title: Consumption of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 in yogurt reduced expression of TLR-2 on peripheral blood-derived monocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Probiotic bacteria modulate immune parameters and inflammatory outcomes. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the matrix used to deliver probiotics may influence the efficacy of probiotic interventions in vivo. The aims of the current study were to evaluate (1) the effect of one species, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 at a dose of log10 ± 0.5 CFUs/day on immune responses in a randomized, partially blinded, 4-period crossover, free-living study, and (2) whether the immune response to BB-12 differed depending on the delivery matrix.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy adults (n = 30) aged 18-40 years were recruited and received four treatments in a random order: (A) yogurt smoothie alone; smoothie with BB-12 added (B) before or (C) after yogurt fermentation, or (D) BB-12 given in capsule form. At baseline and after each 4-week treatment, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated, and functional and phenotypic marker expression was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BB-12 interacted with peripheral myeloid cells via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2). The percentage of CD14+HLA-DR+cells in peripheral blood was increased in male participants by all yogurt-containing treatments compared to baseline (p = 0.0356). Participants who consumed yogurt smoothie with BB-12 added post-fermentation had significantly lower expression of TLR-2 on CD14+HLA-DR+cells (p = 0.0186) and reduction in TNF-α secretion from BB-12- (p = 0.0490) or LPS-stimulated (p = 0.0387) PBMCs compared to baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings not only demonstrate a potential anti-inflammatory effect of BB-12 in healthy adults, but also indicate that the delivery matrix influences the immunomodulatory properties of BB-12.
authors.affiliation: 224 Chandlee Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Huicui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Zhaoyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ba
authors.affiliation: 224 Chandlee Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Yujin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jiayu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Junli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: 224 Chandlee Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Furumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: 224 Chandlee Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Penny M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kris-Etherton
authors.affiliation: 224 Chandlee Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. cjr102@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Connie J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4072-2721
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000069982:Bifidobacterium animalis / Q000502:physiology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000502:physiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000032:analysis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000032:analysis*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015014:Yogurt / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: BB-12; Delivery matrix; Inflammation; Probiotics; TNF-α