title: High levels of isotope elimination improve precision and allow individual-based measurements of metabolic rates in animals using the doubly labeled water method.
abstract: Doubly labeled water (DLW) can be used to measure energy expenditure in free-ranging animals, but questions have been raised about its accuracy in different species or contexts. We investigated whether differences in the extent of isotope elimination affects the precision and accuracy of the DLW method, which can vary according to the experimental design or metabolic rate of the species. Estimated total energy expenditure by the DLW method (TEEdlw) was compared with actual total energy expenditure simultaneously measured via respirometry (TEEresp) in streaked shearwaters Calonectris leucomelas, a pelagic seabird. Subjects were divided into three groups with different experimental conditions: at rest on the ground for 24 h (Group A) or for 48 h (Group B), and at rest on the water for 24 h (Group C). TEEdlw in Group A matched TEEresp, whereas there was an overestimation of TEEdlw in both Groups B and C compared with TEEresp. However, compared with Group A, TEEdlw in Groups B and C had reduced the isotopic analytical variability and thus higher precision. The best regression model (TEEdlw = 1.37 TEEresp - 14.12) showed a high correlation (R(2) = 0.82) between TEEdlw and TEEresp and allows a correction factor for field metabolic rates in streaked shearwaters. Our results demonstrate that the commonly made assumption that the DLW method is not appropriate for individual-based estimates may be incorrect in certain circumstances. Although a correction factor may be necessary when using the DLW method to estimate metabolic rate, greater levels of isotope eliminations provides DLW estimates with high precision, which can adequately represent relative individual estimates. Nevertheless, the DLW method, should be used with caution when characterizing interspecies difference of energy expenditures.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan m-shirai@criepi.denken.or.jp.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shirai
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Tenpaku-ku Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niizuma
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Emiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ebine
authors.affiliation: Division of Natural History, Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, Abiko Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Nariko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoda
keywords: Doubly labeled water method; respirometry; seabird; validation