title: [Epidemiological profile of traumatic brain injury at the Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia Hospital, Neurosurgery Department, during the period from 2007 to 2012].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the epidemiological profile of the patients who suffered traumatic brain injury (TBI) and were treated at the Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia Hospital (HCG) Neurosurgery department, during the period from 2007 to 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational, descriptive, retrospective and cross section study was performed on all the patients with TBI and who were admitted to the emergency room of the HCG during the period 2007 to 2012. There were a total of 721 cases, of which 566 records were obtained of patients who had the variables established in this study, excluding those with incomplete or inconsistent information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present study established the epidemiological profile of the TBI in the population seen during the period 2007 to 2012 at the HCG. It was determined that the male sex made up the majority of the cases were male, with mean age of 46 years. The mortality rate was 12.69% (n=69). Car accidents were the most frequent cause of TBI (n=259 persons) in the age group of 25 to 44 years, followed by falls (n=174). It was observed that the majority were farmers, followed by students, and then construction workers. No chronic illnesses were recorded in 71.6% of the medical charts. No alcohol or other drugs were reported in 74.9% of the cases, while there was evidence of the presence of alcohol recorded in 22.8%. The clinical and laboratory parameters that had statistical significance (P<.05) were GCS equal to less than 8 (P=.035), presence of mydriasis (P=.00), deviation of the LM (P=.006), cranial fracture (P=.04), lack of endotracheal intubation on admission (P=.007), prolonged PT (P=.04), prolonged PTT (P=.025), and MAP<60 (P=.002). The most frequent surgical procedure in the study population was craniotomy with hematoma drainage alone or associated with some other procedure (esquillectomy or monitoring of PIC) (n=298).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is great difficulty in determining the epidemiology of TBI worldwide, due to the lack of standardisation of the international studies. From the present study, it can be concluded that the population that mainly suffers from this type of lesion are adults under 45 years old, with car accidents being the main cause of these lesions (45.8%) in combination with alcohol consumption. Also, the consequences of such are aggravated when the victims present with chronic diseases such as, systemic arterial hypertension and mellitus diabetes. As regards the post-traumatic indicators directly related to a poor outcome, it was determined that a GCS score equal to or less than 8, a mean blood pressure less than 60, the prolongation of the coagulation times, the presence of mydriasis, and skull fractures, have a direct association with the negative or fatal outcome for the victim.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociencias, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica. Electronic address: garrypetgrave@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petgrave-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociencias, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Juan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.affiliation: Clínica de Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, Heredia, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Trabajo Social, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Rosarito
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chacón
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Hispanoamericana, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociencias, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociencias, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernández
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003364:Costa Rica; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006748:Hospital Departments; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009493:Neurosurgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Accidentes de tránsito; Alcohol consumption; Car accidents; Consumo de alcohol; Epidemiology; Epidemiología; Male; Masculino; Outcome; Pronóstico; Traumatic brain injury; Traumatismo craneoencefálico