title: Correlation of quality of life and functional outcome measures for cervical spondylotic myelopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies comparing surgical treatments for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) are heterogeneous, using a variety of different quality of life (QOL) outcomes and myelopathy-specific measures. This study sought to evaluate the relationship of these measures to each other, and to better understand their use in evaluating patients with CSM.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was performed in all patients with CSM who underwent either ventral or dorsal cervical spine surgery at a single tertiary-care institution between January 2008 and July 2013. Severity of myelopathy was assessed pre- and postoperatively using both the Nurick scale and the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) classification of disability. Prospectively collected QOL outcomes data included Pain Disability Questionnaire (PDQ), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and EQ-5D. Spearman rank correlations were calculated to assess the construct convergent validity for each pair of health status measures (HSMs). To assess each HSM's ability to discriminate favorable EQ-5D index, we performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and assessed the area under the curve (AUC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 119 patients were included. The PDQ total score had the highest correlation with EQ-5D index (Spearman's rho = -0.82). Neither of the myelopathy scales (mJOA or Nurick) had strong correlations between themselves (0.41) or with the other QOL measures (absolute value range 0.13-0.49). In contrast, the QOL measures correlated relatively well with each other (absolute value range 0.68-0.97). For predicting favorable EQ-5D outcomes, PDQ total score had an AUC of 0.909. The AUCs were significantly greater for the QOL measures in comparison with the myelopathy measures (AUCs were 0.677 and 0.607 for mJOA and Nurick scale scores, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors found that all included measures of QOL and CSM-specific (mJOA or Nurick scale) measures were valid and responsive. The PDQ was the most predictive of positive QOL after surgery (as measured by the EQ-5D index) for patients with CSM. The substantially lower correlation between myelopathy and QOL outcomes, compared with the various QOL measures themselves, suggests that these questionnaires are measuring different aspects of the patient experience. Solely assessing the myelopathy or disease-specific signs and symptoms is likely insufficient to fully understand and appreciate clinical outcome in its totality. These questionnaire types should be used together to best evaluate patients pre- and postoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Center for Spine Health, Cleveland Clinic;|Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic;|Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine;
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lubelski
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Center for Spine Health, Cleveland Clinic;|Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic;|Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine;
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Alvin
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Center for Spine Health, Cleveland Clinic;|Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic;
authors.forename: Sergiy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nesterenko
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine;
authors.forename: Swetha J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sundar
authors.affiliation: Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic; and.|Neurological Institute Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Nicolas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Center for Spine Health, Cleveland Clinic;|Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic;|Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine;
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Benzel
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Center for Spine Health, Cleveland Clinic;|Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic;|Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine;
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Mroz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D055009:Spondylosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: AUC = area under the curve; CSM = cervical spondylotic myelopathy; EQ-5D; HSM = health status measure; MDI = Myelopathy Disability Index; Nurick; ODI = Oswestry Disability Index; PDQ; PDQ = Pain Disability Questionnaire; PHQ-9; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire–9; Pain Disability Questionnaire; Patient Health Questionnaire; QOL = quality of life; ROC = receiver operating characteristic; cervical spondylotic myelopathy; mJOA; mJOA = modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association; quality of life