title: Evaluating preferences for profiles of GLP-1 receptor agonists among injection-naïve type 2 diabetes patients in the UK.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to evaluate preferences for the actual treatment features and overall profiles of two injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (dulaglutide and liraglutide) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-person interviews were conducted in the UK to administer a DCE to patients with self-reported T2DM, naïve to treatment with injectable medications. The DCE examined six attributes of T2DM treatment each described by two levels: "dosing frequency," "hemoglobin A1c change," "weight change," "type of delivery system," "frequency of nausea," and "frequency of hypoglycemia." Part-worth utilities were estimated using random effects logit models and were used to calculate relative importance (RI) values for each attribute. A chi-square test was used to determine differences in preferences for dulaglutide versus liraglutide profiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 243 participants [mean age: 60.5 (standard deviation 10.9) years; 76.1% male; mean body mass index: 29.8 (standard deviation 5.4) kg/m(2)] completed the study. RI values for the attributes in rank order were: "dosing frequency" (41.6%), "type of delivery system" (35.5%), "frequency of nausea" (10.4%), "weight change" (5.9%), "hemoglobin A1c change" (3.6%), and "frequency of hypoglycemia" (3.0%). Significantly more participants preferred the dulaglutide profile (83.1%) compared with the liraglutide profile (16.9%; P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study elicited patients' preferences for attributes and levels representing the actual characteristics of two specific glucagon-like peptide-1 medications. In this context, dosing frequency and type of delivery system were most important, accounting for over 75% of the RI. While previous studies have identified efficacy as highly important in T2DM medication decisions, this study suggests that when differences in efficacy between medications are small, other treatment features (eg, dosing frequency and delivery system) are of much greater importance to patients.
authors.affiliation: Outcomes Research, Evidera, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Heather L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Gelhorn
authors.affiliation: Outcomes Research, Evidera, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jiat-Ling
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.affiliation: Outcomes Research, Evidera, London, UK.
authors.forename: Evan W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Global Patient Outcomes and Real World Evidence, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Rosirene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paczkowski
authors.affiliation: Global Patient Outcomes and Real World Evidence, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: Global Patient Outcomes and Real World Evidence, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Kristina S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Boye
keywords: GLP-1 receptor agonist; discrete choice experiment; patient preference; type 2 diabetes