title: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Bilomas: A Current Update.
abstract: A biloma is a well-demarcated collection of bile outside the biliary tree. Traumatic and iatrogenic injuries, most commonly secondary to cholecystectomy, are the usual causes. Although bilomas are relatively uncommon, this pathologic entity may lead to significant morbidity and mortality if not promptly diagnosed and properly managed. As clinical signs and symptoms of bilomas are often nonspecific and laboratory values may be unremarkable, imaging modalities including ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and hepatobiliary cholescintigraphy play a crucial role in the diagnosis of this condition. It is paramount that interventional radiologists not only be well versed in the management of bilomas but also be knowledgeable in the diagnosis as well as key imaging findings that dictate the interventional management. The purpose of this article is to review the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of bilomas to primarily focus on the relevant multimodal imaging findings and the minimally invasive management options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI. Electronic address: Alexander.copelan@beaumont.edu.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Copelan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI.
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bahoura
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tardy
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.affiliation: Body Imaging, Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI.
authors.forename: Farnoosh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sokhandon
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Baljendra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kapoor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism*; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000009:adverse effects; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
keywords: biliary leak; biloma; cholecystectomy complications