title: Hypoxic culture conditions induce increased metabolic rate and collagen gene expression in ACL-derived cells.
abstract: There has been substantial effort directed toward the application of bone marrow and adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the regeneration of musculoskeletal tissue. Recently, resident tissue-specific stem cells have been described in a variety of mesenchymal structures including ligament, tendon, muscle, cartilage, and bone. In the current study, we systematically characterize three novel anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-derived cell populations with the potential for ligament regeneration: ligament-forming fibroblasts (LFF: CD146(neg) , CD34(neg) CD44(pos) , CD31(neg) , CD45(neg) ), ligament perivascular cells (LPC: CD146(pos) CD34(neg) CD44(pos) , CD31(neg) , CD45(neg) ) and ligament interstitial cells (LIC: CD34(pos) CD146(neg) , CD44(pos) , CD31(neg) , CD45(neg) )-and describe their proliferative and differentiation potential, collagen gene expression and metabolism in both normoxic and hypoxic environments, and their trophic potential in vitro. All three groups of cells (LIC, LPC, and LFF) isolated from adult human ACL exhibited progenitor cell characteristics with regard to proliferation and differentiation potential in vitro. Culture in low oxygen tension enhanced the collagen I and III gene expression in LICs (by 2.8- and 3.3-fold, respectively) and LFFs (by 3- and 3.5-fold, respectively) and increased oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate in LICs (by 4- and 3.5-fold, respectively), LFFs (by 5.5- and 3-fold, respectively), LPCs (by 10- and 4.5-fold, respectively) as compared to normal oxygen concentration. In summary, this study demonstrates for the first time the presence of three novel progenitor cell populations in the adult ACL that demonstrate robust proliferative and matrix synthetic capacity; these cells may play a role in local ligament regeneration, and consequently represent a potential cell source for ligament engineering applications. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:985-994, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Tomasz J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Natalie L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Ayelet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kabir
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Adam Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Claire D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Eliasberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pedron
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karayan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Siyoung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Theodor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Di Pauli von Treuheim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiacheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Ben M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Evseenko
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McAllister
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Petrigliano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen
keywords: ACL; stem cell