title: Fully Automated Driving: Impact of Trust and Practice on Manual Control Recovery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An experiment was performed in a driving simulator to investigate the impacts of practice, trust, and interaction on manual control recovery (MCR) when employing fully automated driving (FAD).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  To increase the use of partially or highly automated driving efficiency and to improve safety, some studies have addressed trust in driving automation and training, but few studies have focused on FAD. FAD is an autonomous system that has full control of a vehicle without any need for intervention by the driver.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 69 drivers with a valid license practiced with FAD. They were distributed evenly across two conditions: simple practice and elaborate practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When examining emergency MCR, a correlation was found between trust and reaction time in the simple practice group (i.e., higher trust meant a longer reaction time), but not in the elaborate practice group. This result indicated that to mitigate the negative impact of overtrust on reaction time, more appropriate practice may be needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drivers should be trained in how the automated device works so as to improve MCR performance in case of an emergency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The practice format used in this study could be used for the first interaction with an FAD car when acquiring such a vehicle.
authors.affiliation: VEDECOM Institute, Versailles, France w.payre@hotmail.fr.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Payre
authors.affiliation: VEDECOM Institute, Versailles, FranceFrench Institute of Science and Technology for Transportation, Development, and Networks, Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cestac
authors.affiliation: French Institute of Science and Technology for Transportation, Development, and Networks, Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delhomme
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001331:Automation / Q000379:methods*; D001334:Automobile Driving; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D035502:Trust / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: fully automated driving; manual control recovery; practice; trust