title: Augmented reality assisted surgery: a urologic training tool.
abstract: Augmented reality is widely used in aeronautics and is a developing concept within surgery. In this pilot study, we developed an application for use on Google Glass ® optical head-mounted display to train urology residents in how to place an inflatable penile prosthesis. We use the phrase Augmented Reality Assisted Surgery to describe this novel application of augmented reality in the setting of surgery. The application demonstrates the steps of the surgical procedure of inflatable penile prosthesis placement. It also contains software that allows for detection of interest points using a camera feed from the optical head-mounted display to enable faculty to interact with residents during placement of the penile prosthesis. Urology trainees and faculty who volunteered to take part in the study were given time to experience the technology in the operative or perioperative setting and asked to complete a feedback survey. From 30 total participants using a 10-point scale, educational usefulness was rated 8.6, ease of navigation was rated 7.6, likelihood to use was rated 7.4, and distraction in operating room was rated 4.9. When stratified between trainees and faculty, trainees found the technology more educationally useful, and less distracting. Overall, 81% of the participants want this technology in their residency program, and 93% see this technology in the operating room in the future. Further development of this technology is warranted before full release, and further studies are necessary to better characterize the effectiveness of Augmented Reality Assisted Surgery in urologic surgical training.
authors.affiliation: Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Dickey
authors.affiliation: Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Neel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Srikishen
authors.affiliation: Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Larry I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Lipshultz
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, Department of Urology, Tampa 33606, USA.
authors.forename: Philippe E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Spiess
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, Department of Urology, Tampa 33606, USA.
authors.forename: Rafael E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Carrion
authors.affiliation: Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Tariq S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Hakky
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D015917:Penile Prosthesis; D010413:Penis / Q000601:surgery*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male / Q000193:education*; D014584:User-Computer Interface