title: The neuroscience and context of adolescent depression.
abstract: Adolescent depression is a growing public health concern with an increased risk of negative health outcomes, including suicide. The use of antidepressants and psychotherapy has not halted its increasing prevalence, and there is a critical need for effective prevention and treatment. We reviewed the neuroscience of adolescent depression, with a focus on the neurocircuitry of sustained threat and summarised contextual factors that have an impact on brain development and the pathophysiology of depression. We also reviewed novel treatment models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attention to the relevant neurocircuitry and contextual factors implicated in adolescent depression is necessary to advance prevention and treatment development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.|Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Henje Blom
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Tiffany C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Colm G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kaja Z
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: LeWinn
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.|Neurosciences Program and Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sacchet
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tymofiyeva
authors.affiliation: The Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Helen Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Tony T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003863:Depression / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D006801:Humans; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Adolescent depression; Contextual factors; Neuroscience; Review; Sustained threat