title: Hirschsprung's disease: A bridge for science and surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Understanding the true nature of the disease provided the basis for appropriate surgery for Hirschsprung's disease some 60 years ago. Nevertheless, surgical outcome remains unsatisfactory. Advances in diagnosis and treatment will depend on the elucidation of the pathogenesis and disease heterogeneity.
  
  
  METHODS
  This lecture outlines the author's attempt in the past 30 years to bridge some of the gaps of knowledge in Hirschsprung's disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies of human fetal gut and aganglionic gut gave insight into the complexity of the human enteric nervous system, but the more fruitful studies came from genetic studies in which disease-causing genes were discovered, and the importance of noncoding mutations conferring disease susceptibility was unraveled. Animal models and pluripotent stem cell studies allowed elucidation of the interacting gene-cell-microenvironment signaling pathways for neural crest proliferation, migration, and differentiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hirschsprung's disease has been a bridge for science and surgery. An integrative approach could provide breakthroughs in the diagnosis and treatment strategies of this complex condition, leading to improved outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong. Electronic address: paultam@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Paul K H
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Tam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006627:Hirschsprung Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers
keywords: Enteric neural crest; Genetics; Hirschsprung's disease; Intestinal aganglionosis; Stem cell