title: [Effects of indium chloride on proliferation of human lung epithelial cells and its mechanism].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of different concentrations of indium chloride (InCl3) on the proliferation of human lung epithelial (Beas-2B) cells and its potential mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beas-2B cells were exposed to different concentrations of InCl3 (0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, 30.0, 90.0, 270.0, and 810.0 µmol/L) for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. The effects of InCl3 on cell proliferation were determined by the CCK-8 assay. The effects of InCl3 on apoptosis were evaluated using annexin V-PI staining followed by flow cytometry. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Beas-2B cells after exposure to InCl3 was determined using 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate labeling followed by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the control group, InCl3 at a relatively low concentration (0.3~3.0 µmol/L) significantly promoted cell proliferation (P < 0.05), while InCl3 at a relatively high concentration (30.0~80.0 µmol/L) significantly inhibited cell proliferation after 72 h (P < 0.05). InCl3 at a concentration of 0.3 µmol/L failed to induce apoptosis within 72 h; however, InCl3 at a concentration of 30.0 or 810.0 µmol/L induced substantial early apoptosis after 72 h. Compared with the control group, cells exposed to 0.3 µmol/L InCl3 showed a slight decrease in the level of intracellular ROS within 72 h, while cells exposed to 30.0 or 810.0 µmol/L InCl3 showed a significant increase in the level of intracellular ROS after 72 h (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At a low concentration, InCl3 stimulates cell proliferation by reducing intracellular ROS. However, at a high concentration, InCl3 inhibits cell viability by elevating intracellular ROS and inducing apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Yinmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China; E-mail: dysun@163.com.
authors.forename: Daoyuan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007204:Indium / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D007204:Indium; C020758:indium trichloride