title: Symbol Digit Modalities Test: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To generate normative data on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and, Puerto Rico. Each subject was administered the SDMT as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final multiple linear regression models explained 29-56% of the variance in SDMT scores. Although there were gender differences on the SDMT in Mexico, Honduras, Paraguay, and Guatemala, none of the four countries had an effect size greater than 0.3. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were not generated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first normative multicenter study conducted in Latin America to create norms for the SDMT; this study will have an impact on the future practice of neuropsychology throughout the global region.
authors.affiliation: IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.|Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Arango-Lasprilla
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.affiliation: Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente "Hermanos Ameijeiras", Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Garza
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galarza-Del-Angel
authors.affiliation: Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía MVS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Velázquez-Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Instituto Vocacional Enrique Díaz de León, Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aguayo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Prevención Social, Asunción, Paraguay.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schebela
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Dr. José Matías Delgado, San Salvador, El Salvador.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weil
authors.affiliation: Clínica de rehabilitación Las Araucarias, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Longoni
authors.affiliation: Servicio Médico Legal, Ministerio de Justicia, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aliaga
authors.affiliation: Fundación Horizontes, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ocampo-Barba
authors.affiliation: CETYS University, Mexicali, Mexico.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Saracho
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Panyavin
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Neuropsicología y Demencias, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Esenarro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina de Rehabilitación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de psicología, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García de la Cadena
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Perrin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007843:Latin America; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Latin America; Normative data; Symbol Digit Modalities Test; attention; processing speed; reference values