title: The Level of Autoantibodies Targeting Eukaryote Translation Elongation Factor 1 α1 and Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme 2L3 in Nondiabetic Young Adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of novel type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) antibodies targeting eukaryote translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 autoantibody (EEF1A1-AAb) and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2L3 autoantibody (UBE2L3-AAb) has been shown to be negatively correlated with age in T1DM subjects. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether age affects the levels of these two antibodies in nondiabetic subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  EEF1A1-AAb and UBE2L3-AAb levels in nondiabetic control subjects (n=150) and T1DM subjects (n=101) in various ranges of age (18 to 69 years) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cutoff point for the presence of each autoantibody was determined based on control subjects using the formula: [mean absorbance+3×standard deviation].
  
  
  RESULTS
  In nondiabetic subjects, there were no significant correlations between age and EEF1A1-AAb and UBE2L3-AAb levels. However, there was wide variation in EEF1A1-AAb and UBE2L3-AAb levels among control subjects <40 years old; the prevalence of both EEF1A1-AAb and UBE2L3-AAb in these subjects was 4.4%. When using cutoff points determined from the control subjects <40 years old, the prevalence of both autoantibodies in T1DM subjects was decreased (EEFA1-AAb, 15.8% to 8.9%; UBE2L3-AAb, 10.9% to 7.9%) when compared to the prevalence using the cutoff derived from the totals for control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no association between age and EEF1A1-AAb or UBE2L3-AAb levels in nondiabetic subjects. However, the wide variation in EEF1A1-AAb and UBE2L3-AAb levels apparent among the control subjects <40 years old should be taken into consideration when determining the cutoff reference range for the diagnosis of T1DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science and the Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Eunhee G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Heon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology and Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Daehee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eugene C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyong Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. bokyungkoomd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bo Kyung
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6489-2656
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science and the Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea. kmkim@kangwon.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kristine M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1133-0668
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Autoantibodies; Diabetes mellitus, type 1; Eukaryote translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 autoantibody; Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2L3 autoantibody