title: Influence of Guided Waves in Tibia on Non-linear Scattering of Contrast Agents.
abstract: The aim of this study was to elucidate the linear and non-linear responses of ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) to frequency-dispersive guided waves from the tibia cortex, particularly two individual modes, S0 (1.23 MHz) and A1 (2.06 MHz). The UCA responses to guided waves were illustrated through the Marmottant model derived from measured guided waves, and then verified by continuous infusion experiments in a vessel-tibia flow phantom. These UCA responses were further evaluated by the enhanced ratio of peak values and the resolutions of UCA backscattered echoes. Because of the individual modes S0 and A1 in the tibia, the peak values of the UCA backscattered echoes were enhanced by 83.57 ± 7.35% (p < 0.05) and 80.77 ± 6.60% (p < 0.01) in the UCA subharmonic frequency and subharmonic imaging, respectively. However, corresponding resolutions were 0.78 ± 0.07 (p < 0.05) and 0.72 ± 0.12 (p < 0.01) times those without guided wave disturbances, respectively. Even though the resolution was partly degenerated, the subharmonic detection sensitivity of UCA was improved by the guided waves. Thus, UCA responses to the double-frequency guided waves should be further explored to benefit the detection of capillary perfusion in tissue layers near the bone cortex, particularly for perfusion imaging in the free flaps and skeletal muscles.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, China.
authors.forename: Diya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, China.
authors.forename: Bowen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, China. Electronic address: mxwan@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Mingxi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013010:Sonication / Q000379:methods*; D013977:Tibia / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014018:Tissue Distribution / Q000528:radiation effects; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Contrast agent; Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography; Dispersion; Guided waves; Non-linear scattering; Tibia cortex