title: In-Air and Underwater Hearing in the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis).
abstract: Hearing thresholds of a great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) were measured in air and under water using psychophysics. The lowest thresholds were at 2 kHz (45 dB re 20 μPa root-mean-square [rms] in air and 79 dB re 1 μPa rms in water). Auditory brainstem response measurements on one anesthetized bird in air indicated an audiogram with a shape that resembled the one achieved by psychophysics. This study suggests that cormorants have rather poor in-air hearing abilities compared with other similar-size birds. The hearing capabilities in water are better than what would have been expected for a purely in-air adapted ear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Hindsholmsvej 11, DK-5300, Kerteminde, Denmark. sasiajohansen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sasia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Hindsholmsvej 11, DK-5300, Kerteminde, Denmark. onl@biology.sdu.dk.
authors.forename: Ole Næsbye
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Hindsholmsvej 11, DK-5300, Kerteminde, Denmark. jcd@biology.sdu.dk.
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Christensen-Dalsgaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Hindsholmsvej 11, DK-5300, Kerteminde, Denmark. lars@fjord-baelt.dk.|Fjord&Bælt, DK-5300, Kerteminde, Denmark. lars@fjord-baelt.dk.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Seidelin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Hindsholmsvej 11, DK-5300, Kerteminde, Denmark. tihuu05@student.sdu.dk.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huulvej
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Hindsholmsvej 11, DK-5300, Kerteminde, Denmark. krije10@student.sdu.dk.
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-45330, Lysekil, Sweden. sven-gunnar.lunneryd@slu.se.
authors.forename: Sven-Gunnar
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lunneryd
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-45330, Lysekil, Sweden. maria.bostrom@slu.se.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boström
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Hindsholmsvej 11, DK-5300, Kerteminde, Denmark. magnus@biology.sdu.dk.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wahlberg
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012623:Seawater; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013637:Tape Recording
keywords: Auditory brainstem response; Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis; Playback; Psychophysical measurements; Underwater hearing