title: NCICT: a computational solution to estimate organ doses for pediatric and adult patients undergoing CT scans.
abstract: We developed computational methods and tools to assess organ doses for pediatric and adult patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) examinations. We used the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) reference pediatric and adult phantoms combined with the Monte Carlo simulation of a reference CT scanner to establish comprehensive organ dose coefficients (DC), organ absorbed dose per unit volumetric CT Dose Index (CTDIvol) (mGy/mGy). We also developed methods to estimate organ doses with tube current modulation techniques and size specific dose estimates. A graphical user interface was designed to obtain user input of patient- and scan-specific parameters, and to calculate and display organ doses. A batch calculation routine was also integrated into the program to automatically calculate organ doses for a large number of patients. We entitled the computer program, National Cancer Institute dosimetry system for CT(NCICT). We compared our dose coefficients with those from CT-Expo, and evaluated the performance of our program using CT patient data. Our pediatric DCs show good agreements of organ dose estimation with those from CT-Expo except for thyroid. Our results support that the adult phantom in CT-Expo seems to represent a pediatric individual between 10 and 15 years rather than an adult. The comparison of CTDIvol values between NCICT and dose pages from 10 selected CT scans shows good agreements less than 12% except for two cases (up to 20%). The organ dose comparison between mean and modulated mAs shows that mean mAs-based calculation significantly overestimates dose (up to 2.4-fold) to the organs in close proximity to lungs in chest and chest-abdomen-pelvis scans. Our program provides more realistic anatomy based on the ICRP reference phantoms, higher age resolution, the most up-to-date bone marrow dosimetry, and several convenient features compared to previous tools. The NCICT will be available for research purpose in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Choonsik
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kwang Pyo
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Wesley E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Bolch
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Moroz
authors.forename: Les
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Folio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054547:National Cancer Institute (U.S.); D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014481:United States