title: Clinical Observations and Molecular Variables of Primary Vascular Leiomyosarcoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular leiomyosarcomas are a rare subtype of leiomyosarcomas that most commonly affect the inferior vena cava and account for 5% of all leiomyosarcomas. These tumors are aggressive malignant tumors for which adjuvant modalities have not shown increased efficacy compared with surgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the outcomes of patients with vascular leiomyosarcoma and the association between vascular leiomyosarcomas and immunohistochemical molecular markers, to determine their potential prognostic and therapeutic utility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective medical record review of a cohort of 77 patients who presented to the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston during the period from January 1993 to April 2012. Data were analyzed during the period from November 2012 to May 2015. All of the patients received a confirmed diagnosis of vascular leiomyosarcoma. Immunohistochemical studies for biomarkers were performed on a tissue microarray that included 26 primary specimens of vascular leiomyosarcoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic and clinical factors were evaluated to assess clinical course, patterns of recurrence, and survival outcomes for patients with primary vascular leiomyosarcoma. A univariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to correlate disease-specific survival and time to recurrence with potential prognostic indicators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three patients with localized disease who underwent surgical resection formed the study population, and their data were used for subsequent outcomes analysis. The median age at diagnosis was 58 years (range, 22-78 years). The majority of patients were female (41 patients [65%]) and white (51 patients [81%]). The 5-year disease-specific survival rate after tumor resection was 65%. The median time to local recurrence was 43 months, the median time to distant recurrence was 25 months, and the median time to concurrent local and distant recurrences was 15 months (P = .04). Strong expressions of cytoplasmic β-catenin (hazard ratio, 5.33 [95% CI, 0.97-29.30]; P = .06) and insulinlike growth factor 1 receptor (hazard ratio, 2.74 [95% CI, 1.14-6.56]; P = .02) were associated with inferior disease-specific survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vascular leiomyosarcomas are aggressive malignant tumors, with high recurrence rates. Expressions of β-catenin and insulinlike growth factor 1 receptor were associated with poor disease-specific survival. Prospective studies should evaluate the clinical and therapeutic utility of these molecular markers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
authors.forename: Christina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Roland
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston2Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: Genevieve M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Boland
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston4Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Demicco
authors.affiliation: Sarcoma Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
authors.forename: Kristelle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lusby
authors.affiliation: Sarcoma Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
authors.forename: Davis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.affiliation: Sarcoma Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston6Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
authors.forename: Caitlin D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: Sarcoma Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston6Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kivlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
authors.forename: Ghadah A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Al Sannaa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
authors.forename: Wei-Lien
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus.
authors.forename: Raphael E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.affiliation: Sarcoma Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston9Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lev
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
authors.forename: Janice N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Cormier
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
authors.forename: Kelly K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
authors.forename: Barry W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Feig
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lazar
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
authors.forename: Keila E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Torres
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015994:Incidence; D007890:Leiomyosarcoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D019043:Vascular Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor