title: Morphological evaluation of the mandibular lingula using cone-beam computed tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lingula is a tongue-like flap of bone that overlaps the mandibular foramen antero-medially and location is clinically significant in oral and maxillofacial surgeries. The aim of this study was to assess the shape and precise location of lingula using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 3-dimensional images provided by CBCT of 63 patients (28 females, 35 males, age range 25-70 years) were retrospectively evaluated. All CBCT images were performed due to implant planning. From both sides of 63 mandibles were classified in the following shapes: triangular, truncated, nodular and assimilated. The location was determined by 5 distances from the lingula: the anterior and the posterior borders of the mandibular ramus, man-dibular notch and lover border of mandible. Height of the lingula was measured from the lingular tip to the mandibular foramen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nodular shape of lingula was the most commonly found (32.5%). The mean distance of lingula from anterior and posterior borders of mandibular ramus was 18.5 ± 2.3 and 16.9 ± 3.5 mm, respectively. The lingula was located at 18.1 ± 3.6 mm from the mandibular notch and 38.3 mm from the lover border of mandible. The mean height of lingula was 7.8 ± 2.4 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides the morphological variation and localization of the lingula. The lingula is an important clinical landmark for mandibular osteotomy, and for determining the distance to mandibular foramen entrance.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Senel
authors.affiliation: ydnozkan@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Altug
keywords: cone-beam computed tomography; intraoperative complications; mandible; mandibular osteotomy; morphology