title: Antiviral Action of Diphenyl Diselenide on Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Infection in Female BALB/c Mice.
abstract: Diphenyl diselenide, (PhSe)2 , is an organoselenium compound with pharmacological actions mostly related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The study investigated its antiviral and virucidal actions against herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection in vitro and in a vaginal infection model in mice. The plaque reduction assay indicated that (PhSe)2 showed virucidal and antiviral actions reducing infectivity in 70.8% and 47%, respectively. The antiviral action of (PhSe)2 against HSV-2 vaginal infection was performed by infecting mice (10(5)  PFU/ml(-1) ) at day 6. The treatment with (PhSe)2 (5 mg/kg/day, intragastric [i.g.]) followed 5 days before and for more 5 days after infection. The extravaginal lesion score was evaluated from days 6 to 10. At day 11, animals were killed, and histological evaluation, determination of viral load, and TNF-α and IFN-γ levels were performed in supernatants of homogenized vaginal tissue. The levels of reactive species (RS), protein carbonyl, non-protein thiols (NPSH), nitrate/nitrite (NOx), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) were determined. (PhSe)2 reduced the histological damage, extravaginal lesion scores, the viral load of vaginal tissue, and the activity of MPO, but increased the levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ. (PhSe)2 attenuated the increase of RS, MDA, NOx levels and the activity of GR caused by infection. (PhSe)2 also attenuated the reduction of NPSH content and the inhibition of CAT, SOD, and GPx activities. The antiviral action of (PhSe)2 against HSV-2 infection was related to its immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1638-1648, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, ONLUS, Piazza Morandi 3, Milan, 20100, Italy.
authors.forename: Gláubia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sartori
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália Silva
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Jardim
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcel Henrique
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Marcondes Sari
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dobrachinski
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Pesarico
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Cultivo de Células, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Conjunto I, UNIFRA, Santa Maria, CEP 97010-032, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Carlos
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM, Av. Roraima, No. 1000, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cargnelutti
authors.affiliation: Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM, Av. Roraima, No. 1000, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, Itaqui, CEP 97650-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prigol
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristina W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Nogueira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005260:Female; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D016566:Organoselenium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D016566:Organoselenium Compounds; C061132:diphenyldiselenide
keywords: HSV-2; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFLAMMATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SELENIUM