title: Fat Mass Is Associated with Foot Pain in Men: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Foot pain is a common complaint in adults. Evidence suggests that body composition is involved in the development of foot pain. However, whether this is the case in men remains unclear because previous studies mainly examined women. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the relationship between body composition and foot pain in men while accounting for important risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 978 men (median age 60 yrs, range 24-98) from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study who participated in a followup study in 2006 to 2011, 796 provided responses to questions on health status and foot pain. Foot pain was determined using the Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index, and body composition was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 796 respondents, 177 (22%) had foot pain. Risk factors for foot pain were age (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02-1.04), self-reported depression (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.30-3.20), decreased mobility (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.05-2.24), and lower education (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.03-2.09). Foot pain was associated with body mass index (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.00-1.10), fat mass (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.03-1.05), and fat mass index (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.15), but not fat-free mass (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.98-1.04) or fat-free mass index (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.95-1.15) after appropriate adjustments were made.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fat mass is associated with foot pain in men. These findings complement those in studies that have mainly examined women, and provide further evidence for the relationship between obesity and foot pain.
authors.affiliation: From the Discipline of Podiatry, and Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, La Trobe University, Bundoora; School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Bilinga; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (DEPM), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University; North-West Academic Centre, University of Melbourne; Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Melbourne; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.P.A. Butterworth, MPod, PhD candidate, La Trobe University; H.B. Menz, PhD, Professor, Director, Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, La Trobe University; D.M. Urquhart, PhD, Research Fellow, Monash University; F.M. Cicuttini, PhD, Professor, Musculoskeletal Unit, DEPM, Head Rheumatology Unit, Alfred Hospital; K.B. Landorf, PhD, Associate Professor, Research Coordinator, Discipline of Podiatry, La Trobe University; J.A. Pasco, PhD, Professor, Director, Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment, Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University; S.L. Brennan, PhD, Research Fellow, Deakin University; A.E. Wluka, PhD, Associate Professor, Senior Research Fellow, Monash University.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Butterworth
authors.affiliation: From the Discipline of Podiatry, and Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, La Trobe University, Bundoora; School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Bilinga; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (DEPM), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University; North-West Academic Centre, University of Melbourne; Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Melbourne; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.P.A. Butterworth, MPod, PhD candidate, La Trobe University; H.B. Menz, PhD, Professor, Director, Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, La Trobe University; D.M. Urquhart, PhD, Research Fellow, Monash University; F.M. Cicuttini, PhD, Professor, Musculoskeletal Unit, DEPM, Head Rheumatology Unit, Alfred Hospital; K.B. Landorf, PhD, Associate Professor, Research Coordinator, Discipline of Podiatry, La Trobe University; J.A. Pasco, PhD, Professor, Director, Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment, Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University; S.L. Brennan, PhD, Research Fellow, Deakin University; A.E. Wluka, PhD, Associate Professor, Senior Research Fellow, Monash University.
authors.forename: Hylton B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Menz
authors.affiliation: From the Discipline of Podiatry, and Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, La Trobe University, Bundoora; School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Bilinga; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (DEPM), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University; North-West Academic Centre, University of Melbourne; Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Melbourne; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.P.A. Butterworth, MPod, PhD candidate, La Trobe University; H.B. Menz, PhD, Professor, Director, Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, La Trobe University; D.M. Urquhart, PhD, Research Fellow, Monash University; F.M. Cicuttini, PhD, Professor, Musculoskeletal Unit, DEPM, Head Rheumatology Unit, Alfred Hospital; K.B. Landorf, PhD, Associate Professor, Research Coordinator, Discipline of Podiatry, La Trobe University; J.A. Pasco, PhD, Professor, Director, Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment, Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University; S.L. Brennan, PhD, Research Fellow, Deakin University; A.E. Wluka, PhD, Associate Professor, Senior Research Fellow, Monash University.
