title: Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Children: Variceal and Nonvariceal.
abstract: Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding is generally defined as bleeding proximal to the ligament of Treitz, which leads to hematemesis. There are several causes of UGI bleeding necessitating a detailed history to rule out comorbid conditions, medications, and possible exposures. In addition, the severity, timing, duration, and volume of the bleeding are important details to note for management purposes. Despite the source of the bleeding, acid suppression with a proton-pump inhibitor has been shown to be effective in minimizing rebleeding. Endoscopy remains the interventional modality of choice for both nonvariceal and variceal bleeds because it can be diagnostic and therapeutic.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, UMass Memorial Children's Medical Center University Campus, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. Electronic address: Richard.Lirio@umassmemorial.org.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lirio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016558:Hemostasis, Endoscopic; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D041742:Upper Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors
keywords: Coffee-ground emesis; Hematemesis; Nonvariceal bleeding; Therapeutic endoscopy; Upper gastrointestinal bleeding; Variceal bleeding