title: Polymicrobial Amniotic Fluid Infection with Mycoplasma/Ureaplasma and Other Bacteria Induces Severe Intra-Amniotic Inflammation Associated with Poor Perinatal Prognosis in Preterm Labor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the relationship between perinatal prognosis in cases of preterm labor (PTL) and polymicrobial infection in amniotic fluid (AF) and intra-amniotic (IA) inflammation using a highly sensitive and reliable PCR-based method.
  
  
  METHODS
  To detect prokaryotes using a nested PCR-based method, eukaryote-made thermostable DNA polymerase without bacterial DNA contamination was used in combination with bacterial universal primers. We collected AF aseptically from 118 PTL cases and 50 term subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of microorganisms was 33% (39/118) by PCR and only 7.6% (9/118) by culture. PTL caused by a combination of positive Mycoplasma/Ureaplasma and other bacteria had significantly higher AF IL-8 levels and a significantly shorter amniocentesis-to-delivery interval.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our newly established PCR method is useful for detecting IA microorganisms. Polymicrobial infection with Mycoplasma/Ureaplasma and other bacteria induces severe IA inflammation associated with poor perinatal prognosis in PTL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoneda
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoneda
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory Center, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niimi
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory Center, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory Center, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Shirou
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Arihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shiozaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Daichi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Urushiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Metagenomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Suda
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Metagenomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.|Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kigawa
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory Center, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kitajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D002821:Chorioamnionitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D060085:Coinfection / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000276:immunology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D009181:Mycoses / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: Eukaryote-made thermostable DNA polymerase; Ureaplasma spp; intra-amniotic infection; polymerase chain reaction; polymicrobial infection; preterm labor