title: Empiric Antibiotic Therapy for Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A retrospective study was conducted to investigate the validity and the effectiveness of early empiric antibiotic and de-escalation therapy for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock patients in the intensive care unit (ICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients admitted to the ICU at Chiba University Hospital from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2012, for the treatment of severe sepsis or septic shock were selected for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-hundred and ten patients were enrolled for the analysis. Carbapenems were selected most frequently (57.3%), followed by cephalosporins (22.7%), and penicillins (21.8%). Empiric antibiotic therapy was appropriate for 85 (77.3%) patients. Mortality rates for patients with inappropriate empiric therapy was 36.8%, whereas mortality rates for patients with appropriate empiric therapy was 17.5%. Among the patients with appropriate empiric antibiotic administration, de-escalation was associated with lower mortality rates of 5.0% for severe sepsis and 9.7% for septic shock patients. The mortality rates for the no de-escalation group were 19.0% and 35.7%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Empiric antibiotic therapy was acceptable for severe sepsis and septic shock patients treated in the ICU. The appropriate selection of empiric antibiotics was related to a greater rate of de-escalation and better survival. The risk of multi-drug-resistant bacterial infections was not as high as expected, but will need further attention in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba City, Japan .
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba City, Japan .
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba City, Japan .
authors.forename: Waka
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba City, Japan .
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba City, Japan .
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iwase
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba City, Japan .
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurita
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba City, Japan .
authors.forename: Daiki
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba City, Japan .
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaji
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba City, Japan .
authors.forename: Shigeto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055502:Secondary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents