title: Assimilation, Accumulation, and Metabolism of Dinophysistoxins (DTXs) and Pectenotoxins (PTXs) in the Several Tissues of Japanese Scallop Patinopecten yessoensis.
abstract: Japanese scallops, Patinopecten yessoensis, were fed with the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis fortii to elucidate the relative magnitude of assimilation, accumulation, and metabolism of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) and pectenotoxins (PTXs). Three individual scallops were separately exposed to cultured D. fortii for four days. The average cell number of D. fortii assimilated by each individual scallop was 7.7 × 10⁵. Dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and their metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and the toxin content in individual tissues (digestive gland, adductor muscle, gill, gonad, mantle, and the others), feces and the seawater medium were quantified. Toxins were almost exclusively accumulated in the digestive gland with only low levels being detected in the gills, mantles, gonads, and adductor muscles. DTX1 and PTX2 were the dominant toxins in the D. fortii cells fed to the scallops, whereas the dominant toxins detected in the digestive gland of scallops were PTX6 and esterified acyl-O-DTX1 (DTX3). In other tissues PTX2 was the dominant toxin observed. The ratio of accumulated to assimilated toxins was 21%-39% and 7%-23% for PTXs and DTXs respectively. Approximately 54%-75% of PTX2 and 52%-70% of DTX1 assimilated by the scallops was directly excreted into the seawater mainly without metabolic transformation.
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan. matsur@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Ryoji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matsushima
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan. huchida@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan. snagai@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan. rwatanabe@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan. mkamio@kaiyodai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Michiya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamio
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan. nagai@kaiyodai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan. mskknnw@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaneniwa
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan. tsuzuki@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D020387:Food Chain; D005663:Furans / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism; D005880:Gills / Q000378:metabolism; D006066:Gonads / Q000378:metabolism; D018942:Macrolides; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D049897:Pectinidae / Q000378:metabolism*; D011714:Pyrans / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
chemical_list: D005663:Furans; D018942:Macrolides; D019319:Okadaic Acid; D011714:Pyrans; D014873:Water Pollutants; C051904:dinophysistoxin 1; C098380:pectenotoxin 2; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
keywords: Dinophysis fortii; Japanese scallops; LC/MS/MS; accumulation; diarrhetic shellfish toxins; dinophysistoxin; feeding experiment; pectenotoxin