title: Analysis and risk assessment of 4(5)-methylimidazole in brown colored foods and beverages.
abstract: In this study, the 4(5)-methylimidazole (4(5)-MI) levels in various 144 brown coloured foods and beverages were determined. The brown coloured foods and beverages were 62 processed sauces, 40 coffee, 9 caramel syrups, 18 red ginseng juice and 15 Japanese apricot fruit juice. The amount of 4(5)-MI in brewed coffee (1821.3 ng/g) was the highest level among the samples. The 4(5)-MI concentration in processed sauce (47.6 ng/g) was the lowest level among the samples. The levels of 4(5)-MI in various samples were found as follows: 47.6-1748.5 ng/g in processed sauces, 64.1-1821.3 ng/g in commercial coffee, 115.5-491.9 ng/g in caramel syrups, 91.0-854.1 ng/g in red ginseng juice and 137.6-587.4 ng/g in Japanese apricot fruit juice. Based on the 4(5)-MI levels, the estimated daily intake (EDI) and chronic daily intake (CDI) were calculated. EDI and CDI of red ginseng juice was the highest among all samples, and they were 1618.6 and 1256.8 ng/kg bw/day, respectively.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Science and Biotechnology , Dongguk University - Seoul , Goyang-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sumin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Science and Biotechnology , Dongguk University - Seoul , Goyang-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang-Geun
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D005504:Food Analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; C023439:4-methylimidazole
keywords: 4(5)-methylimidazole; Japanese apricot fruit juice; caramel syrup; coffee; processed sauce; red ginseng juice; risk assessment