title: Endoscopic intervention of lower airway foreign matter in adults-a different perspective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lower airway foreign matter (FM) is uncommonly encountered in adults. This study reviews FM in the lower airway that required bronchoscopic intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of patients with FM in the lower airway seen at a tertiary hospital between 1996 and 2014 was undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower airway FM was removed in 80 out of 18,650 bronchoscopies performed. Forty-seven were males, with mean age of 50.8 (range, 29-78) years and mean symptom duration of 10.3 months (range, 1 day -20 years). The most common symptoms were persistent cough, followed by dyspnea, hemoptysis, episodes of choking and fever. Three-quarters of the patients had risk factors of either aspiration or iatrogenic cause for FM in the airway. FM identified following bronchoscopy was classified as: organic (31.3%), inorganic (46.3%) and endogenous matter (22.4%). Iatrogenic etiology was evident in four-fifths of the patients with inorganic FM (stents being the most common). Forty-eight (60.0%) patients had FM removed via flexible bronchoscopy, and the remainder via rigid bronchoscopy. The majority (27 out of 32) of FM removed by rigid bronchoscopy could not be removed using the flexible scope. This was primarily due to retrieval of stents [24] could only be done with the rigid bronchoscope. There were four FM-related complications (three bronchostenosis, one actinomycosis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an increasing indication for bronchoscopists to retrieve FM, particularly of iatrogenic and endogenous sources, lodging in the lower airway of adults. There may be a reversing trend in the utilization of rigid bronchoscopy, mainly due to the increasing need to remove airway stents as more are deployed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Anne Ann Ling
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hsu
keywords: Bronchoscopy; complications; foreign bodies (FB); stents; techniques