title: Expressed Breast Milk as a Predictor of Neonatal Yeast Colonization in an Intensive Care Setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Yeast colonization is a predictor for invasive infection in neonates. Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis are leading causes of invasive fungal infection (IFI) in this population. This study examines maternal breast milk as a predictor of colonization of infants with yeast.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inclusion criteria were admission longer than 72 hours to the neonatal intensive care unit and parental consent. Cultures of expressed breast milk, when available, and swabs from oral, rectal, and inguinal sites were obtained weekly for 12 weeks, or until discharge, transfer, or death. Cultures were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. Clinical information was extracted from medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred thirty infants were enrolled from February 2011 to November 2012. Cultures were obtained in 129 patients. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) gestational age was 34.4 weeks (33.1-37.1 weeks). The median (IQR) birth weight was 2157.5 g (1740-3060 g). No infants developed IFIs. Twenty-nine (22%) infants were colonized with yeast. Potential correlates for colonization in univariate analysis included exposure to antenatal steroids, postnatal antibiotics, and receipt of breast milk containing yeast. Potential correlates that remained after multivariable logistic regression included exposure to antenatal steroids and receipt of breast milk containing yeast. In cases in which yeast was recovered from an individual infant and from the breast milk received by that infant, there was only 30% concordance between yeast species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recovery of yeast from breast milk is associated with colonization with yeast in the neonate. Because Candida transmission via breast milk had a 30% concordance, breast milk is only one of several ways colonization occurs. Further study is needed on mechanisms of colonization.
authors.affiliation: Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: B D W
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Reardon
authors.affiliation: Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.affiliation: Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Laforce-Nesbitt
authors.affiliation: Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.affiliation: Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bliss
keywords: breast milk; candida; colonization; neonatal; yeast.