title: Real-time tracking of delayed-onset cellular apoptosis induced by intracellular magnetic hyperthermia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess cell death pathways in response to magnetic hyperthermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human melanoma cells were loaded with citric acid-coated iron-oxide nanoparticles, and subjected to a time-varying magnetic field. Pathways were monitored in vitro in suspensions and in situ in monolayers using fluorophores to report on early-stage apoptosis and late-stage apoptosis and/or necrosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Delayed-onset effects were observed, with a rate and extent proportional to the thermal-load-per-cell. At moderate loads, membranal internal-to-external lipid exchange preceded rupture and death by a few hours (the timeline varying cell-to-cell), without any measurable change in the local environment temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observations support the proposition that intracellular heating may be a viable, controllable and nonaggressive in vivo treatment for human pathological conditions.
authors.affiliation: Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK.|Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR-7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blanco-Andujar
authors.affiliation: Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK.|Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain.|Nanobiotecnología (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Unidad Asociada al Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.affiliation: Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Southern
authors.affiliation: Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nesbitt
authors.affiliation: Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK.|Biophysics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: Nguyễn Thị Kim
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Thanh
authors.affiliation: Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK.
authors.forename: Quentin A
authors.initials: QA
authors.lastname: Pankhurst
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003199:Computer Systems; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles
keywords: apoptosis; cell death pathways; human melanoma cells; magnetic hyperthermia; magnetic nanoparticles