title: Mind the Gap: Why Closing the Doughnut Hole Is Insufficient for Increasing Medicare Beneficiary Access to Oral Chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Orally administered anticancer medications are among the fastest growing components of cancer care. These medications are expensive, and cost-sharing requirements for patients can be a barrier to their use. For Medicare beneficiaries, the Affordable Care Act will close the Part D coverage gap (doughnut hole), which will reduce cost sharing from 100% in 2010 to 25% in 2020 for drug spending above $2,960 until the beneficiary reaches $4,700 in out-of-pocket spending. How much these changes will reduce out-of-pocket costs is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Medicare July 2014 Prescription Drug Plan Formulary, Pharmacy Network, and Pricing Information Files from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services for 1,114 stand-alone and 2,230 Medicare Advantage prescription drug formularies, which represent all formularies in 2014. We identified orally administered anticancer medications and summarized drug costs, cost-sharing designs used by available plans, and the estimated out-of-pocket costs for beneficiaries without low-income subsidies who take a single drug before and after the doughnut hole closes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Little variation existed in formulary design across plans and products. The average price per month for included products was $10,060 (range, $5,123 to $16,093). In 2010, median beneficiary annual out-of-pocket costs for a typical treatment duration ranged from $6,456 (interquartile range, $6,433 to $6,482) for dabrafenib to $12,160 (interquartile range, $12,102 to $12,262) for sunitinib. With the assumption that prices remain stable, after the doughnut hole closes, beneficiaries will spend approximately $2,550 less.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Out-of-pocket costs for Medicare beneficiaries taking orally administered anticancer medications are high and will remain so after the doughnut hole closes. Efforts are needed to improve affordability of high-cost cancer drugs for beneficiaries who need them.
authors.affiliation: Stacie B. Dusetzina, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, Chapel Hill, NC; and Nancy L. Keating, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. dusetzina@unc.edu.
authors.forename: Stacie B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Dusetzina
authors.affiliation: Stacie B. Dusetzina, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, Chapel Hill, NC; and Nancy L. Keating, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Keating
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D054524:Medicare Part D / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents