title: Active Dendrites and Differential Distribution of Calcium Channels Enable Functional Compartmentalization of Golgi Cells.
abstract: Interneurons are essential to controlling excitability, timing, and synaptic integration in neuronal networks. Golgi cells (GoCs) serve these roles at the input layer of the cerebellar cortex by releasing GABA to inhibit granule cells (grcs). GoCs are excited by mossy fibers (MFs) and grcs and provide feedforward and feedback inhibition to grcs. Here we investigate two important aspects of GoC physiology: the properties of GoC dendrites and the role of calcium signaling in regulating GoC spontaneous activity. Although GoC dendrites are extensive, previous studies concluded they are devoid of voltage-gated ion channels. Hence, the current view holds that somatic voltage signals decay passively within GoC dendrites, and grc synapses onto distal dendrites are not amplified and are therefore ineffective at firing GoCs because of strong passive attenuation. Using whole-cell recording and calcium imaging in rat slices, we find that dendritic voltage-gated sodium channels allow somatic action potentials to activate voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) along the entire dendritic length, with R-type and T-type VGCCs preferentially located distally. We show that R- and T-type VGCCs located in the dendrites can boost distal synaptic inputs and promote burst firing. Active dendrites are thus critical to the regulation of GoC activity, and consequently, to the processing of input to the cerebellar cortex. In contrast, we find that N-type channels are preferentially located near the soma, and control the frequency and pattern of spontaneous firing through their close association with calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channels. Thus, VGCC types are differentially distributed and serve specialized functions within GoCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interneurons are essential to neural processing because they modulate excitability, timing, and synaptic integration within circuits. At the input layer of the cerebellar cortex, a single type of interneuron, the Golgi cell (GoC), carries these functions. The extent of inhibition depends on both spontaneous activity of GoCs and the excitatory synaptic input they receive. In this study, we find that different types of calcium channels are differentially distributed, with dendritic calcium channels being activated by somatic activity, boosting synaptic inputs and enabling bursting, and somatic calcium cannels promoting regular firing. We therefore challenge the current view that GoC dendrites are passive and identify the mechanisms that contribute to GoCs regulating the flow of sensory information in the cerebellar cortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708.
authors.forename: Court
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and Wade_Regehr@hms.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Wade G
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3485-8094
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Regehr
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000502:physiology*; D002525:Cerebellar Cortex / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D003712:Dendrites / Q000502:physiology*; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels
keywords: calcium buffering; calcium channels; calcium-activated potassium channels; cerebellum; dendritic excitability; interneuron