title: Immune and metabolic responses of Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) larvae to an insect growth regulator, hexaflumuron.
abstract: Efficient control of Chilo suppressalis Walker is always controversial due to highly economic damage, resistance to insecticides and environmental pollutions. So, combination of safe pest controls e.g. biocontrol agents and insect growth regulators seems to be promising via integrated pest management program. Bioassay of hexaflumuron on 4th larval instars revealed concentrations of 44.34, 179.74 and 474.94µg/ml as LC10-50 values. Numbers of total hemocytes, plasmatocytes and granulocytes as well as phenoloxidase activity increased in the different time intervals following treatment by hexaflumuron. Combined effects of hexaflumuron and Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin also increased hemocyte numbers and phenoloxidase activity at different time intervals using all concentrations. Activities of general esterases assayed by α- and β-naphtyl acetate and glutathione S-transferase using CDNB and DCNB increased 1-12h post-treatment. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase and aldolase increased in the larvae treated by hexaflumuron. However enhanced activity of lactate dehydrogenase was only obtained by treating 180 and 470µg/ml concentrations of hexaflumuron. Activities of ACP and ALP were found to be higher than control for all time intervals even 1-12h post-treatment. The amounts of HDL and LDL increased in the highest concentrations of hexaflumuron after 12-24h of post-treatment. Amount of triglyceride was higher than that of control after 1 and 3h but it was lower in other time intervals. Amounts of glycogen and protein were lower than those of control for all time intervals except for 6 and 12h of post-treatment in case of protein. Results of the current study revealed negative effects of hexaflumuron on intermediary metabolism of Chilo suppressalis but it increased the number of hemocytes and activity of phenoloxidase which are responsible for spore removal from hemolymph. It can be concluded that hexaflumuron is able to decrease survival and biological performance of C. suppressalis via intervening in intermediary metabolism but the given results showed incompatibility of the IGR with possible microbial control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyyedeh Kimia
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mirhaghparast
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Electronic address: arash.zibaee@guilan.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zibaee
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Jalal Jalali
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sendi
authors.affiliation: Biological Control Department, Iranian Institute of Plant Protection, Amol, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoda
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fazeli-Dinan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007605:Juvenile Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055815:Young Adult; D005466:Fluorocarbons
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D019476:Insect Proteins; D007605:Juvenile Hormones; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; C058039:hexafluoron; D005466:Fluorocarbons
keywords: Cellular immunity; Chilo suppressalis; Detoxifying enzyme; Hexaflumuron; Intermediary metabolism