title: The Effects of Qigong for Adults with Chronic Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
abstract: A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of qigong as a treatment for chronic pain. Five electronic databases were searched from their date of establishment until July 2014. The review included 10 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that compared the impacts of qigong on chronic pain with waiting list or placebo or general care. Random effect models and standard mean differences were used to present pain scores. A total of 10 RCTs met inclusion criteria. There was a statistically significant difference on reducing chronic pain between internal qigong and control (SMD: -1.23 95% CI= -2.23, -0.24p = 0.02), external qigong and general care (SMD: -1.53 95% CI= -2.15, -0.91p < 0.05), external qigong and placebo (SMD: -0.51 95% CI = 0.95, -0.06p = 0.03), and internal qigong for chronic neck pain at 6 months (SMD: -1.00 95% CI= -1.94, -0.06p = 0.04). The differences between external qigong and control, external qigong and waiting list, internal qigong and waiting list, and external for premenstrual syndromes were not significant. This study showed that internal qigong generated benefits on treating some chronic pain with significant differences. External qigong showed nonsignificant differences in treating chronic pain. Higher quality randomized clinical trials with scientific rigor are needed to establish the effectiveness of qigong in reducing chronic pain.
authors.affiliation: * Evidence-Based Medicine Centre of Lanzhou University, School of Basic Medicine Sciences of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge, Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou City,  P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhenggang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: † Evidence-Based Medicine Centre of Lanzhou University, School of Public Health of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City,  P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: ‡ Evidence-Based Medicine Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou City, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: ‡ Evidence-Based Medicine Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou City, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Chuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: * Evidence-Based Medicine Centre of Lanzhou University, School of Basic Medicine Sciences of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge, Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou City,  P.R. China.
authors.forename: Kehu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: * Evidence-Based Medicine Centre of Lanzhou University, School of Basic Medicine Sciences of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge, Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou City,  P.R. China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: § School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.|¶ School of Sociology and Political Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Bei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064906:Qigong / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Chronic Pain; Meta-Analysis; Qigong; Systematic Review