title: Adaptation of an Evidence-Based Colorectal Cancer Screening Program Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) provide primary care to low-income and uninsured patients in the United States. FQHCs are required to report annual measurements and provide evidence of improvement for quality measures; effective methods to improve quality in FQHCs are needed. Systems of Support (SOS) is a proactive, mail-based, colorectal cancer screening program that was developed and tested in an integrated health care system. The objective of this study was to adapt SOS for use in an FQHC system, guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted qualitative semi-structured interviews in 2014 with organizational leadership, medical staff, and nursing staff to identify facilitators of and barriers to implementation of SOS in an FQHC system. The interview guide was based on the CFIR framework. Interview transcripts were analyzed using Template Analysis. We adapted SOS and planned implementation strategies to address identified barriers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Facilitators of implementation of SOS were previous quality improvement experience and engagement of clinic and administrative leadership. Barriers to implementation were a more diverse patient population, a decentralized administrative structure, and communication challenges throughout the organization. Program adaptations focused on patient instructions and educational materials as well as elimination of follow-up phone calls. Implementation strategies included early and frequent engagement with organizational leadership and a smaller pilot program before organization-wide implementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of CFIR identified facilitators of and barriers to implementation of the evidence-based colorectal cancer screening program. Program adaptations and implementation strategies based on this study may generalize to other FQHC systems that are considering implementation of a proactive, mail-based colorectal cancer screening program.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor Family Medicine, University of Washington, Box 354696, Seattle, WA 98195-4696. Email: acole2@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Allison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: Family Medicine Residency of Idaho, Boise, Idaho.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esplin
authors.affiliation: Baldwin, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Laura-Mae
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Baldwin
mesh_terms: D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003142:Communication; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000592:standards*; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D011203:Poverty; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D058996:Quality Improvement; D014481:United States