title: Differentiation between two "fang ji" herbal medicines, Stephania tetrandra and the nephrotoxic Aristolochia fangchi, using hyperspectral imaging.
abstract: Stephania tetrandra ("hang fang ji") and Aristolochia fangchi ("guang fang ji") are two different plant species used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Both are commonly referred to as "fang ji" and S. tetrandra is mistakenly substituted and adulterated with the nephrotoxic A. fangchi as they have several morphological similarities. A. fangchi contains aristolochic acid, a carcinogen that causes urothelial carcinoma as well as aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). In Belgium, 128 cases of AAN was reported while in China, a further 116 cases with end-stage renal disease were noted. Toxicity issues associated with species substitution and adulteration necessitate the development of reliable methods for the quality assessment of herbal medicines. Hyperspectral imaging in combination with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) is suggested as an effective method to distinguish between S. tetrandra and A. fangchi root powder. Hyperspectral images were obtained in the wavelength region of 920-2514nm. Reduction of the dimensionality of the data was done by selecting the discrimination information range (964-1774nm). A discrimination model with a coefficient of determination (R(2)) of 0.9 and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.23 was created. The constructed model successfully identified A. fangchi and S. tetrandra samples inserted into the model as an external validation set. In addition, adulteration detection was investigated by preparing incremental adulteration mixtures of S. tetrandra with A. fangchi (10-90%). Hyperspectral imaging showed the ability to accurately predict adulteration as low as 10%. It is evident that hyperspectral imaging has tremendous potential in the development of visual quality control methods which may prevent cases of aristolochic acid nephropathy in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: Sidonie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tankeu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Electronic address: vermaaki@tut.ac.za.
authors.forename: Ilze
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vermaak
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: Weiyang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: Maxleene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viljoen
mesh_terms: D030022:Aristolochia / Q000737:chemistry*; D034341:Aristolochic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry*; D029001:Herbal Medicine; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D015394:Molecular Structure; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D031609:Stephania tetrandra / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D034341:Aristolochic Acids; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; C000228:aristolochic acid I
keywords: Aristolochia fangchi; Aristolochiaceae; Chemometrics; Hyperspectral imaging; Menispermaceae; Partial least squares discriminant analysis; Quality control; Stephania tetrandra; Toxicity