title: Advances in Therapeutic Development for Radiation Cystitis.
abstract: Radiation treatment for pelvic malignancies is typically associated with radiation injury to urinary bladder that can ultimately lead to radiation cystitis (RC). The late sequelae of radiation therapy may take many years to develop and include bothersome storage symptoms such as hematuria, which may be life-threatening in severe cases of hemorrhagic cystitis. Although no definitive treatment is currently available, various interventions are used for radiation and hemorrhagic cystitis including blood transfusion, bladder irrigation, intravesical instillation of substances such as alum, silver nitrate, prostaglandins or formalin, and fulguration of intravesical bleeding sites and surgery options such as supravesical urinary diversions and cystectomy. Effects of non-surgical treatments for radiation and hemorrhagic cystitis are of modest success and studies are lacking to control the effects caused by RC. When such measures have proven ineffective, use of bladder botulinum toxin injection has been reported. New therapy, such as intravesical immunosuppression with local tacrolimus formulation is being developed for the treatment of radiation hemorrhagic cystitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Centre for Urology Research Excellence, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Bharathi Raja
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Rajaganapathy
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Centre for Urology Research Excellence, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Nirmal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jayabalan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tyagi
authors.affiliation: Lipella Pharmaceuticals, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Centre for Urology Research Excellence, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Chancellor
keywords: intravesical immunosupression; pelvic malignancies; radiation cystitis; tacrolimus