title: To boldly gulp: standard metabolic rate and boldness have context-dependent influences on risk-taking to breathe air in a catfish.
abstract: The African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus has bimodal respiration, it has a suprabranchial air-breathing organ alongside substantial gills. We used automated bimodal respirometry to reveal that undisturbed juvenile catfish (N=29) breathed air continuously in normoxia, with a marked diurnal cycle. Air breathing and routine metabolic rate (RMR) increased in darkness when, in the wild, this nocturnal predator forages. Aquatic hypoxia (20% air saturation) greatly increased overall reliance on air breathing. We investigated whether two measures of risk taking to breathe air, namely absolute rates of aerial O2 uptake (ṀO2,air) and the percentage of RMR obtained from air (%ṀO2,air), were influenced by individual standard metabolic rate (SMR) and boldness. In particular, whether any influence varied with resource availability (normoxia versus hypoxia) or relative fear of predation (day versus night). Individual SMR, derived from respirometry, had an overall positive influence on ṀO2,air across all contexts but a positive influence on %ṀO2,air only in hypoxia. Thus, a pervasive effect of SMR on air breathing became most acute in hypoxia, when individuals with higher O2 demand took proportionally more risks. Boldness was estimated as time required to resume air breathing after a fearful stimulus in daylight normoxia (Tres). Although Tres had no overall influence on ṀO2,air or %ṀO2,air, there was a negative relationship between Tres and %ṀO2,air in daylight, in normoxia and hypoxia. There were two Tres response groups, 'bold' phenotypes with Tres below 75 min (N=13) which, in daylight, breathed proportionally more air than 'shy' phenotypes with Tres above 115 min (N=16). Therefore, individual boldness influenced air breathing when fear of predation was high. Thus, individual energy demand and personality did not have parallel influences on the emergent tendency to take risks to obtain a resource; their influences varied in strength with context.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos SP, Brazil UMR9190 Centre for Marine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (Marbec), Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 5 34095, France david.mckenzie@cnrs.fr.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.affiliation: Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, 14801-903, Araraquara SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Belão
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Shaun S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Killen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: F Tadeu
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Rantin
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000818:Animals; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002397:Catfishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D003624:Darkness; D005239:Fear; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010641:Phenotype; D012119:Respiration; D012309:Risk-Taking
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Bimodal respiration; Energy metabolism; Hypoxia; Personality; Respiratory partitioning; Risk-taking