title: Accelerated evolution of constraint elements for hematophagic adaptation in mosquitoes.
abstract: Comparative genomics is a powerful approach that comprehensively interprets the genome. Herein, we performed whole genome comparative analysis of 16 Diptera genomes, including four mosquitoes and 12 Drosophilae. We found more than 540 000 constraint elements (CEs) in the Diptera genome, with the majority found in the intergenic, coding and intronic regions. Accelerated elements (AEs) identified in mosquitoes were mostly in the protein-coding regions (>93%), which differs from vertebrates in genomic distribution. Some genes functionally enriched in blood digestion, body temperature regulation and insecticide resistance showed rapid evolution not only in the lineage of the recent common ancestor of mosquitoes (RCAM), but also in some mosquito lineages. This may be associated with lineage-specific traits and/or adaptations in comparison with other insects. Our findings revealed that although universally fast evolution acted on biological systems in RCAM, such as hematophagy, same adaptations also appear to have occurred through distinct degrees of evolution in different mosquito species, enabling them to be successful blood feeders in different environments.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Shan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Adeniyi C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Adeola
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China;Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China. zhangyp@mail.kiz.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Ya-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China. wudongdong@mail.kiz.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Dong-Dong
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D049750:Genome, Insect; D023281:Genomics; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins
keywords: Accelerated elements; Constraint elements; Hematophagy; Mosquitoes