title: Neurophysiological modulation of rapid emotional face processing is associated with impulsivity traits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sensori-perceptual processing of emotional stimuli under attentive conditions effectively prevents response disinhibition. This is observed saliently in low-impulsive people, because of their high sensitivity to warning signals, such as emotional faces. Results from human neurophysiological studies have been used to develop a dual detector model for early sensori-perceptual processing. A transient detector mechanism is related to automatic neurophysiological arousal in response to warning signals, which is reflected by early frontal event-related potential effects. The memory-based detector mechanism is associated with subsequent mismatch negativity (MMN), which reflects a short-term memory trace of signals. Based on previous findings, we predicted that impulsivity affects functional associations among the dual detector mechanisms, and modulates early frontal and/or MMN activities. In the present study, we recorded electroencephalograms for twenty-one healthy adults using a visual oddball paradigm with neutral faces as frequent stimuli, and angry and happy faces as infrequent stimuli. We measured the impulsivity traits by a self-report scale (the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, 11th version).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Main findings were that only happy faces increased early frontal negativity and subsequent occipital visual MMN (vMMN) for emotional change, and these neurophysiological effects positively correlated with each other in a temporally causal manner. However, an impulsivity sub-trait positively correlated selectively with vMMN for the happy faces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that higher impulsivity is associated with attenuated vMMN for emotional change detection in healthy populations, potentially because of weakened fronto-occipital functional connection that is responsible for the dual detector mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan. soshi@ncnp.go.jp.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan. t-noda@ncnp.go.jp.
authors.forename: Takamasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan. ando@ncnp.go.jp.
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan. kanako@ncnp.go.jp.|Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan. kanako@ncnp.go.jp.
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan. tsumura@ncnp.go.jp.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsumura
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan. takayukiok@ncnp.go.jp.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004644:Emotions; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D005149:Facial Expression; D000066499:Facial Recognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010551:Personality / Q000502:physiology*; D010556:Personality Tests; D011930:Reaction Time; D057566:Self Report