title: A randomized controlled trial evaluating airway inspection effectiveness during endobronchial ultrasound bronchoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has revolutionized the evaluation of patients with mediastinal and hilar adenopathy. Limitations of conventional endobronchial ultrasound (C-EBUS) bronchoscopes include the inability to perform a complete airway inspection, low definition optics, and limited maneuverability. These limitations require the use of a standard bronchoscope to perform an airway examination prior to the EBUS procedure. Recently, a hybrid endobronchial ultrasound (H-EBUS) bronchoscope with high definition optics and increased maneuverability has been introduced. Our objective was to assess the ability of H-EBUS to perform a full airway inspection and TBNA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients referred for EBUS-TBNA were prospectively randomized to either form of EBUS from November 2013 to January 2014. The primary outcome was the airway segment visualization in each lobe using an EBUS bronchoscope. Secondary outcomes included the number of bronchoscopes used per procedure, procedure length, diagnostic yield and specimen adequacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-two consecutive patients undergoing EBUS-TBNA were randomized to H-EBUS (n=30) or C-EBUS (n=32). In cases in which EBUS-TBNA was the only procedure performed (n=32), use of a second bronchoscope to perform an adequate airway inspection was significantly higher in C-EBUS compared to H-EBUS (5 vs. 0, P=0.046). There was better segmental visualization achieved in multiple lobes when using H-EBUS (P<0.01). No differences in TBNA sample diagnostic yield, specimen adequacy or procedure time were noted when comparing bronchoscopes (P= NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of an H-EBUS may improve the ability to perform an adequate airway inspection potentially obviating the need for a conventional bronchoscope.
authors.affiliation: 1 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; 3 Department of Biostatistics, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Lonny
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yarmus
authors.affiliation: 1 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; 3 Department of Biostatistics, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Akulian
authors.affiliation: 1 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; 3 Department of Biostatistics, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.affiliation: 1 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; 3 Department of Biostatistics, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: 1 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; 3 Department of Biostatistics, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oakjones-Burgess
authors.affiliation: 1 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; 3 Department of Biostatistics, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Sixto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arias
authors.affiliation: 1 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; 3 Department of Biostatistics, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Semaan
authors.affiliation: 1 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; 3 Department of Biostatistics, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feller-Kopman
authors.affiliation: 1 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; 3 Department of Biostatistics, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 1 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; 3 Department of Biostatistics, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Ko Pen
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: Lung cancer; bronchoscopy; endobronchial ultrasound