title: A meta-analysis of mismatch negativity in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorders.
abstract: Mismatch negativity (MMN) is an optimal neurophysiological signal to assess the integrity of auditory sensory memory and involuntary attention switch. The generation of MMN is independent of overt behavioral requirements, concentration or motivation, and thus serves as a suitable tool to study the perceptual function in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorders (ADHD). It remains unclear whether ADHD children showed altered MMN responses. Therefore we performed a meta-analysis of peer-reviewed MMN studies that had targeted both typically developed and ADHD children to examine the pooled effect size. The published articles between 1990 and 2014 were searched in PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, and CINAHL. The mean effect size and a 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated. Six studies, consisting of 10 individual investigations, were included in the final analysis. A significant effect size of 0.28 was found (p=0.028, 95% CI at 0.03-0.53). These results were also free from publication bias or heterogeneity. In conclusion, our meta-analysis results suggest ADHD children demonstrated a reduced MMN amplitude compared to healthy controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Electronic address: chiahsiung.cheng@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chia-Hsiung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pei-Ying S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.affiliation: Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuan-Fu
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001307:Auditory Perception; D002648:Child; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory; D006801:Humans
keywords: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorders (ADHD); Event-related potential (ERP); Meta-analysis; Mismatch negativity (MMN)