title: A case of two pial arteriovenous fistulas with giant venous pouches treated by endovascular coil embolization: Therapy with and without anticoagulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endovascular coil embolization of pial arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) has been reported as an effective treatment. However, venous thrombosis and intracranial hemorrhage developing after endovascular occlusion of a pial AVF have not been adequately reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 37-year-old man presented with left middle cerebral artery (MCA) AVF and right posterior cerebral artery (PCA) AVF with giant venous pouches. Staged endovascular coil embolization was performed. The MCA AVF was completely occluded by coils at the first stage. Intravenous heparin (3000 IU) was administered during the procedure, and then low molecular weight heparin (subcutaneous injection, 0.4 mL/12 hours) was administered for two days. The PCA AVF was near completely occluded by coils without anticoagulation therapy at the second stage. Rapid progressive venous thrombosis and intracranial hemorrhage were confirmed by computerized tomography brain scan postoperatively, and the patient was then transferred to the neurological intensive care unit for further treatment. Finally, the patient recovered well at the five-month follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endovascular occlusion of a high-flow pial AVF with a giant venous pouch resulting in significant blood stasis could precipitate thrombosis in the venous system. Further studies are required to establish whether anticoagulation therapy is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Aihua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Xianli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Youxiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Xinjian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Chuhan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China wuzhongxuedoctor@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhongxue
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants
keywords: Arteriovenous fistula; endovascular; intracranial hemorrhage; pial