title: Microsurgical Anatomy of the Spermatic Cord and Spermatic Fascia: Distribution of Lymphatics, and Sensory and Autonomic Nerves.
abstract: An understanding of the microsurgical anatomy of the spermatic cord and spermatic fascia is important for surgeons during microsurgical varicocelectomy and denervation. We examined the distribution of the lymphatics, and the sensory and autonomic nerves of the spermatic cord.
  
  
  
  We collected spermatic cords from 11 men undergoing orchiectomy for localized testicular tumors and we biopsied a third of the spermatic fascia from 36 men undergoing microsurgical varicocelectomy. Immunohistochemical staining of the pan-neuronal marker PGP 9.5 (protein gene product 9.5), the sensory nociceptor marker CPRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide), the sympathetic marker TH (tyrosine hydroxylase), the parasympathetic marker VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) and the lymphatic marker D2-40 was performed. We counted the number of nerves and lymphatics.
  
  
  
  PGP 9.5 staining revealed dense nerve distributions in the spermatic cord and fascia. Sensory and autonomic nerve fibers were basically co-localized in the same nerve. Of the nerves 50% were identified near the vas deferens and 20% were identified in the spermatic fascia. Sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers represented most of the nerves but a few parasympathetic nerve fibers were observed. Of the lymphatics 36 per patient were identified in the spermatic cord but only a few were identified in the spermatic fascia.
  
  
  
  Sensory and sympathetic nerves accounted for the majority of the nerves. Although the functional aspects of the nerves remain undetermined, information on the distribution of nerves and lymphatics is useful when dealing with nerves and preserving lymphatics during microsurgical varicocelectomy or denervation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan. Electronic address: shirak@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuyama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017776:Autonomic Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D003714:Denervation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D013085:Spermatic Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation* / Q000378:metabolism; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D013737:Testis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D014646:Varicocele / Q000601:surgery; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C482860:UCHL1 protein, human; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
keywords: anatomy, regional; lymphatic vessels; nervous system; spermatic cord; testis