title: Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements with Wall Shear Stress and Uncertainty Quantification for the FDA Nozzle Model.
abstract: We present advanced particle image velocimetry (PIV) processing, post-processing, and uncertainty estimation techniques to support the validation of computational fluid dynamics analyses of medical devices. This work is an extension of a previous FDA-sponsored multi-laboratory study, which used a medical device mimicking geometry referred to as the FDA benchmark nozzle model. Experimental measurements were performed using time-resolved PIV at five overlapping regions of the model for Reynolds numbers in the nozzle throat of 500, 2000, 5000, and 8000. Images included a twofold increase in spatial resolution in comparison to the previous study. Data was processed using ensemble correlation, dynamic range enhancement, and phase correlations to increase signal-to-noise ratios and measurement accuracy, and to resolve flow regions with large velocity ranges and gradients, which is typical of many blood-contacting medical devices. Parameters relevant to device safety, including shear stress at the wall and in bulk flow, were computed using radial basis functions. In addition, in-field spatially resolved pressure distributions, Reynolds stresses, and energy dissipation rates were computed from PIV measurements. Velocity measurement uncertainty was estimated directly from the PIV correlation plane, and uncertainty analysis for wall shear stress at each measurement location was performed using a Monte Carlo model. Local velocity uncertainty varied greatly and depended largely on local conditions such as particle seeding, velocity gradients, and particle displacements. Uncertainty in low velocity regions in the sudden expansion section of the nozzle was greatly reduced by over an order of magnitude when dynamic range enhancement was applied. Wall shear stress uncertainty was dominated by uncertainty contributions from velocity estimations, which were shown to account for 90-99% of the total uncertainty. This study provides advancements in the PIV processing methodologies over the previous work through increased PIV image resolution, use of robust image processing algorithms for near-wall velocity measurements and wall shear stress calculations, and uncertainty analyses for both velocity and wall shear stress measurements. The velocity and shear stress analysis, with spatially distributed uncertainty estimates, highlights the challenges of flow quantification in medical devices and provides potential methods to overcome such challenges.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Jaime S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Raben
authors.affiliation: Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Prasanna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hariharan
authors.affiliation: Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malinauskas
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA. pvlachos@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Pavlos P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Vlachos
mesh_terms: D001698:Biomedical Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
keywords: Medical device; Nozzle flow model; Particle image velocimetry (PIV); Uncertainty; Validation