title: [Optimization of measurement methods for a multi-frequency electromagnetic field from mobile phone base station using broadband EMF meter].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper presents the characteristics of the mobile phone base station (BS) as an electromagnetic field (EMF) source. The most common system configurations with their construction are described. The parameters of radiated EMF in the context of the access to methods and other parameters of the radio transmission are discussed. Attention was also paid to antennas that are used in this technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  The influence of individual components of a multi-frequency EMF, most commonly found in the BS surroundings, on the resultant EMF strength value indicated by popular broadband EMF meters was analyzed. The examples of metrological characteristics of the most common EMF probes and 2 measurement scenarios of the multisystem base station, with and without microwave relays, are shown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presented method for measuring the multi-frequency EMF using 2 broadband probes allows for the significant minimization of measurement uncertainty. Equations and formulas that can be used to calculate the actual EMF intensity from multi-frequency sources are shown. They have been verified in the laboratory conditions on a specific standard setup as well as in real conditions in a survey of the existing base station with microwave relays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presented measurement methodology of multi-frequency EMF from BS with microwave relays, validated both in laboratory and real conditions. It has been proven that the described measurement methodology is the optimal approach to the evaluation of EMF exposure in BS surrounding. Alternative approaches with much greater uncertainty (precaution method) or more complex measuring procedure (sources exclusion method) are also presented).
authors.affiliation: Politechnika Wrocławska / Wroclaw University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland (Wydział Elektroniki, Katedra Telekomunikacja i Teleinformatyki / Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Teleinformatics Department). pawel.bienkowski@pwr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bieńkowski
authors.affiliation: Politechnika Wrocławska / Wroclaw University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland (Wydział Elektroniki, Katedra Telekomunikacja i Teleinformatyki / Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Teleinformatics Department). pawel.cala@pwr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cała
authors.affiliation: Politechnika Wrocławska / Wroclaw University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland (Wydział Elektroniki, Katedra Telekomunikacja i Teleinformatyki / Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Teleinformatics Department). bartlomiej.zubrzak@pwr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Bartłomiej
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zubrzak
mesh_terms: D040421:Cell Phone; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D011044:Poland; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011846:Radio Waves
keywords: E band; cellular base stations; exposure environment; measurement uncertainty; metrology of electromagnetic fields; work safety in electromagnetic fields