration models had similar temperature distributions at 2 seconds in both the thermal conditions. Compared with 60°C exposure, the 4°C condition resulted in thermal stress values of higher magnitudes. At 4ºC, the highest stress value observed was tensile stress (56 to 57 MPa), whereas at 60°C, the highest stress value observed was compressive stress (42 to 43 MPa). These stresses appeared at the cervical region of the lingual enamel. The thermal stress at the restoration surface and resin cement showed decreasing order of magnitude as follows: composite > gold > ceramic, in both thermal conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The properties of the restorative materials do not affect temperature distribution at 2 seconds in restored teeth. The pulpal temperature is below the threshold for vital pulp tissue (42ºC). Temperature changes generate maximum thermal stress at the cervical region of the enamel. With the highest thermal expansion coefficient, composite resin restorations exhibit higher stress patterns than ceramic and gold restorations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Berrak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Çelik Köycü
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Pervin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: İmirzalıoğlu
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics; D003188:Composite Resins; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006047:Gold Alloys; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008334:Mandible; D003765:Models, Dental; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D006047:Gold Alloys
keywords: Oral temperature changes; finite element analysis; inlay restorations; thermal stress distribution