title: Accuracy evaluation of a lower-cost and four higher-cost laser scanners.
abstract: Knowing the accuracy of laser scanners is imperative to select the best scanner to generate bone models. However, errors stated by manufacturers may not apply to bones. The three objectives of this study were to determine: 1) whether the overall error stated by the manufacturers of five laser scanners was different from the root mean squared error (RMSE) computed by scanning a gage block; 2) the repeatability of 3D models generated by the laser scanners when scanning a complex freeform surface such as a distal femur and whether this differed from the repeatability when scanning a gage block; 3) whether the errors for one lower-cost laser scanner are comparable to those of four higher-cost laser scanners. The RMSEs in scanning the gage block were 2 to 52µm lower than the overall errors stated by the manufacturers. The repeatability in scanning the bovine femur 10 times was significantly worse than that in scanning the gage block 10 times. The precision of the lower-cost laser scanner was comparable to that of the higher-cost laser scanners, but the bias was an order of magnitude greater. The contributions of this study are that 1) the overall errors stated by the manufacturers are an upper bound when simple geometric objects like a gage block are scanned, 2) the repeatability is worse on average three times when scanning a complex freeform surface compared to scanning the gage block, and 3) the main difference between the lower-cost and the higher-cost laser scanners is the bias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. Electronic address: valentina.campanelli@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Campanelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Maury L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hull
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007834:Lasers; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Creaform™; Laser Design™; Laser scanner; NextEngine™; Nikon™; Northern Digital™; Repeatability; Three-dimensional bone model