title: Central Nervous System Vasculopathy in HIV-Infected Children Enrolled in the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 219/219C Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Central nervous system (CNS) vasculopathy has been reported in human immunodeficiency virus-infected (HIV+) adults and children. In children, it often presents with HIV encephalopathy, stroke, or intracerebral aneurysms. The etiology, incidence, and risk factors of HIV-associated CNS vasculopathy in children are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified HIV+ children with a diagnosis of vasculopathy or other cerebrovascular events among children enrolled between 1993 and 2004 in 2 prospective, multicenter cohort studies. Demographic and laboratory data, history of antiretroviral use, and signs, symptoms, and diagnostic studies pertaining to the CNS event were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 3338 HIV+ children, 51 had diagnoses that suggested CNS vasculopathy. Of these, 12 (24%) were included in this analysis, after excluding those with alternative diagnoses and those from closed sites. Among these 12, 4 (33%) were female, 4 (33%) were white, and 10 (83%) had perinatal HIV. Their average age at the event was 10.8 years with a median CD4 count of 22 cells/mm(3) and median HIV-1 viral load of 94 304 copies/mL. Fifty-eight percent of subjects had a history of opportunistic infections before the CNS event. Fifty percent had cerebral aneurysms on imaging. The overall incidence among HIV+ subjects was 3.4 cases per 10 000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 1.8-6.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CNS vasculopathy in HIV+ children is uncommon but more common than in the general pediatric population. Cerebral aneurysms are the most common manifestation. Although the pathogenesis remains unclear, older children and those with low CD4 counts and high HIV viral loads are at the highest risk.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schieffelin
authors.affiliation: Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, and.
authors.forename: Paige L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Stony Brook School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Divna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Djokic
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nachman
authors.affiliation: UMDNJ New Jersey Medical School, Newark.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oleske
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Seage
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Russell B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Van Dyke
keywords: CNS; HIV; Pediatrics; Vasculopathy