title: Associations Between Excessive Sodium Intake and Smoking and Alcohol Intake Among Korean Men: KNHANES V.
abstract: In this study, we evaluated the associations of smoking and alcohol intake, both independently and collectively, with sodium intake in Korean men. Subjects (6340 men) were from the fifth Korean National Health Examination Survey (2010-2012). Smoking-related factors included smoking status, urinary cotinine level, and pack-years of smoking. Food intake was assessed using a 24-h recall. The odds of excessive sodium intake were estimated using survey logistic regression analysis. The smoking rate was 44.1%. The geometric mean of the urinary cotinine level was 0.05 µg/mL, and the median (min-max) pack-years of smoking was 13.2 (0-180). When adjusted for related factors, the odds (95% confidence interval) of excessive sodium intake were 1.54 (1.00, 2.37), 1.55 (1.23, 1.94), 1.44 (1.07, 1.95), and 1.37 (1.11, 1.68) times higher in the group exposed to smoking and drinking than in the group that never smoked nor drank, the group that never smoked and drank <5 times per month, the group that did not currently smoke and never drank, and the group that did not currently smoke or drink <5 times per month, respectively. There was an interaction effect between smoking and alcohol intake (p-interaction = 0.02). The results suggest that simultaneous exposure to smoking and alcohol intake is associated with increased odds of excessive sodium intake.
authors.affiliation: Hallym Research Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-702, Korea. rosach72@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Kyung-Hwa
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Taean Institute of Environmental Health Center, 1952-16 Seohaero, Taean-eup, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do 32148, Korea. pms1816@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Myung-Sook
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-702, Korea. sokja@hallym.ac.kr.|College of Nursing, Hanzhong University, 200 Jiyang-gil, Donghae, Gangwon-do, 240-713, Korea. sokja@hallym.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jung Ae
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Korea. limjiae@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ji-Ae
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012982:Sodium, Dietary
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary
keywords: KNHANES; alcohol intake; excessive sodium intake; smoking