title: Evaluation of in vivo graphene oxide toxicity for Acheta domesticus in relation to nanomaterial purity and time passed from the exposure.
abstract: Graphene and its oxidized form-graphene oxide (GO) have become exceptionally popular in industry and medicine due to their unique properties. However, there are suspicions that GO can cause adverse effects. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge on its potential toxicity is essential. This research assesses the in vivo toxicity of pure and manganese ion contaminated GO, which were injected into the hemolymph of Acheta domesticus. The activity of catalase (CAT) and gluthiathione peroxidases (GSTPx) as well as heat shock protein (HSP 70) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were measured at consecutive time points-1h, 24h, 48h and 72h after injection. Neither pure GO nor GO contaminated with manganese were neutral to the organism. The results proved the intensification of oxidative stress after GO injection, which was confirmed by increased enzyme activity. The organism seems to cope with this stress, especially in the first 24h after injection. In the following days, increasing HSP 70 levels were observed, which might suggest the synthesis of new proteins and the removal of old and damaged ones. With that in mind, the potential toxicity of the studied material, which could lead to serious and permanent damage to the organism, should still be taken into consideration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland. Electronic address: mdziewiecka@us.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dziewięcka
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karpeta-Kaczmarek
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Augustyniak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Nieszawska 13a, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; Wielkopolska Centre of Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Majchrzycki
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Physics PAS, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Augustyniak-Jabłokow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006108:Graphite / Q000633:toxicity*; D006135:Gryllidae; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000633:toxicity*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000633:toxicity*; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; D010087:Oxides; D008345:Manganese; D006108:Graphite; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase
keywords: Acheta domesticus; Graphene oxide; HSP 70; Manganese ions; Oxidative stress