title: Update on pathogenesis and predictors of response of therapeutic strategies used in inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: The search for biomarkers that characterize specific aspects of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), has received substantial interest in the past years and is moving forward rapidly with the help of modern technologies. Nevertheless, there is a direct demand to identify adequate biomarkers for predicting and evaluating therapeutic response to different therapies. In this subset, pharmacogenetics deserves more attention as part of the endeavor to provide personalized medicine. The ultimate goal in this area is the adjustment of medication for a patient's specific genetic background and thereby to improve drug efficacy and safety rates. The aim of the following review is to utilize the latest knowledge on immunopathogenesis of IBD and update the findings on the field of Immunology and Genetics, to evaluate the response to the different therapies. In the present article, more than 400 publications were reviewed but finally 287 included based on design, reproducibility (or expectancy to be reproducible and translationable into humans) or already measured in humans. A few tests have shown clinical applicability. Other, i.e., genetic associations for the different therapies in IBD have not yet shown consistent or robust results. In the close future it is anticipated that this, cellular and genetic material, as well as the determination of biomarkers will be implemented in an integrated molecular diagnostic and prognostic approach to manage IBD patients.
authors.affiliation: Emilio G Quetglas, Project Strategy and Science, Grünenthal GmbH, 52078 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Emilio G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Quetglas
authors.affiliation: Emilio G Quetglas, Project Strategy and Science, Grünenthal GmbH, 52078 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Zlatan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mujagic
authors.affiliation: Emilio G Quetglas, Project Strategy and Science, Grünenthal GmbH, 52078 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wigge
authors.affiliation: Emilio G Quetglas, Project Strategy and Science, Grünenthal GmbH, 52078 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keszthelyi
authors.affiliation: Emilio G Quetglas, Project Strategy and Science, Grünenthal GmbH, 52078 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wachten
authors.affiliation: Emilio G Quetglas, Project Strategy and Science, Grünenthal GmbH, 52078 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masclee
authors.affiliation: Emilio G Quetglas, Project Strategy and Science, Grünenthal GmbH, 52078 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reinisch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001711:Biotransformation / Q000235:genetics; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D010641:Phenotype; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D005819:Genetic Markers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: Biomarkers; Mode of action; Mucosal immunology; Pharmacology; Therapeutic drug monitoring