title: Vibrio spp. from Macrobrachium amazonicum prawn farming are inhibited by Moringa oleifera extracts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the in vitro antimicrobial potential of extracts of stem, leaves, flowers, pods and seeds of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) against Vibrio spp. from hatchery water and the prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ethanol extracts of stem, leaves, pods and seeds and chloroform extract of flowers of M. oleifera were tested against Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) serogroups non-O1/non-O139 (n = 4), Vibrio vulnificus (n = 1) and Vibrio mimicus (n = 1). Escherichia coli (E. coli) (ATCC(®) 25922) was used as quality control. Vibrio species were obtained from Macrobrachium amazonicum prawns and from hatchery water from prawn farming. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by broth microdilution method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best result was obtained with the ethanol extract of pods, which inhibited three strains of the V. cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio mimicus and E. coli (MIC range 0.312-5.000 mg/mL). The chloroform extract of flowers was effective against all V. cholerae strains and E. coli (MIC range 0.625-1.250 mg/mL). However, the ethanol extracts of stem and seeds showed low effectiveness in inhibiting the bacterial growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extracts of pods, flowers and leaves of M. oleifera have potential for the control of Vibrio spp. Further studies are necessary to isolate the bioactive compounds responsible for this antimicrobial activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Electronic address: brilhante@ufc.br.
authors.forename: Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira
authors.initials: RSN
authors.lastname: Brilhante
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jamille Alencar
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sales
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Celia Maria
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: de Souza Sampaio
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Geraldo
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Manoel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Araújo Neto Paiva
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Glaucia Morgana
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: de Melo Guedes
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas Pereira
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: de Alencar
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Yago Brito
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: de Ponte
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tereza
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: de Jesus Pinheiro Gomes Bandeira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Luciano Bezerra
authors.initials: JLB
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Débora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Waldemiro
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: de Aquino Pereira-Neto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Aguiar Cordeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Júlio Costa
authors.initials: JJC
authors.lastname: Sidrim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; School of Veterinary Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Fábio Gadelha
authors.initials: MFG
authors.lastname: Rocha
keywords: Antimicrobial; Macrobrachium amazonicum; Moringa oleifera; Prawn; Vibrio