title: Esmolol reduces anesthetic requirements thereby facilitating early extubation; a prospective controlled study in patients undergoing intracranial surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adequate cerebral perfusion pressure with quick and smooth emergence from anesthesia is a major concern of the neuroanesthesiologist. Anesthesia techniques that minimize anesthetic requirements and their effects may be beneficial. Esmolol, a short acting hyperselective β-adrenergic blocker is effective in blunting adrenergic response to several perioperative stimuli and so it might interfere in the effect of the anesthetic drugs on the brain. This study was designed to investigate the effect of esmolol on the consumption of propofol and sevoflurane in patients undergoing craniotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two patients that underwent craniotomy for aneurysm clipping or tumour dissection were randomly divided in two groups (four subgroups). Anesthesia was induced with propofol, fentanyl and a single dose of cis-atracurium, followed by continuous infusion of remifentanil and either propofol or sevoflurane. Patients in the esmolol group received 500 mcg/kg of esmolol bolus 10 min before induction of anesthesia, followed by additional 200 mcg/kg/min of esmolol. Monitoring of the depth of anesthesia was also performed using the Bispectral Index-BIS and cardiac output. The inspired concentration of sevoflurane and the infusion rate of propofol were adjusted in order to maintain a BIS value between 40-50. Intraoperative emergence was detected by the elevation of BIS value, HR or MAP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial and the intraoperative doses of propofol and sevoflurane were 18-50 mcg/kg/min and 0.2-0.5 MAC respectively in the esmolol group, whereas in the control group they where 100-150 mcg/kg/ and 0.9-2.0 MAC respectively (p = 0.000 for both groups). All procedures were anesthesiologically uneventful with no episodes of intraoperative emerge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Esmolol is effective not only in attenuating intraoperative hemodynamic changes related to sympathetic overdrive but also in minimizing significant propofol and sevoflurane requirements without compromising the hemodynamic status. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02455440 . Registered 26 May 2015.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology "G.Papanikolaou" General Hospital, 15-17 Agiou Evgeniou Street, 55133, Thessaloniki, Greece. iasouh@aol.com.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Asouhidou
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology "G.Papanikolaou" General Hospital, 15-17 Agiou Evgeniou Street, 55133, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trikoupi
mesh_terms: D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D060666:Airway Extubation / Q000379:methods*; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D062186:Arterial Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001279:Atracurium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D056805:Consciousness Monitors; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077208:Remifentanil; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D010880:Piperidines; D011412:Propanolamines; D001279:Atracurium; D000077149:Sevoflurane; C036604:esmolol; D000077208:Remifentanil; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol