title: Silica Vesicle Nanovaccine Formulations Stimulate Long-Term Immune Responses to the Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus E2 Protein.
abstract: Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) is one of the most serious pathogen, which causes tremendous economic loss to the cattle industry worldwide, meriting the development of improved subunit vaccines. Structural glycoprotein E2 is reported to be a major immunogenic determinant of BVDV virion. We have developed a novel hollow silica vesicles (SV) based platform to administer BVDV-1 Escherichia coli-expressed optimised E2 (oE2) antigen as a nanovaccine formulation. The SV-140 vesicles (diameter 50 nm, wall thickness 6 nm, perforated by pores of entrance size 16 nm and total pore volume of 0.934 cm3 g(-1)) have proven to be ideal candidates to load oE2 antigen and generate immune response. The current study for the first time demonstrates the ability of freeze-dried (FD) as well as non-FD oE2/SV140 nanovaccine formulation to induce long-term balanced antibody and cell mediated memory responses for at least 6 months with a shortened dosing regimen of two doses in small animal model. The in vivo ability of oE2 (100 μg)/SV-140 (500 μg) and FD oE2 (100 μg)/SV-140 (500 μg) to induce long-term immunity was compared to immunisation with oE2 (100 μg) together with the conventional adjuvant Quil-A from the Quillaja saponira (10 μg) in mice. The oE2/SV-140 as well as the FD oE2/SV-140 nanovaccine generated oE2-specific antibody and cell mediated responses for up to six months post the final second immunisation. Significantly, the cell-mediated responses were consistently high in mice immunised with oE2/SV-140 (1,500 SFU/million cells) at the six-month time point. Histopathology studies showed no morphological changes at the site of injection or in the different organs harvested from the mice immunised with 500 μg SV-140 nanovaccine compared to the unimmunised control. The platform has the potential for developing single dose vaccines without the requirement of cold chain storage for veterinary and human applications.
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Karishma T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Mody
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mahony
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Antonino S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Cavallaro
authors.affiliation: Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Animal Science, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Mahony
authors.affiliation: Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Chengzhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Neena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mitter
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002417:Cattle; D030242:Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D007114:Immunization; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D004337:Drug Carriers; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D012822:Silicon Dioxide