title: Optimisation and Characterisation of Lipase-Catalysed Synthesis of a Kojic Monooleate Ester in a Solvent-Free System by Response Surface Methodology.
abstract: Kojic acid is widely used to inhibit the browning effect of tyrosinase in cosmetic and food industries. In this work, synthesis of kojic monooleate ester (KMO) was carried out using lipase-catalysed esterification of kojic acid and oleic acid in a solvent-free system. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used to optimise the main important reaction variables, such as enzyme amount, reaction temperature, substrate molar ratio, and reaction time along with immobilised lipase from Candida Antarctica (Novozym 435) as a biocatalyst. The RSM data indicated that the reaction temperature was less significant in comparison to other factors for the production of a KMO ester. By using this statistical analysis, a quadratic model was developed in order to correlate the preparation variable to the response (reaction yield). The optimum conditions for the enzymatic synthesis of KMO were as follows: an enzyme amount of 2.0 wt%, reaction temperature of 83.69°C, substrate molar ratio of 1:2.37 (mmole kojic acid:oleic acid) and a reaction time of 300.0 min. Under these conditions, the actual yield percentage obtained was 42.09%, which is comparably well with the maximum predicted value of 44.46%. Under the optimal conditions, Novozym 435 could be reused for 5 cycles for KMO production percentage yield of at least 40%. The results demonstrated that statistical analysis using RSM can be used efficiently to optimise the production of a KMO ester. Moreover, the optimum conditions obtained can be applied to scale-up the process and minimise the cost.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Khairulazhar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jumbri
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Fahruddin
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Al-Haniff Rozy
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.|Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Siti Efliza
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ashari
authors.affiliation: Department of Technology Bioprocess, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rosfarizan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohamad
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.|Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mahiran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basri
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.|Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Fard Masoumi
mesh_terms: D002384:Catalysis; D004951:Esterification; D004952:Esters / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D008049:Lipase / Q000737:chemistry*; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D011753:Pyrones / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004952:Esters; D011753:Pyrones; D019301:Oleic Acid; C011890:kojic acid; D008049:Lipase