title: Minimally invasive surgery for thyroid eye disease.
abstract: Thyroid eye disease (TED) can affect the eye in myriad ways: proptosis, strabismus, eyelid retraction, optic neuropathy, soft tissue changes around the eye and an unstable ocular surface. TED consists of two phases: active, and inactive. The active phase of TED is limited to a period of 12-18 months and is mainly managed medically with immunosuppression. The residual structural changes due to the resultant fibrosis are usually addressed with surgery, the mainstay of which is orbital decompression. These surgeries are performed during the inactive phase. The surgical rehabilitation of TED has evolved over the years: not only the surgical techniques, but also the concepts, and the surgical tools available. The indications for decompression surgery have also expanded in the recent past. This article discusses the technological and conceptual advances of minimally invasive surgery for TED that decrease complications and speed up recovery. Current surgical techniques offer predictable, consistent results with better esthetics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Milind Neilkant
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Naik
authors.forename: Akshay Gopinathan
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Adit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Saurabh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamal
mesh_terms: D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D005094:Exophthalmos / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed