title: Clinically used adhesive ceramic bonding methods: a survey in 2007, 2011, and in 2015.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study is to evaluate practices of dentists regarding adhesive cementation of all-ceramic restorations over a period of 8 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors developed a questionnaire regarding adhesive cementation procedures for all-ceramic restorations. Restorations were distinguished between made out of silicate ceramic or oxide ceramic. The questionnaire was handed out to all dentists participating in a local annual dental meeting in Northern Germany. The returned questionnaires were analyzed to identify incorrect cementation procedures based upon current evidence-based technique from the scientific dental literature. The survey was conducted three times in 2007, 2011, and 2015 and their results were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For silicate ceramic restorations, 38-69 % of the participants used evidence-based bonding procedures; most of the incorrect bonding methods did not use a silane containing primer. In case of oxide ceramic restorations, most participants did not use air-abrasion prior to bonding. Only a relatively low rate (7-14 %) of dentists used evidence-based dental techniques for bonding oxide ceramics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In adhesive cementation of all-ceramic restorations, the practices of surveyed dentists in Northern Germany revealed high rates of incorrect bonding. During the observation period, the values of evidence-based bonding procedures for oxide ceramics improved while the values for silicate ceramics declined. Based on these results, some survey participants need additional education for adhesive techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neglecting scientifically accepted methods for adhesive cementation of all-ceramic restorations may result in reduced longevity of all-ceramic restorations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 16, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 16, D-24105, Kiel, Germany. gmeyer@proth.uni-kiel.de.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 16, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kern
mesh_terms: D002484:Cementation / Q000379:methods; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D019239:Practice Patterns, Dentists' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements; D019279:Resin Cements; C095998:Adhesive cement
keywords: Adhesive cementation; All-ceramic restorations; Bonding; Ceramics; Questionnaire; Survey