title: Responses of invertebrates to temperature and water stress: A polar perspective.
abstract: As small bodied poikilothermic ectotherms, invertebrates, more so than any other animal group, are susceptible to extremes of temperature and low water availability. In few places is this more apparent than in the Arctic and Antarctic, where low temperatures predominate and water is unusable during winter and unavailable for parts of summer. Polar terrestrial invertebrates express a suite of physiological, biochemical and genomic features in response to these stressors. However, the situation is not as simple as responding to each stressor in isolation, as they are often faced in combination. We consider how polar terrestrial invertebrates manage this scenario in light of their physiology and ecology. Climate change is also leading to warmer summers in parts of the polar regions, concomitantly increasing the potential for drought. The interaction between high temperature and low water availability, and the invertebrates' response to them, are therefore also explored.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Everatt
authors.affiliation: British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK; National Antarctic Research Center, IPS Building, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Pete
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Convey
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bale
authors.affiliation: British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
authors.forename: M Roger
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Worland
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. Electronic address: s.a.hayward@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Scott A L
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hayward
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001110:Arctic Regions; D057231:Climate Change; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000502:physiology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Anhydrobiosis; Climate warming; Cross tolerance; Cryoprotective dehydration; Rapid cold hardening; Sub-lethal characteristics