title: Type II arabinogalactan from Anoectochilus formosanus induced dendritic cell maturation through TLR2 and TLR4.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polysaccharides, considered as immunomodulators with the capacity to activate immunity against microbial pathogens and tumors, have been employed for their dietary and medical benefits.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the immunomodulatory effect of polysaccharide such as type II arabinogalactan from Anoectochilus formosanus (AGAF) on dendritic cell (DC) maturation and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposing DCs to AGAF induces cell maturation, which is characterized by the upregulation of CD86, CD83, CD80, CD40, and MHC class I and class II expression through flow cytometry analysis and morphological change without cytotoxicity. In addition, AGAF-triggered DC2.4 cells were involved in priming T-cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Transfection of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 proteins and TLR4 siRNA suppressed DC maturation, suggesting that AGAF induced DC maturation through TLR2 and TLR4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that AGAF may be a potentially effective immunomodulator in stimulating DC maturation.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, no. 91 Hsueh Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Ching-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Li-Chan
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.. Electronic address: wclin@mail.cmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Wen-Chuan
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D005685:Galactans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D034622:RNA Interference; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005685:Galactans; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; C005653:arabinogalactan
keywords: Anoectochilus formosanus; Arabinogalactan; D.C2.4 cells; DC maturation; Polysaccharides; T cell activation