title: What Is a Rheumatologist and How Do We Make One?
abstract: Graduate medical education is a critical time in the training of a rheumatologist, and purposeful evaluation of abilities during this time is essential for long-term success as an independent practitioner. The internal medicine subspecialties collectively developed a uniform set of reporting milestones by which trainees can be assessed and receive formative feedback, providing clarity of accomplishment as well as areas for improvement in training. Furthermore, the reporting milestones provide a schema for assessment and evaluation of fellows by supervisors. The internal medicine subspecialties were also tasked with considering entrustable professional activities (EPAs), which define the abilities of a subspecialty physician who has attained sufficient mastery of the field to be accountable to stakeholders and participate in independent practice. Although EPAs have been established for a few specialties, they had not yet been described for rheumatology. EPAs have value as descriptors of the comprehensive abilities, knowledge, and skills of a practicing rheumatologist. The rheumatology EPAs have a role in defining a specialist in rheumatology upon completion of training, and also represent the ways our specialty defines our abilities that are enduring throughout practice.
  
  
  
  We describe the collaborative process of the development of both the subspecialty reporting milestones and the rheumatology EPAs. The reporting milestones evolved through discussions and collaborations among representatives from the Association of Specialty Professors, the Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine, the American Board of Internal Medicine, and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. The EPAs were a product of deliberations by the Next Accreditation System (NAS) working group of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Committee on Rheumatology Training and Workforce Issues.
  
  
  
  Twenty-three subspecialty reporting milestones and 14 rheumatology EPAs were advanced and refined over the course of 3 subspecialty reporting milestone development summits and 3 ACR NAS working group meetings, respectively.
  
  
  
  The subspecialty reporting milestones and rheumatology EPAs presented here stipulate reasonable and measurable expectations for rheumatologists-in-training. Together, these tools aim to promote enrichment and greater accountability in the training of fellows. Additionally, the EPAs define, for all stakeholders, the expertise of a rheumatologist in practice.
authors.affiliation: Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Calvin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Criscione-Schreiber
authors.affiliation: Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Kenneth S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: O'Rourke
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.affiliation: Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.
authors.forename: Chaim
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Putterman
authors.affiliation: Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Irene J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, Tampa.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valeriano-Marcet
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.affiliation: American College of Rheumatology, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zirkle
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Marcy B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bolster
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D003479:Curriculum; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D015397:Program Evaluation; D000072140:Rheumatologists / Q000193:education*; D012219:Rheumatology / Q000193:education*