title: Direct-acting Antivirals and Host-targeting Agents against the Hepatitis A Virus.
abstract: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a major cause of acute hepatitis and occasionally leads to acute liver failure in both developing and developed countries. Although effective vaccines for HAV are available, the development of new antivirals against HAV may be important for the control of HAV infection in developed countries where no universal vaccination program against HAV exists, such as Japan. There are two forms of antiviral agents against HAV: direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and host-targeting agents (HTAs). Studies using small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) have suggested that the HAV internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) is an attractive target for the control of HAV replication and infection. Among the HTAs, amantadine and interferon-lambda 1 (IL-29) inhibit HAV IRES-mediated translation and HAV replication. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors inhibit La protein expression, HAV IRES activity, and HAV replication. Based on this review, both DAAs and HTAs may be needed to control effectively HAV infection, and their use should continue to be explored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Haga
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Reina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yokosuka
keywords: Amantadine; DAA; Drug overview; HAV; HTA; La protein