title: Which Factors Can Protect Against Range Stress in Everyday Usage of Battery Electric Vehicles? Toward Enhancing Sustainability of Electric Mobility Systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the present research was to advance understanding of factors that can protect against range anxiety, specifically range stress in everyday usage of battery electric vehicles (BEVs).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Range anxiety is a major barrier to the broad adoption of sustainable electric mobility systems. To develop strategies aimed at overcoming range anxiety, a clear understanding of this phenomenon and influencing factors is needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined range anxiety in the form of everyday range stress (ERS) in a field study setting. Seventy-two customers leased a BEV for 3 months. The field study was specifically designed to enable examination of factors that can contribute to lower ERS. In particular, study design and sample recruitment were targeted at generating vehicle usage profiles that would lead to relatively frequent experience of situations requiring active management of range resources and thereby potentially leading to experienced range stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Less frequent encounter with critical range situations, higher practical experience, subjective range competence, tolerance of low range, and experienced trustworthiness of the range estimation system were related to lower ERS. Moreover, range stress was found to be related to range satisfaction and BEV acceptance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results underline the importance of the human factors perspective to overcome range anxiety and enhance sustainability of electric mobility systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trustworthiness should be employed as a key benchmark variable in the design of range estimation systems, and assistance systems should target increasing drivers' adaptive capacity (i.e., resilience) to cope with critical range situations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Cognitive and Engineering Psychology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany thomas.franke@psychologie.tu-chemnitz.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Cognitive and Engineering Psychology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rauh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Cognitive and Engineering Psychology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany.
authors.forename: Madlen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Cognitive and Engineering Psychology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trantow
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Cognitive and Engineering Psychology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany.
authors.forename: Josef F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Krems
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018986:Motor Vehicles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D059205:Renewable Energy
keywords: adaptive capacity; field study; range anxiety; resilience