title: Potential Population Consequences of Active Sonar Disturbance in Atlantic Herring: Estimating the Maximum Risk.
abstract: Effects of noise on fish populations may be predicted by the population consequence of acoustic disturbance (PCAD) model. We have predicted the potential risk of population disturbance when the highest sound exposure level (SEL) at which adult herring do not respond to naval sonar (SEL(0)) is exceeded. When the population density is low (feeding), the risk is low even at high sonar source levels and long-duration exercises (>24 h). With densely packed populations (overwintering), a sonar exercise might expose the entire population to levels >SEL(0) within a 24-h exercise period. However, the disturbance will be short and the response threshold used here is highly conservative. It is therefore unlikely that naval sonar will significantly impact the herring population.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Research, 1870, Nordnes, Bergen, 5817, Norway. lise.doksaeter.sivle@imr.no.
authors.forename: Lise Doksæter
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Sivle
authors.affiliation: Maritime Systems Division, Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (FFI), NO-3191, Horten, Norway. phk@ffi.no.
authors.forename: Petter Helgevold
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kvadsheim
authors.affiliation: Observation Systems, Defense, Safety and Security, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2509 JG, The Hague, The Netherlands. michael.ainslie@tno.nl.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ainslie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology*; D009622:Noise; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Behavioral effects; Naval sonar; Noise; Population consequence of acoustic disturbance model