title: Childhood predictors of persistent ADHD in early adulthood: Results from the first follow-up study in China.
abstract: It is known that childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persists into adulthood. Previous studies have demonstrated that gender, ADHD symptoms, functional impairment severity, medication treatment, IQ, comorbid with oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and follow-up periods were associated with ADHD persistence in longitudinal samples of western population. In this study, we attempted to widely investigate the predictors particularly in a Chinese Han ADHD cohort. 399 children who met DSM-IV ADHD criteria were followed up into early adulthood. Ordinal logistic regression combined with survival analysis were conducted to examine the association of retrospectively reported childhood factors with adult ADHD persistence based on both categorical indicators and quantitative traits. 46.37% of the participants still met ADHD criteria in adulthood. Logistic models and survival analyses indicated that ADHD combined type appeared as a significant risk factor for ADHD persistence while superior IQ played a protective role even after controlling for the other potential confounders. When quantitative traits were applied, a number of hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms and IQ still made significant contributions. In conclusion, our results indicated the syndromic continuity of ADHD. Further, a number of hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms were a risk factor while higher IQ was protective for ADHD persistence.
authors.affiliation: Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Xiao
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Li
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, China.
authors.forename: Yue-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, China.
authors.forename: Qing-Jiu
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, China. Electronic address: wangyf@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yu-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, China. Electronic address: qianqiujin@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Qiu-Jin
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Qian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ADHD; Hyperactivity/impulsivity; IQ; Predictors