title: Increasing taurine intake and taurine synthesis improves skeletal muscle function in the mdx mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
abstract: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal muscle wasting disease associated with increased inflammation, oxidative stress and myofibre necrosis. Cysteine precursor antioxidants such as N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and l-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate (OTC) reduce dystropathology in the mdx mouse model for DMD, and we propose this is via increased synthesis of the amino acid taurine. We compared the capacity of OTC and taurine treatment to increase taurine content of mdx muscle, as well as effects on in vivo and ex vivo muscle function, inflammation and oxidative stress. Both treatments increased taurine in muscles, and improved many aspects of muscle function and reduced inflammation. Taurine treatment also reduced protein thiol oxidation and was overall more effective, as OTC treatment reduced body and muscle weight, suggesting some adverse effects of this drug. These data suggest that increasing dietary taurine is a better candidate for a therapeutic intervention for DMD.
  
  
  
  Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal muscle wasting disease for which there is no widely available cure. Whilst the mechanism of loss of muscle function in DMD and the mdx mouse model are not fully understood, disruptions in intracellular calcium homeostasis, inflammation and oxidative stress are implicated. We have shown that protein thiol oxidation is increased in mdx muscle, and that the indirect thiol antioxidant l-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate (OTC), which increases cysteine availability, decreases pathology and increases in vivo strength. We propose that the protective effects of OTC are a consequence of conversion of cysteine to taurine, which has itself been shown to be beneficial to mdx pathology. This study compares the efficacy of taurine with OTC in decreasing dystropathology in mdx mice by measuring in vivo and ex vivo contractile function and measurements of inflammation and protein thiol oxidation. Increasing the taurine content of mdx muscle improved both in vivo and ex vivo muscle strength and function, potentially via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of taurine. OTC treatment increased taurine synthesis in the liver and taurine content of mdx muscle, improved muscle function and decreased inflammation. However, OTC was less effective than taurine treatment, with OTC also decreasing body and EDL muscle weights, suggesting that OTC had some detrimental effects. These data support continued research into the use of taurine as a therapeutic intervention for DMD, and suggest that increasing dietary taurine is the better strategy for increasing taurine content and decreasing severity of dystropathology.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.|School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Jessica R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Terrill
authors.affiliation: School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Gavin J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Pinniger
authors.affiliation: School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Jamie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.affiliation: School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Miranda D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Grounds
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Arthur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018101:Mice, Inbred mdx; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011761:Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013654:Taurine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D053778:Thiazolidines / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D053778:Thiazolidines; D013654:Taurine; D011761:Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid; C029536:2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid