title: Inkjet-printed all solid-state electrochromic devices based on NiO/WO3 nanoparticle complementary electrodes.
abstract: Nanostructured thin films are important in the fields of energy conversion and storage. In particular, multi-layered nanostructured films play an important role as a part of the energy system for energy saving applications in buildings. Inkjet printing is a low-cost and attractive technology for patterning and deposition of multi-layered nanostructured materials on various substrates. However, it requires the development of a suitable ink formulation with optimum viscosity, surface tension and evaporation rate for various materials. In this study, a versatile ink formulation was successfully developed to prepare NiO and WO3 nanostructured films with strong adhesion to ITO coated glass using inkjet printing for energy saving electrochromic applications. We achieved a high performance electrochromic electrode, producing porous and continuous electrochromic films without aggregation. The NiO film with 9 printed layers exhibits an optical modulation of 64.2% at 550 nm and a coloration efficiency (CE) of 136.7 cm(2) C(-1). An inkjet-printed complementary all solid-state device was assembled, delivering a larger optical modulation of 75.4% at 633 nm and a higher CE of 131.9 cm(2) C(-1) among all solid-state devices. The enhanced contrast is due to the printed NiO film that not only performs as an ion storage layer, but also as a complementary electrochromic layer.
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore. pslee@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Guofa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore. pslee@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Darmawan
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore. pslee@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Mengqi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore. pslee@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Jingwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore. pslee@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore. pslee@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Alice Lee-Sie
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Eh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
authors.forename: Shlomo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Magdassi
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore. pslee@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Pooi See
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Lee