title: Different mechanisms of resistance modulate sulfite tolerance in wine yeasts.
abstract: From a technological point of view, yeast resistance to sulfite is of great interest and represents an important technological character for winemaking. Several mechanisms are involved, and strain-dependent strategies to obtain SO2 resistance can deeply influence wine quality, although this choice is less relevant in determining the technological performance of the strain during fermentation. In this study, to better understand the strain-specific mechanisms of resistance, 11 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, whose genomes have been previously sequenced, were selected. Their attitude towards sulfites, in terms of resistance and production, was evaluated, and RNA-sequencing of four selected strains was performed during fermentation process in synthetic grape must in the presence of SO2. Results demonstrated that at molecular level, the physical effect of SO2 triggered multiple stress responses in the cell and high tolerance to general enological stressing condition increased SO2 resistance. Adaptation mechanism due to high basal gene expression level rather than specific gene induction in the presence of sulfite seemed to be responsible in modulating strain resistance. This mechanism involved higher basal gene expression level of specific cell wall proteins, enzymes for lipid biosynthesis, and enzymes directly involved in SO2 assimilation pathway and efflux.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell' Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nadai
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell' Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Treu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campanaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell' Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy. alessio.giacomini@unipd.it.|Interdepartmental Centre for Research in Viticulture and Enology (CIRVE), University of Padova, Via XXVIII Aprile 14, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy. alessio.giacomini@unipd.it.
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giacomini
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell' Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.|Interdepartmental Centre for Research in Viticulture and Enology (CIRVE), University of Padova, Via XXVIII Aprile 14, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy.
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Corich
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D015870:Gene Expression; D008055:Lipids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013447:Sulfites / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027843:Vitis / Q000382:microbiology; D014920:Wine / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D013447:Sulfites
keywords: Antioxidant; Fermentation; RNA-seq; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Stress response; Sulfur dioxide resistance