title: Emerging Immunotargets in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.
abstract: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most immunoresponsive human cancers. High-dose IL-2 and Interferon-α were once the principle therapies for metastatic RCC, however they had harsh-tolerance profiles and limited response rates. In the last decade, targeted therapies have supplanted cytokine therapy due to higher response rates and more favorable toxicity profiles. Emerging immunotherapies targeting the PD-1 receptor and PD-L1 ligand have shown promising results. Likewise, other novel targeted immunotherapies are currently under evaluation. The safety profiles and response rates of new generation immunotherapies are encouraging and justify the progression of clinical trials. However, longer follow-up data are needed to confirm these promising results. In addition, it is still unclear if an optimal sequence or combinations of new immunotherapies paired with current targeted therapies will emerge.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kucharczyk
authors.affiliation: Gayle and Tom Benson Cancer Center, Ochsner Medical Center, 1514 Jefferson Highway, New Orleans, Louisiana 70121, USA. mamatrana@ochsner.org.
authors.forename: Marc R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Matrana
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santoni
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Massari
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scarpelli
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopez-Beltran
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cascinu
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montironi
authors.forename: Moch
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor