title: Impaired recovery from peritoneal inflammation in a mouse model of mild dietary zinc restriction.
abstract: METHODS
  Mild dietary zinc (Zn) deficiency is wide-spread in human populations, but the effect on Zn-dependent processes of immune function and healing are not well understood. The consequences of mild dietary Zn restriction were examined in two mouse models of inflammation and recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a Zn adequate diet (ZA, 30 mg Zn/kg diet), or diets containing sub-optimal Zn levels (ZM, 15 mg Zn/kg diet; ZD, 10 mg Zn/kg diet) for 30 days before a thioglycollate peritonitis challenge. Plasma lipid profiles were distinct, with greater Zn restriction resulting in a greater impact on metabolites. The milder ZM diet was selected for immune studies. Peritoneal macrophages from ZM mice displayed increased phagocytosis and amplified pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα) release compared to ZA, at baseline and after a secondary LPS challenge. Splenocytes isolated from ZM mice displayed an increase in IL-6 and a reduction in anti-inflammatory IL-4 compared to ZA. Cytokine levels in plasma were unaltered. Following mechanical manipulation of the intestines to induce ileus, ZM mice had delayed intestinal transit compared to ZA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mild Zn deficiency enhances local inflammatory responses, amplifying macrophage functions and delaying recovery from acute insults within the peritoneum.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Brett E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Abby K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Geletzke
authors.affiliation: Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University Park, PA, USA.|The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Philip B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Abigail B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Podany
authors.affiliation: Pennsylvania State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chacon
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery, Hershey, PA, USA.|Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Shannon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kelleher
authors.affiliation: Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University Park, PA, USA.|Molecular Toxicology, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery, Hershey, PA, USA.|Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Soybel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines / Q000097:blood; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000209:etiology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000502:physiology; D015032:Zinc / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008055:Lipids; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Ileus; Inflammation; Macrophage; Peritonitis; Zinc deficiency