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Urquhart
authors.affiliation: From the Discipline of Podiatry, and Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, La Trobe University, Bundoora; School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Bilinga; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (DEPM), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University; North-West Academic Centre, University of Melbourne; Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Melbourne; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.P.A. Butterworth, MPod, PhD candidate, La Trobe University; H.B. Menz, PhD, Professor, Director, Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, La Trobe University; D.M. Urquhart, PhD, Research Fellow, Monash University; F.M. Cicuttini, PhD, Professor, Musculoskeletal Unit, DEPM, Head Rheumatology Unit, Alfred Hospital; K.B. Landorf, PhD, Associate Professor, Research Coordinator, Discipline of Podiatry, La Trobe University; J.A. Pasco, PhD, Professor, Director, Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment, Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University; S.L. Brennan, PhD, Research Fellow, Deakin University; A.E. Wluka, PhD, Associate Professor, Senior Research Fellow, Monash University.
authors.forename: Flavia M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Cicuttini
authors.affiliation: From the Discipline of Podiatry, and Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, La Trobe University, Bundoora; School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Bilinga; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (DEPM), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University; North-West Academic Centre, University of Melbourne; Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Melbourne; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.P.A. Butterworth, MPod, PhD candidate, La Trobe University; H.B. Menz, PhD, Professor, Director, Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, La Trobe University; D.M. Urquhart, PhD, Research Fellow, Monash University; F.M. Cicuttini, PhD, Professor, Musculoskeletal Unit, DEPM, Head Rheumatology Unit, Alfred Hospital; K.B. Landorf, PhD, Associate Professor, Research Coordinator, Discipline of Podiatry, La Trobe University; J.A. Pasco, PhD, Professor, Director, Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment, Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University; S.L. Brennan, PhD, Research Fellow, Deakin University; A.E. Wluka, PhD, Associate Professor, Senior Research Fellow, Monash University.
authors.forename: Karl B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Landorf
authors.affiliation: From the Discipline of Podiatry, and Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, La Trobe University, Bundoora; School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Bilinga; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (DEPM), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University; North-West Academic Centre, University of Melbourne; Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Melbourne; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.P.A. Butterworth, MPod, PhD candidate, La Trobe University; H.B. Menz, PhD, Professor, Director, Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, La Trobe University; D.M. Urquhart, PhD, Research Fellow, Monash University; F.M. Cicuttini, PhD, Professor, Musculoskeletal Unit, DEPM, Head Rheumatology Unit, Alfred Hospital; K.B. Landorf, PhD, Associate Professor, Research Coordinator, Discipline of Podiatry, La Trobe University; J.A. Pasco, PhD, Professor, Director, Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment, Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University; S.L. Brennan, PhD, Research Fellow, Deakin University; A.E. Wluka, PhD, Associate Professor, Senior Research Fellow, Monash University.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pasco
authors.affiliation: From the Discipline of Podiatry, and Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, La Trobe University, Bundoora; School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Bilinga; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (DEPM), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University; North-West Academic Centre, University of Melbourne; Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Melbourne; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.P.A. Butterworth, MPod, PhD candidate, La Trobe University; H.B. Menz, PhD, Professor, Director, Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, La Trobe University; D.M. Urquhart, PhD, Research Fellow, Monash University; F.M. Cicuttini, PhD, Professor, Musculoskeletal Unit, DEPM, Head Rheumatology Unit, Alfred Hospital; K.B. Landorf, PhD, Associate Professor, Research Coordinator, Discipline of Podiatry, La Trobe University; J.A. Pasco, PhD, Professor, Director, Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment, Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University; S.L. Brennan, PhD, Research Fellow, Deakin University; A.E. Wluka, PhD, Associate Professor, Senior Research Fellow, Monash University.
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.affiliation: From the Discipline of Podiatry, and Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, La Trobe University, Bundoora; School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Bilinga; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (DEPM), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University; North-West Academic Centre, University of Melbourne; Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Melbourne; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.P.A. Butterworth, MPod, PhD candidate, La Trobe University; H.B. Menz, PhD, Professor, Director, Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, La Trobe University; D.M. Urquhart, PhD, Research Fellow, Monash University; F.M. Cicuttini, PhD, Professor, Musculoskeletal Unit, DEPM, Head Rheumatology Unit, Alfred Hospital; K.B. Landorf, PhD, Associate Professor, Research Coordinator, Discipline of Podiatry, La Trobe University; J.A. Pasco, PhD, Professor, Director, Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment, Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University; S.L. Brennan, PhD, Research Fellow, Deakin University; A.E. Wluka, PhD, Associate Professor, Senior Research Fellow, Monash University. anita.wluka@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Anita E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wluka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010024:Osteoporosis; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: BMI; BODY MASS INDEX; FAT MASS; FOOT; OBESITY; PAIN