title: PATHOLOGIC AND IMPENDING FRACTURES: BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL ASPECTS.
abstract: Bone metastases from carcinomas are epidemiologically rising because of the increased survival rate of oncologic patients, related to several factors such as improvement of primary and secondary screening, advancement of medical research and technology and the better understanding of mechanisms underlying bone metastases origination from primary tumor. Skeletal Related Events (SREs) can seriously affect quality of life in patients with metastatic disease. These events include the necessity of radiotherapy or bone surgery, malignant hypercalcemia, pathologic fractures and spinal cord compression. Among the SREs, pathologic fractures are the most disabling events and represent an emergency in these delicate patients. A pathologic fracture is defined as a fracture that occurs at the level of a pre-existing bone lesion (that is often a tumor), spontaneously or as the result of low-energy trauma (1). The pre-existence of the metastatic lesion in the bone, its evaluation and the assessment of progression can make these complications predictable and preventable. Pathologic fractures imply several severe consequences, including patient immobilization (in the case of fractures involving the lower limbs), loss of autonomy, anaemia, need of blood transfusion, discontinuation of medical therapies or radiotherapy and protracted hospitalization. Secondary effects of prolonged immobilization and loss of autonomy further lengthen this list of complications in patients who are already significantly limited in their activities. In the present paper, the authors present a review on the main aspects involved in bone metastastic disease: biology, quality of life, economic impact and survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Spinelli
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Cristo Re Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sacchetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Alto Chiascio Hospital, Gubbio-Gualdo Tadino.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: CIR, Center of Integrated Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Martino
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology of Villa Stuart Sport Clinic, Foro Italico University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giannini
authors.affiliation: Oncologic Center Palazzo Baleani Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piccioli