title: Comparison of two live Bacillus species as feed additives for improving in vitro fermentation of cereal straws.
abstract: This study was performed in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement to explore and compare the effects of inclusion of two live Bacillus additives (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis) at four doses (0, 0.25 × 10(7), 0.50 × 10(7) and 0.75 × 10(7) colony-forming units (cfu)) on in vitro gas production kinetics, fiber degradation, methane production and ruminal fermentation characteristics of maize stover and rice straw by mixed rumen microorganisms in dairy cows. The pH, concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and isovalerate were increased (P < 0.05), while the methane (CH4) production, ratio of acetate to propionate, and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentration were decreased (P < 0.05) by the supplementation of B. licheniformis compared with that of B. subtilis. Adding B. licheniformis and B. subtilis raised (P < 0.05) or numerically raised the maximum gas production, while decreasing (P < 0.05) or numerically lowering pH and concentrations of most volatile fatty acids. The addition of B. licheniformis increased (P < 0.05) the NH3-N concentration but reduced CH4 production and ratio of acetate to propionate (P < 0.05), while the NH3 -N concentration was decreased (P < 0.05), and the CH4 production and ratio of acetate to propionate were increased by that of B. subtilis compared to the control. Results obtained in this research suggest that B. licheniformis would be preferred as a live Bacillus additive in comparison with B. subtilis, and its optimal dose should be 0.25 × 10(7) cfu/500 mg substrates.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.|University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.|Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Zhixiong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Beauchemin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Shaoxun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Chuanshe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Xuefeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Jinhe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Nicholas E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Odongo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Zhiliang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000069976:Bacillus licheniformis; D001412:Bacillus subtilis; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005503:Food Additives; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008697:Methane; D012275:Oryza; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives; D008697:Methane
keywords: Bacillus; cereal straw; fiber degradation; in vitro fermentation; methane