title: Metabolic response to omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with diabetic nephropathy: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acid administration on markers of insulin resistance, lipid concentrations, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN).
  
  
  
  This parallel randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed among 60 patients with DN. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either 1000 mg/day omega-3 fatty acid from flaxseed oil (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) for 12 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at the onset of the study and 12 weeks after supplementation to assess glycaemic status, lipid concentrations, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress.
  
  
  
  After 12 weeks of treatment, patients who consumed omega-3 fatty acid supplements compared with the placebo had significantly decreased serum insulin levels (-39.6 ± 10.8 vs. -7.2 ± 8.4 pmol/L, P = 0.001), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated b cell function (HOMA-B) (-30.2 ± 11.2 vs. -1.5 ± 6.8, P = 0.03) and improved quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) (+0.01 ± 0.004 vs. +0.002 ± 0.004, P = 0.03). Additionally, compared with the placebo, omega-3 fatty acid administration led to a significant reduction in serum triglycerides (-19.8 ± 8.8 vs. +12.6 ± 10.2 mg/dL, P = 0.01) and VLDL-cholesterol concentrations (-4.0 ± 1.8 vs. +2.5 ± 2.0 mg/dL, P = 0.01). Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid had no significant effects on other lipid subfractions, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress compared with the placebo. In addition, within-group differences revealed significant reductions in serum insulin (P = 0.001), HOMA-IR (P = 0.004), HOMA-B (P = 0.01), serum triglycerides (P = 0.03), VLDL- (P = 0.03), total- (P < 0.001), LDL- (P = 0.002), total-/HDL-cholesterol ratio (P = 0.001), blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.04), and significant increases in QUICKI (P = 0.001) and nitric oxide (P = 0.005) and total antioxidant capacity concentrations (P = 0.02) in the omega-3 fatty acid group.
  
  
  
  Our findings indicated that omega-3 fatty acid administration for 12 weeks among DN patients had favorable effects on insulin levels, HOMA-B, QUICKI, serum triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol; however, it did not influence biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soleimani
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taghizadeh
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
authors.forename: Fereshteh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bahmani
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
authors.forename: Negin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Badroj
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Electronic address: asemi_r@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Zatollah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Asemi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005215:Fasting; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Diabetic nephropathy; Metabolic status; Omega-3 fatty acid; Supplementation