title: Pain, depression and the postoperative stiff shoulder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The surgical repair of shoulder pathologies, including rotator cuff disease and acromio-clavicular joint arthritis, have undergone many technical advances. However the debilitating postoperative stiff shoulder remains a common and significant complication of these surgeries, occurring in 4.9 to 23.2 % of patients undergoing rotator cuff repairs. The pathology of the pathological postoperative stiff shoulder and its associated condition "frozen shoulder" are poorly understood and both lack formal objective clinical diagnostic criteria. Additionally, although factors associated with the development of idiopathic frozen shoulder have been well described, multiple studies looking at predictors of postoperative stiff shoulder have produced conflicting results. It has been hypothesised that increased pain in the postoperative period, and depression may be predictors of the development of postoperative stiff shoulder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study involving 132 consecutive participants. Preoperatively, participants undergoing arthroscopic subacromial decompression and/or excision of the distal clavicle and/or rotator cuff repair will complete questionnaires about their levels of shoulder pain using a numerical rating scale from 0 to 10, and answer a Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 depression questionnaire. Postoperatively, the participants' pain levels will be self-assessed at two, five and seven days and weeks four, seven and ten. They will complete the depression questionnaire twice, at the time of their routine first and final postoperative appointments with the treating surgeon. At the final appointment, approximately three months postoperatively, the treating surgeon will clinically diagnose participants as having a postoperative stiff shoulder or not. Their shoulders' range of motion will be measured. The incidence of postoperative stiff shoulder will be determined, both pain and depression will be analysed as predictors for its development and incidences determined by different objective criteria will be compared.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This trial will add to clinical understanding of the postoperative stiff shoulder by providing further insight into the incidence of this condition following shoulder surgery and assessing whether perioperative pain and depression can be used as clinical predictors of postoperative stiff shoulder or markers for possible early intervention. This study will also allow the comparison of incidences determined by different objective criteria in the same cohort.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). ACTRN12613001271796. 17-11-2013.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia. njhis3@student.monash.edu.
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hiscock
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Monash Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia. snbell@bigpond.net.au.|Melbourne Shoulder and Elbow Centre, 31 Normanby St, Brighton, VIC, 3186, Australia. snbell@bigpond.net.au.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Monash Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia. coghlan@bigpond.net.au.|Melbourne Shoulder and Elbow Centre, 31 Normanby St, Brighton, VIC, 3186, Australia. coghlan@bigpond.net.au.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coghlan
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000601:surgery; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology