title: High User Control in Game Design Elements Increases Compliance and In-game Performance in a Memory Training Game.
abstract: Computer games are increasingly being used for training cognitive functions like working memory and attention among the growing population of older adults. While cognitive training games often include elements like difficulty adaptation, rewards, and visual themes to make the games more enjoyable and effective, the effect of different degrees of afforded user control in manipulating these elements has not been systematically studied. To address this issue, two distinct implementations of the three aforementioned game elements were tested among healthy older adults (N = 21, 69.9 ± 6.4 years old) playing a game-like version of the n-back task on a tablet at home for 3 weeks. Two modes were considered, differentiated by the afforded degree of user control of the three elements: user control of difficulty vs. automatic difficulty adaptation, difficulty-dependent rewards vs. automatic feedback messages, and user choice of visual theme vs. no choice. The two modes ("USER-CONTROL" and "AUTO") were compared for frequency of play, duration of play, and in-game performance. Participants were free to play the game whenever and for however long they wished. Participants in USER-CONTROL exhibited significantly higher frequency of playing, total play duration, and in-game performance than participants in AUTO. The results of the present study demonstrate the efficacy of providing user control in the three game elements, while validating a home-based study design in which participants were not bound by any training regimen, and could play the game whenever they wished. The results have implications for designing cognitive training games that elicit higher compliance and better in-game performance, with an emphasis on home-based training.
authors.affiliation: Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Aniket
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagle
authors.affiliation: Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland ; Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riener
authors.affiliation: Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wolf
keywords: frequency of game play; game design; home-based training; in-game performance; motivation; n-back; tablets; user-control