title: Applications of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: An Overview of Published Indications and Clinical Usage in United States Academic Centers and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Practices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons appointed a task force to study the indications, safety, and clinical practice patterns of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS). The charge was to review the published applications of CBCT in OMS, identify the current position of academic thought leaders in the field, and research the adoption and usage of the technology at the clinical practitioner level.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study reviewed the CBCT world literature and summarized published indications for the modality. A nationwide survey of academic thought leaders and practicing oral and maxillofacial surgeons was compiled to determine how the modality is currently being used and adopted by institutions and practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This report summarizes published applications of CBCT that have been vetted by the academic and practicing OMS community to define current indications. The parameters of patient safety, radiation exposure, accreditation, and legal issues are reviewed. An overview of third-party adoption of CBCT is presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CBCT is displacing 2-dimensional imaging in the published literature, academia, and private practice. Best practices support reading the entire scan volume with a written report defining results, patient exposure, and field of view. Issues of patient safety, ALARA ("as low as reasonably achievable"), accreditation, and the legal and regulatory environment are reviewed. Third-party patterns for reimbursements vary widely and seem to lack consistency. There is much confusion within the provider community about indications, authorizations, and payment policies. The current medical and dental indications for CBCT in the clinical practice of OMS are reviewed and an industry guideline is proposed. These guidelines offer a clear way of differentiating consensus medical indications and common dental uses for clinicians. This matrix should bring a predictable logic to third-party authorizations, billing, and predictable payments for this emerging technology in OMS.
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Private Practice, Oral Surgical Institute, Nashville; Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN. Electronic address: jbc@tnosi.com.
authors.forename: Jeffrey B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Private Practice, Lowell Oral Surgery Associates, Lowell, MA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Private Practice, Kentucky Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lexington, KY.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Private Practice, Associates in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, PA, West Columbia, SC.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mercer
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000068:Accreditation; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement / Q000191:economics; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D061214:Patient Safety; D011364:Professional Practice / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013515:Surgery, Oral / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States