title: Effects of anesthesia on the respiratory system.
abstract: Most anesthetics cause a loss of muscle tone that is accompanied by a fall in the resting lung volume. The lowered lung volume promotes cyclic (tidal) or continuous airway closure. High inspired oxygen fractions cause rapid absorption of gas behind closed airways, resulting in atelectasis. This chapter deals with these mechanisms in more detail, and it addresses possible measures to keep the lung open with the use of recruitment maneuvers, continuous and/or end-expiratory positive pressure, as well as the interaction with different oxygen concentrations. The effects on ventilation/perfusion matching and pulmonary gas exchange are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: goran.hedenstierna@medsci.uu.se.
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hedenstierna
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Västmanland Hospital Västerås, SE-721 89 Västerås, Sweden. Electronic address: lennart.edmark@ltv.se.
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Edmark
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D001261:Pulmonary Atelectasis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: anesthesia; atelectasis; functional residual capacity; oxygen fraction; positive pressure ventilation