title: [Effects of indium on micronucleus formation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the cytotoxicity of indium chloride (InCl₃) and its effects on micro-nucleus formation in primary human lymphocytes cultured in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of 24 h exposure to different concentrations of InCl₃(4, 40, 80, 200, 500, and 1 000 µmol/L) in lymphocytes cultured in vitro. The cytokinesis-block method was used to determine the micronucleus level in lymphocytes exposed to different concentrations of InCl₃and the effects of anti-oxidant vitamin C on micronucleus frequency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lymphocytes exposed to InCl₃of no less than 500 µmol/L had significantly lower survival rates than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Lymphocytes exposed to 80 µmol/L InCl₃had a significantly higher micronucleus frequency than those in the control group (P < 0.05). However, there was no further increase in micronucleus frequency of lymphocytes exposed to 200 µmol/L InCl₃. Lymphocytes cultured in whole blood and exposed to 500 or 1000 µmol/L InCl₃had a significantly increased micronucleus frequency than those in the control group (P < 0.001). The increase in micronucleus frequency of lymphocytes induced by indium could be partially antagonized by 20 or 100 µmol/L vitamin C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  InCl₃can induce an increase in micronucleus frequency of primary human lymphocytes cultured in vitro, which might be associated with DNA damage induced by oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen key laboratory of major occupational disease diagnosis and treatment technology, Shenzhen 518001, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Changye
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: Liuzhuo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Dianpeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xueqin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xinyue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: E-mail: lizhimin567@sina.com.
authors.forename: Zhimin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D048749:Cytokinesis; D004249:DNA Damage; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007204:Indium / Q000633:toxicity*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress
chemical_list: D007204:Indium; C020758:indium trichloride