title: Intervention types and outcomes of integrated care for diabetes mellitus type 2: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The delivery of integrated care is a priority in many countries' efforts to improve health outcomes for people at risk of or with diabetes. This study aims to provide an overview of the different types of integrated care interventions for type 2 diabetes and to report their outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and Cochrane for the period 2003-2013. Article selection and data extraction were performed independently by three researchers and results were discussed together. The chronic care model (CCM) was used to describe intervention types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four articles met the inclusion criteria. Most interventions included all CCM components and a variety of sub-components. Most studies reported positive patient, process and health service utilization measures. The information on costs was limited and inconsistent. The low number of articles reporting comparable outcome measures made it difficult to make meaningful statements about an association between intervention type and outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future research would benefit from a more uniform understanding of integrated care as well as intermediate outcome measurements that allow for the establishment of a chain of evidence from specific intervention types to specific outcomes achieved. It is expected that such a comprehensive approach will reveal important insights as to which integrated care intervention types and settings are most conducive to successful implementation and would thereby be of relevance to policy makers and practitioners involved in the financing, management and delivery of integrated care.
authors.affiliation: Department of TRANZO, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Loraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Busetto
authors.affiliation: Department of TRANZO, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Katrien Ger
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Luijkx
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arianne Mathilda Josephus
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Elissen
authors.affiliation: Department of TRANZO, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.|Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore & National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Hubertus Johannes Maria
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Vrijhoef
mesh_terms: D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans
keywords: chronic care model; chronic illness; diabetes mellitus type 2; integrated care; systematic review