title: Reported incidence of fever for under-5 children in Zambia: a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood fever is the most common clinical sign of Plasmodium falciparum infection. It is used as a measure of burden of the disease and the effectiveness of control programs for malaria. This study aimed to determine the incidence of fever in under-5 children of Magoye and Chivuna rural areas of Mazabuka district, Zambia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of fever was evaluated longitudinally over a period of 16 months (July 2006 and November 2007) among children aged 12-59 months in Magoye and Chivuna rural communities. The data was collected for a study on community directed treatment of soil-transmitted helminth infections in under-five children. Data from caretakers of 1221 children were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Cox proportion hazard regression was used to determine predictors of multiple episodes of fever and Kaplan-Meier survival curves was used to compare survival between two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1221 under-5 children [median age 32 months; IQR 12-58] participated in the study and 696 (57 %) were from Magoye and 525 (43 %) from Chivuna. The incidence rate of fever was 162.4 per month per 1000 children for the 16 months period. The proportion of fever was not statistically related to children' age [p = 0.779] and sex [p = 0.546]. Predictors of multiple episodes of fever were: age (37-48 vs. 12-24 months) [HR 0.81; 95 % CI 0.67, 0.98; p = 0.030]; location (Chivuna vs. Magoye) [HR 1.35; 95 % CI 1.17, 1.56; p < 0.001]; and season (dry vs. rainy) [HR 0.17; 95 % CI 0.12, 0.23; p < 0.001].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study has shown that the incidence of fever was high in the study areas. Febrile illnesses like malaria still have a significant effect on the health of under-5 children in the study population. There still exists the need for interventions aimed at reducing the incidence of fever in under five children, more especially in rural areas.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health, P.O Box 30205, Lusaka, Zambia ; Department of Public Health, The University of Zambia, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Benson M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hamooya
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, The University of Zambia, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Gershom
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chongwe
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Zambia, School of Medicine, P.O Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Lungowe
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sitali
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, The University of Zambia, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Hikabasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Halwindi
keywords: Fever; Incidence; Longitudinal study; Malaria; Under five children