title: Studying Musical and Linguistic Prediction in Comparable Ways: The Melodic Cloze Probability Method.
abstract: Prediction or expectancy is thought to play an important role in both music and language processing. However, prediction is currently studied independently in the two domains, limiting research on relations between predictive mechanisms in music and language. One limitation is a difference in how expectancy is quantified. In language, expectancy is typically measured using the cloze probability task, in which listeners are asked to complete a sentence fragment with the first word that comes to mind. In contrast, previous production-based studies of melodic expectancy have asked participants to sing continuations following only one to two notes. We have developed a melodic cloze probability task in which listeners are presented with the beginning of a novel tonal melody (5-9 notes) and are asked to sing the note they expect to come next. Half of the melodies had an underlying harmonic structure designed to constrain expectations for the next note, based on an implied authentic cadence (AC) within the melody. Each such 'authentic cadence' melody was matched to a 'non-cadential' (NC) melody matched in terms of length, rhythm and melodic contour, but differing in implied harmonic structure. Participants showed much greater consistency in the notes sung following AC vs. NC melodies on average. However, significant variation in degree of consistency was observed within both AC and NC melodies. Analysis of individual melodies suggests that pitch prediction in tonal melodies depends on the interplay of local factors just prior to the target note (e.g., local pitch interval patterns) and larger-scale structural relationships (e.g., melodic patterns and implied harmonic structure). We illustrate how the melodic cloze method can be used to test a computational model of melodic expectation. Future uses for the method include exploring the interplay of different factors shaping melodic expectation, and designing experiments that compare the cognitive mechanisms of prediction in music and language.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford MA, USA.
authors.forename: Allison R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fogel
authors.affiliation: Department of Arts and Humanities, Yale-NUS College Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jason C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Music, Tufts University, Medford MA, USA.
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Lehman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford MA, USA ; MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown MA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown MA, USA.
authors.forename: Gina R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Kuperberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford MA, USA.
authors.forename: Aniruddh D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Patel
keywords: cloze probability; language; melodic expectation; music; music cognition; prediction