title: Effect of estrogen and/or progesterone administration on traumatic brain injury-caused brain edema: the changes of aquaporin-4 and interleukin-6.
abstract: The role of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the development of brain edema post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been indicated. The present study was designed to investigate the effect(s) of administration of progesterone (P) and/or estrogen (E) on brain water content, AQP4 expression, and IL-6 levels post-TBI. The ovariectomized rats were divided into 11 groups: sham, one vehicle, two vehicles, E1, E2, P1, P2, E1 + P1, E1 + P2, E2 + P1, and E2 + P2. The brain AQP4 expression, IL-6 levels, and water content were evaluated 24 h after TBI induced by Marmarou's method. The low (E1 and P1) and high (E2 and P2) doses of estrogen and progesterone were administered 30 min post-TBI. The results showed that brain water content and AQP4 expression decreased in the E1, E2, P1, and P2-treated groups. The administration of E1 decreased IL-6 levels. Addition of progesterone decreased the inhibitory effect of E1 and E2 on the accumulation of water in the brain. Administration of E1 + P1 and E1 + P2 decreased the inhibitory effect of E1 on the IL-6 levels and AQP4 protein expression. Our findings suggest that estrogen or progesterone by itself has more effective roles in decrease of brain edema than combination of both. Possible mechanism may be mediated by the alteration of AQP4 and IL-6 expression. However, further studies are required to verify the exact mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Soltani
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. mkhaksari@kmu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khaksari
authors.affiliation: Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shahrokhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Medical School of Afzalipour, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Gholamabbas
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Bahonar Hospital of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Behshad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mofid
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Medical School of Afzalipour, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaziri
authors.affiliation: Bam University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Sedigheh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amiresmaili
mesh_terms: D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: C496030:AQP4 protein, human; D051401:Aquaporin 4; D004967:Estrogens; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011374:Progesterone
keywords: Aquaporin-4; Estrogen; Interleukin-6; Progesterone; Traumatic brain injury