title: Non-invasive Central and Peripheral Stimulation: New Hope for Essential Tremor?
abstract: Essential tremor (ET) is among the most frequent movement disorders. It usually manifests as a postural and kinematic tremor of the arms, but may also involve the head, voice, lower limbs, and trunk. An oscillatory network has been proposed as a neural correlate of ET, and is mainly composed of the olivocerebellar system, thalamus, and motor cortex. Since pharmacological agents have limited benefits, surgical interventions like deep brain stimulation are the last-line treatment options for the most severe cases. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, particularly transcranial magnetic or direct current stimulation, are used to ameliorate ET. Their non-invasiveness, along with their side effects profile, makes them an appealing treatment option. In addition, peripheral stimulation has been applied in the same perspective. Hence, the aim of the present review is to shed light on the emergent use of non-invasive central and peripheral stimulation techniques in this interesting context.
authors.affiliation: EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil Créteil, France ; Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Créteil, France.
authors.forename: Moussa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chalah
authors.affiliation: EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil Créteil, France ; Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Créteil, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Pascal
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lefaucheur
authors.affiliation: EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil Créteil, France ; Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Créteil, France ; Neurology Division, University Medical Center Rizk Hospital Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Samar S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ayache
keywords: TBS; TENS; essential tremor; non-invasive brain stimulation; rTMS; tDCS; tremor