title: Quantitative risk assessment on the dietary exposure of Finnish children and adults to nitrite.
abstract: Nitrite intake from the consumption of cured meat and tap water was estimated for Finnish children of 1, 3 and 6 years as well as Finnish adults of 25-74 years. Nitrite content in the foods was measured by capillary electrophoresis, and was then used together with individual food consumption data from the FINDIET 2007 and DIPP studies in a stochastic exposure assessment by a Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) program. Nitrite intake from additive sources and tap water was assessed, and more than every 10th child between the ages 3 and 6 years was estimated to have a nitrite intake exceeding the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of nitrite. The high exposure levels were caused by frequent consumption of large portions of sausages, up to 350 g day(-1) or 750 g in 3 days, among the children. Median nitrite intake from cured meat was 0.016, 0.040, 0.033 and 0.005 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) for children of 1, 3 and 6 years and adults, respectively. Bayesian estimation was employed to determine safe consumption levels of sausages and cold cuts for children, and these results gave rise to new national food consumption advice.
authors.affiliation: a Risk Assessment Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Department , Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suomi
authors.affiliation: a Risk Assessment Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Department , Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ranta
authors.affiliation: a Risk Assessment Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Department , Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Pirkko
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tuominen
authors.affiliation: b Chemistry and Toxicology Unit, Research and Laboratory Department , Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Putkonen
authors.affiliation: b Chemistry and Toxicology Unit, Research and Laboratory Department , Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bäckman
authors.affiliation: c Unit of Nutrition , National Institute for Health and Welfare THL , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Marja-Leena
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ovaskainen
authors.affiliation: c Unit of Nutrition , National Institute for Health and Welfare THL , Helsinki , Finland.|d School of Health Sciences , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.|e Research Center for Child Health , Tampere University and University Hospital, and the Science Center of Pirkanmaa Hospital District , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Suvi M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.affiliation: a Risk Assessment Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Department , Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Savela
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D005387:Finland; D005503:Food Additives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008461:Meat Products / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009573:Nitrites / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis*; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D005503:Food Additives; D009573:Nitrites
keywords: Nitrite; acceptable daily intake (ADI); exposure assessment; meat