title: Establishing International Blood Pressure References Among Nonoverweight Children and Adolescents Aged 6 to 17 Years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several distributions of country-specific blood pressure (BP) percentiles by sex, age, and height for children and adolescents have been established worldwide. However, there are no globally unified BP references for defining elevated BP in children and adolescents, which limits international comparisons of the prevalence of pediatric elevated BP. We aimed to establish international BP references for children and adolescents by using 7 nationally representative data sets (China, India, Iran, Korea, Poland, Tunisia, and the United States).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data on BP for 52 636 nonoverweight children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years were obtained from 7 large nationally representative cross-sectional surveys in China, India, Iran, Korea, Poland, Tunisia, and the United States. BP values were obtained with certified mercury sphygmomanometers in all 7 countries by using standard procedures for BP measurement. Smoothed BP percentiles (50th, 90th, 95th, and 99th) by age and height were estimated by using the Generalized Additive Model for Location Scale and Shape model. BP values were similar between males and females until the age of 13 years and were higher in males than females thereafter. In comparison with the BP levels of the 90th and 95th percentiles of the US Fourth Report at median height, systolic BP of the corresponding percentiles of these international references was lower, whereas diastolic BP was similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These international BP references will be a useful tool for international comparison of the prevalence of elevated BP in children and adolescents and may help to identify hypertensive youths in diverse populations.
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Xin'nan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zong
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Roya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kelishadi
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Young Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khadilkar
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Lyn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nawarycz
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krzywińska-Wiewiorowska
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Hajer
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aounallah-Skhiri
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bovet
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiolero
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Mieczysław
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Litwin
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Bee Koon
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Poh
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Rita Y T
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Hung-Kwan
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: So
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwandt
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Gerda-Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Hannelore K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Neuhauser
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Lachezar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marinov
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Sonya V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Galcheva
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Mohammad Esmaeil
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Motlagh
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Hae Soon
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Vaman
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Khadilkar
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krzyżaniak
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Habiba Ben
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Romdhane
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heshmat
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Shashi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chiplonkar
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stawińska-Witoszyńska
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Jalila
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: El Ati
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qorbani
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kajale
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Traissac
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ostrowska-Nawarycz
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Gelayol
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ardalan
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Lavanya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parthasarathy
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of 
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values
keywords: adolescent; blood pressure; child; hypertension