title: Cystic echinococcosis in South America: systematic review of species and genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in humans and natural domestic hosts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review publications on Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species/genotypes reported in domestic intermediate and definitive hosts in South America and in human cases worldwide, taking into account those articles where DNA sequencing was performed; and to analyse the density of each type of livestock that can act as intermediate host, and features of medical importance such as cyst organ location.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature search in numerous databases. We included only articles where samples were genotyped by sequencing since to date it is the most accurate method to unambiguously identify all E. granulosus s. l. genotypes. Also, we report new E. granulosus s. l. samples from Argentina and Uruguay analysed by sequencing of cox1 gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In South America, five countries have cystic echinococcosis cases for which sequencing data are available: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru and Uruguay, adding up 1534 cases. E. granulosus s. s. (G1) accounts for most of the global burden of human and livestock cases. Also, E. canadensis (G6) plays a significant role in human cystic echinococcosis. Likewise, worldwide analysis of human cases showed that 72.9% are caused by E. granulosus s. s. (G1) and 12.2% and 9.6% by E. canadensis G6 and G7, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  E. granulosus s. s. (G1) accounts for most of the global burden followed by E. canadensis (G6 and G7) in South America and worldwide. This information should be taken into account to suit local cystic echinococcosis control and prevention programmes according to each molecular epidemiological situation.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Marcela Alejandra
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cucher
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Macchiaroli
authors.affiliation: Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis UNSL-CONICET, San Luis, Argentina.
authors.forename: Germán
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baldi
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Camicia
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Prada
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.|Centro de Investigación en Zoonosis, Ministerio de Salud Ministerio de Desarrollo Territorial y Sectores Productivos, Chubut, Argentina.
authors.forename: Héctor Gabriel
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Avila
authors.affiliation: Laboratorios Fox, Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: ANLIS-"Dr Carlos G Malbrán" Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Ariana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Perla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Negro
authors.affiliation: División Zoonosis, Ministerio de Salud y Acción Social, Catamarca, Argentina.
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: López
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Zoonosis, Ministerio de Salud Ministerio de Desarrollo Territorial y Sectores Productivos, Chubut, Argentina.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenzvit
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kamenetzky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004443:Echinococcosis / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000662:veterinary; D004446:Echinococcus; D048209:Echinococcus granulosus / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D058751:Livestock / Q000469:parasitology*; D013020:South America
keywords: Amérique du Sud; Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato; South America; Sudamérica; cystic echinococcosis; enfermedades olvidadas; equinococosis quística; genotipos; genotypes; génotypes; maladies négligées; neglected disease; échinococcose cystique