title: [Resuscitation training for lay persons in first aid courses: Transfer of knowledge, skills and attitude].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the most effective intervention for out of hospital sudden cardiac arrest; therefore, basic life support (BLS) courses for lay persons have become well established in industrialized countries, often since decades. Despite this favorable situation bystander CPR rates still remain low in some countries (e.g. in Germany), indicating serious implementation problems. The quality of instruction in these courses could be one reason for low bystander CPR rates. We therefore analyzed official lay BLS courses in terms of the teaching quality in the domains of knowledge, skills and attitudes (according to Bloom's taxonomy).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 20 officially accredited lay BLS courses in Berlin, Germany, were analyzed by a participating observer, who remained blinded to the instructor and course participants until the end of the course. Courses were offered by German rescue organizations and private providers according to European Resuscitation Council (ERC) guidelines. Teaching quality was rated by a standardized checklist including 21 observable criteria of teaching quality for transfer of knowledge (n = 10), skills (n = 8) and attitudes (n = 3). In order to achieve comparability between items the results of each criterion were quantified by Likert scales ranging from +2 (very good) to -2 (very poor).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average score of all courses was +0.47 (SD ±0.46) for transfer of knowledge, +0.03 (SD ±0.61) for skills and -1.08 (SD ±0.73) for attitudes. In the domain of knowledge transfer, learning atmosphere and course structure were rated to be generally good, whilst marked deficits were found with respect to correctness of content. In the domain of skills the more positive ratings were given for teaching of single BLS elements (e.g. compressions and ventilation), in contrast to the training of BLS context, where e.g. realistic scenarios were only used by 3 out of 20 instructors. The domain of attitude transfer had the worst rating. Detailed ratings were -0.90 for "reducing fear of doing harm to the victim", -1.25 for "positive attribution of practical training" and -1.10 for "explaining course relevance from the learners' perspective".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the observed BLS courses the teaching quality revealed significant deficits, especially for the transfer of positive attitudes to learners. Also, the use of meaningful realistic scenario teaching was very scarce. These findings can significantly contribute to low bystander CPR rates because transfer of learned content into practice may be hampered.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt Operative Intensivmedizin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland. jan.breckwoldt@dekmed.uzh.ch.|Dieter Scheffner Zentrum für Evidenzbasierte Ausbildungsforschung, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland. jan.breckwoldt@dekmed.uzh.ch.|Medizinische Fakultät der Universität Zürich, Studiendekanat, Universität Zürich, Pestalozzistr. 3-5, 8091, Zürich, Schweiz. jan.breckwoldt@dekmed.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Breckwoldt
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Kardiologie, DRK-Krankenhaus Berlin Westend, Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lingemann
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt Operative Intensivmedizin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D001604:Berlin; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D005392:First Aid; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D058687:Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D014163:Transfer, Psychology
keywords: Basic life support; Emergency first responders; Instructional quality; Out of hospital cardiac arrest; Resuscitation