title: 8-Hydroxy-2-Deoxyguanosine Levels and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is generated after the repair of ROS-mediated DNA damages and, thus, is one of the most widely recognized biomarkers of oxidative damage of DNA because guanosine is the most oxidized among the DNA nucleobases. In several pathological conditions, high urinary levels of oxidized DNA-derived metabolites have been reported (e.g., cancer, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Even if published studies have shown that DNA damage is significantly associated with the development of atherosclerosis, the exact role of this damage in the onset and progression of this pathology is not fully understood, and the association of oxidative damage to DNA with cardiovascular disease (CVD) still needs to be more extensively investigated. We performed a meta-analysis of the literature to investigate the association among 8-OHdG levels and CVD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen studies (810 CVD patients and 1106 controls) were included in the analysis. We found that CVD patients showed higher 8-OHdG levels than controls (SMD: 1.04, 95%CI: 0.61, 1.47, p < 0.001, I(2) = 94%, p < 0.001). The difference was confirmed both in studies in which 8-OHdG levels were assessed in urine (MD: 4.43, 95%CI: 1.71, 7.15, p = 0.001) and in blood samples (MD: 1.42, 95%CI: 0.64, 2.21, p = 0.0004). Meta-regression models showed that age, hypertension, and male gender significantly impacted on the difference in 8-OHdG levels among CVD patients and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  8-OHdG levels are higher in patients with CVD than in controls. However, larger prospective studies are needed to test 8-OHdG as a predictor of CVD.
authors.affiliation: 1 Centro Cardiologico Monzino , IRCCS, Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Minno
authors.affiliation: 1 Centro Cardiologico Monzino , IRCCS, Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Turnu
authors.affiliation: 1 Centro Cardiologico Monzino , IRCCS, Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Benedetta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Porro
authors.affiliation: 1 Centro Cardiologico Monzino , IRCCS, Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Squellerio
authors.affiliation: 1 Centro Cardiologico Monzino , IRCCS, Milan, Italy .|2 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cavalca
authors.affiliation: 1 Centro Cardiologico Monzino , IRCCS, Milan, Italy .|2 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tremoli
authors.affiliation: 1 Centro Cardiologico Monzino , IRCCS, Milan, Italy .|3 Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, Federico II University , Naples, Italy .
authors.forename: Matteo Nicola Dario
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Di Minno
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D015415:Biomarkers; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011379:Prognosis; D017594:Publication Bias; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D003849:Deoxyguanosine