title: [Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) in patients in outpatient care in the Rhine-Main region, Germany, in 2014: Prevalence and risk factors].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data on the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in outpatient care are scarce and those on the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MRGN) are lacking completely. Therefore, the network on multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) in the Rhine-Main region (MRE-Netz Rhein-Main) performed a multicenter study on current prevalence data and risk factors for MDRO.
  
  
  METHODS
  Characteristics of all patients were obtained according to a modified healthcare-associated infections in long-term care facilities (HALT) questionnaire and swabs from the nares/throat and anus were tested for MRSA and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)/MRGN. Risk factors were calculated via odds ratios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten nursing services with 486 patients participated in this study, 269 patients agreed to having swabs of the nares/throat taken, and 132 patients had anal swabs. MRSA was detected in 3.7%, and ESBL/MRGN in 14.4% of the patients (6.8% ESBL, 7.6% MRGN, 0% MRGN). Risk factors for MRSA were high dependency on care (stage 3 or above; OR 5.1), antibiotic use during the preceding 3 months (O R 3.7), hospital stay during the last 6 months (OR 4.3), and a positive history for MRSA (OR 18.1). Incontinence and preceding hospital stays proved to be risk factors for ESBL colonization (OR 9.5 or 6.5), whereas risk factors for MRGN colonization were a high level of care dependency (OR 7.5), urinary catheter (OR 8.3), percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube and other stomata (OR 6.2), and artificial respiration (OR 5), in addition to a positive history for MRSA (OR 20) and ESBL (OR 6.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the high prevalence of colonization with MDRO in outpatient care, nursing services must be competent in caring for such patients: good hygiene procedures, including hand hygiene and appropriate handling in wound management, punctures and injections, with catheters, stomata, and if necessary with artificial respiration should be practiced. The guidelines of the German Commission on hospital hygiene and infection prevention should also be observed.
authors.affiliation: Gesundheitsamt Frankfurt, MRE-Netz Rhein-Main, Breite Gasse 28, 60313, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland.
authors.forename: Nadja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.affiliation: Gesundheitsamt Frankfurt, MRE-Netz Rhein-Main, Breite Gasse 28, 60313, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland.
authors.forename: Dorothea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mischler
authors.affiliation: Nationales Referenzzentrum für Staphylokokken, Wernigerode, Deutschland.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cuny
authors.affiliation: Institut für medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hogardt
authors.affiliation: Institut für medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland.
authors.forename: Volkhard A J
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Kempf
authors.affiliation: Gesundheitsamt Frankfurt, MRE-Netz Rhein-Main, Breite Gasse 28, 60313, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland. ursel.heudorf@stadt-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: Ursel
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Heudorf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae (ESBL); Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MRGN); Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO); Nursing services; Outpatient care