title: Stochastic Modeling of Behavioral Response to Anthropogenic Sounds.
abstract: The effect of anthropogenic sounds on marine wildlife is typically assessed by convolving the spatial, temporal, and spectral properties of a modeled sound field with a representation of animal distribution within the field. Both components benefit from stochastic modeling techniques based on field observations. Recent studies have also highlighted the effect of context on the probability and severity of the animal behavioral response to sound. This paper extends the stochastic approach to three modeling scenarios, including key contextual variables in aversion from a given level of sound and as a means of evaluating the effectiveness of passive acoustic monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Marine Acoustics, Inc., Arlington, VA, 22203, USA. adam.frankel@marineacoustics.com.|Marine Acoustics, Inc., 1459 Cedarhurst Road, Shady Side, MD, 20764, USA. adam.frankel@marineacoustics.com.
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.affiliation: Marine Acoustics, Inc., Portsmouth, NH, 03802, USA. wemai@aol.com.
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.affiliation: Marine Acoustics, Inc., Middletown, RI, 02842, USA. kathleen.vigness@marineacoustics.com.
authors.forename: Kathleen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Vigness-Raposa
authors.affiliation: Marine Acoustics, Inc., Middletown, RI, 02842, USA. jenn.giard@marineacoustics.com.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Giard
authors.affiliation: Southall Environmental Associates, Inc., Aptos, CA, 95003, USA. brandon.southall@sea-inc.net.|Long Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA. brandon.southall@sea-inc.net.
authors.forename: Brandon L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Southall
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006802:Human Activities; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011312:Pressure; D013016:Sound; D013269:Stochastic Processes; D014907:Whales / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Acoustics; Animat; Behavioral response; Context; Noise; Propagation; Stochastic modeling