title: Diagnostic importance of S100A9 and S100A12 in breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most frequent cause of cancer deaths throughout the world is breast cancer (BC). Therefore, preventing, diagnosing and treating BC has gained importance. S100 protein probably plays an important role in carcinogenesis, cancer development, and metastasis. In this study, we aimed at diagnostic and clinic-pathological importance of serum levels of S100A9 and S100A12 with known cytokine-like pro-inflammatory effects in BC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples were collected with BC and the control group consisting of healthy individuals. All the samples were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serum S100A9 and S100A12 levels before starting the systemic chemotherapy. Clinicopathological characteristics of BC and other blood parameters were compared in relation with serum S100A9 and S100A12 levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While the serum S100A9 levels were found significantly higher as compared to healthy individuals (190.85±32.29 and 92.72±54, respectively) (p=0.001), it was observed that there were no differences in S100A12 (120.50±15.78 and 112.21±10.46, respectively) (p=0.056) levels. As regards the subgroup analysis in BC patients, no statistically significant results were found in body mass index (BMI), smoking, menopause status, histopathologic type, grade, and biological subtype of BC, tumor size, presence of lymph node metastases, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI) and stage. As regards the blood parameters and serum S100 A9, while only statistically significant results were found with anemia (209.05±33.12 and 181.75±28.21, respectively) (p=0.005), no statistically significant results were found with leukocytosis, thrombocytosis and tumor markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, while we found the level of S100A9, which has a potential cytokine-like function in inflammation, significantly higher, we could not find any increase in S100A12 level. Therefore, it is possible that S100A9 can play a key role in inflammation-related BC. Despite of there are no significance relationship between S100A9 and S100A12 clinicopathological features of BC, the determination of S100A9 levels contributes to diagnosis the of BC patients. In future, we suggest that serum S100A9 is investigated as a diagnostic tool even the target marker in BC to suppress inflammation in treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: meralgunaldi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Meral
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gunaldi
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yildiz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okuturlar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Asuman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gedikbasi
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cevher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Akarsu
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karabulut
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Alev
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kural
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D040502:Calgranulin B / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000067616:S100A12 Protein / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D040502:Calgranulin B; D000067616:S100A12 Protein
keywords: Breast cancer; Inflammation; S100A12; S100A9; Target marker