title: The Western South Atlantic Ocean in a High-CO2 World: Current Measurement Capabilities and Perspectives.
abstract: An international multi-disciplinary group of 24 researchers met to discuss ocean acidification (OA) during the Brazilian OA Network/Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (BrOA/SOLAS) Workshop. Fifteen members of the BrOA Network (www.broa.furg.br) authored this review. The group concluded that identifying and evaluating the regional effects of OA is impossible without understanding the natural variability of seawater carbonate systems in marine ecosystems through a series of long-term observations. Here, we show that the western South Atlantic Ocean (WSAO) lacks appropriate observations for determining regional OA effects, including the effects of OA on key sensitive Brazilian ecosystems in this area. The impacts of OA likely affect marine life in coastal and oceanic ecosystems, with further social and economic consequences for Brazil and neighboring countries. Thus, we present (i) the diversity of coastal and open ocean ecosystems in the WSAO and emphasize their roles in the marine carbon cycle and biodiversity and their vulnerabilities to OA effects; (ii) ongoing observational, experimental, and modeling efforts that investigate OA in the WSAO; and (iii) highlights of the knowledge gaps, infrastructure deficiencies, and OA-related issues in the WSAO. Finally, this review outlines long-term actions that should be taken to manage marine ecosystems in this vast and unexplored ocean region.
authors.affiliation: LEOC, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália km 8 s/n, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil. rodrigokerr@furg.br.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2632-3137
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Letícia C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: da Cunha
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Oceanografia & INCT AmbTropic, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ruy K P
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88010-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Horta
authors.affiliation: Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, 05508-120, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosane G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, 05508-120, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marius N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: LEOC, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália km 8 s/n, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Iole B M
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Orselli
authors.affiliation: IMAGES ESPACE-DEV, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), 66860, Perpignan Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Jannine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lencina-Avila
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, 11030-400, Brazil.
authors.forename: Manoela R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: de Orte
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Ecologia e Plantas Marinhas (ALGAE), Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve (UALG), Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sordo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bárbara R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Frédéric K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Bonou
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88010-970, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88010-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ellie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bergstrom
authors.affiliation: LEOC, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália km 8 s/n, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Margareth S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Copertino
mesh_terms: D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D001272:Atmosphere; D044822:Biodiversity; D001938:Brazil; D057486:Carbon Cycle; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002254:Carbonates; D017753:Ecosystem; D006801:Humans; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002254:Carbonates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Ecosystem management; Marine ecosystems; Mitigation and adaptation; Ocean acidification; Western South Atlantic Ocean