title: Connective tissue growth factor differentially binds to members of the cystine knot superfamily and potentiates platelet-derived growth factor-B signaling in rabbit corneal fibroblast cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the binding of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) to cystine knot-containing ligands and how this impacts platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B signaling.
  
  
  METHODS
  The binding strengths of CTGF to cystine knot-containing growth factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, PDGF-B, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 were compared using the LexA-based yeast two-hybrid system. EYG48 reporter strain that carried a wild-type LEU2 gene under the control of LexA operators and a lacZ reporter plasmid (p80p-lacZ) containing eight high affinity LexA binding sites were used in the yeast two-hybrid analysis. Interactions between CTGF and the tested growth factors were evaluated based on growth of transformed yeast cells on selective media and colorimetric detection in a liquid β-galactosidase activity assay. Dissociation constants of CTGF to VEGF-A isoform 165 or PDGF-BB homo-dimer were measured in surface plasma resonance (SPR) analysis. CTGF regulation in PDGF-B presentation to the PDGF receptor β (PDGFRβ) was also quantitatively assessed by the SPR analysis. Combinational effects of CTGF protein and PDGF-BB on activation of PDGFRβ and downstream signaling molecules ERK1/2 and AKT were assessed in rabbit corneal fibroblast cells by Western analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the LexA-based yeast two-hybrid system, cystine knot motifs of tested growth factors were fused to the activation domain of the transcriptional factor GAL4 while CTGF was fused to the DNA binding domain of the bacterial repressor protein LexA. Yeast co-transformants containing corresponding fusion proteins for CTGF and all four tested cystine knot motifs survived on selective medium containing galactose and raffinose but lacking histidine, tryptophan, and uracil. In liquid β-galactosidase assays, CTGF expressing cells that were co-transformed with the cystine knot of VEGF-A had the highest activity, at 29.88 ± 0.91 fold above controls (P < 0.01). Cells containing the cystine knot of BMP-4 expressed the second most activity, with a 24.77 ± 0.47 fold increase (P < 0.01). Cells that contained the cystine knot of TGF-β1 had a 3.80 ± 0.66 fold increase (P < 0.05) and the ones with the cystine knot of PDGF-B had a 2.64 ± 0.33 fold increase of β-galactosidase activity (P < 0.01). Further SPR analysis showed that the association rate between VEGF-A 165 and CTGF was faster than PDGF-BB and CTGF. The calculated dissociation constant (KD) of CTGF to VEGF165 and PDGF-BB was 1.8 and 43 nmol/L respectively. PDGF-BB ligand and PDGFRβ receptor formed a stable complex with a low dissociation constant 1.4 nmol/L. Increasing the concentration of CTGF up to 263.2 nmol/L significantly the ligand/receptor binding. In addition, CTGF potentiated phosphorylation of PDGFRβ and AKT in rabbit corneal fibroblast cells stimulated by PDGF-BB in tissue culture condition. In contrast, CTGF did not affect PDGF-B induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTGF has a differential binding affinity to VEGF-A, PDGF-B, BMP-4, and TGF-β. Its weak association with PDGF-B may represent a novel mechanism to enhance PDGF-B signaling.
authors.affiliation: Liya Pi, Bryon E Petersen, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
authors.forename: Liya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pi
authors.affiliation: Liya Pi, Bryon E Petersen, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
authors.forename: Pei-Yu
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Liya Pi, Bryon E Petersen, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
authors.forename: Sriniwas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sriram
authors.affiliation: Liya Pi, Bryon E Petersen, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
authors.forename: Masmudur M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Liya Pi, Bryon E Petersen, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
authors.forename: Wen-Yuan
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Liya Pi, Bryon E Petersen, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
authors.forename: Edward W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Liya Pi, Bryon E Petersen, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
authors.forename: Bryon E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Liya Pi, Bryon E Petersen, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Schultz
keywords: Bone morphogenetic protein-4; Connective tissue growth factor; Platelet derived growth factor B; Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β; Platelet-derived growth factor-B signaling; Rabbit corneal fibroblast cells; Surface plasma resonance; Transforming growth factor-β; Vascular endothelial growth factor A; Yeast two-hybrid analysis