title: Innate and adaptive immune response in stroke: Focus on epigenetic regulation.
abstract: Inflammation and immune response play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke giving their contribution to tissue damage and repair. Emerging evidence supports the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms such as methylation, histone modification and miRNAs in the pathogenesis of stroke. Interestingly, epigenetics can influence the molecular events involved in ischemic injury by controlling the switch from pro- to anti-inflammatory response, however, this is still a field to be fully explored. The knowledge of epigenetic processes could to allow for the discovery of more sensitive and specific biomarkers for risk, onset, and progression of disease as well as further novel tools to be used in both primary prevention and therapy of stroke. Indeed, studies performed in vitro and in small animal models seem to suggest a neuroprotective role of HDAC inhibitors (e.g. valproic acid) and antagomir (e.g. anti-miR-181a) in ischemic condition by modulation of both immune and inflammatory pathways. Thus, the clinical implications of altered epigenetic mechanisms for the prevention of stroke are very promising but clinical prospective studies and translational approaches are still warranted.
authors.affiliation: U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Picascia
authors.affiliation: U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. Electronic address: vincenzo.grimaldi@policliniconapoli.it.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grimaldi
authors.affiliation: U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Carmela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iannone
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Research Institute SDN, Naples, Italy; Department of Studies of Institutions and Territorial Systems, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soricelli
authors.affiliation: U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; IRCCS Research Institute SDN, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Napoli
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D020521:Stroke / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Antagomir; Epigenetics; HDACi; Innate and adaptive response; Stroke