title: Targeted Metabolomics Approach To Detect the Misuse of Steroidal Aromatase Inhibitors in Equine Sports by Biomarker Profiling.
abstract: The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is prohibited in both human and equine sports. The conventional approach in doping control testing for AAS (as well as other prohibited substances) is accomplished by the direct detection of target AAS or their characteristic metabolites in biological samples using hyphenated techniques such as gas chromatography or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Such an approach, however, falls short when dealing with unknown designer steroids where reference materials and their pharmacokinetics are not available. In addition, AASs with fast elimination times render the direct detection approach ineffective as the detection window is short. A targeted metabolomics approach is a plausible alternative to the conventional direct detection approach for controlling the misuse of AAS in sports. Because the administration of AAS of the same class may trigger similar physiological responses or effects in the body, it may be possible to detect such administrations by monitoring changes in the endogenous steroidal expression profile. This study attempts to evaluate the viability of using the targeted metabolomics approach to detect the administration of steroidal aromatase inhibitors, namely androst-4-ene-3,6,17-trione (6-OXO) and androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione (ATD), in horses. Total (free and conjugated) urinary concentrations of 31 endogenous steroids were determined by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for a group of 2 resting and 2 in-training thoroughbred geldings treated with either 6-OXO or ATD. Similar data were also obtained from a control (untreated) group of in-training thoroughbred geldings (n = 28). Statistical processing and chemometric procedures using principle component analysis and orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) have highlighted 7 potential biomarkers that could be used to differentiate urine samples obtained from the control and the treated groups. On the basis of this targeted metabolomic approach, the administration of 6-OXO and ATD could be detected for much longer relative to that of the conventional direct detection approach.
authors.affiliation: Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse , Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: George Ho Man
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse , Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Emmie Ngai Man
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse , Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: David Kwan Kon
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse , Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Kin Sing
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse , Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Terence See Ming
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Wan
mesh_terms: D000733:Androstatrienes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D000736:Androstenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D000818:Animals; D001141:Aromatase / Q000378:metabolism; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004300:Doping in Sports / Q000517:prevention & control; D006736:Horses / Q000652:urine*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D013177:Sports; D013256:Steroids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D000733:Androstatrienes; D000736:Androstenes; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D015415:Biomarkers; D013256:Steroids; C011658:androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione; D001141:Aromatase; C018213:androst-4-ene-3,6,17-trione