title: Effects of Music Therapy on the Cardiovascular and Autonomic Nervous System in Stress-Induced University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stress is caused when a particular relationship between the individual and the environment emerges. Specifically, stress occurs when an individual's abilities are challenged or when one's well-being is threatened by excessive environmental demands. The aim of this study was to measure the effects of music therapy on stress in university students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four students were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 33) or the control group (n = 31).
  
  
  METHODS
  Music therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initial measurement included cardiovascular indicators (blood pressure and pulse), autonomic nervous activity (standard deviation of the normal-to-normal intervals [SDNN], normalized low frequency, normalized high frequency, low/high frequency), and subjective stress. After the first measurement, participants in both groups were exposed to a series of stressful tasks, and then a second measurement was conducted. The experimental group then listened to music for 20 minutes and the control group rested for 20 minutes. A third and final measurement was then taken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between the two groups in the first or second measurement. However, after music therapy, the experimental group and the control group showed significant differences in all variables, including systolic blood pressure (p = .026), diastolic blood pressure (p = .037), pulse (p < .001), SDNN (p = .003), normalized low frequency (p < .001), normalized high frequency (p = .010), and subjective stress (p = .026).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Classical music tends to relax the body and may stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. These results suggest music therapy as an intervention for stress reduction.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Nursing, Sahmyook University , Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung Soon
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Nursing, Sahmyook University , Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeon Cheol
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University , Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Nursing Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Yang
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Jeon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009147:Music Therapy; D013334:Students; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult