title: Bone Stress Injuries in Runners.
abstract: Bone stress injuries (BSIs) are common running injuries and may occur at a rate of 20% annually. Both biological and biomechanical risk factors contribute to BSI. Evaluation of a runner with suspected BSI includes completing an appropriate history and physical examination. MRI grading classification for BSI has been proposed and may guide return to play. Management includes activity modification, optimizing nutrition, and addressing risk factors, including the female athlete triad. BSI prevention strategies include screening for risk factors during preparticipation evaluations, optimizing nutrition (including adequate caloric intake, calcium, and vitamin D), and promoting ball sports during childhood and adolescence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Spaulding National Running Center, 1575 Cambridge St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Tenforde
authors.affiliation: Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Broadway Street, MC 6120, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.affiliation: Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Broadway Street, Pavilion A, 2nd Floor MC 6120, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA. Electronic address: mfred2@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fredericson
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D050281:Bones of Lower Extremity / Q000293:injuries*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008487:Medical History Taking; D010808:Physical Examination; D012307:Risk Factors; D012420:Running / Q000293:injuries*
keywords: Cross-country; Female athlete triad; Runners; Stress fractures; Track and field