title: Innate and adaptive immunity in the development of depression: An update on current knowledge and technological advances.
abstract: The inflammation theory of depression, proposed over 20years ago, was influenced by early studies on T cell responses and since then has been a stimulus for numerous research projects aimed at understanding the relationship between immune function and depression. Observational studies have shown that indicators of immunity, especially C reactive protein and proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 6, are associated with an increased risk of depressive disorders, although the evidence from randomized trials remains limited and only few studies have assessed the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity in depression. In this paper, we review current knowledge on the interactions between central and peripheral innate and adaptive immune molecules and the potential role of immune-related activation of microglia, inflammasomes and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase in the development of depressive symptoms. We highlight how combining basic immune methods with more advanced 'omics' technologies would help us to make progress in unravelling the complex associations between altered immune function and depressive disorders, in the identification of depression-specific biomarkers and in developing immunotherapeutic treatment strategies that take individual variability into account.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Electronic address: r.haapakoski@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haapakoski
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Klaus P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Ebmeier
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Systems Toxicology Unit, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alenius
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimäki
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000276:immunology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D058847:Inflammasomes / Q000276:immunology*; D017628:Microglia / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D058847:Inflammasomes
keywords: Adaptive immunity; Cytokine; Depression; Inflammation; Innate immunity; Omics technologies