title: IL-10Rα expression is post-transcriptionally regulated by miR-15a, miR-185, and miR-211 in melanoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  IL-10 is an immunoregulatory cytokine that increases during malignant diseases. The purpose of this study was to: i) determine the mRNA amounts of IL-10, IL-10Rα, and IL-10Rβ in cutaneous and uveal melanoma cells and specimens; ii) evaluate their post-transcriptional regulation by miRNAs; iii) ascertain whether miRNA dysregulation may affect IL-10-induced proliferation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genome-wide miRNA expression profiling was performed using a human microarray platform. The reference gene mRNA was measured through qPCR. miRNAs/mRNAs interactions were predicted by TargetScan, microRNA, and PITA. Transfections of specific miRNA mimics/inhibitors were carried out. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay in the presence of IL-10 after transfection with miRNA mimics/inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences in IL-10 mRNA levels between any of the 3 melanoma cell lines tested and normal melanocytes. However, lower IL-10Rα expression was found in G361 and OCM-1 cells, and higher levels of IL-10Rβ were observed in G361 cells compared with normal melanocytes. GR-M cells did not exhibit any modifications in IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ expression. miR-15a, miR-185, miR-211, and miR-30d were upregulated in G361 and OCM-1 cells, remaining at similar levels in GR-M cells. miR-409-3p and miR-605were down-regulated exclusively in G361 cells. Prediction tools revealed that miR-15a, miR-185, and miR-211 targeted IL-10Rα whereas none of the miRNAs exclusively downregulated in G361 cells targeted IL-10Rβ. Luciferase reporter and western blot assays showed that IL-10Rα expression is directly regulated by miR-15a, miR-185, and miR-211, either alone or in combination. An inverse expression pattern between IL-10Rα, on one side, and miR-15a, miR-185, and miR-211 on the other one was also shown in melanoma samples. Ectopic expression of individual miR-15a, miR-185, and miR-211, and even more their co-expression, caused a marked decrease in the proliferation rate of all the cell lines. Likewise, inhibition of any specific miRNA promoted cell growth, an effect that further increased when inhibition concerned all three miRNA. Moreover, specific knockdown of IL-10Rα prevented the proliferative effect of miRNA inhibitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support a key role of IL-10Rα in the development and progression of melanoma and suggest that the IL-10/IL-10 receptor system may become a new therapeutic target for melanoma treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Policlinico Universitario G. Martino, viaConsolare Valeria, 1, Messina, 98125, Italy. isavenza@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Venza
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Policlinico Universitario G. Martino, viaConsolare Valeria, 1, Messina, 98125, Italy. visallim@unime.it.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Visalli
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Azienda PoliclinicoUniversitario G. Martino, via Consolare Valeria, 1, Messina, 98125, Italy. cbeninati@unime.it.|Scylla Biotech Srl, University of Messina, Messina, Italy. cbeninati@unime.it.
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beninati
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Azienda PoliclinicoUniversitario G. Martino, via Consolare Valeria, 1, Messina, 98125, Italy. sbenfatto@unime.it.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benfatto
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Policlinico Universitario G. Martino, viaConsolare Valeria, 1, Messina, 98125, Italy. dteti@unime.it.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Teti
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Policlinico Universitario G. Martino, viaConsolare Valeria, 1, Messina, 98125, Italy. mariovenza@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Venza
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053709:Interleukin-10 Receptor alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D053710:Interleukin-10 Receptor beta Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014604:Uveal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000098943:Uveal Melanoma
chemical_list: D053709:Interleukin-10 Receptor alpha Subunit; D053710:Interleukin-10 Receptor beta Subunit; C505361:MIRN15 microRNA, human; C552431:MIRN185 microRNA, human; C549405:MIRN211 microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs; D016753:Interleukin-10