title: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) induction of biofilm matrix architectural and bioadhesive modifications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dental implants are commonly used today for the treatment of partially and fully edentulous patients. Despite the high success rate they are not resistant to complications and failure due to a variety of problems including peri-implantitis or peri-mucositis due to bacterial biofilm formation on the implant surface. The use of non-surgical and surgical treatment procedure to promote healing in cases with peri-implantitis have limited efficacy. Here we studied the ability of photodynamic therapy to destroy a known bacterial pathogen and the extracellular matrix architecture of biofilm attached to titanium plates and germanium prisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titanium plates or germanium prisms were incubated for 24h with Fusobacterium nucleatum a fusiform, gram-negative bacterium was used to enable biofilm formation. Photodynamic therapy was carried out by incubating the biofilm samples on each substrata with porfimer sodium. Treatment was carried out using a diode laser at 630nm, 150mW/cm(2) for light doses ranging from 25-100J/cm(2). Evaluation of killing efficacy was done by counting colony forming units compared to controls. Multiple attenuated internal reflection-infrared spectroscopy (MAIR-IR) and SEM were used to analyze the samples pre and post PDT for validation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  F. nucleatum was significantly reduced in a dose dependent manner by treatment with PDT. Changes in biofilm components and strength of bioadhesion were examined with MAIR-IR following jet impingement using calibrated water jets. SEM demonstrates significant morphological alterations in the bacteria, consistent with damage associated with exposure to reactive oxygen species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are indicative that aPDT is a method that can be used to eradicate micro-organisms associated with biofilm in peri-implantitis on relevant substrata. Data shows that the slime layer of the biofilm is removed and that further methods need to be employed to completely remove weakened or destroyed biofilm matrix components. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated oxidative damage results in morphologic changes as a consequence of changes in cell membrane integrity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Diagnostic science, Biomaterials Program, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA. Electronic address: tsmang@buffalo.edu.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Diagnostic science, Biomaterials Program, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keinan
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kiyonobu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Honma
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baier
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D017323:Dihematoporphyrin Ether / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D045182:Fusobacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D017323:Dihematoporphyrin Ether
keywords: Bioadhesion; Biofilm; Multiple attenuated internal reflection infrared spectroscopy; PDT