title: Making the transition to workload-based staffing: using the Workload Indicators of Staffing Need method in Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uganda's health workforce is characterized by shortages and inequitable distribution of qualified health workers. To ascertain staffing levels, Uganda uses fixed government-approved norms determined by facility type. This approach cannot distinguish between facilities of the same type that have different staffing needs. The Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN) method uses workload to determine number and type of staff required in a given facility. The national WISN assessment sought to demonstrate the limitations of the existing norms and generate evidence to influence health unit staffing and staff deployment for efficient utilization of available scarce human resources.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national WISN assessment (September 2012) used purposive sampling to select 136 public health facilities in 33/112 districts. The study examined staffing requirements for five cadres (nursing assistants, nurses, midwives, clinical officers, doctors) at health centres II (n = 59), III (n = 53) and IV (n = 13) and hospitals (n = 11). Using health management information system workload data (1 July 2010-30 June 2011), the study compared current and required staff, assessed workload pressure and evaluated the adequacy of the existing staffing norms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By the WISN method, all three types of health centres had fewer nurses (42-70%) and midwives (53-67%) than required and consequently exhibited high workload pressure (30-58%) for those cadres. Health centres IV and hospitals lacked doctors (39-42%) but were adequately staffed with clinical officers. All facilities displayed overstaffing of nursing assistants. For all cadres at health centres III and IV other than nursing assistants, the fixed norms or existing staffing or both fell short of the WISN staffing requirements, with, for example, only half as many nurses and midwives as required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The WISN results demonstrate the inadequacies of existing staffing norms, particularly for health centres III and IV. The results provide an evidence base to reshape policy, adopt workload-based norms, review scopes of practice and target human resource investments. In the near term, the government could redistribute existing health workers to improve staffing equity in line with the WISN results. Longer term revision of staffing norms and investments to effectively reflect actual workloads and ensure provision of quality services at all levels is needed.
authors.affiliation: Abt Associates, Lot 105 Mantsholo Road, Mbabane, Swaziland. grace_namaganda@abtassoc.com.
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Namaganda
authors.affiliation: IntraHealth International, Plot 20A Kawalya Kaggwa, Kampala, Uganda. voketcho@intrahealth.org.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Oketcho
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Uganda Martyrs University, P.O. Box 5498, Kampala, Uganda. everdmaniple@umu.ac.ug.
authors.forename: Everd
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maniple
authors.affiliation: IntraHealth International, 6340 Quadrangle Drive, Suite 200, Chapel Hill, NC, 27517, USA. cviadro@intrahealth.org.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Viadro
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006268:Health Facilities; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D009721:Nurse Midwives; D009726:Nurses / Q000600:supply & distribution; D009728:Nursing Assistants; D010559:Personnel Management / Q000379:methods*; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000592:standards; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D010820:Physicians / Q000600:supply & distribution; D011247:Pregnancy; D014454:Uganda; D000078329:Workforce; D016526:Workload