title: Identification of regulated proteins in naked barley grains (Hordeum vulgare nudum) after Fusarium graminearum infection at different grain ripening stages.
abstract: We analyzed the effect of Fusarium graminearum infection on field-grown naked barley (Hordeum vulgare nudum). The ears were inoculated with F. graminearum spores during anthesis. In the course of ripening, grains in five phenological growth stages of naked barley from milk ripe to plant death were sampled. The albumin and globulin proteins of inoculated grains and untreated (control) grains were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Forty-five spots composing of proteins that were changed in abundance due to F. graminearum infection were subsequently identified by mass spectrometry. Various proteins showing altered expression pattern after Fusarium infection were linked to stress response such as plant signal transduction pathways, fungal defense and oxidative burst. More proteins changed during early grain ripening stages than during later ripening stages. Protease inhibitors occurred at increased abundancy during milk ripe stage. A thaumatin-like protein accumulated at plant death stage. Proteins linked to nitrogen metabolism and protein biosynthesis were mainly reduced, whereas those linked to carbon metabolism were predominantly increased in infected grains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fusarium graminearum infection can lead to significant contamination of grains with mycotoxins. With this 2D-based proteomics study we give an insight into plant–pathogen interactions between the non-model plant naked barley and the fungus F. graminearum during five stages of grain development. Over the multiple developmental stages we observed specific patterns of changes induced by the fungus: the primary plant metabolism and inhibition of fungal protease were predominantly affected during early grain development stages. During the entire grain development we found an induced accumulation of thaumatin-like proteins due to the fungal infection indicating their fundamental role for naked barley defense.
authors.affiliation: Quality of Plant Products, Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Göttingen, Carl-Sprengel Weg 1, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trümper
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Paffenholz
authors.affiliation: Quality of Plant Products, Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Göttingen, Carl-Sprengel Weg 1, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany. Electronic address: ismit@gwdg.de.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.affiliation: Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Soil Biology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty 11 Organic Agricultural Sciences, University of Kassel, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kössler
authors.affiliation: Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karlovsky
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.affiliation: Quality of Plant Products, Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Göttingen, Carl-Sprengel Weg 1, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pawelzik
mesh_terms: D005670:Fusarium / Q000502:physiology*; D001467:Hordeum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology
keywords: Defense proteins; Fusarium head blight; Grain development; Naked barley; Plant proteomics