title: The effects of ciprofloxacin on early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
abstract: The authors performed a toxicity test with ciprofloxacin in fertilized eggs of common carp according to guideline 210 of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The tested concentrations were 1 μg L(-1) , 100 μg L(-1) , 500 μg L(-1) , 1000 μg L(-1) , and 3000 μg L(-1) . Accelerated hatching was found in all groups exposed to ciprofloxacin, but significant growth reduction was found only in the group exposed to the highest concentration (3000 μg L(-1) ). Increased numbers of macroscopic morphological anomalies were observed on day 6 of the test (after hatching). The highest numbers of macroscopic morphological anomalies were observed in the groups of free embryos and larvae exposed to ciprofloxacin concentrations of 100 μg L(-1) , 500 μg L(-1) , 1000 μg L(-1) , and 3000 μg L(-1) (20-23% of tested samples). A gradual decrease in glutathione S-transferase activity was detected in all experimental groups exposed to ciprofloxacin, but significant differences (p < 0.01) were found only in groups treated with 500 μg L(-1) and 3000 μg L(-1) . Glutathione peroxidase and catalase exhibited increased activity in most of the tested concentrations (p < 0.01 and <0.05, respectively), whereas decreased glutathione reductase activity was found in the groups exposed to ciprofloxacin concentrations of 500 μg L(-1) and 3000 μg L(-1) (p < 0.05). The concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in all experimental groups exposed to ciprofloxacin. The lowest-observed-effect concentration of ciprofloxacin was 1 μg L(-1) . These results suggest that hatching, early ontogeny, occurrence of morphological anomalies, antioxidant and biotransformation enzyme activity, and lipid peroxidation in fish can be affected by ciprofloxacin. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1733-1740. © 2015 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zivna
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Plhalova
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chromcova
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blahova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prokes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathological Morphology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Misa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skoric
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marsalek
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Praskova
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Stanislava
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stepanova
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Zdenka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Svobodova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002347:Carps / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000633:toxicity*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007814:Larva; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase
keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Detoxifying enzymes; Embryo-larval toxicity test; Fluoroquinolones; Lipid peroxidation