title: Addressing gender inequalities to improve the sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing of women living with HIV.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Globally, women constitute 50% of all persons living with HIV. Gender inequalities are a key driver of women's vulnerabilities to HIV. This paper looks at how these structural factors shape specific behaviours and outcomes related to the sexual and reproductive health of women living with HIV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are several pathways by which gender inequalities shape the sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing of women living with HIV. First, gender norms that privilege men's control over women and violence against women inhibit women's ability to practice safer sex, make reproductive decisions based on their own fertility preferences and disclose their HIV status. Second, women's lack of property and inheritance rights and limited access to formal employment makes them disproportionately vulnerable to food insecurity and its consequences. This includes compromising their adherence to antiretroviral therapy and increasing their vulnerability to transactional sex. Third, with respect to stigma and discrimination, women are more likely to be blamed for bringing HIV into the family, as they are often tested before men. In several settings, healthcare providers violate the reproductive rights of women living with HIV in relation to family planning and in denying them care. Lastly, a number of countries have laws that criminalize HIV transmission, which specifically impact women living with HIV who may be reluctant to disclose because of fears of violence and other negative consequences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addressing gender inequalities is central to improving the sexual and reproductive health outcomes and more broadly the wellbeing of women living with HIV. Programmes that go beyond a narrow biomedical/clinical approach and address the social and structural context of women's lives can also maximize the benefits of HIV prevention, treatment, care and support.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; amina@who.int.
authors.forename: Avni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060728:Reproductive Health; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014754:Violence
keywords: discrimination; gender inequalities; laws; sexual and reproductive health; stigma