title: Health-seeking behaviour, diagnostics and transmission dynamics in the control of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent.
abstract: Countries in the Indian subcontinent have committed to reducing the incidence of kala-azar, a clinical manifestation of visceral leishmaniasis, to below 1 in 10,000 by 2020. We address the role of timing of use and accuracy of diagnostics in kala-azar control and elimination. We use empirical data on health-seeking behaviour and health-system performance from the Indian state of Bihar, Bangladesh and Nepal to parameterize a mathematical model. Diagnosis of cases is key to case management, control and surveillance. Treatment of cases prevents onward transmission, and we show that the differences in time to diagnosis in these three settings explain the observed differences in incidence. Shortening the time from health-care seeking to diagnosis is likely to lead to dramatic reductions in incidence in Bihar, bringing the incidence down to the levels seen in Bangladesh and Nepal. The results emphasize the importance of maintaining population and health-system awareness, particularly as transmission and disease incidence decline. We explore the possibility of diagnosing patients before the onset of clinical kala-azar (before 14 days fever), and show that this could have a marked impact on incidence, even for a moderately sensitive test. However, limited specificity (that results in false positives) is a major barrier to such a strategy. Diagnostic tests of high specificity used at an early stage of active infection, even if sensitivity is only moderate, could have a key role in the control of kala-azar, and prevent its resurgence when paired with the passive health-care system and tests of high sensitivity, such as the test for rK39 antibody response.
authors.affiliation: Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
authors.forename: Graham F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Medley
authors.affiliation: WIDER, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.|Warwick Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: T Déirdre
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Hollingsworth
authors.affiliation: UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme on Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland.|Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
authors.forename: Piero L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Olliaro
authors.affiliation: Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
authors.forename: Emily R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000635:transmission*; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity