title: The ANKK1/DRD2 locus is a genomic substrate for affective priming and recognition of angry faces.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing I (ANKK1) and dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) genes have been associated with psychopathic traits in clinical samples. On the other hand, individuals high in psychopathy show reduced affective priming and deficits in facial expression recognition. We have hypothesized that these emotion-related cognitive phenomena are associated with Taq IA (rs18000497) SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) of the ANKK1 gene and with C957T (rs6277) SNP of the DRD2 gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a genetic association analysis in 94 self-reported Caucasian healthy volunteers. The participants completed 144 trials of an affective priming task, in which primes and targets were emotional words. They also had to recognize 64 facial expressions of happiness, sadness, anger, and fear in an expression recognition task. Regarding the genetic analyses, Taq IA and C957T SNPs were genotyped.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the C957T SNP TT genotype was associated with a stronger priming effect and a better recognition of angry expressions. No associations were found for the Taq IA SNP. In addition, in silico analysis demonstrated that C957T SNP is a marker of a regulatory sequence at the 5' UTR of ANKK1 gene, thus suggesting the involvement of the whole ANKK1/DRD2 locus in cognitive-emotional processing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that affective priming and recognition of angry facial expressions are endophenotypes that lie on the pathway between the ANKK1/DRD2 locus and some deviant phenotypes.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koeneke
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain ; Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA) Madrid Spain.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ponce
authors.affiliation: Program in Rare and Genetic Diseases & IBV/CSIC Associated Unit Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) ISCIII Madrid Spain ; School of Medicine at Ciudad Real University of Castilla-La Mancha Ciudad Real Spain.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoenicka
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain.
authors.forename: Evelio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Huertas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000235:genetics; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005149:Facial Expression; D000066499:Facial Recognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D044465:White People
chemical_list: C581293:DRD2 protein, human; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; C489948:ANKK1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
keywords: ANKK1; Affective priming; DRD2; endophenotype; facial expression recognition; psychopathy