title: Role of Maternal Dietary Peanut Exposure in Development of Food Allergy and Oral Tolerance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of maternal ingestion of peanut during pregnancy and lactation on an offspring's risk for peanut allergy is under debate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of maternal dietary peanut exposure and breast milk on an offspring's allergy risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preconceptionally peanut-exposed C3H/HeJ females were either fed or not fed peanut during pregnancy and lactation. The offsprings' responses to peanut sensitization or oral tolerance induction by feeding antigen prior to immunization were assessed. We also assessed the impact of immune murine milk on tolerance induction pre- or post-weaning. For antigen uptake studies, mice were gavaged with fluorescent peanut in the presence or absence of immune murine milk; Peyer's patches were harvested for immunostaining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preconceptional peanut exposure resulted in the production of varying levels of maternal antibodies in serum (and breast milk), which were transferred to the offspring. Despite this, maternal peanut exposure either preconceptionally or during pregnancy and lactation, when compared to no maternal exposure, had no impact on peanut allergy. When offspring were fed peanut directly, dose-dependent tolerance induction, unaltered by maternal feeding of peanut, was seen. Although peanut uptake into the gut-associated lymphoid tissues was enhanced by immune milk as compared to naïve milk, tolerance induction was not affected by the co-administration of immune milk either pre- or post-weaning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal peanut exposure during pregnancy and lactation has no impact on the development of peanut allergy in the offspring. Tolerance to peanut can be induced early, even pre-weaning, by giving moderate amounts of peanut directly to the infant, and this is neither enhanced nor impaired by concurrent exposure to immune milk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy and Immunology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kirsi M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Järvinen
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy and Immunology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westfall
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Magdia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Jesus
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Mantis
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy and Immunology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.affiliation: Center for Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Dennis W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology & Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hugh A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology & Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: M Cecilia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Berin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D007774:Lactation; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D021183:Peanut Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D016207:Cytokines; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D010047:Ovalbumin