title: The 3-I framework: a framework for developing public policies regarding pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing in Canada.
abstract: The 3-I framework of analyzing the ideas, interests, and institutions around a topic has been used by political scientists to guide public policy development. In Canada, there is a lack of policy governing pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing compared to other developed nations. The goal of this study was to use the 3-I framework, a policy development tool, and apply it to PGx testing to identify and analyze areas where current policy is limited and challenges exist in bringing PGx testing into wide-spread clinical practice in Canada. A scoping review of the literature was conducted to determine the extent and challenges of PGx policy implementation at federal and provincial levels. Based on the 3-I analysis, contentious ideas related to PGx are (i) genetic discrimination, (ii) informed consent, (iii) the lack of knowledge about PGx in health care, (iv) the value of PGx testing, (v) the roles of health care workers in the coordination of PGx services, and (vi) confidentiality and privacy. The 3-I framework is a useful tool for policy makers, and applying it to PGx policy development is a new approach in Canadian genomics. Policy makers at every organizational level can use this analysis to help develop targeted PGx policies.
authors.affiliation: Child Health Evaluation Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.|Child Health Evaluation Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Naazish S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Bashir
authors.affiliation: Child Health Evaluation Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.|Child Health Evaluation Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Wendy J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Ungar
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D002170:Canada; D003219:Confidentiality; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods; D018907:Privacy; D011640:Public Policy; D012107:Research Design
keywords: 3-I framework; cadre d’analyse des 3-I; genetic testing; health policy; pharmacogenetics; pharmacogenomics; pharmacogénomique; pharmacogénétique; politique en matière de santé; tests génétiques