title: A Rotational Cylindrical fMRI Phantom for Image Quality Control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A novel phantom for image quality testing for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans is described.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cylindrical, rotatable, ~4.5L phantom, with eight wedge-shaped compartments, is used to simulate rest and activated states. The compartments contain NiCl2 doped agar gel with alternating concentrations of agar (1.4%, 1.6%) to produce T1 and T2 values approximating brain grey matter. The Jacard index was used to compare the image distortions for echo planar imaging (EPI) and gradient recalled echo (GRE) scans. Contrast to noise ratio (CNR) was compared across the imaging volume for GRE and EPI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean T2 for the two agar concentrations were found to be 106.5±4.8, 94.5±4.7 ms, and T1 of 1500±40 and 1485±30 ms, respectively. The Jacard index for GRE was generally found to be higher than for EPI (0.95 versus 0.8). The CNR varied from 20 to 50 across the slices and echo times used for EPI scans, and from 20 to 40 across the slices for the GRE scans. The phantom provided a reproducible CNR over 25 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phantom provides a quantifiable signal change over a head-size imaging volume with EPI and GRE sequences, which was used for image quality assessment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Physics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Tovar
authors.affiliation: Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Physics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sunder S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rajan
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011786:Quality Control; D012399:Rotation; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D013997:Time Factors