title: Japanese version of the Munich Parasomnia Screening: translation and linguistic validation of a screening instrument for parasomnias and nocturnal behaviors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is no broad screening instrument that can comprehensively assess parasomnias and sleep-related movement disorders listed in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. The aim of this study was to develop the Japanese version of the Munich Parasomnia Screening (MUPS), a screening instrument for parasomnias and nocturnal behaviors, which was developed and validated at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multi-step translation methodology consisting of forward translation, back translation, expert review, and cognitive debriefing interviews was performed between June and November 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The English version of the MUPS was translated into Japanese, and the original author performed an expert review on the basis of a detailed report on the forward and back translation steps. The cognitive debriefing was carried out in five patients with parasomnia. The mean time to fill out the questionnaire was 8 minutes (ranging from 2 to 17 minutes). The authors reviewed and discussed the results of the cognitive debriefing interviews and modified the Japanese version. The final Japanese version was confirmed to be conceptually equivalent to the original English version.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Japanese version of the MUPS is an easy-to-use self-rating instrument for parasomnia and nocturnal behavior screening, consistent with the original version. The usage of this instrument would enable clinicians to quickly screen the past history and current frequency of nocturnal behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Komada
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Raoul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Breugelmans
authors.affiliation: Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital (EOC) of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stephany
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fulda
authors.affiliation: Department of International Medical Communications, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Sae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.affiliation: Department of International Medical Communications, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo ; Language Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of International Medical Communications, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo ; Department of Applied Linguistics and Communication, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Chieri
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.affiliation: Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.affiliation: Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inoue
keywords: linguistic validation; questionnaire; sleep walking; sleep-related eating disorder; translation