title: Comparison of fluoride effects on germination and growth of Zea mays, Glycine max and Sorghum vulgare.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fluorosis is a disease caused by over-exposure to fluoride (F). Argentina's rural lands have higher fluorine content than urban lands. Evidence confirms that plants grown in fluoridated areas could have higher F content. We compared F uptake and growth of crops grown in different F concentrations. The effect of 0-8 ppm F concentrations on maize, soybeans and sorghum germination and growth was compared. After 6 days seeding, the germination was determined, the roots and aerial parts lengths were measured, and vigor index was calculated. F content was measured in each part of the plants. Controls with equal concentrations of NaCl were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant decrease in roots and aerial parts lengths, and in vigor index of maize and soybeans plants was observed with F concentrations greater than 2 ppm. This was not observed in sorghum seedlings. Also, the amount of F in all crops augmented as F increases, being higher in roots and ungerminated seeds. Sorghum was the crop with the highest F content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluoride decreased the germination and growth of maize and soybeans and therefore could influence on their production. Conversely, sorghum seems to be resistant to the action of F. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Bone Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina.|National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Santa Fe 3100, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Brenda L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Fina
authors.affiliation: Bone Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina.|National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Santa Fe 3100, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Maela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lupo
authors.affiliation: Bone Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dri
authors.affiliation: Bone Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina.|National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Santa Fe 3100, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lombarte
authors.affiliation: Bone Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina.|National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Santa Fe 3100, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.|Rosario National University Research Council, Santa Fe 3100, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rigalli
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001118:Argentina; D005459:Fluorides / Q000378:metabolism*; D018525:Germination; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D045868:Sorghum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Glycine max; Sorghum vulgare; Zea mays; crop; fluoride; germination