title: Nitro-Fatty Acids in Plant Signaling: Nitro-Linolenic Acid Induces the Molecular Chaperone Network in Arabidopsis.
abstract: Nitro-fatty acids (NO2-FAs) are the product of the reaction between reactive nitrogen species derived of nitric oxide (NO) and unsaturated fatty acids. In animal systems, NO2-FAs are considered novel signaling mediators of cell function based on a proven antiinflammatory response. Nevertheless, the interaction of NO with fatty acids in plant systems has scarcely been studied. Here, we examine the endogenous occurrence of nitro-linolenic acid (NO2-Ln) in Arabidopsis and the modulation of NO2-Ln levels throughout this plant's development by mass spectrometry. The observed levels of this NO2-FA at picomolar concentrations suggested its role as a signaling effector of cell function. In fact, a transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq technology established a clear signaling role for this molecule, demonstrating that NO2-Ln was involved in plant defense response against different abiotic-stress conditions, mainly by inducing heat shock proteins and supporting a conserved mechanism of action in both animal and plant defense processes. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that NO2-Ln was also involved in the response to oxidative stress conditions, mainly depicted by H2O2, reactive oxygen species, and oxygen-containing compound responses, with a high induction of ascorbate peroxidase expression. Closely related to these results, NO2-Ln levels significantly rose under several abiotic-stress conditions such as wounding or exposure to salinity, cadmium, and low temperature, thus validating the outcomes found by RNA-seq technology. Jointly, to our knowledge, these are the first results showing the endogenous presence of NO2-Ln in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and supporting the strong signaling role of these molecules in the defense mechanism against different abiotic-stress situations.
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils (C.M.-P., B.S.-C., M.N.P, J.C.B.-M., F.L., J.J.-R., J.F.-R., R.V., J.B.B.) and Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (M.M., A.P.-S.), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain; andGroup of Antioxidants, Free Radicals, and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food, and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain (F.J.C.).
authors.forename: Capilla
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6609-7242
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mata-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils (C.M.-P., B.S.-C., M.N.P, J.C.B.-M., F.L., J.J.-R., J.F.-R., R.V., J.B.B.) and Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (M.M., A.P.-S.), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain; andGroup of Antioxidants, Free Radicals, and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food, and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain (F.J.C.).
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2210-9547
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Calvo
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils (C.M.-P., B.S.-C., M.N.P, J.C.B.-M., F.L., J.J.-R., J.F.-R., R.V., J.B.B.) and Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (M.M., A.P.-S.), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain; andGroup of Antioxidants, Free Radicals, and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food, and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain (F.J.C.).
authors.forename: María N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils (C.M.-P., B.S.-C., M.N.P, J.C.B.-M., F.L., J.J.-R., J.F.-R., R.V., J.B.B.) and Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (M.M., A.P.-S.), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain; andGroup of Antioxidants, Free Radicals, and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food, and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain (F.J.C.).
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Begara-Morales
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils (C.M.-P., B.S.-C., M.N.P, J.C.B.-M., F.L., J.J.-R., J.F.-R., R.V., J.B.B.) and Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (M.M., A.P.-S.), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain; andGroup of Antioxidants, Free Radicals, and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food, and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain (F.J.C.).
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Luque
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils (C.M.-P., B.S.-C., M.N.P, J.C.B.-M., F.L., J.J.-R., J.F.-R., R.V., J.B.B.) and Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (M.M., A.P.-S.), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain; andGroup of Antioxidants, Free Radicals, and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food, and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain (F.J.C.).
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melguizo
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils (C.M.-P., B.S.-C., M.N.P, J.C.B.-M., F.L., J.J.-R., J.F.-R., R.V., J.B.B.) and Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (M.M., A.P.-S.), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain; andGroup of Antioxidants, Free Radicals, and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food, and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain (F.J.C.).
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5284-8837
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils (C.M.-P., B.S.-C., M.N.P, J.C.B.-M., F.L., J.J.-R., J.F.-R., R.V., J.B.B.) and Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (M.M., A.P.-S.), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain; andGroup of Antioxidants, Free Radicals, and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food, and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain (F.J.C.).
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fierro-Risco
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils (C.M.-P., B.S.-C., M.N.P, J.C.B.-M., F.L., J.J.-R., J.F.-R., R.V., J.B.B.) and Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (M.M., A.P.-S.), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain; andGroup of Antioxidants, Free Radicals, and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food, and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain (F.J.C.).
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peñas-Sanjuán
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils (C.M.-P., B.S.-C., M.N.P, J.C.B.-M., F.L., J.J.-R., J.F.-R., R.V., J.B.B.) and Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (M.M., A.P.-S.), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain; andGroup of Antioxidants, Free Radicals, and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food, and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain (F.J.C.).
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valderrama
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils (C.M.-P., B.S.-C., M.N.P, J.C.B.-M., F.L., J.J.-R., J.F.-R., R.V., J.B.B.) and Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (M.M., A.P.-S.), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain; andGroup of Antioxidants, Free Radicals, and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food, and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain (F.J.C.).
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-9212
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Corpas
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils (C.M.-P., B.S.-C., M.N.P, J.C.B.-M., F.L., J.J.-R., J.F.-R., R.V., J.B.B.) and Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (M.M., A.P.-S.), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain; andGroup of Antioxidants, Free Radicals, and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food, and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain (F.J.C.) jbarroso@ujaen.es.
authors.forename: Juan B
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9477-9195
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Barroso
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000378:metabolism; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases