title: Aristolochic Acid I Causes Testis Toxicity by Inhibiting Akt and ERK1/2 Phosphorylation.
abstract: Aristolochic acid (AA) is a natural bioactive substance found in Chinese herbs that induce toxicity during ovarian maturation of animals and humans. Apoptosis is induced by various types of damage and governs the progression of biological cell removal that controls the equilibrium between cell growth and death. However, the AA toxicity mechanism during testis maturation in mouse has not been elucidated and was thus the focus of the present study. This study used TM4 Sertoli cells and an ICR mouse model, both of which were injected with aristolochic acid I (AAI) for 4 weeks. Testis dimensions and weight were surveyed to define AAI cytotoxicity in the mice testis. The MTT assay was used to analyze the cytotoxicity of AAI in TM4 Sertoli cells. An apoptosis expression mediator was analyzed through Western blotting, while the measure of apoptosis-induced cell death of TM4 Sertoli cells and testis tissues was analyzed by the TUNEL assay. We found that AAI strongly inhibits survival in TM4 cells and that AAI significantly activated apoptosis-induced cell death in TM4 Sertoli cells and mice testis tissue. In addition, AAI suppressed the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), a factor related to anti-apoptosis. It markedly improved pro-apoptotic protein expression, including Bcl-2-associated X protein, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and caspase-3 and -9. Furthermore, we observed that AAI significantly reduced the size and weight of mouse testis. Moreover, germ cells and somatic cells in testis were markedly damaged by AAI. In addition, we found that AAI significantly inhibits ERK1/2 and Akt activation in TM4 Sertoli cells and testis tissue. The data obtained in this study indicate that AAI causes severe injury for the period of testis development by impeding apoptosis related to the Akt and ERK1/2 pathway.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Glycoscience, Wonkwang University , Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Hoon
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Wonkwang University School of Medical and Wonkwang Brain Research Institute , Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seoul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D034341:Aristolochic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D034341:Aristolochic Acids; C000228:aristolochic acid I; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3