title: Assessing hazardous risks of indoor airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the kitchen and its association with lung functions and urinary PAH metabolites in kitchen workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Indoor air pollution is associated with decreased pulmonary function but the relative impact of pollution from kitchen sources on health risks in kitchen workers is not well-known or studied. A study was conducted to measure the kitchen indoor air quality including PAHs estimation and risk assessment based on reported PAHs in indoor air in a central kitchen at North India.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional study was undertaken to assess the lung function status using spirometer and urinary PAH metabolite measurements using GC-MS/MS among 94 male kitchen workers and their corresponding controls. Assessment of the indoor air quality levels was evaluated using standard methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the indoor air pollutants were within the recommended guidelines except CO, TVOC and PAH emission in the kitchen. Incremental life time cancer risk (ICLR) based on indoor air PAH measurements indicates potential for carcinogenic risk. Significant lung function decline was observed among kitchen workers as compared to controls after adjusting for smoking habits. Urinary PAH metabolites were detected in kitchen workers and measured concentrations were comparatively higher than control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decline in lung functions after adjustment for confounders and detection of urinary PAH metabolites in kitchen workers can be associated with higher concentrations of PAHs, CO and TVOCs in kitchen indoor air.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India; Dept. of Biochemistry, Babu Banarasi Das University, BBD City, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Amarnath
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India. Electronic address: ckesavachandran@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kesavachandran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chandrasekharan Nair
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Ritul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kamal
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Vipin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bihari
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Manoj Kumar
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Mohana Krishna Reddy
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Mudiam
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Gubbala Naga Venkata
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Satyanarayana
authors.affiliation: Environmental Microbiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Abhay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.affiliation: Environmental Microbiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Izharul
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.affiliation: Environmental Monitoring Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Nishi Kumar
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: Environmental Monitoring Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Altaf Husain
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Community Medicine, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Near Canal, Safedabad, Barabanki Road, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Anup Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Srivastava
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D003296:Cooking; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
keywords: ICLR; Kitchen indoor air; Kitchen workers; Lung functions; PAHs; Urinary metabolites