title: Beyond NIMBYs and NOOMBYs: what can wind farm controversies teach us about public involvement in hospital closures?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many policymakers, researchers and commentators argue that hospital closures are necessary as health systems adapt to new technological and financial contexts, and as population health needs in developed countries shift. However closures are often unpopular with local communities. Previous research has characterised public opposition as an obstacle to change. Public opposition to the siting of wind farms, often described as NIMBYism (Not In My Back Yard), is a useful comparator issue to the perceived NOOMBYism (Not Out Of My Back Yard) of hospital closure protestors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analysis of public attitudes to wind farms has moved from a fairly crude characterisation of the 'attitude-behaviour gap' between publics who support the idea of wind energy, but oppose local wind farms, to empirical, often qualitative, studies of public perspectives. These have emphasised the complexity of public attitudes, and revealed some of the 'rational' concerns which lie beneath protests. Research has also explored processes of community engagement within the wind farm decision-making process, and the crucial role of trust between communities, authorities, and developers. Drawing on what has been learnt from studies of opposition to wind farms, we suggest a range of questions and approaches to explore public perspectives on hospital closure more thoroughly. Understanding the range of public responses to service change is an important first step in resolving the practical dilemma of effecting health system transformation in a democratic fashion.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK. e.stewart@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK.
authors.forename: Mhairi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aitken
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D036262:Empirical Research; D006271:Health Facility Closure; D006801:Humans; D011639:Public Opinion; D059205:Renewable Energy; D035502:Trust; D014919:Wind