title: Effect of salt types and concentrations on the high-pressure inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in ground chicken.
abstract: National and international health agencies have recommended a significant reduction in daily intake of sodium by reducing the amount of NaCl in foods, specifically processed meats. However, sodium reduction could increase the risk of survival and growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms on these products. Therefore, alternate processing technologies to improve safety of sodium reduced foods are necessary. This study examined the effects of three different salt types and concentrations on high-pressure inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in pre-blended ground chicken formulations. Ground chicken formulated with three salt types (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2), at three concentrations (0, 1.5, 2.5%) and inoculated with a four strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes (10(8) CFU g(-1)) were subjected to four pressure treatments (0, 100, 300, 600 MPa) and two durations (60, 180 s) in an experiment with factorial design. Surviving cells were enumerated by plating on Oxford agar and analysed by factorial ANOVA. Pressure treatments at 100 or 300 MPa did not significantly (P=0.19-050) reduce L. monocytogenes populations. Neither salt type nor concentration had a significant effect on L. monocytogenes populations at these pressure levels. At 600 MPa, salt types, concentrations and duration of pressure treatment all had a significant effect on L. monocytogenes populations. Formulations with increasing concentrations of NaCl or KCl showed significantly lower reduction in L. monocytogenes, while increase in CaCl2 concentration resulted in a significantly higher L. monocytogenes reduction. For instance, increase in NaCl concentration from 0 to 1.5 or 2.5% resulted in a log reduction of 6.16, 2.49 and 1.29, respectively, when exposed to 600 MPa for 60s. In the case of CaCl2, increase from 0 to 1.5 or 2.5% resulted in a log reduction of 6.16, 7.28 and 7.47, respectively. These results demonstrate that high-pressure processing is a viable process to improve microbial safety of sodium reduced poultry products.
authors.affiliation: Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: balamurugans@agr.gc.ca.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balamurugan
authors.affiliation: Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Rafath
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chibeu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Anli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koutchma
authors.affiliation: Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Strange
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D005520:Food Preservatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D059022:Food Safety; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D011202:Poultry Products / Q000382:microbiology*; D011312:Pressure; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005520:Food Preservatives; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D002122:Calcium Chloride
keywords: CaCl(2); High-pressure processing; KCl; Listeria monocytogenes; NaCl