title: Ecological and morphological characteristics of parasitoids in Phauda flammans (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae).
abstract: Phauda flammans Walker (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae) is one of the notorious defoliators on Ficus spp. trees. In order to avoid environmental pollution, potential biological control agents for P. flammans need to be investigated instead of chemical control. Four species of insect parasitoids were identified from P. flammans, including three hymenopteran species (i.e., Gotra octocinctus, Apanteles sp. and Eurytoma verticillata) and one dipteran species (i.e., Exorista yunnanica). Parasitoid ratios of G. octocinctus, Apanteles sp., Eu. verticillata and Ex. yunnanica were 7.2%, 4.2%, 1.6% and 0.9%. The four species were all larval endoparasitoids of P. flammans larvae. Time of cocoon (pupa) to adult, life span, major axis of cocoon and body length of females were all longer compared to males for G. octocinctus, Apanteles sp. and Ex. yunnanica. Based on the parasitoid ratios, the most abundant parasitoid species was G. octocinctus.
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xia-Lin
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jun-Yan
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ling-Yu
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Min-Yi
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D004175:Diptera / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004463:Ecology; D005260:Female; D030681:Ficus; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006927:Hymenoptera / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007814:Larva / Q000469:parasitology; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D008297:Male; D009036:Moths / Q000469:parasitology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D011679:Pupa; D013045:Species Specificity