title: Gestational Vitamin 25(OH)D Status as a Risk Factor for Receptive Language Development: A 24-Month, Longitudinal, Observational Study.
abstract: Emerging data suggest that vitamin D status during childhood and adolescence can affect neurocognitive development. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether gestational 25(OH)D status is associated with early childhood cognitive and receptive language development. The Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood Study (CANDLE) study enrolled 1503 mother-child dyads during the second trimester of healthy singleton pregnancies from Shelby County TN. Among 1020 participants of the total CANDLE cohort for whom 25(OH)D levels were available, mean gestational 25(OH)D level during the second trimester was 22.3 ng/mL (range 5.9-68.4), with 41.7% of values <20 ng/dL. Cognitive and language scaled scores increased in a stair-step manner as gestational 25(OH)D levels in the second trimester rose from <20 ng/dL, through 20-29.99 ng/dL, to ≥30 ng/dL. When controlling for socioeconomic status, race, use of tobacco products, gestational age of the child at birth, and age at the 2-year assessment, the gestational 25(OH)D was positively related to receptive language development (p < 0.017), but not cognitive or expressive language.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline Street, Memphis, TN 38163-2181, USA. ftylavsky@uthsc.edu.|Urban Child Institute, 600 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. ftylavsky@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Frances A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Tylavsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline Street, Memphis, TN 38163-2181, USA. mkocak1@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kocak
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 711 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA. lmurphy@uthsc.edu.|Boling Center for Developmental Disabilities, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 711 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-2167, USA. lmurphy@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Boling Center for Developmental Disabilities, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 711 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-2167, USA. jgraff@uthsc.edu.|College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 711 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA. jgraff@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: J Carolyn
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Graff
authors.affiliation: Boling Center for Developmental Disabilities, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 711 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-2167, USA. fpalmer@uthsc.edu.|Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38103-2893, USA. fpalmer@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Frederick B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline Street, Memphis, TN 38163-2181, USA. evolgyi@uthsc.edu.|Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38103-2893, USA. evolgyi@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Eszter
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Völgyi
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38103-2800, USA. adiaztho@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Diaz-Thomas
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38103-2800, USA. bob@uthsc.edu.|Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 352 Psychology Building, Memphis, TN 38152-3370, USA. bob@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ferry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: CANDLE study; cognitive development; gestation; language development; prenatal nutrition; vitamin D