title: Target Selection Recommendations Based on Impact of Deep Brain Stimulation Surgeries on Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review examines the evidence that deep brain stimulation (DBS) has extensive impact on nonmotor symptoms (NMSs) of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrieved information from the PubMed database up to September, 2015, using various search terms and their combinations including PD, NMSs, DBS, globus pallidus internus (GPi), subthalamic nucleus (STN), and ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included data from peer-reviewed journals on impacts of DBS on neuropsychological profiles, sensory function, autonomic symptoms, weight changes, and sleep disturbances. For psychological symptoms and cognitive impairment, we tried to use more reliable proofs: Random, control, multicenter, large sample sizes, and long period follow-up clinical studies. We categorized the NMSs into four groups: those that would improve definitively following DBS; those that are not significantly affected by DBS; those that remain controversial on their surgical benefit; and those that can be worsened by DBS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, it seems to be an overall beneficial effect of DBS on NMSs, such as sensory, sleep, gastrointestinal, sweating, cardiovascular, odor, urological symptoms, and sexual dysfunction, GPi-DBS may produce similar results; Both STN and Gpi-DBS are safe with regard to cognition and psychology over long-term follow-up, though verbal fluency decline is related to DBS; The impact of DBS on behavioral addictions and dysphagia is still uncertain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the motor effects of STN-DBS and GPi-DBS are similar, NMSs may determine the target choice in surgery of future patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sperry
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olichney
authors.forename: Sarah Tomaszewski
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Farias
authors.forename: Kiarash
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shahlaie
authors.forename: Norika Malhado
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Su-Ping
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Cui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy*; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000601:surgery