title: The pharmacogenetics of opioid therapy in the management of postpartum pain: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Opioids are commonly prescribed for postpartum pain. Yet, providing adequate pain relief, while ensuring that the mother and her breastfeeding infant are protected from adverse events can be challenging. The objective of this systematic review was to identify the role of opioid pharmacogenetics in analgesia and adverse events among patients being treated for postpartum pain, along with their breastfeeding infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted in seven databases on June 3-4, 2015. Two reviewers independently screened studies for eligibility, extracted data and evaluated study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 2082 papers retrieved from the search, 17 were included in the review. These 17 papers consisted of various study designs, opioids, polymorphisms and patient outcomes. This systematic review reveals that CYP2D6, OPRM1 A118G, UGT2B7 C802T and ABCB1 G2677AT may contribute to postpartum analgesia or adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings may assist in personalizing care for patients receiving opioids during the postpartum period.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.|Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baber
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.|Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bapat
authors.affiliation: Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nichol
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koren
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002585:Cesarean Section; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D059408:Pain Management; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D049590:Postpartum Period
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: adverse events; analgesia; breastfeeding; cesarean section; opioids; pain management; pharmacogenetics; polymorphisms; postpartum