title: Rice and Bean Targets for Biofortification Combined with High Carotenoid Content Crops Regulate Transcriptional Mechanisms Increasing Iron Bioavailability.
abstract: Iron deficiency affects thousands of people worldwide. Biofortification of staple food crops aims to support the reduction of this deficiency. This study evaluates the effect of combinations of common beans and rice, targets for biofortification, with high carotenoid content crops on the iron bioavailability, protein gene expression, and antioxidant effect. Iron bioavailability was measured by the depletion/repletion method. Seven groups were tested (n = 7): Pontal bean (PB); rice + Pontal bean (R + BP); Pontal bean + sweet potato (PB + SP); Pontal bean + pumpkin (PB + P); Pontal bean + rice + sweet potato (PB + R + P); Pontal bean + rice + sweet potato (PB + R + SP); positive control (Ferrous Sulfate). The evaluations included: hemoglobin gain, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE), gene expression of divalente metal transporter 1 (DMT-1), duodenal citocromo B (DcytB), ferroportin, hephaestin, transferrin and ferritin and total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC). The test groups, except the PB, showed higher HRE (p < 0.05) than the control. Gene expression of DMT-1, DcytB and ferroportin increased (p < 0.05) in the groups fed with high content carotenoid crops (sweet potato or pumpkin). The PB group presented lower (p < 0.05) TAC than the other groups. The combination of rice and common beans, and those with high carotenoid content crops increased protein gene expression, increasing the iron bioavailability and antioxidant capacity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil. desirremorais@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Desirrê Morais
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil. elizamoreira@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Maria Eliza
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: de Castro Moreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil. mariana.contin@ufv.br.
authors.forename: Mariana Juste Contin
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil. renatacelly@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Renata Celi
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Lopes Toledo
authors.affiliation: EMBRAPA Food Technology, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil. marilia.nutti@embrapa.br.
authors.forename: Marilia Regini
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nutti
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil. helena.santana@ufv.br.
authors.forename: Helena Maria
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Pinheiro Sant'Ana
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil. hercia72@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hércia Stampini Duarte
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Martino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003573:Cytochrome b Group / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D005293:Ferritins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005527:Food, Fortified; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D049690:History, Ancient; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010833:Phytic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014168:Transferrin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000098742:Ferroportin; D000099236:Solute Carrier Family 11, Member 2
chemical_list: D002338:Carotenoids; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D003573:Cytochrome b Group; D005293:Ferritins; D006454:Hemoglobins; D007501:Iron; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010636:Phenols; D010833:Phytic Acid; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014168:Transferrin; D000098742:Ferroportin; D000099236:Solute Carrier Family 11, Member 2; C000598701:Cybrd1 protein, rat; C492163:Heph, protein, rat
keywords: antioxidant capacity; biofortification; gene expression; iron; pumpkin; sweet potato