title: Association of Coffee Consumption With Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality in a Large US Prospective Cohort Study.
abstract: Concerns about high caffeine intake and coffee as a vehicle for added fat and sugar have raised questions about the net impact of coffee on health. Although inverse associations have been observed for overall mortality, data for cause-specific mortality are sparse. Additionally, few studies have considered exclusively decaffeinated coffee intake or use of coffee additives. Coffee intake was assessed at baseline by self-report in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Hazard ratios were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Among 90,317 US adults without cancer at study baseline (1998-2001) or history of cardiovascular disease at study enrollment (1993-2001), 8,718 deaths occurred during 805,644 person-years of follow-up from 1998 through 2009. Following adjustment for smoking and other potential confounders, coffee drinkers, as compared with nondrinkers, had lower hazard ratios for overall mortality (<1 cup/day: hazard ratio (HR) = 0.99 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92, 1.07); 1 cup/day: HR = 0.94 (95% CI: 0.87, 1.02); 2-3 cups/day: HR = 0.82 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.88); 4-5 cups/day: HR = 0.79 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.86); ≥6 cups/day: HR = 0.84 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.95)). Similar findings were observed for decaffeinated coffee and coffee additives. Inverse associations were observed for deaths from heart disease, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, pneumonia and influenza, and intentional self-harm, but not cancer. Coffee may reduce mortality risk by favorably affecting inflammation, lung function, insulin sensitivity, and depression.
authors.forename: Erikka
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Loftfield
authors.forename: Neal D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Barry I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Graubard
authors.forename: Kristin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Guertin
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Wen-Yi
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Fatma M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Shebl
authors.forename: Susan T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Mayne
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee
keywords: additives; caffeine; cause-specific mortality; coffee; mortality