title: Sequence-based methods for detecting and evaluating the human gut mycobiome.
abstract: We surveyed the fungal microbiota in 16 faecal samples from healthy humans with a vegetarian diet. Fungi were identified using molecular cloning, 454 pyrosequencing and a Luminex analyte-specific reagent (ASR) assay, all targeting the ITS region of the rRNA genes. Fungi were detected in each faecal sample and at least 46 distinct fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected, from two phyla - Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Fusarium was the most abundant genus, followed by Malassezia, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Candida. Commonly detected fungi such as Aspergillus and Penicillium, as well as known dietary fungi Agaricus bisporus and Ophiocordyceps sinensis, are presumed to be transient, allochthonous members due to their abundance in the environment or dietary associations. No single method identified the full diversity of fungi in all samples; pyrosequencing detected more distinct OTUs than the other methods, but failed to detect OTUs in some samples that were detected by cloning and/or ASR assays. ASRs were limited by the commercially available assays, but the potential to design new, optimized assays, coupled with speed and cost, makes the ASR method worthy of further study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fungi play a role in human gut ecology and health. The field lags immensely behind bacterial gut microbiota research, and studies continue to identify new fungi in faecal samples from healthy humans. However, many of these 'new' species are incapable of growth in the human GI tract, let alone making a meaningful contribution to the gut microbial community. Fungi actually inhabiting and impacting the gut likely constitute a small set of species, and an optimized, targeted, probe-based assay may prove to be the most sensible way of quantifying their abundances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Suhr
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Banjara
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hallen-Adams
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000235:genetics*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal
keywords: PCR; environmental mycology; fungi; microbiome; moulds; yeasts