title: Emerging Bladder Cancer Biomarkers and Targets of Therapy.
abstract: Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease characterized by complex networks of molecular alterations and gene expression. This review summarizes some of the recent genomic studies that have further advanced the understanding of the pathways driving bladder cancer, highlighting several important biomarkers and potential targeted therapeutic strategies that are now in clinical trials. In addition, noninvasive techniques to evaluate biomarkers in patients' urine and serum for early detection and surveillance are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: gnetto1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Netto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Rope Ferry Rd, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Tafe
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000652:urine; D018450:Disease Progression; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Biomarkers; Bladder cancer; Clinical trials; Genomics; Targeted therapy; Urothelial carcinoma