title: Surface modeling of soil antibiotics.
abstract: Large numbers of livestock and poultry feces are continuously applied into soils in intensive vegetable cultivation areas, and then some veterinary antibiotics are persistent existed in soils and cause health risk. For the spatial heterogeneity of antibiotic residues, developing a suitable technique to interpolate soil antibiotic residues is still a challenge. In this study, we developed an effective interpolator, high accuracy surface modeling (HASM) combined vegetable types, to predict the spatial patterns of soil antibiotics, using 100 surface soil samples collected from an intensive vegetable cultivation area located in east of China, and the fluoroquinolones (FQs), including ciprofloxacin (CFX), enrofloxacin (EFX) and norfloxacin (NFX), were analyzed as the target antibiotics. The results show that vegetable type is an effective factor to be combined to improve the interpolator performance. HASM achieves less mean absolute errors (MAEs) and root mean square errors (RMSEs) for total FQs (NFX+CFX+EFX), NFX, CFX and EFX than kriging with external drift (KED), stratified kriging (StK), ordinary kriging (OK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW). The MAE of HASM for FQs is 55.1 μg/kg, and the MAEs of KED, StK, OK and IDW are 99.0 μg/kg, 102.8 μg/kg, 106.3 μg/kg and 108.7 μg/kg, respectively. Further, RMSE simulated by HASM for FQs (CFX, EFX and NFX) are 106.2 μg/kg (88.6 μg/kg, 20.4 μg/kg and 39.2 μg/kg), and less 30% (27%, 22% and 36%), 33% (27%, 27% and 43%), 38% (34%, 23% and 41%) and 42% (32%, 35% and 51%) than the ones by KED, StK, OK and IDW, respectively. HASM also provides better maps with more details and more consistent maximum and minimum values of soil antibiotics compared with the measured data. The better performance can be concluded that HASM takes the vegetable type information as global approximate information, and takes local sampling data as its optimum control constraints.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Anwai, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Jiao
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Anwai, Beijing 100101, China. Electronic address: yue@lreis.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Tian-Xiang
authors.initials: TX
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Anwai, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Zheng-Ping
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Anwai, Beijing 100101, China; School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Zong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China. Electronic address: lxw@sdu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xue-Wen
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D062206:Spatial Analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Accuracy; HASM; Soil antibiotics; Spatial distributions