title: Taking nanomedicine teaching into practice with atomic force microscopy and force spectroscopy.
abstract: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a useful and powerful tool to study molecular interactions applied to nanomedicine. The aim of the present study was to implement a hands-on atomic AFM course for graduated biosciences and medical students. The course comprises two distinct practical sessions, where students get in touch with the use of an atomic force microscope by performing AFM scanning images of human blood cells and force spectroscopy measurements of the fibrinogen-platelet interaction. Since the beginning of this course, in 2008, the overall rating by the students was 4.7 (out of 5), meaning a good to excellent evaluation. Students were very enthusiastic and produced high-quality AFM images and force spectroscopy data. The implementation of the hands-on AFM course was a success, giving to the students the opportunity of contact with a technique that has a wide variety of applications on the nanomedicine field. In the near future, nanomedicine will have remarkable implications in medicine regarding the definition, diagnosis, and treatment of different diseases. AFM enables students to observe single molecule interactions, enabling the understanding of molecular mechanisms of different physiological and pathological processes at the nanoscale level. Therefore, the introduction of nanomedicine courses in bioscience and medical school curricula is essential.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal filomenacarvalho@fm.ul.pt.
authors.forename: Filomena A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6088-3894
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Nuno C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism; D032882:Comprehension; D003479:Curriculum; D004500:Education, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D004522:Educational Status; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000193:education*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013337:Students, Medical; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005340:Fibrinogen
keywords: atomic force microscopy; hands-on course; human blood cells; teaching nanomedicine