title: A Label-free Technique for the Spatio-temporal Imaging of Single Cell Secretions.
abstract: Inter-cellular communication is an integral part of a complex system that helps in maintaining basic cellular activities. As a result, the malfunctioning of such signaling can lead to many disorders. To understand cell-to-cell signaling, it is essential to study the spatial and temporal nature of the secreted molecules from the cell without disturbing the local environment. Various assays have been developed to study protein secretion, however, these methods are typically based on fluorescent probes which disrupt the relevant signaling pathways. To overcome this limitation, a label-free technique is required. In this paper, we describe the fabrication and application of a label-free localized surface plasmon resonance imaging (LSPRi) technology capable of detecting protein secretions from a single cell. The plasmonic nanostructures are lithographically patterned onto a standard glass coverslip and can be excited using visible light on commercially available light microscopes. Only a small fraction of the coverslip is covered by the nanostructures and hence this technique is well suited for combining common techniques such as fluorescence and bright-field imaging. A multidisciplinary approach is used in this protocol which incorporates sensor nanofabrication and subsequent biofunctionalization, binding kinetics characterization of ligand and analyte, the integration of the chip and live cells, and the analysis of the measured signal. As a whole, this technology enables a general label-free approach towards mapping cellular secretions and correlating them with the responses of nearby cells.
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Technology, Naval Research Laboratory.
authors.forename: Deepa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raghu
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Technology, Naval Research Laboratory.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Christodoulides
authors.affiliation: Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Delehanty
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Technology, Naval Research Laboratory.
authors.forename: Jeff M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Byers
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Technology, Naval Research Laboratory; marc.raphael@nrl.navy.mil.
authors.forename: Marc P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Raphael