title: Asynchronous presynaptic glutamate release enhances neuronal excitability during the post-spike refractory period.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Many excitatory synapses in the brain release glutamate with both synchronous and asynchronous components. Immediately following an action potential, neurons display a reduced excitability due to the post-spike afterhyperpolarization (AHP). This gives rise to a relative refractory period. When an action potential is evoked by glutamate synaptic input possessing asynchronous release, the delayed glutamate release events act to depolarize the neuron during the AHP and overcome the relative refractory period. These results demonstrate a new role for asynchronous release in regulating post-spike excitability and the relative refractory period in central neurons.
  Post-spike afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) functionally inhibit neuronal excitability for tens to hundreds of milliseconds following each action potential. This imposes a relative refractory period during which synaptic excitation is less effective at evoking spikes. Here we asked whether some synapses have mechanisms in place that allow them to overcome the AHP and drive spiking in target cells during this period of reduced excitability. We examined glutamate synapses onto oxytocin and vasopressin neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. These synapses can display pronounced asynchronous glutamate release following a single presynaptic spike, with the time course of release being similar to that of the post-spike AHP. To test whether asynchronous release is more effective at overcoming the relative refractory period, we evoked a single action potential with either a brief synchronous depolarization or an asynchronous potential and then assessed excitability at multiple time points following the spike. Neurons receiving asynchronous depolarizing synaptic inputs had a shorter relative refractory period than those receiving synchronous depolarizations. Our data demonstrate that synapses releasing glutamate in an asynchronous and delayed manner are ideally adapted to counter the AHP. By effectively overcoming the relative refractory period, the kinetics of excitatory synaptic input can play an important role in controlling post-spike excitability.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Karl J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Iremonger
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Jaideep S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bains
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; D005089:Exocytosis; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012032:Refractory Period, Electrophysiological
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid