title: Cortical thickness, volume and surface area in patients with bipolar disorder types I and II.
abstract: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common chronic psychiatric disorder mainly characterized by episodes of mania, hypomania and depression. The disorder is associated with cognitive impairments and structural brain abnormalities, such as lower cortical volumes in primarily frontal brain regions than healthy controls. Although bipolar disorder types I (BDI) and II (BDII) exhibit different symptoms and severity, previous studies have focused on BDI. Furthermore, the most frequently investigated measure in this population is cortical volume. The aim of our study was to investigate abnormalities in patients with BDI and BDII by simultaneously analyzing cortical volume, thickness and surface area, which yields more information about disease- and symptom-related neurobiology.
  
  
  
  We used MRI to measure cortical volume, thickness and area in patients with BDI and BDII as well as in healthy controls. The large study cohort enabled us to adjust for important confounding factors.
  
  
  
  We included 81 patients with BDI, 59 with BDII and 85 controls in our analyses. Cortical volume, thickness and surface area abnormalities were present in frontal, temporal and medial occipital regions in patients with BD. Lithium and antiepileptic drug use had an effect on the observed differences in medial occipital regions. Patients with the subtypes BDI and BDII displayed common cortical abnormalities, such as lower volume, thickness and surface area than healthy controls in frontal brain regions but differed in temporal and medial prefrontal regions, where only those with BDI had abnormally low cortical volume and thickness.
  
  
  
  The group differences can be explained by progressive changes, but also by premorbid conditions. They could also have been influenced by unknown factors, such as social, environmental or genetic factors.
  
  
  
  Our findings suggest diagnosis-related neurobiological differences between the BD subtypes, which could explain distinct symptoms and point to potential biomarkers that could inform the subtype diagnosis of BD.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Clinical Neuroscience (Abé, Ekman, Petrovic, Ingvar, Landén), Physiology and Pharmacology (Sellgren), and Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Landén), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén).
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abé
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Clinical Neuroscience (Abé, Ekman, Petrovic, Ingvar, Landén), Physiology and Pharmacology (Sellgren), and Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Landén), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén).
authors.forename: Carl-Johan
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ekman
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Clinical Neuroscience (Abé, Ekman, Petrovic, Ingvar, Landén), Physiology and Pharmacology (Sellgren), and Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Landén), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén).
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sellgren
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Clinical Neuroscience (Abé, Ekman, Petrovic, Ingvar, Landén), Physiology and Pharmacology (Sellgren), and Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Landén), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén).
authors.forename: Predrag
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petrovic
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Clinical Neuroscience (Abé, Ekman, Petrovic, Ingvar, Landén), Physiology and Pharmacology (Sellgren), and Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Landén), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén).
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ingvar
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Clinical Neuroscience (Abé, Ekman, Petrovic, Ingvar, Landén), Physiology and Pharmacology (Sellgren), and Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Landén), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén).
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Landén
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018020:Lithium Compounds