title: Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM): Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) is an instrument used to assess purposeful embellishment or fabrication of memory difficulties for personal gain. Although the TOMM can be use in non-English speaking cultures, it has not been validated in Spanish-speaking Central and South American contexts.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To generate normative data on TOMM across 7 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 2,266 healthy adults who were recruited from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico. Each subject was administered the TOMM as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  t-tests did not show significant differences in TOMM performance between men and women in any countries of the TOMM Trial 1 or 2. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were not generated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study will have a large impact on the practice of neuropsychology in Latin America, as this is the first normative multicenter study to create norms for the TOMM in this global region.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Prevención Social, Asuncion, Paraguay.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weiler
authors.affiliation: Fundación Horizontes, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ocampo-Barba
authors.affiliation: Servicio Médico Legal, Ministerio de Justicia, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aliaga
authors.affiliation: Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía MVS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Agudelo
authors.affiliation: Instituto Vocacional Enrique Díaz de León, Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aguayo
authors.affiliation: Clínica de rehabilitación Las Araucarias, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Longoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trapp
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Neuropsicología y Demencias, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Esenarro
authors.affiliation: IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.|Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Arango-Lasprilla
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007843:Latin America; D008297:Male; D008306:Malingering / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Latin America; Memory; Memory Malingering; Normative data