title: Macaca specific exon creation event generates a novel ZKSCAN5 transcript.
abstract: ZKSCAN5 (also known as ZFP95) is a zinc-finger protein belonging to the Krűppel family. ZKSCAN5 contains a SCAN box and a KRAB A domain and is proposed to play a distinct role during spermatogenesis. In humans, alternatively spliced ZKSCAN5 transcripts with different 5'-untranslated regions (UTRs) have been identified. However, investigation of our Macaca UniGene Database revealed novel alternative ZKSCAN5 transcripts that arose due to an exon creation event. Therefore, in this study, we identified the full-length sequences of ZKSCAN5 and its alternative transcripts in Macaca spp. Additionally, we investigated different nonhuman primate sequences to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the exon creation event. We analyzed the evolutionary features of the ZKSCAN5 transcripts by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and genomic PCR, and by sequencing various nonhuman primate DNA and RNA samples. The exon-created transcript was only detected in the Macaca lineage (crab-eating monkey and rhesus monkey). Full-length sequence analysis by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) identified ten full-length transcripts and four functional isoforms of ZKSCAN5. Protein sequence analyses revealed the presence of two groups of isoforms that arose because of differences in start-codon usage. Together, our results demonstrate that there has been specific selection for a discrete set of ZKSCAN5 variants in the Macaca lineage. Furthermore, study of this locus (and perhaps others) in Macaca spp. might facilitate our understanding of the evolutionary pressures that have shaped the mechanism of exon creation in primates.
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Se-Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bong-Seok
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Je
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Myung-Jin
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Bin
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Youngjeon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yeung Bae
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bo-Woong
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Su
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kang-Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Uk
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Rae
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Graduate School Department of Digital Media, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Il
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: huhjw@kribb.re.kr.
authors.forename: Jae-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: changkt@kribb.re.kr.
authors.forename: Kyu-Tae
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005091:Exons; D000882:Haplorhini; D006801:Humans; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D013045:Species Specificity; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; C403245:ZKSCAN5 protein, human
keywords: Alternative splicing; Exon creation; Lineage specific; Macaca; ZKSCAN5