title: Risk-based Patient Selection for Magnetic Resonance Imaging-targeted Prostate Biopsy after Negative Transrectal Ultrasound-guided Random Biopsy Avoids Unnecessary Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans.
abstract: Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is increasingly used in men with suspicion of prostate cancer (PCa) after negative transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided random biopsy. Risk-based patient selection for mpMRI could help to avoid unnecessary mpMRIs.
  
  
  
  To study the rate of potentially avoided mpMRIs after negative TRUS-guided random biopsy by risk-based patient selection using the Rotterdam Prostate Cancer Risk Calculator (RPCRC).
  
  
  
  One hundred and twenty two consecutive men received a mpMRI scan and subsequent MRI-TRUS fusion targeted biopsy in case of suspicious lesion(s) (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System ≥ 3) after negative TRUS-guided random biopsy. Men were retrospectively stratified according to the RPCRC biopsy advice to compare targeted biopsy outcomes after risk-based patient selection with standard (prostate specific antigen and/or digital rectal examination-driven) patient selection.
  
  
  
  The rate of potentially avoided mpMRIs by RPCRC-based patient selection in relation to the rate of missed high-grade (Gleason ≥ 3+4) PCa. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine the area under the curve of the RPCRC for (high-grade) PCa.
  
  
  
  Of the 60 men with a positive biopsy advice, six (10%) had low-grade PCa and 28 (47%) had high-grade PCa in targeted biopsy. Of the 62 men with a negative advice, two (3%) had low-grade PCa and three (5%) had high-grade PCa. Upfront RPCRC-based patient selection would have avoided 62 (51%) of 122 mpMRIs and two (25%) of eight low-grade PCa diagnoses, missing three (10%) of 31 high-grade PCa. The area under the curve of the RPCRC for PCa and high-grade PCa was respectively 0.76 (95% confidence interval 0.67-0.85) and 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.76-0.93).
  
  
  
  Risk-based patient selection with the RPCRC can avoid half of mpMRIs after a negative prostate specific antigen and/or digital rectal examination-driven TRUS-guided random biopsy. Further improvement in risk-based patient selection for mpMRI could be made by adjusting the RPCRC for MRI-targeted biopsy outcome prediction.
  
  
  
  The suspicion of prostate cancer remains in many men after a negative ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. These men increasingly receive an often unnecessary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. We found that patient selection for MRI based on the Rotterdam Prostate Cancer Risk Calculator biopsy advice could avoid half of the MRIs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: a.r.alberts@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Arnout R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Alberts
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ivo G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Schoots
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Leonard P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Bokhorst
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Geert J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van Leenders
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Chris H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Bangma
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Monique J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Roobol
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D051517:Digital Rectal Examination; D006801:Humans; D061705:Image-Guided Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D018579:Patient Selection; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D014463:Ultrasonography; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: Multi-parametric MRI; Multivariable risk assessment; Prostate cancer; Risk calculator; Target biopsy