title: An association between liraglutide treatment and reduction in excessive daytime sleepiness in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The main purpose of the present study is to evaluate whether treatment with long-acting human glucagon-like peptide-1 liraglutide was associated with an improvement of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in obese subjects with type-2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This single-centre retrospective study included 158 obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) adult subjects with type-2 diabetes who were initiated with liraglutide treatment at least 3 months before study inclusion. Data of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), anthropometric parameters, glucose-control and metabolic parameters were collected at liraglutide initiation (baseline) and at months 1 and 3 after liraglutide initiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant reductions in ESS score were achieved at months 1 (-1.3 ± 2.8, p < 0.001) and 3 (-1.5 ± 3.0, p < 0.001) after liraglutide introduction. After 3 months of treatment with liraglutide, significant changes in body weight (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.001), waist (p < 0.001) and neck circumferences (p < 0.005), HbA1c (p < 0.001), mean blood glucose (p < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (p < 0.001), triglycerides (p < 0.01) and total cholesterol (p < 0.001) were achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After 3 months of treatment with liraglutide a significant reduction in EDS was observed in obese subjects with type-2 diabetes. Besides this, significant changes in body weight and metabolic parameters of diabetes control were also accomplished. Further investigation is required to determine whether liraglutide could improve other abnormal sleep patterns and obstructive sleep apnoea.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General de Segovia, C/ Miguel Servet s/n, 40002, Segovia, Spain. fgomezperalta@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gomez-Peralta
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General de Segovia, C/ Miguel Servet s/n, 40002, Segovia, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abreu
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General de Segovia, C/ Miguel Servet s/n, 40002, Segovia, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General de Segovia, C/ Miguel Servet s/n, 40002, Segovia, Spain.
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alcarria
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General de Segovia, C/ Miguel Servet s/n, 40002, Segovia, Spain.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cruz-Bravo
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General de Segovia, C/ Miguel Servet s/n, 40002, Segovia, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria Jesús
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Garcia-Llorente
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General de Segovia, C/ Miguel Servet s/n, 40002, Segovia, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Albornos
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General de Segovia, C/ Miguel Servet s/n, 40002, Segovia, Spain.
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital General de Segovia, Segovia, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cepeda
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital de Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Almodóvar
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069450:Liraglutide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000069450:Liraglutide; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human