title: Gender-Related and Age-Related Differences in Implantable Defibrillator Recipients: Results From the Pacemaker and Implantable Defibrillator Leads Survival Study ("PAIDLESS").
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of gender and age on defibrillator lead failure and patient mortality.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The specific influences of gender and age on defibrillator lead failure have not previously been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study analyzed the differences in gender and age in relation to defibrillator lead failure and mortality of patients in the Pacemaker and Implantable Defibrillator Leads Survival Study ("PAIDLESS"). PAIDLESS includes all patients at Winthrop University Hospital who underwent defibrillator lead implantation between February 1, 1996 and December 31, 2011. Male and female patients were compared within each age decile, beginning at 15 years old, to analyze lead failure and patient mortality. Statistical analyses were performed using Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Fisher's exact test, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and multivariable Cox regression models. P<.05 was considered statistically significant. No correction for multiple comparisons was performed for the subgroup analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3802 patients (2812 men and 990 women) were included in the analysis. The mean age was 70 ± 13 years (range, 15-94 years). Kaplan-Meier analysis found that between 45 and 54 years of age, leads implanted in women failed significantly faster than in men (P=.03). Multivariable Cox regression models were built to validate this finding, and they confirmed that male gender was an independent protective factor of lead failure in the 45 to 54 years group (for male gender: HR, 0.37; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.96; P=.04). Lead survival time for women in this age group was 13.4 years (standard error, 0.6), while leads implanted in men of this age group survived 14.7 years (standard error, 0.3). Although there were significant differences in lead failure, no differences in mortality between the genders were found for any ages or within each decile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to compare defibrillator lead failure and patient mortality in relation to gender and age deciles at a single large implanting center. Within the 45 to 54 years group, leads implanted in women failed faster than in men. Male gender was found to be an independent protective factor in lead survival. This study emphasizes the complex interplay between gender and age with respect to implantable defibrillator lead failure and mortality.
authors.forename: Alyssa M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kersten
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Wilbur J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Asheld
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Germano
authors.forename: Shahidul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Winthrop University Hospital, 120 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 500, Mineola, NY 11501. Email: tcohen@winthrop.org.
authors.forename: Todd J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult