title: Exposure to the Tips From Former Smokers Campaign Among Adolescents in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evaluation of the Tips from Former Smokers (Tips) campaign in the United States so far has focused exclusively on adult smokers. This study provides evidence on the level of exposure to Tips among adolescents in the United States, an important secondary audience for the campaign.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data came from the 2013 National Youth Tobacco Survey (N = 18 406). Exposure to Tips was measured by ad recall. Characteristics of adolescents reporting exposure versus no exposure were examined through a series of bivariate analysis linking exposure to smoking status, demographics, and important risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most adolescents in the United States (63%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 60.6%, 65.3%) were exposed to at least one Tips ad. Current smokers (70.6%, 95% CI = 67.7%, 73.4%), noncurrent smokers (67.7%, 95% CI = 65.5%, 69.7%), and high-risk never-smokers (63.8%, 95% CI = 60.2%, 67.2%) reported greater exposure than low-risk never-smokers (60.7%, 95% CI = 57.8%, 63.5%; all P < .05). Those who reported exposure were more likely to be female; be older in age; be white (vs. Hispanic); live with a smoker; have less firm smoking rules in the family; have one or more friends using tobacco or are not sure; have been exposed to tobacco advertising from one or more sources; and have skipped classes in the past 30 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tips has significant reach among adolescents in the United States, particularly among those with smoking experience and those whose life environments include more pro-smoking influences. Close monitoring of the Tips' impact on this important population is needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows substantial adolescent awareness of the Tips campaign in the United States. This evidence has important implications for the comprehensive evaluation of the public health impact of Tips. So far research on Tips has focused almost entirely on adult smokers. Findings of this study suggest that the potential impact of Tips on adolescents, particularly those at high risk of smoking, should become an integral part of the evaluation research agenda.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA xzhao3@gmu.edu.
authors.forename: Xiaoquan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA.
authors.forename: Xiaomei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D001364:Awareness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States