title: A generic solution for web-based management of pseudonymized data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Collaborative collection and sharing of data have become a core element of biomedical research. Typical applications are multi-site registries which collect sensitive person-related data prospectively, often together with biospecimens. To secure these sensitive data, national and international data protection laws and regulations demand the separation of identifying data from biomedical data and to introduce pseudonyms. Neither the formulation in laws and regulations nor existing pseudonymization concepts, however, are precise enough to directly provide an implementation guideline. We therefore describe core requirements as well as implementation options for registries and study databases with sensitive biomedical data.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first analyze existing concepts and compile a set of fundamental requirements for pseudonymized data management. Then we derive a system architecture that fulfills these requirements. Next, we provide a comprehensive overview and a comparison of different technical options for an implementation. Finally, we develop a generic software solution for managing pseudonymized data and show its feasibility by describing how we have used it to realize two research networks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have found that pseudonymization models are highly heterogeneous, already on a conceptual level. We have compiled a set of requirements from different pseudonymization schemes. We propose an architecture and present an overview of technical options. Based on a selection of technical elements, we suggest a generic solution. It supports the multi-site collection and management of biomedical data. Security measures are multi-tier pseudonymity and physical separation of data over independent backend servers. Integrated views are provided by a web-based user interface. Our approach has been successfully used to implement a national and an international rare disease network.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We were able to identify a set of core requirements out of several pseudonymization models. Considering various implementation options, we realized a generic solution which was implemented and deployed in research networks. Still, further conceptual work on pseudonymity is needed. Specifically, it remains unclear how exactly data is to be separated into distributed subsets. Moreover, a thorough risk and threat analysis is needed.
authors.affiliation: Chair for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Grillparzerstraße 18, 81675, Munich, Germany. ronald.lautenschlaeger@tum.de.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lautenschläger
authors.affiliation: Chair for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Grillparzerstraße 18, 81675, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kohlmayer
authors.affiliation: Chair for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Grillparzerstraße 18, 81675, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Prasser
authors.affiliation: Chair for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Grillparzerstraße 18, 81675, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kuhn
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000592:standards*; D003219:Confidentiality / Q000592:standards*; D066264:Datasets as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D012042:Registries / Q000592:standards*