title: Measuring Neuroticism in Nepali: Reliability and Validity of the Neuroticism Subscale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Neuroticism subscale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised Short Form (12 items) (EPQRS-N) has proven to be a reliable and valid measure in multiple languages.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a single-factor Nepali-language version of the EPQRS-N for use in the adult population of Nepal.
  
  
  METHODS
  The original English version of EPQRS-N was translated into Nepali using a forward-backward translation protocol. The first set of translated items was modified after testing by factor analysis with principal component extraction in an outpatient sample. Items with low factor correlations or poor semantic consistencies were reworded to fit the gist of the original items in a Nepali cultural context; the revised version was then tested in a representative random sample from the general population. Again, the same statistical procedures were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first trial gave three factors. Based on the factor distribution of the items or their semantic quality, five were reworded. In the second trial, a two-factor solution emerged; the second factor had only one item with high correlation, which also had modest correlation with the first factor. Accordingly, a forced one-factor solution was chosen. This gave an internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of 0.80, with item-to-factor correlations from 0.40 to 0.73, and item-to-sum correlations from 0.31 to 0.61.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The final Nepali version of EPQRS-N achieved satisfactory internal consistency. The item distribution coincided with the original English version, providing acceptable construct validity. It is psychometrically adequate for use in capturing the personality trait of neuroticism, and has broad applicability to the adult population of Nepal because of the diversity of the participant samples in which it was developed.
authors.affiliation: Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal. Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Manandhar
authors.affiliation: Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal. Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Risal
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim, Norway. Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headaches, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Linde
authors.affiliation: Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koju
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim, Norway. 4Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim, Norway. Pain Unit, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D000075384:Neuroticism; D010551:Personality; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014175:Translating