title: Groundwater Molybdenum from Emerging Industries in Taiwan.
abstract: This study determined the influence of emerging industries development on molybdenum (Mo) groundwater contamination. A total of 537 groundwater samples were collected for Mo determination, including 295 samples from potentially contaminated areas of 3 industrial parks in Taiwan and 242 samples from non-potentially contaminated areas during 2008-2014. Most of the high Mo samples are located downstream from a thin film transistor-liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) panel factory. Mean groundwater Mo concentrations from potentially contaminated areas (0.0058 mg/L) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those from non-potentially contaminated areas (0.0022 mg/L). The highest Mo wastewater concentrations in the effluent from the optoelectronics industry and following wastewater batch treatment were 0.788 and 0.0326 mg/L, respectively. This indicates that wastewater containing Mo is a possible source of both groundwater and surface water contamination. Nine samples of groundwater exceed the World Health Organization's suggested drinking water guideline of 0.07 mg/L. A non-carcinogenic risk assessment for Mo in adults and children using the Mo concentration of 0.07 mg/L yielded risks of 0.546 and 0.215, respectively. These results indicate the importance of the development of a national drinking water quality standard for Mo in Taiwan to ensure safe groundwater for use. According to the human health risk calculation, the groundwater Mo standard is suggested as 0.07 mg/L. Reduction the discharge of Mo-contaminated wastewater from factories in the industrial parks is also the important task in the future.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Kuo-Sheng
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC. ymchang@ntut.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yu-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Jimmy C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Kae-Long
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000592:standards; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013624:Taiwan; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008982:Molybdenum; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Groundwater; Groundwater standards; Molybdenum