title: Functional Status, Quality of Life, and Costs Associated With Fibromyalgia Subgroups: A Latent Profile Analysis.
abstract: Although fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) is considered a heterogeneous condition, there is no generally accepted subgroup typology. We used hierarchical cluster analysis and latent profile analysis to replicate Giesecke's classification in Spanish FM patients. The second aim was to examine whether the subgroups differed in sociodemographic characteristics, functional status, quality of life, and in direct and indirect costs.
  
  
  
  A total of 160 FM patients completed the following measures for cluster derivation: the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, the Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and the Control over Pain subscale. Pain threshold was measured with a sphygmomanometer. In addition, the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire-Revised, the EuroQoL-5D-3L, and the Client Service Receipt Inventory were administered for cluster validation.
  
  
  
  Two distinct clusters were identified using hierarchical cluster analysis ("hypersensitive" group, 69.8% and "functional" group, 30.2%). In contrast, the latent profile analysis goodness-of-fit indices supported the existence of 3 FM patient profiles: (1) a "functional" profile (28.1%) defined as moderate tenderness, distress, and pain catastrophizing; (2) a "dysfunctional" profile (45.6%) defined by elevated tenderness, distress, and pain catastrophizing; and (3) a "highly dysfunctional and distressed" profile (26.3%) characterized by elevated tenderness and extremely high distress and catastrophizing. We did not find significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics between the 2 clusters or among the 3 profiles. The functional profile was associated with less impairment, greater quality of life, and lower health care costs.
  
  
  
  We identified 3 distinct profiles which accounted for the heterogeneity of FM patients. Our findings might help to design tailored interventions for FM patients.
authors.affiliation: *Teaching, Research and Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu **Rheumatology Service, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat †Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network (RedIAPP, ISCIII) ‡Health Services Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) #Rheumatology Service, Hospital de Viladecans, Institut Català de la Salut, Viladecans, Barcelona §Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain) ∥Primary Health Centre Bartomeu Fabrés Anglada, SAP Delta Litoral, DAP Costa de Ponent, Institut Català de la Salut, Gavà ¶Department of Psychiatry and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Malaga University, Malaga ††Department of Psychiatry, Miguel Servet Hospital, Aragon Institute of Health Sciences (I+CS), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Luciano
authors.forename: Carlos G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Forero
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cerdà-Lafont
authors.forename: María Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Peñarrubia-María
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernández-Vergel
authors.forename: Antonio I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Cuesta-Vargas
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ruíz
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rozadilla-Sacanell
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sirvent-Alierta
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santo-Panero
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: García-Campayo
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serrano-Blanco
authors.forename: Adrián
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pérez-Aranda
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubio-Valera
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety; D058443:Catastrophization; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000145:classification* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold; D010556:Personality Tests; D011788:Quality of Life; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires