title: The Physiological Effect of Human Grooming on the Heart Rate and the Heart Rate Variability of Laboratory Non-Human Primates: A Pilot Study in Male Rhesus Monkeys.
abstract: Grooming is a widespread, essential, and complex behavior with social and affiliative valence in the non-human primate world. Its impact at the autonomous nervous system level has been studied during allogrooming among monkeys living in a semi-naturalistic environment. For the first time, we investigated the effect of human grooming to monkey in a typical experimental situation inside laboratory. We analyzed the autonomic response of male monkeys groomed by a familiar human (experimenter), in terms of the heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) at different body parts. We considered the HRV in both the time (SDNN, RMSSD, and RMSSD/SDNN) and the frequency domain (HF, LF, and LF/HF). For this purpose, we recorded the electrocardiogram of two male rhesus monkeys seated in a primate chair while the experimenter groomed their mouth, chest, or arm. We demonstrated that (1) the grooming carried out by a familiar human determined a decrement of the HR and an increment of the HRV; (2) there was a difference in relation to the groomed body part. In particular, during grooming the mouth the HRV was higher than during grooming the arm and the chest. Taken together, the results represent the first evidence that grooming carried out by a familiar human on experimental monkeys has the comparable positive physiological effect of allogrooming between conspecifics. Moreover, since the results underlined the positive modulation of both HR and HRV, the present study could be a starting point to improve the well-being of non-human primates in experimental condition by means of grooming by a familiar person.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, Parma University , Parma , Italy.
authors.forename: Laura Clara
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Grandi
authors.affiliation: Frontal Lobe Function Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science , Tokyo , Japan ; Brain Center for Social and Motor Cognition (BCSMC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Parma , Italy.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishida
keywords: CT fibers; animal welfare; grooming; heart rate; heart rate variability; laboratory animal; non-human primate