title: Vitamin D status in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes enrolled in the Pediatric Diabetes Consortium (PDC) is not worse than in youth without diabetes.
abstract: To describe vitamin D levels and prevalence of vitamin D sufficiency, insufficiency and deficiency in a large, ethnically/racially diverse population of youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in comparison to national data and examine the associations between clinical/demographic factors and vitamin D levels.
  
  
  
  25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) levels were measured in 215 youth with T1D and 326 youth with T2D enrolled in the Pediatric Diabetes Consortium (PDC). These levels were compared with those of youth of the same age without diabetes from the 2005-2006 NHANES Survey.
  
  
  
  Vitamin D deficiency (<21 ng/mL) was present in 36% of PDC participants, and insufficiency (21-29 ng/mL) was present in an additional 34%. About 36% of age-matched youth in the NHANES Survey were vitamin D deficient and an additional 41% were insufficient. Deficiency or insufficiency varied by race/ethnicity, being highest in African-Americans (86%), intermediate in Hispanics (77%), and lowest in non-Hispanic whites (47%). Lower 25OHD levels were observed in African-American and Hispanic youth, during fall and winter, and at sites in the northern United States (all p-values < 0.001). Youth with T2D had significantly lower 25OHD levels than youth with T1D (p < 0.001), but this difference was largely eliminated after adjusting for race/ethnicity and socio-economic status.
  
  
  
  Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency is present in a substantial proportion of youth with diabetes, particularly minorities, but the prevalence appears similar to that in youth without diabetes. Further studies are needed to examine whether youth with diabetes would benefit from vitamin D supplementation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jamie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Crystal G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.affiliation: Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Peiyao
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL, USA. kruedy@jaeb.org.
authors.forename: Katrina J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ruedy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: William V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Tamborlane
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Georgeanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Klingensmith
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Desmond
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schatz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Brigid
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gregg
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Eda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cengiz
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Willi
authors.affiliation: Children's Nutrition Research Center and Division of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Fida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bacha
authors.affiliation: Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Roy W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015995:Prevalence; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: T1D; T2D; pediatrics; vitamin D deficiency