title: Longevity of implantable cardioverter defibrillators: a comparison among manufacturers and over time.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Longevity of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) is crucial for patients and healthcare systems as replacements impact on infection rates and cost-effectiveness. Aim was to determine longevity using very large databases of two teaching hospitals with a high number of replacements and a rather homogeneous distribution among manufacturers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population consists of all patients in whom an ICD was inserted in. All ICD manufacturers operating in Switzerland and the Netherlands and all implanted ICDs were included. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator replacements due to normal battery depletion were considered events, and other replacements were censored. Longevity was assessed depending on manufacturers, pacing mode, implant before/after 2006, and all parameters combined. We analysed data from 3436 patients in whom 4881 ICDs [44.2% VVI-ICDs, 27.4% DDD-ICDs, 26.3% cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)-ICDs, 2.0% subcutaneous ICDs] were implanted. The four major manufacturers had implant shares between 18.4 and 31.5%. Replacement due to battery depletion (27.4%) was performed for 1339 ICDs. Patient survival at 5 years was 80.1%. Longevity at 5 years improved in contemporary compared with elderly ICDs [63.9-80.6% across all ICDs, of 73.7-92.1% in VVIs, 58.2-76.1% in DDDs, and of 47.1-66.3% in CRT defibrillators, all P value < 0.05]. Remarkable differences were seen among manufacturers, and those with better performance in elderly ICDs were not those with better performance in contemporary ones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implantable cardioverter defibrillator longevity increased in contemporary models independent of manufacturer and pacing mode. Still, significant differences exist among manufacturers. These results might impact on device selection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Gunten
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland bschaer@uhbs.ch.
authors.forename: Beat A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Schaer
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sing-Chien
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tamas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Szili-Torok
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kühne
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sticherling
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Osswald
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dominic A M J
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Theuns
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020878:Device Removal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D013557:Switzerland; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Cardiac resynchronization therapy; Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; Longevity; Survival