title: Passive Sampling in Regulatory Chemical Monitoring of Nonpolar Organic Compounds in the Aquatic Environment.
abstract: We reviewed compliance monitoring requirements in the European Union, the United States, and the Oslo-Paris Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic, and evaluated if these are met by passive sampling methods for nonpolar compounds. The strengths and shortcomings of passive sampling are assessed for water, sediments, and biota. Passive water sampling is a suitable technique for measuring concentrations of freely dissolved compounds. This method yields results that are incompatible with the EU's quality standard definition in terms of total concentrations in water, but this definition has little scientific basis. Insufficient quality control is a present weakness of passive sampling in water. Laboratory performance studies and the development of standardized methods are needed to improve data quality and to encourage the use of passive sampling by commercial laboratories and monitoring agencies. Successful prediction of bioaccumulation based on passive sampling is well documented for organisms at the lower trophic levels, but requires more research for higher levels. Despite the existence of several knowledge gaps, passive sampling presently is the best available technology for chemical monitoring of nonpolar organic compounds. Key issues to be addressed by scientists and environmental managers are outlined.
authors.affiliation: NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , PO Box 59, 1790 AB Texel, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Booij
authors.affiliation: Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory , 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB30 1AD, U.K.
authors.forename: Craig D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Anker Engelunds Vej 1, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States.
authors.forename: Cindy A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ahrens
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Gaustadalleen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT U.K.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brant
authors.affiliation: Dublin City University , Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Wuestland 2, 22589 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Uta R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University , Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Martin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: Federal Environment Agency, Laboratory for Water Analysis, Bismarckplatz 1, 14193 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lepom
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
authors.forename: Jördis
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pröfrock
authors.affiliation: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences , Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Gulledelle 100, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roose
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute of Hydrology , Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.affiliation: Masaryk University, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.|Deltares, P.O. Box 85467, 3508 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Foppe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Smedes
authors.affiliation: Ifremer , Unit of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Lab. Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tixier
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University , Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vorkamp
authors.affiliation: Environment Agency, Evidence Directorate, Red Kite House, Howbery Park OX10 8BD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whitehouse
mesh_terms: D058448:Biota; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical