title: Genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an update.
abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder affecting children, adolescents, and adults. The prevalence is estimated at 5 to 7% of school-aged children and 2.5 to 5% of adults. The phenotype is complex and heterogeneous, presenting variable clinical features, developmental course, and outcome. The genetic susceptibility to ADHD is attributed to both common and rare variants from a broad range of genes related mainly to neurotransmission and neurodevelopment pathways. However, it has been difficult to identify the genetic risk variants that account for the high heritability of this disorder. In this paper, we present recent findings from molecular genetics studies on both child and adult ADHD. Challenges and future directions for ADHD genetic studies are reviewed and discussed.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Genetics , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil.
authors.forename: Glaucia Chiyoko
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Akutagava-Martins
authors.affiliation: b Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division , Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , Brazil.|c Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq) , Porto Alegre , Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis Augusto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.affiliation: a Department of Genetics , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil.
authors.forename: Mara Helena
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hutz
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D020412:Multifactorial Inheritance; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D010641:Phenotype; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000235:genetics
keywords: ADHD; CNVs; GWAS; genetics; pathway analysis; polygenic risk score analysis; susceptibility