title: Recombinant Receptor Binding Domain Protein Induces Partial Protective Immunity in Rhesus Macaques Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Challenge.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Development an effective vaccine against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is urgent and limited information is available on vaccination in nonhuman primate (NHP) model. We herein report of evaluating a recombinant receptor-binding domain (rRBD) protein vaccine in a rhesus macaque model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine monkeys were randomly assigned to high-dose, low-dose and mock groups,which were immunized with different doses of rRBD plus alum adjuvant or adjuvant alone at different time points (0, 8, 25 weeks). Immunological analysis was conducted after each immunisation. Monkeys were challenged with MERS-CoV at 14 days after the final immunisation followed by observation for clinical signs and chest X-rays. Nasal, oropharyngeal and rectal swabs were also collected for analyses. Monkeys were euthanized 3 days after challenge and multiple specimens from tissues were collected for pathological, virological and immunological tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robust and sustained immunological responses (including neutralisation antibody) were elicited by the rRBD vaccination. Besides, rRBD vaccination alleviated pneumonia with evidence of reduced tissue impairment and clinical manifestation in monkeys. Furthermore, the rRBD vaccine decreased viral load of lung, trachea and oropharyngeal swabs of monkeys. These data in NHP paves a way for further development of an effective human vaccine against MERS-CoV infection.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China ; Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
authors.forename: Jiaming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yanfeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Guangwen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Linlin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: George F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Wenjie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000276:immunology; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology; D007114:Immunization; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D065207:Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus / Q000276:immunology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D013997:Time Factors; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D019562:Viral Load; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit; D014765:Viral Vaccines
keywords: Immunity; MERS-CoV; Protection; RBD; Rhesus macaque; Vaccine