title: Validation of analytical conditions for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in roasted coffee by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of significant interest due to their genotoxicity in humans. PAHs quantification in coffee is complex since some of its compounds interfere in the chromatographic analysis, which hinders the reliable determination of the PAHs. Analytical conditions for the ultrasound extraction, purification and quantification of 16 PAHs in roasted coffee were studied. The better extraction efficiency of benzo[a]pyrene (68%) from ground-roasted coffee was achieved with a solvent ratio of Hex:MC (9:1 v/v) and three extraction periods of 20 min, followed by alkaline saponification and purification of the extracts. The detection limits were 0.85-39.32 ng mL(-1), and the quantification limits from 2.84 to 131.05 ng mL(-1), obtained for fluoranthene and chrysene, respectively. The extraction was effective for most of the analytes, with recoveries of 39.8% dibenzo[ah]anthracene and 69.0% benzo[b]fluoranthene. For coffee roasted in a spouted bed reactor, the summation of the 16 PAHs ranged from 3.5 to 16.4 μg kg(-1).
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270, Mexico.
authors.forename: Guadalupe María
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Guatemala-Morales
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270, Mexico; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. García Barragán (1421), Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico.
authors.forename: Elisa Alejandra
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Beltrán-Medina
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico; Catedrático, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Colonia Crédito Constructor, Del. Benito Juárez, 03940, Mexico.
authors.forename: Mario Alfonso
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Murillo-Tovar
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270, Mexico.
authors.forename: Priscilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Palomino
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. García Barragán (1421), Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rosa Isela
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Corona-González
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. García Barragán (1421), Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico. Electronic address: arriole@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arriola-Guevara
mesh_terms: D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000032:analysis; D002911:Chrysenes / Q000032:analysis; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry*; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000032:analysis; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002911:Chrysenes; D003069:Coffee; D005449:Fluorenes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; C031180:chrysene; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; C007738:fluoranthene; C006703:benzo(b)fluoranthene
keywords: Benzo[a]anthracene (PubChem CID: 5954); Benzo[a]pyrene (PubChem CID: 2336); Benzo[b]fluoranthene (PubChem CID: 9153); Benzo[ghi]perylene (PubChem CID: 9117); Benzo[k]fluoranthene (PubChem CID: 9158); Chrysene (PubChem CID: 9171); Dibenzo[ah]anthracene (PubChem CID: 5889); GC–MS; Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (PubChem CID: 13757897); PAHs; Purification; Roasted coffee; Ultrasound extraction