title: Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review.
abstract: Recently, there has been a shift from static stretching (SS) or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching within a warm-up to a greater emphasis on dynamic stretching (DS). The objective of this review was to compare the effects of SS, DS, and PNF on performance, range of motion (ROM), and injury prevention. The data indicated that SS- (-3.7%), DS- (+1.3%), and PNF- (-4.4%) induced performance changes were small to moderate with testing performed immediately after stretching, possibly because of reduced muscle activation after SS and PNF. A dose-response relationship illustrated greater performance deficits with ≥60 s (-4.6%) than with <60 s (-1.1%) SS per muscle group. Conversely, SS demonstrated a moderate (2.2%) performance benefit at longer muscle lengths. Testing was performed on average 3-5 min after stretching, and most studies did not include poststretching dynamic activities; when these activities were included, no clear performance effect was observed. DS produced small-to-moderate performance improvements when completed within minutes of physical activity. SS and PNF stretching had no clear effect on all-cause or overuse injuries; no data are available for DS. All forms of training induced ROM improvements, typically lasting <30 min. Changes may result from acute reductions in muscle and tendon stiffness or from neural adaptations causing an improved stretch tolerance. Considering the small-to-moderate changes immediately after stretching and the study limitations, stretching within a warm-up that includes additional poststretching dynamic activity is recommended for reducing muscle injuries and increasing joint ROM with inconsequential effects on subsequent athletic performance.
authors.affiliation: a School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Behm
authors.affiliation: b Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Campus, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Blazevich
authors.affiliation: c Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, School of Health, The University of Northampton, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.affiliation: d Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY 10075, USA.
authors.forename: Malachy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McHugh
mesh_terms: D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D052580:Muscle Stretching Exercises; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: ballistic stretch; dynamic stretch; facilitation neuromusculaire proprioceptive; flexibility; flexibilité; proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation; static stretch; warm-up; échauffement; étirement balistique; étirement dynamique; étirement statique