title: Ion release, fluoride charge of and adhesion of an orthodontic cement paste containing microcapsules.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dental materials capable of releasing calcium, phosphate and fluoride are of great interest for remineralization. Microencapsulated aqueous solutions of these ions in orthodontic cement demonstrate slow, sustained release by passive diffusion through a permeable membrane without the need for dissolution or etching of fillers. The potential to charge a dental material formulated with microencapsulated water with fluoride by toothbrushing with over the counter toothpaste and the effect of microcapsules on cement adhesion to enamel was determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orthodontic cements that contained microcapsules with water and controls without microcapsules were brushed with over-the-counter toothpaste and fluoride release was measured. Adhesion measurements were performed loading orthodontic brackets to failure. Cements that contained microencapsulated solutions of 5.0M Ca(NO3)2, 0.8M NaF, 6.0MK2HPO4 or a mixture of all three were prepared. Ion release profiles were measured as a function of time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A greater fluoride charge and re-release from toothbrushing was demonstrated compared to a control with no microcapsules. Adhesion of an orthodontic cement that contained microencapsulated remineralizing agents was 8.5±2.5MPa compared to the control without microcapsules which was of 8.3±1.7MPa. Sustained release of fluoride, calcium and phosphate ions from cement formulated with microencapsulated remineralizing agents was demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orthodontic cements with microcapsules show a release of bioavailable fluoride, calcium, and phosphate ions near the tooth surface while having the ability to charge with fluoride and not effect the adhesion of the material to enamel. Incorporation of microcapsules in dental materials is promising for promoting remineralization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, United States.
authors.forename: Brant D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Burbank
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, United States.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, United States.
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kava
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, United States.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.affiliation: Premier Dental Products Company, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, United States.
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: McHale
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, United States.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Latta
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, United States; Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, United States. Electronic address: stephengross@creighton.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D002214:Capsules / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry; D009824:Ointments / Q000737:chemistry*; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D017001:Tooth Demineralization; D014089:Tooth Remineralization; D014099:Toothbrushing; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D003738:Dental Cements; D003764:Dental Materials; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D007477:Ions; D009824:Ointments; D010710:Phosphates; D019279:Resin Cements; D014100:Toothpastes; C095998:Adhesive cement; C012980:fluorophosphate; D005459:Fluorides; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Bioactive; Calcium; Composites; Fluoride; Ion release; Orthodontic cement; Phosphate; Recharge