title: Scapholunate kinematics of asymptomatic wrists in comparison with symptomatic contralateral wrists using four-dimensional CT examinations: initial clinical experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using four-dimensional CT scan (4DCT), we aimed at showing the kinematics of scapholunate (SL) interval in asymptomatic wrists in comparison with symptomatic contralateral wrists with inconclusive radiographic findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is an IRB approved, HIPPA compliant, retrospective study. Patients suspected of SL interosseous ligament (SLIL) injuries were referred for further evaluation of chronic wrist pain (>3 months). Twelve wrists (11 subjects) with chronic symptoms and inconclusive plain radiographs and 10 asymptomatic wrists (in 10 different subjects) were scanned using 4DCT. The minimum SL interval was measured during three wrist motions: relaxed-to-clenched fist, flexion-to-extension, and radial-to-ulnar-deviation. Changes were recorded using double-oblique multiplanar reformation technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We extracted the normal limits of the SL interval as measured by dynamic CT scanning during active motion in asymptomatic wrists. In asymptomatic wrists, the average SL interval was observed to be smaller than 1 mm during all motions. In symptomatic wrists, during exams performed with clenched fist (SL interval (mean ± SD) = 2.53 ± 1.19 mm), extension (2.54 ± 1.48 mm) or ulnar deviation (2.06 ± 1.12 mm), the average SL interval was more than 2 mm. In contrast to symptomatic wrists, no significant change in SL interval measurements was detected during wrist motions in asymptomatic wrists. There was a mild to moderate correlation between SL interval change and presence/absence of symptoms (point-biserial correlation coefficients: 0.29-0.55).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with wrist pain suspicious for SLIL injury and inconclusive radiographs, SL interval increase can be detected with 4DCT in the symptomatic wrist compared to the asymptomatic wrist.
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, 601 N. Caroline Street, JHOC 5165, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. demehri2001@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Shadpour
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demehri
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, 601 N. Caroline Street, JHOC 5165, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hafezi-Nejad
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, 601 N. Caroline Street, JHOC 5165, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Morelli
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, 601 N. Caroline Street, JHOC 5165, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lifchez
authors.affiliation: The Curtis National Hand Center, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Means
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, 601 N. Caroline Street, JHOC 5165, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jaimie T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Shores
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries*; D012667:Lunate Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D021361:Scaphoid Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Chronic wrist pain; Four-dimensional computed tomography; Kinematics; Scapholunate interosseous ligament injury