title: N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor b (nsfb) Is Required for Normal Pigmentation of the Zebrafish Retinal Pigment Epithelium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the number of albinism-causing mutations identified in human patients and animal models, there remain a significant number of cases for which no mutation has been identified, suggesting that our understanding of melanogenesis is incomplete. Previously, we identified two oculocutaneous albinism mutations in zebrafish, au13 and au18. Here, we sought to identify the mutated loci and determine how the affected proteins contribute to normal pigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Complementation analyses revealed that au13 and au18 belonged to a single complementation group, suggesting that they affected the same locus. Whole-genome sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis was performed to identify putative mutations, which were confirmed by cDNA sequencing and mRNA rescue. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and image quantification were used to identify the cellular basis of hypopigmentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whole-genome sequencing and SNP mapping identified a nonsense mutation in the N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor b (nsfb) gene in au18 mutants. Complementary DNA sequencing confirmed the presence of the mutation (C893T), which truncates the nsfb protein by roughly two-thirds (Y297X). No coding sequence mutations were identified in au13, but quantitative PCR revealed a significant decrease in nsfb expression, and nsfb mRNA injection rescued the hypopigmentation phenotype, suggesting a regulatory mutation. In situ hybridization revealed that nsfb is broadly expressed during embryonic development, including in the RPE. Transmission electron microscopy analyses indicated that average melanosome density and maturity were significantly decreased in nsfb mutants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  au18 and au13 contain mutations in nsfb, which encodes a protein that is required for the maturation of melanosomes in zebrafish RPE.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Hanovice
authors.forename: Christina M S
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D000417:Albinism / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D020460:Melanosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009154:Mutation; D052066:N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000235:genetics*; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D052066:N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Proteins