title: Preparation of Carboxymethyl Chitosan Microspheres and Their Application in Hemostasis.
abstract: Chitosan (CS) is currently used as a hemostatic agent in emergencies and in military settings. However, its application is limited owing to its poor hydrophilia at neutral pH. Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) is an important, water-soluble derivative of CS. In this study, we prepared CS and CMCS microspheres (CSMs and CMCSMs, respectively) and evaluated their hemostatic effect.
  
  
  
  To prepare the microspheres of various sizes, we used the emulsion cross-linking technique. CMCSMs were also loaded with etamsylate (DIC). Clotting time in vitro and in a hepatic injury model was examined to evaluate the hemostatic effect.
  
  
  
  CMCSMs swelled more and clotted faster than did CSMs. CMCSMs loaded with DIC had no effect on hemostasis.
  
  
  
  Both increasing material hydrophilicity and expanding the contact area promoted clotting, whereas chemical cross-linking hampered it because of decreased swelling. CMCSMs are promising candidates for the production of effective hemostatic agents. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:660-667).
authors.affiliation: 1Logistical College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces,Tianjin,China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 3Institute of Disaster Medicine and Public Health,Affiliated Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force,Tianjin,China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: 1Logistical College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces,Tianjin,China.
authors.forename: Qingyun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1Logistical College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces,Tianjin,China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: 1Logistical College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces,Tianjin,China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1Logistical College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces,Tianjin,China.
authors.forename: Guiru
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: 1Logistical College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces,Tianjin,China.
authors.forename: Yuqiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: 1Logistical College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces,Tianjin,China.
authors.forename: Chaofeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: 1Logistical College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces,Tianjin,China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 2Tianjin Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Occupational and Environmental Hazard,Tianjin,China.
authors.forename: Lingzhi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001458:Bandages; D048271:Chitosan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008863:Microspheres
chemical_list: D006490:Hemostatics; C514968:carboxymethyl-chitosan; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: emergency medicine; hemostatic agent in vitro; microsphere; military medicine; protective devices