title: Relationship Between Serum Zinc Level and Microvascular Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies suggested that zinc level was related to a certain diabetic microvascular complication. However, the relationship between zinc level and all the microvascular complications in type 2 diabetic patients remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between zinc level and each diabetic microvascular complication and identify the features related to low serum zinc level.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included the hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) at our department from May 30, 2013 to March 31, 2014. We initially compared the serum zinc levels between patients with specific microvascular complications and those without. We then analyzed the association between zinc level and each microvascular complication. Furthermore, we identified the unique features of patients with high and low serum zinc levels and analyzed the risk factors related to low zinc level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 412 patients included 271 with microvascular complications and 141 without any microvascular complications. Serum zinc level was significantly lower in patients with diabetic retinopathy (P < 0.001), diabetic nephropathy (DN, P < 0.001), or diabetic peripheral neuropathy (P = 0.002) compared with patients without that specific complication. Lower zinc level was an independent risk factor for DN (odds ratio = 0.869, 95% confidence interval = 0.765-0.987, P < 0.05). The subjects with lower serum zinc level had manifested a longer duration of diabetes, higher level of hemoglobin A1c, higher prevalence of hypertension and microvascular complications, and lower fasting and 2-h C-peptide levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower serum zinc level in T2D patients was related to higher prevalence of diabetic microvascular complications, and represented as an independent risk factor for DN. Patients with lower zinc level were more likely to have a longer duration of diabetes, poorer glucose control, and worse β-cell function.
authors.forename: Ying-Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xue-Yao
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Xiang-Hai
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.
authors.forename: Li-Nong
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015032:Zinc