title: Comparison of food and nutrient intakes between cohorts of the HAPIEE and Whitehall II studies.
abstract: Differences in dietary habits have been suggested as an important reason for the large health gap between Eastern and Western European populations. Few studies have compared individual-level nutritional data directly between the two regions. This study addresses this hypothesis by comparing food, drink and nutrient intakes in four large population samples.
  
  
  
  Czech, Polish and Russian participants of the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) study, and British participants in the Whitehall II study, altogether 29 972 individuals aged 45-73 years, were surveyed in 2002-2005. Dietary data were collected by customised food frequency questionnaires. Reported food, drink and nutrient intake data were harmonised and compared between cohorts using multivariable adjusted quantile regression models.
  
  
  
  Median fruit and vegetable intakes were lower in the pooled Eastern European sample, but not in all country cohorts, compared with British subjects. Median daily consumption of fruits were 275, 213, 130 and 256 g in the Czech, Polish, Russian and Whitehall II cohort, respectively. The respective median daily intakes of vegetables were 185, 197, 292 and 246 g. Median intakes of animal fat foods and saturated fat, total fat and cholesterol nutrients were significantly higher in the Czech, Polish and Russian cohorts compared with the British; for example, median daily intakes of saturated fatty acids were 31.3, 32.5, 29.2 and 25.4 g, respectively.
  
  
  
  Our findings suggest that there are important differences in dietary habits between and within Eastern and Western European populations which may have contributed to the health gap between the two regions.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK denes.stefler.10@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Denes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stefler
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pajak
authors.affiliation: 3 Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 4 Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malyutina
authors.affiliation: 5 Centre for Health Monitoring, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ruzena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kubinova
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bobak
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brunner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018153:Czech Republic; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015930:Diet Records; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011044:Poland; D012426:Russia; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006113:United Kingdom