title: Psychometric Properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Patients With Heart Failure and Gastrointestinal Symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients who have coexisting medical conditions tend to be more depressed. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability, validity, and dimensionality of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in patients with heart failure and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-sectional data for this secondary analysis were collected in four studies. Cronbach's alpha was used to examine reliability. Concurrent validity with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cronbach's alpha for the PHQ-9 was .87. Concurrent validity with BDI-II was excellent (r = .78, p < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence from this study supports the reliability and validity of the PHQ-9 as a measure of depression in patients with heart failure and GI symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Inha University, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Jin
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Lynne A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Debra K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Moser
mesh_terms: D064646:Cardiovascular Nursing; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires