title: Trypsin as enhancement in cyclical tracheal decellularization: Morphological and biophysical characterization.
abstract: There are different types of tracheal disorders (e.g. cancer, stenosis and fractures). These can cause respiratory failure and lead to death of patients. Several attempts have been made for trachea replacement in order to restore the airway, including anastomosis and implants made from synthetic or natural materials. Tracheal allotransplantation has shown high rejection rates, and decellularization has emerged as a possible solution. Decellularization involves the removal of antigens from cells in the organ or tissue, leaving a matrix that can be used as 3D cell-scaffold. Although this process has been used for tracheal replacement, it usually takes at least two months and time is critical for patients with tracheal disorders. Therefore, there is necessary to develop a tracheal replacement process, which is not only effective, but also quick to prepare. The aim of this research was to develop a faster trachea decellularization protocol using Trypsin enzyme and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as decellularization agents. Three protocols of cyclic trachea decellularization (Protocols A, B, and C) were compared. Following Protocol A (previously described in the literature), 15 consecutive cycles were performed over 32 days. Protocol B (a variation of Protocol A) — EDTA being added — with 15 consecutive cycles performed over 60 days. Finally, Protocol C, with the addition of Trypsin as a decellularization agent, 5 consecutive cycles being performed over 10 days. For the three protocols, hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining and DNA residual content quantification were performed to establish the effectiveness of the decellularization process. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the changes in porosity and microarrays. To evaluate the structural matrices integrity, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and biomechanical test were used. None of the protocols showed significant alteration or degradation in the components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, in Protocol C, more cellular components were removed in less time, making it the most efficient process. In addition, the cell tracking and viability was evaluated with chondrocytes seeding on the scaffold obtained by Protocol C, which showed an adequate cell scaffolding ability of this matrix.
authors.affiliation: Posgrado en Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Unidad de Posgrado Edificio "C" 1er Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, México D. F., México; Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, México D.F., México. Electronic address: davidmauro2008@gmail.com.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Giraldo-Gomez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Edificio "D" Planta Baja, Circuito Interior, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, México D.F., México.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leon-Mancilla
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, México D.F., México.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Del Prado-Audelo
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Trasplante Pulmonar Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México D.F., México.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sotres-Vega
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Trasplante Pulmonar Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México D.F., México.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Villalba-Caloca
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Ingeniería de Tejidos Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, C.P. 14389, México D.F., México.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garciadiego-Cazares
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, México D.F., México.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Piña-Barba
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage; D002470:Cell Survival; D004492:Edetic Acid; D005109:Extracellular Matrix; D013552:Swine; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014132:Trachea / Q000166:cytology / Q000637:transplantation*; D014357:Trypsin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004492:Edetic Acid; D014357:Trypsin
keywords: Cartilage; Decellularization; ECM; EDTA; Trachea; Trypsin