title: Age-Related Changes in Predictive Capacity Versus Internal Model Adaptability: Electrophysiological Evidence that Individual Differences Outweigh Effects of Age.
abstract: Hierarchical predictive coding has been identified as a possible unifying principle of brain function, and recent work in cognitive neuroscience has examined how it may be affected by age-related changes. Using language comprehension as a test case, the present study aimed to dissociate age-related changes in prediction generation versus internal model adaptation following a prediction error. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were measured in a group of older adults (60-81 years; n = 40) as they read sentences of the form "The opposite of black is white/yellow/nice." Replicating previous work in young adults, results showed a target-related P300 for the expected antonym ("white"; an effect assumed to reflect a prediction match), and a graded N400 effect for the two incongruous conditions (i.e. a larger N400 amplitude for the incongruous continuation not related to the expected antonym, "nice," versus the incongruous associated condition, "yellow"). These effects were followed by a late positivity, again with a larger amplitude in the incongruous non-associated versus incongruous associated condition. Analyses using linear mixed-effects models showed that the target-related P300 effect and the N400 effect for the incongruous non-associated condition were both modulated by age, thus suggesting that age-related changes affect both prediction generation and model adaptation. However, effects of age were outweighed by the interindividual variability of ERP responses, as reflected in the high proportion of variance captured by the inclusion of by-condition random slopes for participants and items. We thus argue that - at both a neurophysiological and a functional level - the notion of general differences between language processing in young and older adults may only be of limited use, and that future research should seek to better understand the causes of interindividual variability in the ERP responses of older adults and its relation to cognitive performance.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky
authors.affiliation: Institute of German Language and Literature I, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Philipp
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Phillip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Alday
authors.affiliation: Department of English and Linguistics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kretzschmar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Fresenius University of Applied Sciences Idstein, Germany.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grewe
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Fresenius University of Applied Sciences Idstein, Germany.
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gumpert
authors.affiliation: Institute of German Language and Literature I, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Petra B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schlesewsky
keywords: N400; P300; aging; event-related potentials; individual alpha frequency; language comprehension; late positivity; predictive coding