title: Multicenter review: role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in diagnostic evaluation, pre-procedural planning and follow-up for patients with congenital heart disease.
abstract: The number of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) is rapidly increasing in the adult population, mainly due to the improved long-term survival. Serial follow-up with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is very appealing due to its non-invasive nature. CMR exam is able to provide specific information about cardiac function, hemodynamics, anatomy and tissue characterization unlikely achievable by other diagnostic techniques. CMR in CHD plays a role both in early diagnosis and in post-operative follow-up. Black Blood T1 weighted sequences are used to acquire morphological information. Cine Steady State Free Precession sequences are mainly used to provide data about cardiac function and kinesis. Hemodynamic assessment is routinely performed using phase contrast sequences, which provide reliable information concerning vessel flow pattern, cardiac output and intracardiac shunts. Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) and 3D coronary MRA of the whole thorax can provide detailed morphological information regarding great vessels and proximal coronary arteries. Presence of late gadolinium enhancement suggesting myocardial macroscopic fibrosis seems to play a prognostic and diagnostic role even in this field.
authors.affiliation: Radiologia Pediatrica e Specialistica, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Via Conca 71, Torrette, 60126, Ancona, Italy. schicchi.n@alice.it.
authors.forename: Nicolò
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schicchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù-Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Aurelio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Secinaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù-Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.|Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muscogiuri
authors.affiliation: Department Medical and Surgical of Pediatric Cardiology, Bambino Gesù-Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ciliberti
authors.affiliation: Department Medical and Surgical of Pediatric Cardiology, Bambino Gesù-Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Benedetta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leonardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù-Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Santangelo
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù-Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Carmela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Napolitano
authors.affiliation: Scuola di Specializzazione in Radiodiagnostica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agliata
authors.affiliation: Scuola di Specializzazione in Radiodiagnostica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Chiara
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Basile
authors.affiliation: Scuola di Specializzazione in Radiodiagnostica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù-Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tomà
authors.affiliation: Radiologia Pediatrica e Specialistica, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Via Conca 71, Torrette, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giovagnoni
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000175:diagnosis; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium
keywords: Cardiac magnetic resonance; Congenital heart disease; Pediatric imaging