title: Immunotherapy in Multiple Myeloma Using Cancer-Testis Antigens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy characterized by monoclonal expansion of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow. It accounts for 10% of hematological malignancies. Although patients respond to a wide range of anticancer modalities, relapse occurs in a significant number of the cases. Immunotherapeutic approaches have been evolved to tackle this problem. Cancer-testis antigens CTAs as a group of tumor-associated antigens are appropriate targets for cancer immunotherapy as they have restricted expression pattern in normal tissues except for testis which is an immune-privileged site. Expression of these antigens has been assessed in different malignancies including MM.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a computerized search of the MEDLINE/PubMed databases with key words: multiple myeloma, cancer-testis antigen, and cancer stem cell and immunotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several CTAs including NY-ESO-1, MAGE and GAGE family have been shown to be expressed in MM patients. Cellular and humoral immune responses against these antigens have been detected in MM patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequent and high expression level of CTAs in MM patients shows that these antigens can be applied as cancer biomarkers as well as targets for immunotherapy in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Soudeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghafouri-Fard
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mahnaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seifi-Alan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Roshanak
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shamsi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esfandiary
keywords: Cancer Stem Cell; Cancer-Testis Antigen; Immunotherapy; Multiple Myeloma