title: Management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this article is to review the most recent literature regarding the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the field of AHRF management, noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has become the standard method of providing primary mechanical ventilator support. Recently, extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) devices have been proposed as new therapeutic option.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NIV is an effective strategy in specific settings and in selected population with AHRF. To date, evidence on ECCO2R is based only on case reports and case-control trials. Although the preliminary results using ECCO2R to decrease the rate of NIV failure and to wean hypercapnic patients from invasive ventilation are remarkable; further randomized studies are needed to assess the effects of this technique on both short-term and long-term clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical, Integrated and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pisani
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Corcione
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nava
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D002423:Cause of Death; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D018450:Disease Progression; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D063087:Noninvasive Ventilation / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide