title: Dietary intake polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and associated cancer risk in a cohort of Chinese urban adults: Inter- and intra-individual variability.
abstract: Dietary intake is one of the major exposure pathways of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially in Chinese people because foods are often prepared with grilling and/or frying that would produce high levels of PAHs. In this paper, we assessed daily dietary intakes (DDI) of PAHs, using a "duplicate plate method", among 100 Chinese urban residents. The DDI of benzo(a)pyrene ranged from 0.06 µg per day to 13.5 µg per day with a median of 0.69 µg per day, varying largely across subjects. The median Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) attributable to PAH dietary intake was 6.65 × 10(-5) (4.41 × 10(-5) to 1.02 × 10(-4) as inter-quartile range). The contribution of several high-PAH containing foods like barbecued, smoked or deep-fried meats to the overall DDIs was about 13%. The use of raw foods may underestimate dietary intake of PAHs and associated exposure risk considerably. Results from foods sampled in different seasons suggested that seasonal variability within an individual may contribute notably to overall variability measured in a population and more future studies with longer-term investigation on food ingestion and pollutant exposure are needed. The study indicates that measuring actually consumed foods is more appropriate for dietary intake exposure assessment, and intra-individual variance should be taken into account during study design and data analysis.
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China. Electronic address: duan_jasmine@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210036, China.
authors.forename: Guofeng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Anshan Environmental Monitoring Center, Liaoning 114000, China.
authors.forename: Hongbiao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Anshan Environmental Monitoring Center, Liaoning 114000, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Fusheng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Nicholas School of the Environment and Global Health Institute, Duke University, NC 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Jicheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Nicholas School of the Environment and Global Health Institute, Duke University, NC 27708, USA. Electronic address: junfeng.zhang@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Junfeng Jim
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012621:Seasons; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
keywords: Cancer risk; Daily dietary intake; Duplicated food method; Inter- and intra-variability; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons