title: Neurometabolic characteristics in the anterior cingulate gyrus of Alzheimer's disease patients with depression: a (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is a common comorbid psychiatric symptom in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the prevalence of depression is higher among people with AD compared with healthy older adults. Comorbid depression in AD may increase the risk of cognitive decline, impair patients' function, and reduce their quality of life. However, the mechanisms of depression in AD remain unclear. Here, our aim was to identify neurometabolic characteristics in the brain that are associated with depression in patients with mild AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven patients were evaluated using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17), and divided into two groups: 17 AD patients with depression (D-AD) and 20 non-depressed AD patients (nD-AD). Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we characterized neurometabolites in the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG) of D-AD and nD-AD patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with nD-AD patients, D-AD patients showed lower N-acetylaspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr) and higher myo-inositol/creatine (mI/Cr) in the left ACG. NPI score correlated with NAA/Cr and mI/Cr in the left ACG, while HAMD correlated with NAA/Cr.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show neurometabolic alterations in D-AD patients. Thus, D-AD pathogenesis may be attributed to abnormal activity of neurons and glial cells in the left ACG.
authors.affiliation: Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province and Zhejiang Mental Health Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, China. guozw1977@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Zhongwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province and Zhejiang Mental Health Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, China. 649946282@qq.com.
authors.forename: Jiangtao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognitive Brain Disorders and Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China. lxz_2088@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Xiaozheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province and Zhejiang Mental Health Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, China. 17854068@qq.com.
authors.forename: Hongtao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province and Zhejiang Mental Health Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, China. caoyulin-411@163.com.
authors.forename: Yulin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province and Zhejiang Mental Health Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, China. 187348209@qq.com.
authors.forename: Fuquan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province and Zhejiang Mental Health Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, China. 11493518@qq.com.
authors.forename: Japeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province and Zhejiang Mental Health Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, China. cxl2220@163.com.
authors.forename: Xingli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China. Shenyd5@126.com.
authors.forename: Yuedi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, No. 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China. srrcw@zju.edu.cn.|Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Chinese Ministry of Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China. srrcw@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000378:metabolism; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007294:Inositol / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D001224:Aspartic Acid; D007294:Inositol; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine