title: Crystallographic education in the 21st century.
abstract: There are many methods that can be used to incorporate concepts of crystallography into the learning experiences of students, whether they are in elementary school, at university or part of the public at large. It is not always critical that those who teach crystallography have immediate access to diffraction equipment to be able to introduce the concepts of symmetry, packing or molecular structure in an age- and audience-appropriate manner. Crystallography can be used as a tool for teaching general chemistry concepts as well as general research techniques without ever having a student determine a crystal structure. Thus, methods for younger students to perform crystal growth experiments of simple inorganic salts, organic compounds and even metals are presented. For settings where crystallographic instrumentation is accessible (proximally or remotely), students can be involved in all steps of the process, from crystal growth, to data collection, through structure solution and refinement, to final publication. Several approaches based on the presentations in the MS92 Microsymposium at the IUCr 23rd Congress and General Assembly are reported. The topics cover methods for introducing crystallography to undergraduate students as part of a core chemistry curriculum; a successful short-course workshop intended to bootstrap researchers who rely on crystallography for their work; and efforts to bring crystallography to secondary school children and non-science majors. In addition to these workshops, demonstrations and long-format courses, open-format crystallographic databases and three-dimensional printed models as tools that can be used to excite target audiences and inspire them to pursue a deeper understanding of crystallography are described.
authors.affiliation: Vilnius University Institute of Biotechnology, Graiciuno 8, LT-02241 Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Saulius
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gražulis
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
authors.forename: Amy Alexis
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sarjeant
authors.affiliation: Nano-Crystallography Group, Department of Physics, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moeck
authors.affiliation: Nano-Crystallography Group, Department of Physics, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA ; Crystal Solutions, LLC, Portland, OR 97205, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stone-Sundberg
authors.affiliation: 3D Systems Corporation, Wilsonville, SW Parkway Avenue 60 E - 61, Wilsonville, OR 26600, USA ; Nano-Crystallography Group, Department of Physics, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA.
authors.forename: Trevor J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Washington at Seattle, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kaminsky
authors.affiliation: Molecular Structure Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA.
authors.forename: Allen G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
authors.forename: Charlotte L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Louise N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Dawe
authors.affiliation: Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Kutateladze 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russian Federation ; REC-008, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Denis A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rychkov
authors.affiliation: Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Kutateladze 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russian Federation ; REC-008, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Evgeniy A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Losev
authors.affiliation: Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Kutateladze 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russian Federation ; REC-008, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Boldyreva
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tanski
authors.affiliation: New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.affiliation: New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Wael M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Rabeh
authors.affiliation: College of Science and Mathematics, California State University, San Marcos, Craven 6211, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kantardjieff
keywords: education; teaching