title: Progress in the biosensing techniques for trace-level heavy metals.
abstract: Diverse classes of sensors have been developed over the past few decades for on-site detections of heavy metals. Most of these sensor systems have exploited optical, electrochemical, piezoelectric, ion-selective (electrode), and electrochemical measurement techniques. As such, numerous efforts have been made to explore the role of biosensors in the detection of heavy metals based on well-known interactions between heavy metals and biomolecules (e.g. proteins, peptides, enzymes, antibodies, whole cells, and nucleic acids). In this review, we cover the recent progress made on different types of biosensors for the detection of heavy metals. Our major focus was examining the use of biomolecules for constructing these biosensors. The discussion is extended further to cover the biosensors' performance along with challenges and opportunities for practical utilization.
authors.affiliation: Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CSIO, Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India.
authors.forename: Jyotsana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.affiliation: Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CSIO, Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India.
authors.forename: Sanjeev K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
authors.affiliation: Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CSIO, Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India.
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
authors.affiliation: Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CSIO, Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Pawan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kkim61@hanyang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ki-Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CSIO, Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India. Electronic address: dr.akashdeep@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Akash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deep
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004798:Enzymes / Q000737:chemistry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009696:Nucleic Acids; D010455:Peptides; D011506:Proteins
keywords: Biomolecules; Biosensors; Heavy metals; Practical utilization; Sensors