title: Synergism of herbicide toxicity by 5-aminolevulinic acid is related to physiological and ultra-structural disorders in crickweed (Malachium aquaticum L.).
abstract: Selection of effective herbicides to control weeds has been one of the major objectives of scientists. This study determines the differential tolerance or susceptibility of crickweed (Malachium aquaticum L.) to various concentration combinations of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) (1, 10 and 100mg/L) and propyl 4-(2-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy)benzylamino)benzoate (ZJ0273) (100, 200, and 500mg/L). ALA was applied as pre- and post-treatment alone or in combination with ZJ0273. Results showed that ZJ0273 stress alone imposed negative effects on M. aquaticum seedling's growth, net photosynthetic rates and SPAD values, and the rate of decline was consistently increased with the increase in ZJ0273 concentration. The ZJ0273 treatment showed a gradual decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and increase in the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA). Changes in chloroplast swelling, increased number of plastoglobuli, disruption of thylakoid, disintegrated mitochondria and turbid nucleoplasm were noticed. Moreover, SDS-PAGE analysis of total proteins revealed that herbicide stress in the leaves was associated with the decrease or disappearance of some protein bands. Further, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) results showed that proteins in different spots were classified into three types for M. aquaticum. These results indicate that the combined treatment of ALA and ZJ0273 synergizes the herbicide toxicity which is different from its independent effects on M. aquaticum and thus, could improve weed control efficacy.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Jiading District Agro-Technology Extension Service Center, Shanghai 201800, China.
authors.forename: Wenfang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Basharat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Faisal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. Electronic address: zhjw@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jinwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. Electronic address: wjzhou@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Weijun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D057685:Plant Weeds / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D010940:Plant Proteins; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: 5-Aminolevulinic acid; Antioxidants; Malachium aquaticum (L.) Fries; New herbicide propyl 4-(2-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy)benzylamino)benzoate; Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; Ultrastructure