title: Human gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori and bracken carcinogens: A connecting hypothesis.
abstract: Long term infection of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) virulent strains is a key factor in the genesis of human gastric cancer, and so are certain dietary proinflammatory and genotoxic compounds. Carcinogenic bracken fern (Pteridium spp.) is one of these. Toxins from this plant are consumed as bracken culinary preparations, through milk and meat of bracken-exposed livestock, and drain waters from bracken swards. Bracken toxin ptaquiloside (PtQ), a suspected human carcinogen, elicits complex responses in animals leading to death. PtQ and Hp might cooperate in gastric pathologies. This paper presents an hypothesis on PtQ-Hp association leading to the enhancement of carcinogenesis in the human gastric environment that might explain the high gastric cancer incidence and death rates among Hp-infected people living in bracken zones at two levels: (1) The macroscopic scale comprising the flow of PtQ in the human diet. (2) the microscopic scale encompassing (A) gastric luminal medium; (B) gastric mucus structure and mucin degradation elicited by Hp; (C) bacterial pH gradient modification of the gastric mucosa that favors PtQ survival and its penetration into epithelial tissue; (D) combined PtQ/Hp effects on gastric immune and inflammatory responses; (E) PtQ-Hp complementary activity at selected cell signaling cascades and genome disturbance.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Ecology Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliveros-Bastidas
authors.affiliation: Chemical Ecology Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela.
authors.forename: María Pía
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Calcagno-Pissarelli
authors.affiliation: Chemical Ecology Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naya
authors.affiliation: Chemical Ecology Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Jorge Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ávila-Núñez
authors.affiliation: Chemical Ecology Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela. Electronic address: alonsome123@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Miguel E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Alonso-Amelot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000737:chemistry*; D002470:Cell Survival; D004032:Diet; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007107:Immune System; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007189:Indans / Q000737:chemistry; D007249:Inflammation; D016017:Odds Ratio; D032498:Pteridium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000737:chemistry; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D007189:Indans; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C043680:ptaquiloside