title: Undetermined Human Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis in the United States, 2008-2012: A Catch-All for Passive Surveillance.
abstract: Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are potentially severe illnesses endemic in the United States. Several bacterial agents are known causes of these diseases: Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Ehrlichia muris-like agent, Panola Mountain Ehrlichia species, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Because more than one agent may be present in one area, cases of human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis may be reported as "human ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis undetermined" when the available evidence does not suggest an etiology to the species level. Here, we present a brief summary of these undetermined cases with onset of symptoms from 2008 to 2012 reported to two passive surveillance systems in the United States. The reported incidence rate during this time was 0.52 cases per million person-years. Many cases (24%) had positive polymerase chain reaction results. Enhanced surveillance in an area where several of these etiologic agents are endemic may provide a better understanding of the epidemiology of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in the United States.
authors.affiliation: Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia iot0@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: F Scott
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Dahlgren
authors.affiliation: Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Kristen Nichols
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Heitman
authors.affiliation: Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Casey Barton
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Behravesh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D041081:Anaplasma phagocytophilum / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000712:Anaplasmosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D018563:Disease Notification; D004536:Ehrlichia / Q000145:classification*; D016873:Ehrlichiosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult