title: Interactions of tumour-derived micro(nano)vesicles with human gastric cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumour cells release membrane micro(nano)fragments called tumour-derived microvesicles (TMV) that are believed to play an important role in cancer progression. TMV suppress/modify antitumour response of the host, but there is also some evidence for their direct interaction with cancer cells. In cancer patients TMV are present in body fluid and tumour microenvironment. The present study aimed at characterization of whole types/subpopulations, but not only exosomes, of TMV from newly established gastric cancer cell line (called GC1415) and to define their interactions with autologous cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  TMV were isolated from cell cultures supernatants by centrifugation at 50,000×g and their phenotype was determined by flow cytometry. The size of TMV was analysed by dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis, while morphology by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Interactions of TMV with cancer cells were visualized using fluorescence-activated cell sorter, confocal and atomic force microscopy, biological effects by xenografts in NOD SCID mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isolated TMV showed expression of CD44H, CD44v6 (hyaluronian receptors), CCR6 (chemokine receptor) and HER-2/neu molecules, exhibited different shapes and sizes (range 60-900 nm, highest frequency of particles with size range of 80-120 nm). TMV attached to autologous cancer cells within 2 h and then were internalized by them at 24 h. CD44H, CD44v6 and CCR6 molecules may play a role in attachment of TMV to cancer cells, while HER-2 associated with CD24 be involved in promoting cancer cells growth. Pre-exposure of cancer cells to TMV resulted in enhancement of tumour growth and cancer cell-induced angiogenesis in NOD SCID mice model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TMV interact directly with cancer cells serving as macro-messengers and molecular cargo transfer between gastric cancer cells resulting in enhancement of tumour growth. TMV should be considered in future as target of anticancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland. stecmalgorzata@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stec
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland. rafal.szatanek@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Rafał
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Szatanek
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland. monika.baj-krzyworzeka@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baj-Krzyworzeka
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland. mibaran@cyf-kr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Jarosław
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baran
authors.affiliation: Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland. nczembal@cyf-kr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zembala
authors.affiliation: Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland. ncbarbas@cyf-kr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barbasz
authors.affiliation: Division of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland. awaligorska@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waligórska
authors.affiliation: Division of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland. jerzy.dobrucki@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Jurek W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Dobrucki
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland. mimytar@cyf-kr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Bożenna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mytar
authors.affiliation: First Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland. antoni.szczepanik@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szczepanik
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland. misiedla@cyf-kr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siedlar
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland. gd22@interia.pl.
authors.forename: Grażyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Drabik
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University Children's Hospital of Cracow, Kraków, Poland. basia.urbanowicz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Urbanowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland. mizembal@cyf-kr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zembala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D055252:Cell-Derived Microparticles / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology