title: Effects of dexmedetomidine for retrobulbar anesthesia in orbital ball implants after enucleation surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dexmedetomidine (DEX) can prolong the duration of local anesthetics, but the use of retrobulbar DEX has not been fully elucidated. This study was designed to determine the effects of adding DEX to lidocaine-bupivacaine for retrobulbar block in orbital ball implants after enucleation surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 200 patients of both sexes aged 30-60 years of American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II, scheduled for orbital ball implants after enucleation surgery, were enrolled for the study. Patients were randomly assigned into one of the two groups: Control (n = 100) received lidocaine-bupivacaine retrobulbar block, DEX (n = 100) received lidocaine-bupivacaine plus 1 ug/kg DEX retrobulbar block. Hemodynamic data, duration of motor and sensory blocks, pain by visual analog scale, bispectral index (BIS), side effects, consumption of dezocine as a rescue analgesic, patient and surgeon satisfaction were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Duration of analgesia was prolonged in the DEX, compared with the control group ([258.35 ± 66.82 min] as [130.75 ± 29.52 min], [P < 0.05]). The median number of postoperative analgesic requests per patient during the first 24 h was decreased in the DEX group (P < 0.05). In the first 24 postoperative hours, DEX group consumed significantly less dezocine (P < 0.05). BIS values and mean arterial pressure remained lower in the DEX group, but within the safe range (P < 0.05). The side effect profile was similar between the two groups. Patients and surgeon satisfaction were higher in the DEX group (P < 0.05). Demographic characteristics were comparable in both groups (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrobulbar DEX reduces consumption of rescue analgesic, prolonged the duration of retrobulbar block, improved postoperative pain, provided better sedation effects, and increased patient and surgeon satisfaction after orbital ball implants after enucleation surgery.
authors.forename: Weidi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou; Department of Anesthesiology, The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Xiuming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit; D020273:Orbital Implants; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D020927:Dexmedetomidine