title: Preliminary study of differentiating smears from cancerous and non-cancerous nasopharyngeal tissue using confocal Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current practice for diagnosing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is based on invasive tissue biopsy. This study aims to explore the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy to differentiate cancerous and non-cancerous nasopharyngeal tissue smears, expecting to realize minimal invasive diagnosis using smears from in vivo mucosa tissue by Raman spectroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsy tissue smears were acquired from 74 patients with pathologically diagnosed nasopharyngeal diseases and measured using confocal Raman spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both fingerprint region and high wavenumber Raman spectra were acquired with distinguish features. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to differentiate cancerous and non-cancerous groups, achieving a diagnostic sensitivity of 87.2 and specificity of 85.7 % for differentiating NPC from nasopharyngeal non-cancerous smears.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work indicates that the method has a unique advantage in microanalysis for tissue smears which may provide a promising minimal invasive (or noninvasive) diagnosing tool for cancer diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350009, China.
authors.forename: Liqing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China. huang84wei@163.com.|Fujian Metrology Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China. huang84wei@163.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
authors.forename: Shanshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350009, China.
authors.forename: Xinheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350009, China.
authors.forename: Fengyu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
authors.forename: Nengrong
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Optical Engineering, Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
authors.forename: Meizhen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Imaging Unit - Integrative Oncology Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
authors.forename: Haishan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077274:Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000473:pathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
keywords: Confocal Raman spectroscopy; Minimal invasive diagnostics; Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC); Tissue smears