title: Glucose tolerance in obese pregnant women determines newborn fat mass.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Offspring of obese women have both short-term and long-term increased morbidities. We investigated the relationship between maternal 2-h plasma glucose level determined by an oral glucose tolerance test, degree of obesity, gestational weight gain and total fat, abdominal fat, and fat-free masses in the offspring of obese mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obese mother-newborn dyads were recruited and 2-h plasma glucose levels were assessed during gestational weeks 27-30; neonatal body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning (DXA) within 48 h of birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 264 term, healthy, and singleton infants eligible for inclusion, 248 were included. Of these, 205 (83%) obese mother-newborn dyads had a DXA scan and 2-h plasma glucose measurements. Linear regression analysis showed that birthweight z-scores correlated with 2-h plasma glucose levels (p = 0.002) after adjusting for gestational weight gain, maternal age, education, smoking, prepregnancy degree of obesity, parity, and birth length. Total (p = 0.012) and abdominal (p = 0.039) fat masses correlated with 2-h plasma glucose levels after adjusting for gestational weight gain, maternal age, education, smoking, prepregnancy degree of obesity, parity, gestational age, and newborn sex. There was no association between total (p = 0.88) and abdominal (p = 0.61) fat-free masses and 2-h plasma glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At 27-30 weeks of gestation, 2-h plasma glucose levels are related to total and abdominal newborn fat masses, but not to fat-free mass. Interventions targeting maternal postprandial glucose levels may induce more appropriate birthweight, thereby reducing the risk of subsequent morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hvidovre University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: Emma M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5563-1964
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Carlsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hvidovre University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kristina M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6387-9652
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Renault
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-8271
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nørgaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hvidovre University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark.|Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lisbet
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9868-7132
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nilas
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens-Erik B
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4290-0480
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mette F
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-8552
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kim F
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0449-0839
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Michaelsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hvidovre University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark.|Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Dina
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6852-6530
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cortes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hvidovre University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark.|Department of Pediatrics, Randers University Hospital, Randers, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ole
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5499-984X
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pryds
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001823:Body Composition; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009765:Obesity; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012307:Risk Factors; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning; gestational weight gain; glucose tolerance; newborn body composition; pre-pregnancy obesity