title: Raman spectroscopy towards clinical application: drug monitoring and pathogen identification.
abstract: Raman spectroscopy is a label-free method that measures quickly and contactlessly, providing detailed information from the sample, and has proved to be an ideal tool for medical and life science research. In this review, recent advances of the technique towards drug monitoring and pathogen identification by the Jena Research Groups are reviewed. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy in hollow-core optical fibres enable the detection of drugs at low concentrations as shown for the metabolites of the immunosuppressive drug 6-mercaptopurine as well as antimalarial agents. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy can be used to characterise pathogenic bacteria in infectious diseases directly from body fluids, making time-consuming cultivation processes dispensable. Using the example of urinary tract infection, it is shown how bacteria can be identified from patients' urine samples within <1 h. The methods cover both single-cell analysis and dielectrophoretic capturing of bacteria in suspension. The latter method could also be used for fast (<3.5 h) identification of antibiotic resistance as shown exemplarily for vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany; InfectoGnostics Forschungscampus Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Neugebauer
authors.affiliation: InfectoGnostics Forschungscampus Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rösch
authors.affiliation: Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany; InfectoGnostics Forschungscampus Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany. Electronic address: juergen.popp@uni-jena.de.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Popp
mesh_terms: D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods*; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008828:Microbiological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Fibre-enhanced Raman spectroscopy; Infection detection; Lab-on-a-chip (LOC); Raman spectroscopy; Therapeutic drug monitoring