title: Evaluation of stability of osteosynthesis with K-wires on an artificial model of tibial malleolus fracture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paediatric ankle fractures comprise approximately 4% of all paediatric fractures and 30% of all epiphyseal fractures. Integrity of the ankle "mortise", which consists of tibial and fibular malleoli, is significant for stability and function of the ankle joint. Tibial malleolar fractures are classified as SH III or SH IV intra-articular fractures and, in cases where the fragments are displaced, anatomic reposition and fixation is mandatory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type SH III-IV fractures of the tibial malleolus are usually treated with open reduction and fixation with cannulated screws that are parallel to the physis. Two K-wires are used for temporary stabilisation of fragments during reduction. A third "guide wire" for the screw is then placed parallel with the physis. Considering the rules of mechanics, it is assumed that the two temporary pins with the additional third pin placed parallel to the physis create a strong triangle and thus provide strong fracture fixation. To prove this hypothesis, an experiment was conducted on the artificial models of the lower end of the tibia from the company "Sawbones". Each model had been sawn in a way that imitates the fracture of medial malleoli and then reattached with 1.8mm pins in various combinations. Prepared models were then tested for tensile and pressure forces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The least stable model was that in which the fractured pieces were attached with only two parallel pins. The most stable model comprised three pins, where two crossed pins were inserted in the opposite compact bone and the third pin was inserted through the epiphysis parallel with and below the growth plate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A potential method of choice for fixation of tibial malleolar fractures comprises three K-wires, where two crossed pins are placed in the opposite compact bone and one is parallel with the growth plate. The benefits associated with this method include shorter operating times and avoidance of a second operation for screw removal.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Zagreb, Croatia. Electronic address: ibumci@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bumči
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Surgeon, Croatia.
authors.forename: Tomislav
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vlahović
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jurić
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Žganjer
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Gordana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miličić
authors.affiliation: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Croatia.
authors.forename: Hinko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Anko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antabak
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D001864:Bone Wires; D002648:Child; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D057072:Intra-Articular Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Ankle; Child; Fracture; Osteosynthesis