title: Breaking Up Prolonged Sitting With Standing or Walking Attenuates the Postprandial Metabolic Response in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Acute Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether breaking up prolonged sitting with short bouts of standing or walking improves postprandial markers of cardiometabolic health in women at high risk of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two overweight/obese, dysglycemic, postmenopausal women (mean ± SD age 66.6 ± 4.7 years) each participated in two of the following treatments: prolonged, unbroken sitting (7.5 h) or prolonged sitting broken up with either standing or walking at a self-perceived light intensity (for 5 min every 30 min). Both allocation and treatment order were randomized. The incremental area under the curves (iAUCs) for glucose, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and triglycerides were calculated for each treatment condition (mean ± SEM). The following day, all participants underwent the 7.5-h sitting protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with a prolonged bout of sitting (iAUC 5.3 ± 0.8 mmol/L ⋅ h), both standing (3.5 ± 0.8 mmol/L ⋅ h) and walking (3.8 ± 0.7 mmol/L ⋅ h) significantly reduced the glucose iAUC (both P < 0.05). When compared with prolonged sitting (548.2 ± 71.8 mU/L ⋅ h), insulin was also reduced for both activity conditions (standing, 437.2 ± 73.5 mU/L ⋅ h; walking, 347.9 ± 78.7 mU/L ⋅ h; both P < 0.05). Both standing (-1.0 ± 0.2 mmol/L ⋅ h) and walking (-0.8 ± 0.2 mmol/L ⋅ h) attenuated the suppression of NEFA compared with prolonged sitting (-1.5 ± 0.2 mmol/L ⋅ h) (both P < 0.05). There was no significant effect on triglyceride iAUC. The effects on glucose (standing and walking) and insulin (walking only) persisted into the following day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breaking up prolonged sitting with 5-min bouts of standing or walking at a self-perceived light intensity reduced postprandial glucose, insulin, and NEFA responses in women at high risk of type 2 diabetes. This simple, behavioral approach could inform future public health interventions aimed at improving the metabolic profile of postmenopausal, dysglycemic women.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicestershire, U.K. jjh18@le.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henson
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicestershire, U.K.
authors.forename: Melanie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicestershire, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care, East Midlands, U.K.
authors.forename: Danielle H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Bodicoat
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicestershire, U.K.
authors.forename: Charlotte L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Edwardson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K.
authors.forename: Jason M R
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Research Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicestershire, U.K. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, U.K.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stensel
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Research Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicestershire, U.K. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, U.K.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tolfrey
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dunstan
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care, East Midlands, U.K.
authors.forename: Kamlesh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khunti
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicestershire, U.K.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yates
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D005260:Female; D044882:Glucose Metabolism Disorders / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D050177:Overweight / Q000378:metabolism; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides