title: STEM tomography reveals that the canalicular system and α-granules remain separate compartments during early secretion stages in blood platelets.
abstract: ESSENTIALS: How platelets organize their α-granule cargo and use their canalicular system remains controversial. Past structural studies were limited due to small sampling volumes or decreased resolution. Our analyses revealed homogeneous granules and a closed canalicular system that opened on activation. Understanding how platelets alter their membranes during activation and secretion elucidates hemostasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Platelets survey the vasculature for damage and, in response, activate and release a wide range of proteins from their α-granules. Alpha-granules may be biochemically and structurally heterogeneous; however, other studies suggest that they may be more homogeneous with the observed variation reflecting granule dynamics rather than fundamental differences.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to address how the structural organization of α-granules supports their dynamics.
  
  
  METHODS
  To preserve the native state, we prepared platelets by high-pressure freezing and freeze-substitution; and to image nearly entire cells, we recorded tomographic data in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In resting platelets, we observed a morphologically homogeneous α-granule population that displayed little variation in overall matrix electron density in freeze-substituted preparations (i.e., macro-homogeneity). In resting platelets, the incidence of tubular granule extensions was low, ~4%, but this increased by > 10-fold during early steps in platelet secretion. Using STEM, we observed that the initially decondensing α-granules and the canalicular system remained as separate membrane domains. Decondensing α-granules were found to fuse heterotypically with the plasma membrane via long, tubular connections or homotypically with each other. The frequency of canalicular system fusion with the plasma membrane also increased by about three-fold. Our results validate the utility of freeze-substitution and STEM tomography for characterizing platelet granule secretion and suggest a model in which fusion of platelet α-granules with the plasma membrane occurs via long tubular connections that may provide a spatially limited access route for the timed release of α-granule proteins.
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Pokrovskaya
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Aronova
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kamykowski
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hoyne
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Calco
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Leapman
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Storrie
mesh_terms: D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D020285:Cryoelectron Microscopy; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008561:Membrane Fusion; D017348:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission; D015539:Platelet Activation; D022142:Secretory Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013997:Time Factors; D016707:Tissue Fixation / Q000379:methods
keywords: blood platelets; cytoplasmic granules; electron microscope tomography; hemostasis; platelet activation