title: Review of Offshore Wind Farm Impact Monitoring and Mitigation with Regard to Marine Mammals.
abstract: Monitoring and mitigation reports from 19 UK and 9 other European Union (EU) offshore wind farm (OWF) developments were reviewed, providing a synthesis of the evidence associated with the observed environmental impact on marine mammals. UK licensing conditions were largely concerned with mitigation measures reducing the risk of physical and auditory injury from pile driving. At the other EU sites, impact monitoring was conducted along with mitigation measures. Noise-mitigation measures were developed and tested in UK and German waters in German government-financed projects. We highlight some of the review's findings and lessons learned with regard to noise impact on marine mammals.
authors.affiliation: Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU) Marine Ltd., New Technology Centre, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SR, UK. ukv@smru.co.uk.
authors.forename: Ursula K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Verfuss
authors.affiliation: Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU) Marine Ltd., New Technology Centre, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SR, UK. ces@smru.co.uk.
authors.forename: Carol E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Sparling
authors.affiliation: Fugro EMU Ltd., Durley, Southampton, SO32 2EJ, UK. charlie.arnot@fugroemu.com.
authors.forename: Charlie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arnot
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK. adrian.judd@cefas.co.uk.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Judd
authors.affiliation: Marine Management Organisation, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 7YH, UK. Michael.Coyle@marinemanagement.org.uk.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coyle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000502:physiology*; D004736:Energy-Generating Resources; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008322:Mammals / Q000502:physiology*; D009622:Noise / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014919:Wind
keywords: Impact monitoring; Licensing procedure; Marine mammals; Mitigation; Offshore wind farm