title: Task analysis of laparoscopic camera control schemes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Minimally invasive surgeries rely on laparoscopic camera views to guide the procedure. Traditionally, an expert surgical assistant operates the camera. In some cases, a robotic system is used to help position the camera, but the surgeon is required to direct all movements of the system. Some prior research has focused on developing automated robotic camera control systems, but that work has been limited to rudimentary control schemes due to a lack of understanding of how the camera should be moved for different surgical tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  This research used task analysis with a sample of eight expert surgeons to discover and document several salient methods of camera control and their related task contexts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Desired camera placements and behaviours were established for two common surgical subtasks (suturing and knot tying).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results can be used to develop better robotic control algorithms that will be more responsive to surgeons' needs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: R Darin
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Munaco
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Luke A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Reisner
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Composto
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Abhilash K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pandya
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Brady W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D020706:Laparoscopes; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D009038:Motion; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D066231:Surgeons; D013537:Sutures; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
keywords: autonomous camera behaviours; camera control; cooperative human-robot interaction; laparoscopic surgery; robotic surgery; task analysis