title: 3D liver segmentation using multiple region appearances and graph cuts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Efficient and accurate 3D liver segmentations from contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) images play an important role in therapeutic strategies for hepatic diseases. However, inhomogeneous appearances, ambiguous boundaries, and large variance in shape often make it a challenging task. The existence of liver abnormalities poses further difficulty. Despite the significant intensity difference, liver tumors should be segmented as part of the liver. This study aims to address these challenges, especially when the target livers contain subregions with distinct appearances.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors propose a novel multiregion-appearance based approach with graph cuts to delineate the liver surface. For livers with multiple subregions, a geodesic distance based appearance selection scheme is introduced to utilize proper appearance constraint for each subregion. A special case of the proposed method, which uses only one appearance constraint to segment the liver, is also presented. The segmentation process is modeled with energy functions incorporating both boundary and region information. Rather than a simple fixed combination, an adaptive balancing weight is introduced and learned from training sets. The proposed method only calls initialization inside the liver surface. No additional constraints from user interaction are utilized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed method was validated on 50 3D CT images from three datasets, i.e., Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) training and testing set, and local dataset. On MICCAI testing set, the proposed method achieved a total score of 83.4 ± 3.1, outperforming nonexpert manual segmentation (average score of 75.0). When applying their method to MICCAI training set and local dataset, it yielded a mean Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 97.7% ± 0.5% and 97.5% ± 0.4%, respectively. These results demonstrated the accuracy of the method when applied to different computed tomography (CT) datasets. In addition, user operator variability experiments showed its good reproducibility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multiregion-appearance based method is proposed and evaluated to segment liver. This approach does not require prior model construction and so eliminates the burdens associated with model construction and matching. The proposed method provides comparable results with state-of-the-art methods. Validation results suggest that it may be suitable for the clinical use.
authors.affiliation: College of Computer Science and Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
authors.forename: Jialin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: College of Mathematics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Peijun
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: College of Mathematics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Zhiyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: College of Mathematics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Dexing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: College of Computer Science and Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
authors.forename: Hongbo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D066264:Datasets as Topic; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*