title: Development and Evaluation of a Parenting Resilience Elements Questionnaire (PREQ) Measuring Resiliency in Rearing Children with Developmental Disorders.
abstract: We developed a parenting resilience elements questionnaire (PREQ) measuring the degree to which mothers possess elements that aid in adapting to challenges and difficulties related to children with developmental disorders (DD). A total of 424 parents of children with DD were recruited from five medical institutes. Psychometric properties of PREQ were evaluated using data of 363 mothers of children with DD. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis was performed, predicting depressive symptoms and parenting behavior with PREQ subscales, a general health questionnaire, and the total difficulties score of a strength and difficulties questionnaire. Factor analysis revealed three reliable factors: "knowledge of the child's characteristics," "perceived social supports," and "positive perceptions of parenting." Moreover, multiple regression analysis showed that "knowledge of the child's characteristics" was associated with parenting behavior, whereas "perceived social supports" predicted depressive symptoms; "positive perceptions of parenting" influenced both parenting behavior and depressive symptoms. These findings indicated that the PREQ may be used as a scale measuring resiliency in mothers of children with DD and is useful for evaluating their parenting ability in clinical interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kota
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Pediatrics, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.|Tokyo Metropolitan Medical Center EAST for children/adults with developmental disabilities, Koto, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaga
authors.affiliation: Hiratani Child Development Clinic, Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiratani
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyota
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yushiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inagaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002668:Child Rearing; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires