title: The immunobiology of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer.
abstract: The tumor microenvironment is a complex and heterogeneous milieu in which multiple interactions occur between tumor and host cells. Immunosuppressive cells which are present in this microenvironment, such as regulatory T (Treg) cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), play an important role in tumor progression, via down-regulation of antitumor responses. MDSCs represent a heterogeneous group of cells originated from the myeloid lineage that are in the immature state. These cells markedly accumulate under pathologic conditions, such as cancer, infection, and inflammation, and use various mechanisms to inhibit both adaptive and innate immune responses. These immunosuppressive mechanisms include deprivation of T cells from essential amino acids, induction of oxidative stress, interference with viability and trafficking of T cells, induction of immunosuppressive cells, and finally polarizing immunity toward a tumor-promoting type 2 phenotype. In addition to suppression of antitumor immune responses, MDSCs can also enhance the tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Previous studies have shown that increased frequency of MDSCs is related to the tumor progression. Moreover, various drugs that directly target these cells or reverse their suppressive activity can improve antitumor immune responses as well as increase the efficacy of immunotherapeutic intervention. In this review, we will first discuss on the immunobiology of MDSCs in an attempt to find the role of these cells in tumor progression and then discuss about therapeutic approaches to target these cells.
authors.affiliation: Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.|Immunology research center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.|Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Motallebnezhad
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jadidi-Niaragh
authors.affiliation: Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.|Immunology research center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.|Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Elmira Safaie
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Qamsari
authors.affiliation: Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.|Immunology research center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.|Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bagheri
authors.affiliation: Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.|Immunology research center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.|Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Tohid
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gharibi
authors.affiliation: Immunology research center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. yousefime@tbzmed.ac.ir.|Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. yousefime@tbzmed.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yousefi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D000072737:Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000276:immunology*
keywords: Antitumor immunity; Cancer; Immunosuppressive cells; Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Tumor microenvironment