title: Consumption of Whole Grains, Refined Cereals, and Legumes and Its Association With Colorectal Cancer Among Jordanians.
abstract: Background The role of whole grains, refined cereals, and legumes in preventing or initiating colorectal cancer (CRC) is still uncertain. The aim of this study is to examine the possible association between the consumption of whole grains, refined cereals, and legumes and the risk of developing CRC among Jordanian population. Methods A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to collect dietary data with regard to intake of whole grains, refined cereals, and legumes. A total of 220 diagnosed CRC participants and 281 CRC-free control participants matched by age, gender, occupation, and marital status were recruited. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of developing CRC in relation to the consumption of different types of whole grains, refined cereals, and legumes. Results The odds ratio (OR) for developing CRC among cases consumed refined wheat bread at all meals was 3.1 compared with controls (95% CI: 1.2-7.9, P-Trend = 0.001); whereas the OR associated with whole wheat bread was 0.44 (95% CI: 0.22-0.92, P-Trend = 0.001). The statistical evaluation for daily consumption of rice suggested a direct association with the risk of developing CRC, OR = 3.0 (95% CI: 0.27-33.4, P-Trend = 0.020). Weekly consumption of macaroni was associated with CRC with OR of 2.4 (95% CI: 1.1-5.3, P-Trend = 0.001). The consumption of corn, bulgur, lentils, and peas suggested a protective trend, although the trend was not statistically significant. Conclusion This study provides additional indicators of the protective role of whole grains and suggests a direct association between consumption of refined grains and higher possibility for developing CRC.
authors.affiliation: The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
authors.forename: Reema F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Tayyem
authors.affiliation: Qatar University, Doha, Qatar hbawadi@qu.ed.qa.
authors.forename: Hiba A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Bawadi
authors.affiliation: King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Ihab
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shehadah
authors.affiliation: The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
authors.forename: Lana M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Agraib
authors.affiliation: The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
authors.forename: Narmeen J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Al-Awwad
authors.affiliation: Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.affiliation: The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
authors.forename: Kamal E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bani-Hani
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000009:adverse effects; D007887:Fabaceae; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D014675:Vegetables; D000067348:Whole Grains / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: colorectal cancer; legumes; refined cereals; whole grains