title: Immunotherapy in Tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of new drugs for tumor immunotherapy have been approved in the past few years. They work by activating T cells to combat tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review is based on publications on recently approved T-cell-activating drugs that were retrieved by a selective search in PubMed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Randomized, controlled trials of "checkpoint" inhibitors, i.e., inhibitory antibodies for use against tumors, have shown that the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitor ipilimumab can prolong the survival of patients with advanced melanoma by 2 to 4 months. No data on median overall survival are yet available for the two programmed-death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors pembrolizumab und nivolumab; the endpoint "tumor response" was achieved in 24% and 32% of patients receiving these drugs, respectively. Grade 3 or 4 adverse effects occurred in 50% of patients receiving ipilimumab and in 12 to 13% of those taking either of the two PD-1-inhibitors. Nivolumab prolonged the median survival of patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer from 6 to 9 months. In refractory or recurrent Philadelphia-chromosome-negative pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B-ALL), treatment with the bispecific antibody construct blinatumomab led to complete remission in 43% of the patients, while grade 3, 4 or 5 toxicities occurred in 83%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T-cell-directed strategies have been established as a new pillar of treatment in medical oncology. As these drugs have frequent and severe adverse effects, therapeutic decision-making will have to take account not only of the predicted prolongation of survival, but also of the potential for an impaired quality of life while the patient is under treatment.
authors.affiliation: Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Department of Internal Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, München.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobold
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duewell
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schnurr
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Subklewe
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rothenfusser
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Endres
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell