title: Synthesis and characterization of CaO-loaded electrospun matrices for bone tissue engineering.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to synthesize and characterize biodegradable polymer-based matrices loaded with CaO nanoparticles for osteomyelitis treatment and bone tissue engineering.
  
  
  METHODS
  Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and PCL/gelatin (1:1, w/w) solutions containing CaO nanoparticles were electrospun into fibrous matrices. Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), contact angle (CA), tensile testing, and antibacterial activity (agar diffusion assay) against Staphylococcus aureus were performed. Osteoprecursor cell (MC3T3-E1) response (i.e., viability and alkaline phosphatase expression/ALP) and infiltration into the matrices were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CaO nanoparticles were successfully incorporated into the fibers, with the median fiber diameter decreasing after CaO incorporation. The CA decreased with the addition of CaO, and the presence of gelatin made the matrix very hydrophilic (CA = 0°). Increasing CaO concentrations progressively reduced the mechanical properties (p ≤ 0.030). CaO-loaded matrices did not display consistent antibacterial activity. MC3T3-E1 cell viability demonstrated the highest levels for CaO-loaded matrices containing gelatin after 7 days in culture. An increased ALP expression was consistently seen for PCL/CaO matrices when compared to PCL and gelatin-containing counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite inconsistent antibacterial activity, CaO nanoparticles can be effectively loaded into PCL or PCL/gelatin fibers without negatively affecting the overall performance of the matrices. More importantly, CaO incorporation enhanced cell viability as well as differentiation capacity, as demonstrated by an increased ALP expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CaO-loaded electrospun matrices show potential for applications in bone tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Division of Dental Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry , 1121 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.|School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel, Pelotas, RS, 96065-560, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eliseu A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Münchow
authors.affiliation: Division of Dental Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry , 1121 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pankajakshan
authors.affiliation: Division of Dental Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry , 1121 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.|Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos Dental School, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12245-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria T P
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
authors.affiliation: Division of Dental Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry , 1121 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamocki
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel, Pelotas, RS, 96065-560, Brazil.
authors.forename: Evandro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Piva
authors.affiliation: Division of Dental Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry , 1121 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.affiliation: Division of Dental Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry , 1121 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. mbottino@iu.edu.
authors.forename: Marco C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bottino
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002470:Cell Survival; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D057139:Nanofibers; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D013718:Tensile Strength; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D011091:Polyesters; C016240:polycaprolactone; D005780:Gelatin; C016538:lime; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: Bacteria; CaO; Electrospinning; MC3T3-E1; Nanofibers; Osteomyelitis