title: Gene-environment interactions in obesity: implication for future applications in preventive medicine.
abstract: Obesity is associated with environmental factors; however, information about gene-environment interactions is lacking. We aimed to elucidate the effects of gene-environment interactions on obesity, specifically between genetic predisposition and various obesity-related lifestyle factors, using data from a population-based prospective cohort study. The genetic risk score (GRS) calculated from East Asian ancestry single-nucleotide polymorphisms was significantly associated with the body mass index (BMI) at baseline (P<0.001). Significant gene-environment interactions were observed for six nutritional factors, alcohol intake, metabolic equivalents-hour per day and the homeostasis model assessment ratio. The GRS altered the effects of lifestyle factors on BMI. Increases in the BMI at baseline per unit intake for each nutritional factor differed depending on the GRS. However, we did not observe significant correlations between the GRS and annual changes in BMI during the follow-up period. This study suggests that the effects of lifestyle factors on obesity differ depending on the genetic risk factors. The approach used to evaluate gene-environment interaction in this study may be applicable to the practice of preventive medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Sho
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5378-9477
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.|Cancer Prevention and Control Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Narimatsu
authors.affiliation: Genome Informatics Unit, Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Ri
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sho
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karasawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daimon
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5623-4250
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fukao
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Cancer Science, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Takamasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kayama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012307:Risk Factors