title: Covariance modulates the effect of joint temperature and food variance on ectotherm life-history traits.
abstract: Understanding animal performance in heterogeneous or variable environments is a central question in ecology. We combine modelling and experiments to test how temperature and food availability variance jointly affect life-history traits of ectotherms. The model predicts that as mean temperatures move away from the ectotherm's thermal optimum, the effect size of joint thermal and food variance should become increasingly sensitive to their covariance. Below the thermal optimum, performance should be positively correlated with food-temperature covariance and the opposite is predicted above it. At lower temperatures, covariance should determine whether food and temperature variance increases or decreases performance compared to constant conditions. Somewhat stronger than predicted, the covariance effect below the thermal optimum was confirmed experimentally on an aquatic ectotherm (Daphnia magna) exposed to diurnal food and temperature variance with different amounts of covariance. Our findings have important implications for understanding ectotherm responses to climate-driven alterations of thermal mean and variance.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Apostolos-Manuel
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Koussoroplis
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wacker
keywords: 
  Daphnia
  ; Biotic interactions; co-limitation; environmental fluctuations; heterogeneity; variability; vertical migration; zooplankton