title: Inconsistency of Association between Coffee Consumption and Cognitive Function in Adults and Elderly in a Cross-Sectional Study (ELSA-Brasil).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide and the effect on cognition appears to be task specific and vary by age.
  
  
  METHODS
  In cohort of 14,563 public service workers (35-74 years old) we assessed coffee consumption habits and examined cognitive function using standardized neuropsychological test battery. By linear regression and generalize linear regression with logarithmic link and gamma distribution we investigated the relation of coffee consumption (never/almost never, ≤1 cup/day, 2-3 cups/day, ≥3 cups/day) in the last 12 months to performance on specific domains of cognition for adults and elderly separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among elderly, after adjustments, coffee consumption was associated only with an increase in the mean words remembered on learning, recall, and word recognition tests when comparing the 2-3 cups/day to never/almost never category (arithmetic mean ratio (AMR): 1.03; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.00 to 1.07), and to an increase in the mean words pronounced in semantic verbal fluency test when comparing the ≥3 cups/day to never/almost never category (difference of the mean: 1.23; 95% CI: 0.16 to 2.29). However, coffee consumption was not associated with any cognitive function tests in adults and also was not associated with the phonemic verbal fluency test and trail-making test B in elderly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RESULTS suggest that coffee consumption might be slightly beneficial to memory in elderly but lacks a dose response relationship. Longitudinal analyses are needed to investigate possible, even if subtle, positive effects of coffee drinking on specific cognitive domains in elderly.
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Epidemiology on Chronic and Occupational Diseases (GERMINAL), School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brazil. larissafortunatoaraujo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Larissa Fortunato
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Epidemiology on Chronic and Occupational Diseases (GERMINAL), School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brazil. luana.giatti@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Luana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giatti
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Epidemiology on Chronic and Occupational Diseases (GERMINAL), School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brazil. rodrigocpdosreis@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rodrigo C Padilha Dos
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Center for Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil. agoulart@hu.usp.br.
authors.forename: Alessandra C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Goulart
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Studies Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 96203-900, Brazil. maria.schmidt@ufrgs.br.
authors.forename: Maria Inês
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Studies Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 96203-900, Brazil. bbduncan@ufrgs.br.
authors.forename: Bruce B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands. m.a.ikram@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Mohammad Arfan
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ikram
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Epidemiology on Chronic and Occupational Diseases (GERMINAL), School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brazil. sandhi.barreto@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sandhi Maria
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Barreto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D003069:Coffee; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee
keywords: coffee consumption; cognitive function tasks; diet bioactive compounds