title: Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST): Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To generate normative data on the Modified Card Sorting Test (M-WCST) across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico. Each subject was administered the M-WCST as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final multiple linear regression models explained between 2-33% of the variance in M-WCST scores. Although t-tests showed significant differences between men and women from seven different countries on the M-WCST, the effect sizes were small. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were not generated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first normative multicenter study conducted in in Latin America aiming to create norms for the M-WCST; this study will have important implications for the future of neuropsychology in the region.
authors.affiliation: IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.|Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Arango-Lasprilla
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.affiliation: Clínica de rehabilitación Las Araucarias, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Longoni
authors.affiliation: CETYS University, Mexicali, Mexico.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Saracho
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Psicología Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Garza
authors.affiliation: Servicio Médico Legal, Ministerio de Justicia, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aliaga
authors.affiliation: Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía MVS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Agudelo
authors.affiliation: Instituto Vocacional Enrique Díaz de León, Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rábago
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sutter
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Prevención Social, Asuncion, Paraguay.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schebela
authors.affiliation: Universidad Dr. José Matías Delgado, San Salvador, El Salvador.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luna
authors.affiliation: Fundación Horizontes, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ocampo-Barba
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galarza-Del-Angel
authors.affiliation: International center for neurological Restoration CIREN, Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bringas
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Neuropsicología y Demencias, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Esenarro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina de Rehabilitación, Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicología, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: García-Egan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Perrin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004522:Educational Status; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007843:Latin America; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Latin America; Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; Normative data; executive function; reference values