title: Are Middle-Aged Men with Chronic Kidney Disease at Higher Risk of Having Nocturia than Age-Matched Controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared the lower urinary tract symptoms between middle-aged men with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD) under 50 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between October 2010 and July 2013, patients with CKD aged below 50 who received regular follow-ups at the nephrology outpatient clinics were enrolled. We also enrolled men aged below 50 years with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) higher than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) and without history of kidney diseases from the health examination department as the control group. Clinical parameters and laboratory parameters were collected for analysis and comparison. The lower urinary tract symptoms were evaluated using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Metabolic syndromes were defined according to the ATP III guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 50 men with CKD and 187 age-matched men without CKD were enrolled in the study (age: 44.9 ± 6.9 vs. 43.7.0 ± 4.3, P = 0.11). When compared with the age-matched control group, the occurrences of lower urinary tract symptoms were fewer in CKD patients, though not statistically significant. CKD Patients had significantly higher scores of nocturia (1.3 vs. 0.8, P = 0.02) but had significantly less urinary frequency and relatively fewer urgency score. Nocturia was significantly associated with eGFR. Multivariate analysis showed that lower eGFR and overweight were the only two independent risk factors for nocturia (P < 0.01), but was not the case for metabolic syndromes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Middle-aged men with CKD had significantly more nocturia episodes than the age-matched control group, but had lower urinary frequency scores. Lower eGFR and overweight are independent risk factors for nocturia in middle-aged men.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Kai
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mei-Yi
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: I-Ni
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Stephen S-D
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shang-Jen
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053158:Nocturia / Q000209:etiology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications
keywords: chronic kidney disease; diabetes; nocturia