title: Bactericidal action mechanism of negatively charged food grade clove oil nanoemulsions.
abstract: Clove oil (CO) anionic nanoemulsions were prepared with varying ratios of CO to canola oil (CA), emulsified and stabilized with purity gum ultra (PGU), a newly developed succinylated waxy maize starch. Interfacial tension measurements showed that CO acted as a co-surfactant and there was a gradual decrease in interfacial tension which favored the formation of small droplet sizes on homogenization until a critical limit (5:5% v/v CO:CA) was reached. Antimicrobial activity of the negatively charged CO nanoemulsion was determined against Gram positive GPB (Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative GNB (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a time kill dynamic method. Negatively charged PGU emulsified CO nanoemulsion showed prolonged antibacterial activities against Gram positive bacterial strains. We concluded that negatively charged CO nanoemulsion droplets self-assemble with GPB cell membrane, and facilitated interaction with cellular components of bacteria. Moreover, no electrostatic interaction existed between negatively charged droplets and the GPB membrane.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Majeed
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hategekimana
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
authors.forename: Hafiz Rizwan
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Sharif
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
authors.forename: Barkat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
authors.forename: Yuan-Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Bian
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Western Regional Research Center, ARS, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, United States.
authors.forename: Wallace
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China. Electronic address: fzhong@jiangnan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhong
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045783:Clove Oil / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004655:Emulsions / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010316:Particle Size; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D013499:Surface Properties; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D045783:Clove Oil; D004655:Emulsions; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D013501:Surface-Active Agents
keywords: Anionic; Antimicrobial; Clove oil; Food grade nanoemulsion; Gram positive bacteria