title: Aedes aegypti has spatially structured and seasonally stable populations in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dengue fever, the most prevalent global arboviral disease, represents an important public health problem in Indonesia. Control of dengue relies on the control of its main vector, the mosquito Aedes aegypti, yet nothing is known about the population history and genetic structure of this insect in Indonesia. Our aim was to assess the spatio-temporal population genetic structure of Ae. aegypti in Yogyakarta, a densely populated region on Java with common dengue outbreaks.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used multiple marker systems (microsatellites, nuclear and mitochondrial genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms generated via Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing) to analyze 979 Ae. aegypti individuals collected from the Yogyakarta city and the surrounding hamlets during the wet season in 2011 and the following dry season in 2012. We employed individual- and group-based approaches for inferring genetic structure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that Ae. aegypti in Yogyakarta has spatially structured and seasonally stable populations. The spatial structuring was significant for the nuclear and mitochondrial markers, while the temporal structuring was non-significant. Nuclear markers identified three main genetic clusters, showing that hamlets have greater genetic isolation from each other and from the inner city sites. However, one hamlet experienced unrestricted mosquito interbreeding with the inner city, forming a single genetic cluster. Genetic distance was poorly correlated with the spatial distance among mosquito samples, suggesting stronger influence of human-assisted gene flow than active mosquito movement on spatial genetic structure. A star-shaped mitochondrial haplotype network and a significant R(2) test statistic (R(2) = 0.0187, P = 0.001) support the hypothesis that Ae. aegypti in Yogyakarta originated from a small or homogeneous source and has undergone a relatively recent demographic expansion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report the first insights into the spatio-temporal genetic structure and the underlying processes in the dengue fever mosquito from Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Our results provide valuable information on the effectiveness of local control measures as well as guidelines for the implementation of novel biocontrol strategies such as release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes.
authors.affiliation: School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. gordana.rasic@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Gordana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rašić
authors.affiliation: School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. nancye@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Endersby-Harshman
authors.affiliation: Eliminate Dengue Project-Yogyakarta, Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. wtantowijoyo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Warsito
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tantowijoyo
authors.affiliation: School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. aagoundar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goundar
authors.affiliation: School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. vlwhite@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. mlyangqiong@163.com.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. filipovic.igor@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Filipović
authors.affiliation: Eliminate Dengue Project, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia. petrina.johnson@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Petrina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. ary@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ary A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Eliminate Dengue Project-Yogyakarta, Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. eggi_a@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Eggi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arguni
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D000818:Animals; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D007214:Indonesia; D007303:Insect Vectors; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012621:Seasons; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D020577:Wolbachia