title: Evaluation and assessment of baseline metal contamination in surface sediments from the Bernam River, Malaysia.
abstract: The Bernam River is one of the most important rivers in Malaysia in that it provides water for industries and agriculture located along its banks. The present study was conducted to assess the level of contamination of heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Cr, Sn, and Fe) in surface sediments in the Bernam River. Nine surface sediment samples were collected from the lower, middle, and upper courses of the river. The results indicated that the concentrations of the metals decreased in the order of Sn > Cr > Ni > Fe > Cd (56.35, 14.90, 5.3, 4.6, and 0.62 μg/g(1) dry weight). Bernam River sediments have moderate to severe enrichment for Sn, moderate for Cd, and no enrichment for Cr, Ni, and Fe. The contamination factor (CF) results demonstrated that Cd and Sn are responsible for the high contamination. The pollution load index (PLI), for all the sampling sites, suggests that the sampling stations were generally unpolluted with the exception of the Bagan Tepi Sungai, Sabak Bernam, and Tanjom Malim stations. Multivariate techniques including Pearson's correlation and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to apportion the various sources of the metals. The results suggested that the sediment samples collected from the upper course of the river had lower metal concentrations, while sediments in the middle and lower courses of the river had higher metal concentrations. Therefore, our results can be useful as a baseline data for government bodies to adopt corrective measure on the issues related to heavy metal pollution in the Bernam River in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.|Department of Environmental Science, College of Science, University of Qadisiyah, The University Street, Diwaniyah City, 54004, Qadisiyah, Iraq.
authors.forename: Safaa A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kadhum
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. m_yusoff@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Mohd Yusoff
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Ishak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Syaizwan Zahmir
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Zulkifli
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis*; D008296:Malaysia; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Bernam River; Cluster analysis; Contamination factor; Enrichment factor; Geoaccumulation index; Heavy metals; Sediment quality guideline