title: Improvement in Human Immune Function with Changes in Intestinal Microbiota by Salacia reticulata Extract Ingestion: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.
abstract: Plants belonging to the genus Salacia in the Hippocrateaceae family are known to inhibit sugar absorption. In a previous study, administration of Salacia reticulata extract in rats altered the intestinal microbiota and increased expression of immune-relevant genes in small intestinal epithelial cells. This study aimed to investigate the effect of S. reticulata extract in human subjects by examining the gene expression profiles of blood cells, immunological indices, and intestinal microbiota. The results revealed an improvement in T-cell proliferation activity and some other immunological indices. In addition, the intestinal microbiota changed, with an increase in Bifidobacterium and a decrease in Clostridium bacteria. The expression levels of many immune-relevant genes were altered in blood cells. We concluded that S. reticulata extract ingestion in humans improved immune functions and changed the intestinal microbiota.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  UMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000011732.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Research Laboratories, Research and Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuriko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Research Laboratories, Research and Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumitaka
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Utsuyama
authors.affiliation: Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Asuka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamei
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Research Laboratories, Research and Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Chihaya
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kakinuma
authors.affiliation: Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan.|Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuiku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirokawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004435:Eating; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D049918:Salacia / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010936:Plant Extracts