title: A comprehensive review of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
abstract: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a late-onset fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons with an incidence of about 1/100,000. Most ALS cases are sporadic, but 5-10% of the cases are familial ALS. Both sporadic and familial ALS (FALS) are associated with degeneration of cortical and spinal motor neurons. The etiology of ALS remains unknown. However, mutations of superoxide dismutase 1 have been known as the most common cause of FALS. In this study, we provide a comprehensive review of ALS. We cover all aspects of the disease including epidemiology, comorbidities, environmental risk factor, molecular mechanism, genetic factors, symptoms, diagnostic, treatment, and even the available supplement and management of ALS. This will provide the reader with an advantage of receiving a broad range of information about the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zarei
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA.
authors.forename: Luz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reiley
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA.
authors.forename: Kelvin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA.
authors.forename: Orleiquis
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA.
authors.forename: Pablo Fernandez
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Altamirano
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA.
authors.forename: Wilfredo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pagani
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA.
authors.forename: Daud
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lodin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orozco
authors.affiliation: Neurologist, Caribbean Neurological Center, Caguas, USA.
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chinea
keywords: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; sporadic and familial ALS; superoxide dismutase