title: The bag-of-frames approach: A not so sufficient model for urban soundscapes.
abstract: The "bag-of-frames" (BOF) approach, which encodes audio signals as the long-term statistical distribution of short-term spectral features, is commonly regarded as an effective and sufficient way to represent environmental sound recordings (soundscapes). The present paper describes a conceptual replication of a use of the BOF approach in a seminal article using several other soundscape datasets, with results strongly questioning the adequacy of the BOF approach for the task. As demonstrated in this paper, the good accuracy originally reported with BOF likely resulted from a particularly permissive dataset with low within-class variability. Soundscape modeling, therefore, may not be the closed case it was once thought to be.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Communications, Cybernetique de Nantes, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Nantes, France mathieu.lagrange@cnrs.fr, gregoire.lafay@irccyn.ec-nantes.fr.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lagrange
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Communications, Cybernetique de Nantes, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Nantes, France mathieu.lagrange@cnrs.fr, gregoire.lafay@irccyn.ec-nantes.fr.
authors.forename: Grégoire
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lafay
authors.affiliation: ORELIA, Thomery, France boris.defreville@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Défréville
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique, Sciences et Technologies de la Musique et du Son, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France aucouturier@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jean-Julien
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Aucouturier