title: Integrating Sphere Finger-Photoplethysmography: Preliminary Investigation towards Practical Non-Invasive Measurement of Blood Constituents.
abstract: The aim of this study was to compare conventional photoplethysmography (PPG) in a finger with PPG using an integrating sphere (ISPPG) to enhance scattered light collection. Two representative wavelengths were used; 1160 nm, a window through the absorption spectra of water and alcohol, and 1600 nm around where water absorption is high and there is an absorption peak of blood glucose. Simultaneous transmission-type measurements were made with conventional PPG and with ISPPG for each wavelength in the tips of index fingers of both hands in a total of 10 healthy young male and female volunteers (21.7 ± 1.6 years old). During a 5 min period in which subjects were in a relaxed state we determined the signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, and the PPG detectability (or sensitivity) by the two techniques. SNR during the test period was significantly higher with ISPPG as compared with conventional PPG, especially for the 1600 nm wavelength. PPG signals with 1600 nm could scarcely be detected by conventional PPG, while they could be detected with good sensitively by ISPPG. We conclude that under controlled conditions ISPPG has better SNR and higher sensitivity than conventional transmission PPG, especially in wavelength regions where water absorption is high but where there is potential for practical measurement of blood constituents including glucose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Information and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Information Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, 3-30-1 Wajiro-higashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, 811-0295, Japan.
authors.forename: Takehiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamakoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Information and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Information Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, 3-30-1 Wajiro-higashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, 811-0295, Japan.
authors.forename: Jihyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita 14 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, 060-0814, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita 14 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, 060-0814, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamakoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Automatic Measurement and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin, 150001, China.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rolfe
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Daiki
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kiyohara
authors.affiliation: Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamakoshi
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000098:blood supply*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017156:Photoplethysmography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D055815:Young Adult