title: Environmental Surveillance of Genogroup I and II Noroviruses in Shandong Province, China in 2013.
abstract: Noroviruses are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis. However, the case-based surveillance is limited in China. In this study, we analyzed the results of environmental surveillance conducted in two cities of Shandong Province, China from January to December in 2013. Twenty-four sewage samples were collected and concentrated via membrane absorption/elution method. After reverse transcription-PCR, cloning and sequencing on ORF2 region, norovirus nucleic acid was detected in all 24 sewage samples. A total of 403 norovirus sequences of 16 genotypes were detected, among which GII.3 (22.6%), GI.2 (17.1%), GI.5 (13.4%), GI.3 (11.9%), GII.4 (7.7%), and GII.6 (6.7%) were the 6 most common genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed multiple lineages within most common genotypes, especially in GI.3, whereas all GII.4 sequences belonged to Sydney 2012 strain. Recombination events were observed in 5 GI and 4 GII sequences within or near the ORF1/ORF2 overlap. This is the first report on systematic environmental surveillance on norovirus in China. The data presented here reveal co-circulation and high genetic diversity of multiple norovirus genotypes in the two cities, and suggest continued environmental surveillance can provide valuable information on norovirus circulation in the population.
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zexin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road Qingdao, 266021, china.
authors.forename: Minglei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaojuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lizhi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Suting
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road Qingdao, 266021, china.
authors.forename: Dongfeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.|School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Aiqiang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005814:Genes, Viral; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058889:Molecular Typing; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D012722:Sewage