title: Is Women's Empowerment Associated With Help-Seeking for Spousal Violence in India?
abstract: Violence against women by their husbands is a problem for women worldwide. However, the majority of women do not seek help. This article presents findings from a national survey in India on empowerment-related correlates of help-seeking behaviors for currently married women who experienced spousal violence. We examined individual-, relationship-, and state-level measures of empowerment on help-seeking from informal and formal sources. Findings indicate that help-seeking is largely not associated with typical measures of empowerment or socio-economic development, whereas state-level indicators of empowerment may influence help-seeking. Although not a target of this study, we also note that injury from violence and the severity of the violence were among the strongest factors related to seeking help. Taken together, the low prevalence of help-seeking and lack of strong individual-level correlates, apart from severe harm, suggests widespread barriers to seeking help. Interventions that affect social norms and reach women and men across social classes in society are needed in addition to any individual-level efforts to promote seeking help for spousal violence.
authors.affiliation: 1 NORC, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rowan
authors.affiliation: 1 NORC, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mumford
authors.affiliation: 2 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: Cari Jo
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D030881:Disclosure; D017579:Domestic Violence; D005260:Female; D000066505:Help-Seeking Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011209:Power, Psychological; D015995:Prevalence; D012742:Sex Offenses; D012923:Social Class; D066262:Social Norms; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cultural contexts; disclosure of domestic violence; domestic violence; intervention/treatment