title: Differential increase in prevalence estimates of inadequate sleep among black and white Americans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) was used to ascertain whether increases in inadequate sleep differentially affected black and white Americans. We tested the hypothesis that prevalence estimates of inadequate sleep were consistently greater among blacks, and that temporal changes have affected these two strata differentially.
  
  
  METHODS
  NHIS is an ongoing cross-sectional study of non-institutionalized US adults (≥18 years) providing socio-demographic, health risk, and medical factors. Sleep duration was coded as very short sleep [VSS] (<5 h), short sleep [SS] (5-6 h), or long sleep [LS] (>8 h), referenced to 7-8 h sleepers. Analyses adjusted for NHIS' complex sampling design using SAS-callable SUDAAN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among whites, the prevalence of VSS increased by 53% (1.5% to 2.3%) from 1977 to 2009 and the prevalence of SS increased by 32% (19.3% to 25.4 %); prevalence of LS decreased by 30% (11.2% to 7.8%). Among blacks, the prevalence of VSS increased by 21% (3.3% to 4.0%) and the prevalence of SS increased by 37% (24.6 % to 33.7%); prevalence of LS decreased by 42% (16.1% to 9.4%). Adjusted multinomial regression analysis showed that odds of reporting inadequate sleep for whites were: VSS (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.13-1.74, p < 0.001), SS (OR = 1.34, 95 % CI = 1.25-1.44, p < 0.001), and LS (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.85-1.05, NS). For blacks, estimates were: VSS (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.60-1.40, NS), SS (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.05-1.50, p < 0.001), and LS (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.64-1.08, NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blacks and whites are characteristically different regarding the prevalence of inadequate sleep over the years. Temporal changes in estimates of inadequate sleep seem dependent upon individuals' race/ethnicity.
authors.affiliation: Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA. Girardin.Jean-Louis@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Girardin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jean-Louis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry at the University of Arizona College of Medicine, 550 East Van Buren, Tucson, AZ, 85004, USA. grandner@email.arizona.edu.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grandner
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing and Health Innovation, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA. Shawn.Youngstedt@asu.edu.
authors.forename: Shawn D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Youngstedt
authors.affiliation: Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA. Natasha.Williams2@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Natasha J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA. Ferdinand.Zizi@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Ferdinand
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zizi
authors.affiliation: Center for Minority Health & Health Disparities Research and Education, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA. dfsarps@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Sarpong
authors.affiliation: Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA. Olugbenga.Ogedegbe@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Gbenga G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Ogedegbe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D044383:Black People; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk; D012890:Sleep; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000208:ethnology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult