title: A Risk-Scoring System Combined With a Fecal Immunochemical Test Is Effective in Screening High-Risk Subjects for Early Colonoscopy to Detect Advanced Colorectal Neoplasms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Age, sex, smoking, and family history are risk factors for colorectal cancer in Asia. The Asia-Pacific Colorectal Screening (APCS) scoring system was developed to identify subjects with a high risk for advanced neoplasm (AN). We tested an algorithm that combined APCS scores with fecal immunochemical test (FIT) in colorectal cancer screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a multicenter prospective study, enrolling asymptomatic individuals older than 40 years old in 12 Asia-Pacific regions from December 2011 to December 2013. APCS scores were calculated for each individual (0-1 = low risk [LR], 2-3 = medium risk [MR], and 4-7 = high risk [HR] for AN). LR and MR subjects were offered FIT and referred for early colonoscopies if FIT results were positive. HR subjects were offered colonoscopies. The proportions of subjects with ANs were determined for each group based on colonoscopy findings; odd ratios for LR and MR subjects were calculated compared to LR individuals. We calculated the sensitivity of the APCS-FIT algorithm in identifying subjects with AN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 5657 subjects were recruited: 646 subjects (11.4%) were considered LR, 3243 subjects (57.3%) were considered MR, and 1768 subjects (31.3%) were considered HR for AN. The proportions of individuals with an AN in these groups were 1.5%, 5.1%, and 10.9%, respectively. Compared with LR group, MR and HR subjects had a 3.4-fold increase and a 7.8-fold increase in risk for AN, respectively. A total of 70.6% subjects with AN (95% confidence interval: 65.6%-75.1%) and 95.1% subjects with invasive cancers (95% confidence interval: 82.2%-99.2%) were correctly instructed to undergo early colonoscopy examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The APCS scoring system, which is based on age, sex, family history, and smoking, is a useful tool for determining risk for colorectal cancer and advanced adenoma in asymptomatic subjects. Use of the APCS score-based algorithm in triaging subjects for FIT or colonoscopy can substantially reduce colonoscopy workload.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Han-Mo
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territory, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Jessica Y L
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.affiliation: Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Kai Chun
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Rungsun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rerknimitr
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jingnan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Deng-Chiang
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Khean Lee
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Bankstown and Concord Hospitals, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Rupert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Khay Guan
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Yeoh
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha (RIPAS) Hospital, Brunei Darussalam.
authors.forename: Vui Heng
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastroenterology, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Jose D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sollano
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Furqaan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Jayaram
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territory, Hong Kong. Electronic address: jjysung@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Joseph J Y
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D003113:Colonoscopy; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010375:Pedigree; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Colon Cancer; Early Detection; Population; Tumor