title: Quality analysis of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in the outpatient versus inpatient setting: analysis of 7288 patients from the NSQIP database.
abstract: OBJECT In an era of escalating health care cost and universal pressure of improving efficiency and cost of care, ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) have emerged as lower cost options for many surgical therapies. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is one of the most prevalent spine surgeries performed and is rapidly increasing with an expanding aging population. While ASCs offer cost advantages for ACDF, there is a scarcity of evidence that ASCs allow for equivalent quality and thus superior health care value. Therefore, the authors analyzed a nationwide, prospective quality improvement registry (National Surgical Quality Improvement Program [NSQIP]) to compare the quality of ACDF surgery performed in the outpatient ASC versus the inpatient hospital setting. METHODS Patients undergoing ACDF (2005-2011) were identified from the NSQIP database based on the primary Current Procedural Terminology codes. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts (outpatient vs inpatient) based on the acute care setting documented in the NSQIP database. All 30-day surgical morbidity and mortality rates were compared between the 2 groups. Propensity score matching and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to adjust for confounding factors and to identify the independent association of outpatient ACDF with perioperative outcomes and morbidity. RESULTS A total of 7288 ACDF cases were identified (inpatient = 6120, outpatient = 1168). Unadjusted rates of major morbidity (0.94% vs 4.5%, p < 0.001) and return to the operating room (OR) within 30 days (0.3% vs 2.0%, p < 0.001) were significantly lower in outpatient versus inpatient ACDF. After propensity matching 1442 cases (inpatient = 650, outpatient = 792) based on baseline 32 covariates, rates of major morbidity (1.4% vs 3.1%, p = 0.03), and return to the OR (0.34% vs 1.4%, p = 0.04) remained significantly lower after outpatient ACDF. Adjusted comparison using multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that ACDF performed in the outpatient setting had 58% lower odds of having a major morbidity and 80% lower odds of return to the OR within 30 days. CONCLUSIONS An analysis of a nationwide, prospective quality improvement registry representing more than 250 hospitals demonstrates that 1- to 2-level ACDF can be safely performed in the outpatient ambulatory surgery setting in patients who are appropriate candidates. In an effort to decrease cost of care, surgeons can safely consider performing ACDF in an ASC environment.
authors.affiliation: Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates, Charlotte, North Carolina; and 
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McGirt
authors.affiliation: Departments of 2 Neurological Surgery and 
authors.forename: Saniya S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Godil
authors.affiliation: Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates, Charlotte, North Carolina; and 
authors.forename: Anthony L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Asher
authors.affiliation: Departments of 2 Neurological Surgery and 
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Clinton J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Devin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D058996:Quality Improvement; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*
keywords: ACDF; ACDF = anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists; ASC = ambulatory surgery center; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPT = Current Procedural Terminology; GDP = gross domestic product; HTN = hypertension; NSQIP; NSQIP = National Surgical Quality Improvement Program; OR = operating room; anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; inpatient; outpatient; quality