title: Strategies for Improving Visualization During Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery.
abstract: The nasal cavity has a robust vascular supply, and bleeding is a primary obstacle to the minimally invasive skull base technique. Venous bleeding, including the cavernous sinus, can be managed with various techniques using hemostatic materials and pressure. A thorough understanding of the skull base vascular anatomy is vital for avoiding injury to major arteries and having confidence to control venous bleeding to optimize the endoscopic view and tumor resection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Janalee K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Stokken
authors.affiliation: Section of Rhinology, Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue/A71, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Ashleigh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halderman
authors.affiliation: Section of Rhinology, Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue/A71, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Minimally Invasive Cranial Base and Pituitary Surgery Program, Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Pablo F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Recinos
authors.affiliation: Section of Rhinology, Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue/A71, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Minimally Invasive Cranial Base and Pituitary Surgery Program, Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Troy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Woodard
authors.affiliation: Section of Rhinology, Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue/A71, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Minimally Invasive Cranial Base and Pituitary Surgery Program, Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Electronic address: sindwar@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sindwani
mesh_terms: D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000473:pathology*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000592:standards*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D006487:Hemostasis; D006801:Humans; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000473:pathology; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000592:standards*; D009666:Nose / Q000601:surgery; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000473:pathology; D019291:Skull Base / Q000601:surgery; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Cavernous sinus; Endoscopic; Hemostasis; Paranasal sinus; Skull base; Surgery