title: Extracellular Vesicles: Evolving Factors in Stem Cell Biology.
abstract: Stem cells are proposed to continuously secrete trophic factors that potentially serve as mediators of autocrine and paracrine activities, associated with reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment, tissue regeneration, and repair. Hitherto, significant efforts have been made to understand the level of underlying paracrine activities influenced by stem cell secreted trophic factors, as little is known about these interactions. Recent findings, however, elucidate this role by reporting the effects of stem cell derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) that mimic the phenotypes of the cells from which they originate. Exchange of genetic information utilizing persistent bidirectional communication mediated by stem cell-EVs could regulate stemness, self-renewal, and differentiation in stem cells and their subpopulations. This review therefore discusses stem cell-EVs as evolving communication factors in stem cell biology, focusing on how they regulate cell fates by inducing persistent and prolonged genetic reprogramming of resident cells in a paracrine fashion. In addition, we address the role of stem cell-secreted vesicles in shaping the tumor microenvironment and immunomodulation and in their ability to stimulate endogenous repair processes during tissue damage. Collectively, these functions ensure an enormous potential for future therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenue Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil ; Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nawaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenue Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil ; Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Farah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fatima
authors.affiliation: Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
authors.forename: Krishna C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Vallabhaneni
authors.affiliation: Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Penfornis
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Valadi
authors.affiliation: BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden ; Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg, Box 412, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ekström
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London 166-220, UK.
authors.forename: Sharad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kholia
authors.affiliation: Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Whitt
authors.affiliation: Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
authors.forename: Radhika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pochampally
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenue Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jeremy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Squire
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Camussi