title: [Scrotal ultrasound examinations in infants and toddlers].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Besides physical examination, ultrasonography is the most valuable diagnostic tool to assess the scrotum and testes in the case of an acute scrotum or scrotal pathology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In infants and toddlers the examination can be challenging. Due to the limited patient compliance, the small testicular size (< 0.5 ml), and low blood flow velocity (< 3 cm/s), it can be difficult to achieve a proper flow curve when assessing blood flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The examiner's skills are as important as adequate equipment (i. e., linear ultrasound probe, 12-14 MHz) and optimal program settings (Doppler scale < 3 cm/s, gate 1 mm). However, if there is doubt, surgical exploration is unavoidable.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Kinderurologie in Kooperation mit der Universität Regensburg, Klinik St. Hedwig Regensburg, Steinmetzstraße 1-3, 93049, Regensburg, Deutschland. claudia.neissner@barmherzige-regensburg.de.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neissner
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Kinderurologie in Kooperation mit der Universität Regensburg, Klinik St. Hedwig Regensburg, Steinmetzstraße 1-3, 93049, Regensburg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Eisenschmidt
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Kinderurologie in Kooperation mit der Universität Regensburg, Klinik St. Hedwig Regensburg, Steinmetzstraße 1-3, 93049, Regensburg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Rösch
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003950:Diagnostic Techniques, Urological; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000379:methods*; D012611:Scrotum / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013733:Testicular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006848:Testicular Hydrocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Blood flow velocity, systolic; Patient compliance; Scrotum, acute; Testis volume; Ultrasonography, Doppler, duplex