title: A Global Analysis of CYP51 Diversity and Azole Sensitivity in Rhynchosporium commune.
abstract: CYP51 encodes the target site of the azole class of fungicides widely used in plant protection. Some ascomycete pathogens carry two CYP51 paralogs called CYP51A and CYP51B. A recent analysis of CYP51 sequences in 14 European isolates of the barley scald pathogen Rhynchosporium commune revealed three CYP51 paralogs, CYP51A, CYP51B, and a pseudogene called CYP51A-p. The same analysis showed that CYP51A exhibits a presence/absence polymorphism, with lower sensitivity to azole fungicides associated with the presence of a functional CYP51A. We analyzed a global collection of nearly 400 R. commune isolates to determine if these findings could be extended beyond Europe. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that CYP51A played a key role in the emergence of azole resistance globally and provide new evidence that the CYP51A gene in R. commune has further evolved, presumably in response to azole exposure. We also present evidence for recent long-distance movement of evolved CYP51A alleles, highlighting the risk associated with movement of fungicide resistance alleles among international trading partners.
authors.affiliation: First, second, fourth, and fifth authors: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and third author: Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh UK, EH9 3JG.
authors.forename: Patrick C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.affiliation: First, second, fourth, and fifth authors: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and third author: Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh UK, EH9 3JG.
authors.forename: Tryggvi S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Stefansson
authors.affiliation: First, second, fourth, and fifth authors: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and third author: Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh UK, EH9 3JG.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fountaine
authors.affiliation: First, second, fourth, and fifth authors: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and third author: Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh UK, EH9 3JG.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Richina
authors.affiliation: First, second, fourth, and fifth authors: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and third author: Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh UK, EH9 3JG.
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D001393:Azoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics*; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D005060:Europe; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D001467:Hordeum / Q000382:microbiology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D001393:Azoles; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
keywords: intragenic recombination; neofunctionalization; selection