title: Insomnia in Adults With Chronic Hepatitis B, Liver Failure, and Cirrhosis: A Case-Control Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency and socio-demographic/clinical correlates of insomnia in patients with chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver failure, and cirrhosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Up to 120 patients with HBV-related diseases and 40 matched healthy controls were recruited. Depressive and anxiety symptoms, early, middle, and late insomnia were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of ≥1 type of insomnia was 64.2% in patients and 35.0% in controls; frequencies of early, middle, and late insomnia in patients were 39.2%, 42.5%, and 48.3%, respectively, compared to 22.5%, 10.0%, and 25.0% in controls. Urban residency was independently associated with less insomnia of any type, accounting for 22.6% of the variance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A considerable proportion of patients with HBV-related diseases suffer from insomnia that warrants more attention in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Artificial Liver Treatment and Training Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Artificial Liver Treatment and Training Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: Artificial Liver Treatment and Training Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: The University of Notre Dame Australia/Marian Centre, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Gabor S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ungvari
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Christoph U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Correll
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Chee H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
authors.forename: Helen F K
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Artificial Liver Treatment and Training Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhong-Ping
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Duan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications*; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000150:complications*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Chronic hepatitis; HBV-related liver failure; cirrhosis; insomnia