title: Molecular Pathogenesis of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 in Tonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to explore the etiological role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  HPV status, including viral load and E6 variants, and the expression of P53, p16(INK4A), and FANCD2, in tissues of TSCC (n=24) and tonsillitis (n=31) were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of high-risk HPV (HPV-16) in TSCCs (42%) was higher than that of tonsillitis (16%). HPV-16 genome was partially or fully integrated in all HPV-16-positive TSCCs. However, the viral genome was partially integrated in three out of five HPV-16-positive tonsillitis cases (p=0.037). HPV-16-positive TSCCs showed a higher frequency of p16(INK4A) expression than HPV-16-negative TSCCs and tonsillitis (p=0.011). Regardless of HPV status, TSCCs had a lower expression of FANCD2 than tonsillitis (p=0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study supports the etiological role of HPV-16 in the development of TSCC, and p16(INK4A) overexpression can be applied as a surrogate marker for the detection of high-risk-HPV in TSCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Soroush
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hassani
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan Universidad del Valle, Biological Sciences Department, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun-Ichiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ohori
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kurono
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Suminori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akiba
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan fiy@m.kufm.kagoshima-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Chihaya
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koriyama
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D014067:Tonsillar Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*
keywords: FANCD2; Human papillomavirus; p16INK4A; tonsillar carcinoma; tonsillitis