title: Relation between neonatal malnutrition and gene expression: inflammasome function in infections caused by Candida Albicans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of neonatal malnutrition followed by nutritional replacement on the signaling mechanisms developed by the inflammasome complex by analyzing the expression of the targeted TLR2, TLR4, NLRP3, caspase-1 and release of IL-1β and IL-18 by alveolar macrophages infected in vitro with Candida albicans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats (n = 24), 90-120 days, were suckled by mothers whose diet during lactation contained 17 % protein in the nourish group and 8 % protein in the malnourished group. After weaning, both groups were fed a normal protein diet. Macrophages were obtained after tracheostomy, through the collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The quantification of the expression levels of targets (TLR2, TLR4, NLRP3 and caspase-1) was performed by real-time RT-PCR. Production of cytokines was performed by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The malnourished animals during lactation showed reduced body weight from the fifth day of life, remaining until adulthood. Further, the model applied malnutrition induced a lower expression of TLR4 and caspase-1. The quantification of the TLR2 and NLRP3, as well as the release of IL-1β and IL-18, was not different between groups of animals nourished and malnourished. The system challenged with Candida albicans showed high expression levels of all targets in the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tests demonstrate nutritional restriction during critical periods of development, although nutritional supplementation may compromise defense patterns in adulthood in a timely manner, preserving distinct signaling mechanism, so that the individual does not become widely vulnerable to infections by opportunistic pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. thaciannabc@gmail.com.|Keizo Asami Laboratory of Immunopathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil. thaciannabc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Thacianna Barreto
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Da Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.|Keizo Asami Laboratory of Immunopathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália Gomes
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: De Morais
authors.affiliation: Keizo Asami Laboratory of Immunopathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joana Maria Bezerra
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: De Lira
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campus Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thays Miranda
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: De Almeida
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campus Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Suênia Da Cunha
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Gonçalves-De-Albuquerque
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campus Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valéria Rêgo Alves
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campus Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Paiva Cavalcanti
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.|Keizo Asami Laboratory of Immunopathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Célia Maria Machado Barbosa
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: De Castro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000276:immunology; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D058847:Inflammasomes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007774:Lactation; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013851:Thinness / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D058847:Inflammasomes; C495347:Tlr4 protein, rat; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D020170:Caspase 1
keywords: Candida albicans; Macrophage; NOD-like receptors; Neonatal malnutrition; Programming; Toll-like receptors