title: Workforce supply of eye care providers in Canada: optometrists, ophthalmologists, and subspecialty ophthalmologists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the population distribution of optometrists, ophthalmologists, and subspecialist ophthalmologists in Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were optometrists listed in optometry associations' databases and Canadian ophthalmologists listed in the Canadian Medical Association (CMA), Canadian Ophthalmological Society (COS), and American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) databases. Canadian population data are from Statistics Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Provincial optometry associations' databases and the CMA database were used to determine the number and location of currently licensed optometrists and ophthalmologists, respectively, in Canada. The COS and AAO databases were used to determine subspecialization, which was further verified by contacting subspecialty organizations. Provider ratios to a 100,000 population were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2012 there were 5729 optometrists and 1164 ophthalmologists, of which 524 ophthalmologists (45%) were subspecialized, representing 4.92 optometrists per ophthalmologist. For every 100,000 Canadians there were 3.35 ophthalmologists (1.84 comprehensive and 1.51 subspecialists) and 16.48 optometrists. Of the 148 census areas, 1 (0.7%, Yellowknife) had no optometrist and 43 (29%) had no ophthalmologist. The greatest proportions of ophthalmology subspecialists were in surgical retina (20.6%) and the lowest was ocular pathology (1.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although benchmarks regarding the ideal balance among number of optometrists, ophthalmologists, and subspecialists in relation to population are unknown, we found that all census regions had at least 1 ophthalmologist or optometrist. Forty-five percent of ophthalmologists identified a subspecialty interest, of which the majority was surgical retina. This information may be of value to training ophthalmologists when deciding on a subspecialty and practice location.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences.
authors.forename: Alaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al Ali
authors.affiliation: Geographic Information System and Cartography Office, Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hallingham
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences. Electronic address: y.buys@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Yvonne M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Buys
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006280:Health Workforce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008511:Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009885:Ophthalmology; D009907:Optometry; D010820:Physicians / Q000600:supply & distribution*