title: CD19(+)IL-10(+) regulatory B cells affect survival of tongue squamous cell carcinoma patients and induce resting CD4(+) T cells to CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increase of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment predicts worse survival of patients with various types of cancer including tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). Recently, the cross-talk between Tregs and regulatory B cells (Bregs) has been shown in several tumor models. However the relevance of Bregs to tumor immunity in humans remains elusive. Our objective was to investigate the distribution and function of Bregs in TSCC microenvironment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double staining (Bregs: IL10/CD19 and Tregs: Foxp3/CD4) was performed on tissue sections of 46 TSCC, 20 metastasis lymph nodes, and tumor adjacent normal tissue. Flow cytometry analysis was used to detect the Bregs from magnetic bead-sorted B cells after co-culture with TSCC cell lines, and Tregs from sorted CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells after co-culture with stimulated B cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The immunohistochemical (IHC) results showed that the frequency of Bregs/CD19(+) B in TSCC (0.80±0.08%) was significantly higher than adjacent normal tissue (0.52±0.04% p<0.01). And the increase of Bregs in TSCC microenvironment was related to Tregs and predicts worse survival in patients. Cytological experiments indicated that frequency of Bregs increased after co-culture with TSCC cell line and that the induced B cells converted CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells into Tregs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased expression of Bregs in the TSCC microenvironment plays a significant role in the differentiation of resting CD4(+) T cells and influenced the prognosis of TSCC patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Xiong
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Lao
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address: yujie0350@126.com.
authors.forename: Yu-Jie
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address: drliaoguiqing@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Gui-Qing
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D018941:Antigens, CD19 / Q000378:metabolism; D060151:B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000378:metabolism*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000378:metabolism*; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018941:Antigens, CD19; C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: Bregs; CD40L; Double staining; IL-10; Immunosuppression; Oral oncology; Tongue squamous cell carcinoma; Tregs; Tumor immunity; Tumor microenvironment