title: Periodontal Conditions in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Patients Under Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy From a Metropolitan Area of Rio De Janeiro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the periodontal status and the presence of opportunistic oral lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-positive (HIV+) patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and their association with cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ and CD4+ nadir T-cell counts and viral load levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical periodontal parameters and the presence of opportunistic oral lesions along with records of CD4+ counts and viral load levels were evaluated in 29 individuals (16 females; mean age: 42.7 years) with previous serologic diagnosis of HIV, from the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome program of the Health Center of Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All individuals presented gingivitis or periodontitis. A higher non-significant prevalence of periodontitis was found in smokers (93.8%) compared with non-smokers (76.9%). A significant weak positive correlation was observed between CD4+ counts and missing teeth (ρ = 0.380, P <0.05), CD4+ nadir and periodontal diagnosis (ρ = 0.418, P <0.005), and CD4+ nadir and moderate probing depth (PD) (ρ = 0.424, P <0.05). When only non-smokers were analyzed, a significant moderate positive association was found between viral load and moderate clinical attachment level (CAL) (ρ = 0.638, P <0.05), CD4+ nadir and diagnosis (ρ = 0.586, P <0.05), and CD4+ nadir and moderate CAL (ρ = 0.680, P <0.05). Analysis considering only smokers found no correlations between serologic parameters and demographic or clinical parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current investigation demonstrates that HIV+ individuals under HAART presents a high prevalence of mild to moderate periodontal disease. Viral load levels, CD4+ nadir, and CD4+ counts may present a weak to moderate correlation to the number of missing teeth, periodontal diagnosis, moderate PD, and moderate CAL, which may also reflect some effect of these systemic conditions on the periodontal status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis Paulo
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Diniz Barreto
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melo Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Grande Rio.
authors.forename: Bruno da Silva
authors.initials: Bda S
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Grande Rio.|National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristiane da Cruz
authors.initials: Cda C
authors.lastname: Lamas
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise Gomes da
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carina Maciel
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Silva-Boghossian
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Léo Guimarães
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.|Department of Periodontics, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcio Eduardo
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Vieira Falabella
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001938:Brazil; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010510:Periodontal Diseases; D019562:Viral Load
keywords: Antiretroviral therapy, highly active; CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; HIV; periodontal diseases; viral load