title: Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and measures of oxidative stress, inflammation and renal function in adolescents: NHANES 2003-2008.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent evidence has suggested that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may contribute to cardiometabolic and kidney dysfunction by increasing oxidative stress, but little is known about impacts in childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed cross-sectional analyses of 660 adolescents aged 12-19 years in the 2003-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), using levels of 10 monohydroxylated urinary PAH metabolites as our exposure. Our primary outcomes of interest were biomarkers of oxidative stress and renal function, including estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), insulin resistance, and serum uric acid, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and C-reactive protein (CRP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed statistically significant associations between PAH metabolites and levels of serum GGT, CRP, uric acid and eGFR. Each 100% increase in 2-hydroxyphenanthrene was related to a 3.36% increase in uric acid (95% CI: 0.338-6.372; p=0.032), a 3.86% increase in GGT (95% CI: 1.361-6.362; p=0.005) and a 16.78% increase in CRP (95% CI: 1.848-31.689; p=0.029). Each 100% increase in 4-hydroxyphenanthrene was associated with a 6.18% increase in GGT (95% CI: 4.064-8.301; p<0.001) and a 13.66% increase in CRP (95% CI: 2.764-24.564; p=0.017). Each 100% increase in 9-hydroxyfluorene was associated with a 2.58% increase in GGT (95% CI: 0.389-4776; p=0.024). Each 100% increase in 3-hydroxyphenanthrene was associated with a 2.66% decrease in eGFR (95% CI: -4.979 to -0.331; p=0.028).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary PAH metabolites were associated with serum uric acid, GGT and CRP, suggesting possible impacts on cardiometabolic and kidney function in adolescents. Prospective work is needed to investigate the potential long-term health consequences of these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: shohreh.farzan@dartmouth.edu.
authors.forename: Shohreh F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Farzan
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Trachtman
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; New York University Wagner School of Public Service, New York, NY, USA; NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, Department of Nutrition, Food & Public Health, USA.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trasande
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000652:urine*; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014527:Uric Acid; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase
keywords: Adolescents; C-reactive protein (CRP); Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT); National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)