title: Cardiotrophin-1 is inversely associated with obesity in non-diabetic individuals.
abstract: Cardiotrophin-1 is known to be a key regulator of energy homeostasis, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism in vivo. However, there are inconsistent results of the association between cardiotrophin-1 and obesity in humans, possibly confounded by hyperglycemia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among cardiotrophin-1 levels, overweight and obese individuals without diabetes in a Chinese population. The median (inter-quarter range) serum cardiotrophin-1 levels were 447.9 (230.9, 913.9), 350.6 (201.1, 666.5), and 288.1 (162.3, 572.4) pg/ml in non-diabetic subjects who were of normal weight (n = 522), overweight (n = 203), and obese (n = 93), respectively (trend test p < 0.001). Subjects who were overweight and obese had significantly lower cardiotrophin-1 levels than those with normal weight. The multivariate linear regression analyses showed that overweight (beta = -338.718, 95% CI = -552.786 ~ -124.651, p < 0.01), obese (beta = -530.275, 95% CI = -832.967 ~ -227.583, p < 0.01), and smoking (beta = -377.375, 95% CI = -654.353 ~ -100.397, p < 0.01) were negatively related to cardiotrophin-1 after adjusting for age, gender, HOMA-IR, hypertension, total cholesterol, HDL, triglyceride, eGFR, ALT, and alcohol drinking. The results of this study provided epidemiological evidence that non-diabetic subjects who were overweight or obesity had significantly lower cardiotrophin-1 concentrations than those with normal weight, and both obesity and being overweight were inversely associated with cardiotrophin-1 levels.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.|The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.|College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hao-Chang
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.|College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Feng-Hwa
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hung-Tsung
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.|College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Horng-Yih
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.|College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Ching
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.|College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jin-Shang
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.|College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002681:China; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008055:Lipids; C092073:cardiotrophin 1