title: Confounding by drug formulary restriction in pharmacoepidemiologic research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The potential consequences of confounding due to drug formulary restrictions in pharmacoepidemiologic research remain incompletely understood. Our objective was to illustrate this potential bias using the example of fluticasone/salmeterol combination therapy, an oral inhaler used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, whose use is restricted in the province of Quebec, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified all new users of fluticasone/salmeterol in Quebec's administrative databases and classified those who received their initial dispensing of fluticasone/salmeterol between 1 September 1999 and 30 September 2003 as users from the liberal period and those who received it between 1 January 2004 and 31 October 2006 as users from the restricted period. The primary outcome was time to first hospitalization for respiratory causes within 12 months of cohort entry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our cohort included 72 154 new users from the liberal period and 5058 from the restricted period. Compared with use during the liberal period, use during the restricted period was associated with an increased rate of hospitalization for respiratory causes (crude hazard ratio [HR] = 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32, 1.51). Subsequent adjustment for age, sex, and hospitalization for respiratory causes in the previous year attenuated the association (HR = 1.05, 95%CI = 0.98, 1.12). Further adjustment for other potential confounders resulted in a lower rate during the restricted period (HR = 0.78, 95%CI = 0.73, 0.83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Formulary restrictions can result in substantial and unexpected confounding and should be considered during the design and analysis of pharmacoepidemiologic studies.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Kristian B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Filion
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eberg
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ernst
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D016208:Databases, Factual; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000068297:Fluticasone-Salmeterol Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005569:Formularies as Topic; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017891:Pharmacoepidemiology / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D011792:Quebec; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D000068297:Fluticasone-Salmeterol Drug Combination
keywords: bias; confounding; drug formulary restrictions; pharmacoepidemiology