title: Avian Plasmodium infection in field-collected mosquitoes during 2012-2013 in Tarlac, Philippines.
abstract: Global warming threatens to increase the spread and prevalence of mosquito-transmitted diseases. Certain pathogens may be carried by migratory birds and transmitted to local mosquito populations. Mosquitoes were collected in the northern Philippines during bird migration seasons to detect avian malaria parasites as well as for the identification of potential vector species and the estimation of infections among local mosquito populations. We used the nested PCR to detect the avian malaria species. Culex vishnui (47.6%) was the most abundant species collected and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (13.8%) was the second most abundant. Avian Plasmodium parasites were found in eight mosquito species, for which the infection rates were between 0.5% and 6.2%. The six Plasmodium genetic lineages found in this study included P. juxtanucleare -GALLUS02, Tacy7 (Donana04), CXBIT01, Plasmodium species LIN2 New Zealand, and two unclassified lineages. The potential mosquito vectors for avian Plasmodium parasites in the Philippines were Cq. crassipes, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. sitiens, Cx. vishnui, and Ma. Uniformis; two major genetic lineages, P. juxtanucleare and Tacy7, were identified.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research, Diagnostic and Vaccine Development, Centers for Diseases Control, No. 6, Linsen S. Rd., Jhongjheng District, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC).
authors.forename: Tien-Huang
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Wilfredo E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Aure
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Estrella Irlandez
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Research Department, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Fedelino F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Malbas
authors.affiliation: Center for Research, Diagnostic and Vaccine Development, Centers for Diseases Control, No. 6, Linsen S. Rd., Jhongjheng District, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC). hjteng@cdc.gov.tw.
authors.forename: Hwa-Jen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: Center for Research, Diagnostic and Vaccine Development, Centers for Diseases Control, No. 6, Linsen S. Rd., Jhongjheng District, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC).
authors.forename: Liang-Chen
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyeong Soon
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.affiliation: Center for Research, Diagnostic and Vaccine Development, Centers for Diseases Control, No. 6, Linsen S. Rd., Jhongjheng District, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC).
authors.forename: Pei-Yun
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Shu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D003465:Culex / Q000469:parasitology; D009033:Culicidae / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology; D008289:Malaria, Avian / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D010679:Philippines; D010802:Phylogeny; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity
keywords: Avian malaria parasite; Culicidae; Philippines