title: Controlled Sonar Exposure Experiments on Cetaceans in Norwegian Waters: Overview of the 3S-Project.
abstract: In mitigating the risk of sonar operations, the behavioral response of cetaceans is one of the major knowledge gaps that needs to be addressed. The 3S-Project has conducted a number of controlled exposure experiments with a realistic sonar source in Norwegian waters from 2006 to 2013. In total, the following six target species have been studied: killer, long-finned pilot, sperm, humpback, minke, and northern bottlenose whales. A total of 38 controlled sonar exposures have been conducted on these species. Responses from controlled and repeated exposure runs have been recorded using acoustic and visual observations as well as with electronic tags on the target animal. So far, the first dose-response curves as well as an overview of the scored severity of responses have been revealed. In this paper, an overview is presented of the approach for the study, including the results so far as well as the current status of the ongoing analysis.
authors.affiliation: Acoustics and Sonar Research Group, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Oude Waalsdorperweg 63, 2597 AK, The Hague, The Netherlands. Frans-Peter.Lam@tno.nl.
authors.forename: Frans-Peter A
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (FFI), Horten, 3191, Norway. Petter-Helgevold.Kvadsheim@ffi.no.
authors.forename: Petter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kvadsheim
authors.affiliation: Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU), University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK. pm29@st-andrews.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Patrick J O
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU), University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK. plt@st-andrews.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Tyack
authors.affiliation: Acoustics and Sonar Research Group, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Oude Waalsdorperweg 63, 2597 AK, The Hague, The Netherlands. Michael.Ainslie@tno.nl.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ainslie
authors.affiliation: Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU), University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK. cc201@st-andrews.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Curé
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (FFI), Horten, 3191, Norway. Lars.Kleivaine@ffi.no.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kleivane
authors.affiliation: Institute for Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, 5817, Norway. lise.doksaeter.sivle@imr.no.
authors.forename: Lise Doksæter
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Sivle
authors.affiliation: Acoustics and Sonar Research Group, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Oude Waalsdorperweg 63, 2597 AK, The Hague, The Netherlands. Sander.vanIjsselmuide@tno.nl.
authors.forename: Sander P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: van Ijsselmuide
authors.affiliation: Kelp Marine Research, Hoorn, 1624 CJ, The Netherlands. fvisser@kelpmarineresearch.com.
authors.forename: Fleur
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.affiliation: Acoustics and Sonar Research Group, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Oude Waalsdorperweg 63, 2597 AK, The Hague, The Netherlands. Sander.vonBendaBeckmann@tno.nl.
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: von Benda-Beckmann
authors.affiliation: Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU), University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK. pw234@st-andrews.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wensveen
authors.affiliation: Defence Materiel Organisation, The Hague, 2509, The Netherlands. rpa.dekeling@mindef.nl.
authors.forename: René P A
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Dekeling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002591:Cetacea / Q000502:physiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D009664:Norway; D012623:Seawater; D013016:Sound
keywords: Behavioral response; Dose response; Sonar