title: Alcohol consumption and risk of infection after a variceal bleeding in low-risk patients.
abstract: Antibiotic prophylaxis is a cornerstone in the management of acute variceal bleeding. However, emergence of multiresistant bacteria and antibiotic-associated complications is a growing problem in cirrhosis. It has been proposed that certain low-risk populations may have good outcomes without antibiotic. We aimed to analyse the stratified risk of bacterial infection after a variceal bleeding in previously considered low-risk patients.
  
  
  
  We analysed prospective data from all consecutive cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding admitted to our tertiary hospital between 2004 and 2012. All patients received somatostatin, variceal ligation and antibiotic prophylaxis. Patients were followed until day 42 or death. Patients were stratified based on Child-Pugh class. Within the low-risk strata, further one-step stratification was performed using baseline risk factors identified through logistic regression multivariate adjustment.
  
  
  
  Two hundred and fifteen patients were included. Twenty-seven patients (12.5%) developed 32 bacterial infections within 6 weeks after the index bleeding. Multivariate adjustment identified alcohol consumption as a significant risk factor for infection. Within previously considered low-risk patients (Child-Pugh A), the risk of infection was significantly higher in patients with active alcohol consumption (21.4% vs. 0% in non-drinkers, P = 0.015). The risk of infection in Child-Pugh A and B patients with non-alcohol cirrhosis receiving antibiotics was very low (2/81, 2.5%).
  
  
  
  Alcohol consumption significantly increased the risk of infection after a variceal bleeding in previously considered low-risk patients. Within Child-Pugh A class, patients with active alcohol consumption should not be considered at low risk of infection.
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Conejo
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Augustin
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0985-3320
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pons
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Meritxell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ventura-Cots
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Esteban
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Genescà
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013030:Spain; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013004:Somatostatin
keywords: alcohol-antibiotic resistance; cirrhosis; risk stratification; variceal bleeding