title: Determining the area of influence of depression cone in the vicinity of lignite mine by means of triangle method and LANDSAT TM/ETM+ satellite images.
abstract: Problems with lowering of water table are common all over the world. Intensive pumping of water from aquifers for consumption, irrigation, industrial or mining purposes often causes groundwater depletion and results in the formation of cone of depression. This can severely decrease water pressure, even over vast areas, and can create severe problems such as degradation of agriculture or natural environment sometimes depriving people and animals of water supply. In this paper, the authors present a method for determining the area of influence of a groundwater depression cone resulting from prolonged drainage, by means of satellite images in optical, near infrared and thermal infrared bands from TM sensor (Thematic Mapper) and ETM+ sensor (Enhanced Thematic Mapper +) placed on Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 satellites. The research area was Szczercowska Valley (Pol. Kotlina Szczercowska), Central Poland, located within a range of influence of a groundwater drainage system of the lignite coal mine in Belchatow. It is the biggest lignite coal mine in Poland and one of the largest in Europe exerting an enormous impact on the environment. The main method of satellite data analysis for determining soil moisture, was the so-called triangle method. This method, based on TVDI (Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index) was supported by additional spatial analysis including ordinary kriging used in order to combine fragmentary information obtained from areas covered by meadows. The results obtained are encouraging and confirm the usefulness of the triangle method not only for soil moisture determination but also for assessment of the temporal and spatial changes in the area influenced by the groundwater depression cone. The range of impact of the groundwater depression cone determined by means of above-described remote sensing analysis shows good agreement with that determined by ground measurements. The developed satellite method is much faster and cheaper than in-situ measurements, and allows for systematic monitoring of the vast area in the vicinity of Belchatow lignite mine. Besides, this method could be useful as a helper in in-situ measurement allowing a significant reduction of the number of in-situ measurements by performing them only within problematic areas. Hence, the triangle method can be used as an effective supplement to field measurements. Although the research area is located in Poland, in the vicinity of lignite mine, the method of observation of depression cones provided in this study is universal and effective, and therefore could also be useful to an international audience.
authors.affiliation: Technical University of Warsaw, Dept. of Environment. Eng., ul. Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Jarosław
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zawadzki
authors.affiliation: Technical University of Warsaw, Dept. of Environment. Eng., ul. Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: karol_przezdziecki@is.pw.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Karol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Przeździecki
authors.affiliation: Kujawsko-Pomorski Research Centre, Bydgoszcz, Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, Falenty, Poland.
authors.forename: Zygmunt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Miatkowski
mesh_terms: D003031:Coal; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D060587:Groundwater; D008906:Mining; D011044:Poland; D063809:Satellite Imagery; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D003031:Coal
keywords: Depression cone; Landsat; Lignite coal mining; Remote sensing; Soil moisture; Triangle method