title: Antileishmanial and immunomodulatory effects of the essential oil from Tetradenia riparia (Hochstetter) Codd.
abstract: Cutaneous leishmaniasis usually presents therapeutic resistance to antimonials, and the existing therapies for leishmaniasis have many adverse effects and toxicity. Natural products may be regarded as possible candidates for alternative leishmaniasis treatment. The plant Tetradenia riparia has shown promise for the treatment of infectious diseases in folk medicine. We evaluated the antileishmanial activity of an essential oil from T. riparia (TrEO) and the modulatory effects of TrEO on cytokine modulation by peritoneal fluid cells that were infected with L. (L.) amazonensis. Peritoneal fluid cells were infected with Leishmania and incubated with TrEO (30 ng/mL) for 3, 6, and 24 h. Cytokines were screened using semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry. Antileishmanial activity was evaluated at 24 h by microscopic counting and quantitative PCR (qPCR). TrEO treatment induced the death of 50% of Leishmania amastigotes (indicated by microscopic counting) and 91% of the parasite load (indicated by qPCR). TrEO inhibited some of the most critical cytokines for parasite growth and the establishment of infection, including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, and tumour necrosis factor. The parasite inhibited interferon-γ and IL-12, and TrEO blocked this inhibition, indicating that these cytokines are critical for activating mechanisms associated with the death and elimination of the parasite. These results suggest that TrEO may be an alternative leishmaniasis therapy when considering its antileishmanial and immunomodulatory activity.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Izabel Galhardo
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5764-9511
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Demarchi
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana de Souza
authors.initials: Mde S
authors.lastname: Terron
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mateus Vailant
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Thomazella
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila Alves
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais da Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Zilda Cristiani
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Gazim
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia e Farmacologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diógenez Aparício Garcia
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cortez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sandra Mara Alessi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Aristides
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thaís Gomes Verzignassi
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Valdrinez Campana
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Lonardoni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000166:cytology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D019686:Lamiaceae / Q000378:metabolism; D007891:Leishmania / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508598:IL4 protein, human; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
keywords: Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis; Tetradenia riparia; cutaneous leishmaniasis; cytokines; immune response