title: Emergence of Spatial Stream Segregation in the Ascending Auditory Pathway.
abstract: Stream segregation enables a listener to disentangle multiple competing sequences of sounds. A recent study from our laboratory demonstrated that cortical neurons in anesthetized cats exhibit spatial stream segregation (SSS) by synchronizing preferentially to one of two sequences of noise bursts that alternate between two source locations. Here, we examine the emergence of SSS along the ascending auditory pathway. Extracellular recordings were made in anesthetized rats from the inferior colliculus (IC), the nucleus of the brachium of the IC (BIN), the medial geniculate body (MGB), and the primary auditory cortex (A1). Stimuli consisted of interleaved sequences of broadband noise bursts that alternated between two source locations. At stimulus presentation rates of 5 and 10 bursts per second, at which human listeners report robust SSS, neural SSS is weak in the central nucleus of the IC (ICC), it appears in the nucleus of the brachium of the IC (BIN) and in approximately two-thirds of neurons in the ventral MGB (MGBv), and is prominent throughout A1. The enhancement of SSS at the cortical level reflects both increased spatial sensitivity and increased forward suppression. We demonstrate that forward suppression in A1 does not result from synaptic inhibition at the cortical level. Instead, forward suppression might reflect synaptic depression in the thalamocortical projection. Together, our findings indicate that auditory streams are increasingly segregated along the ascending auditory pathway as distinct mutually synchronized neural populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Listeners are capable of disentangling multiple competing sequences of sounds that originate from distinct sources. This stream segregation is aided by differences in spatial location between the sources. A possible substrate of spatial stream segregation (SSS) has been described in the auditory cortex, but the mechanisms leading to those cortical responses are unknown. Here, we investigated SSS in three levels of the ascending auditory pathway with extracellular unit recordings in anesthetized rats. We found that neural SSS emerges within the ascending auditory pathway as a consequence of sharpening of spatial sensitivity and increasing forward suppression. Our results highlight brainstem mechanisms that culminate in SSS at the level of the auditory cortex.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Hearing Research, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697.
authors.forename: Justin D
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8762-9044
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology, and Center for Hearing Research, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1709-6224
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bremen
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurobiology and Behavior, Otolaryngology, and Center for Hearing Research, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697 Cognitive Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering, and j.midd@uci.edu.
authors.forename: John C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3772-4921
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Middlebrooks
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005829:Geniculate Bodies / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D007245:Inferior Colliculi / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D013017:Sound Localization / Q000502:physiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D018756:GABA Antagonists
keywords: auditory cortex; auditory scene analysis; cocktail party; forward suppression; inferior colliculus; medial geniculate body