title: Complementary, Selective PET Imaging of Integrin Subtypes α5β1 and αvβ3 Using 68Ga-Aquibeprin and 68Ga-Avebetrin.
abstract: Despite in vivo mapping of integrin αvβ3 expression being thoroughly investigated in recent years, its clinical value is still not well defined. For imaging of angiogenesis, the integrin subtype α5β1 appears to be a promising target, for which purpose we designed the PET radiopharmaceutical (68)Ga-aquibeprin.
  
  
  METHODS
  (68)Ga-aquibeprin was obtained by click-chemistry (CuAAC) trimerization of a α5β1 integrin-binding pseudopeptide on the triazacyclononane-triphosphinate (TRAP) chelator, followed by automated (68)Ga labeling. Integrin α5β1 and αvβ3 affinities were determined in enzyme linked immune sorbent assay on immobilized integrins, using fibronectin and vitronectin, respectively, as competitors. M21 (human melanoma)-bearing severe combined immunodeficient mice were used for biodistribution, PET imaging, and determination of in vivo metabolization. The expression of α5 and β3 subunits was determined by immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections of M21 tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (68)Ga-aquibeprin shows high selectivity for integrin α5β1 (50% inhibition concentration [IC50] = 0.088 nM) over αvβ3 (IC50 = 620 nM) and a pronounced hydrophilicity (log D = -4.2). Severe combined immunodeficient mice xenografted with M21 human melanoma were found suitable for in vivo evaluation, as M21 immunohistochemistry showed not only an endothelial and strong cytoplasmatic expression of the β3 integrin subunit but also an intense expression of the α5 integrin subunit particularly in the endothelial cells of intratumoral small vessels. Ex vivo biodistribution (90 min after injection) showed high uptake in M21 tumor (2.42 ± 0.21 percentage injected dose per gram), fast renal excretion, and low background; tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle ratios were 10.6 ± 2.5 and 20.9 ± 2.4, respectively. (68)Ga-aquibeprin is stable in vivo; no metabolites were detected in mouse urine, blood serum, kidney, and liver homogenates 30 min after injection. PET imaging was performed for (68)Ga-aquibeprin and the previously described, structurally related c(RGDfK) trimer (68)Ga-avebetrin, which shows an inverse selectivity for integrin αvβ3 (IC50 = 0.22 nM) over α5β1 (IC50 = 39 nM). In vivo target specificity was proven by cross-competition studies; tumor uptake of either tracer was not affected by the coadministration of 40 nmol (∼5 mg/kg) of the respective other compound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (68)Ga-aquibeprin and (68)Ga-avebetrin are recommendable for complementary mapping of integrins α5β1 and αvβ3 by PET, allowing for future studies on the role of these integrins in angiogenesis, tumor progression, metastasis, and myocardial infarct healing.
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany johannes.notni@tum.de.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Notni
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; and.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steiger
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Frauke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.affiliation: Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kapp
authors.affiliation: Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rechenmacher
authors.affiliation: Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neubauer
authors.affiliation: Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wester
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D056831:Coordination Complexes; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D039081:Integrin alpha5beta1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009132:Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: C000609145:68Ga-aquibeprin; C000609146:68Ga-avebetrin; D056831:Coordination Complexes; D039081:Integrin alpha5beta1; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals
keywords: 68Ga; angiogenesis; immunohistochemistry; integrins; positron emission tomography