title: An initial investigation into the ecology of culturable aerobic postmortem bacteria.
abstract: Postmortem microorganisms are increasingly recognized for their potential to serve as physical evidence. Yet, we still understand little about the ecology of postmortem microbes, particularly those associated with the skin and larval masses. We conducted an experiment to characterize microbiological and chemical properties of decomposing swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) carcasses on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, USA, during June 2013. Bacteria were collected from the head, limb, and larval mass during the initial 145h of decomposition. We also measured the pH, temperature, and oxidation-reduction potential of larval masses in situ. Bacteria were cultured aerobically on Standard Nutrient Agar at 22°C and identified using protein or genetic signals. Carcass decomposition followed a typical sigmoidal pattern and associated bacterial communities differed by sampling location and time since death, although all communities were dominated by phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Larval masses were reducing environments (~-200mV) of neutral pH (6.5-7.5) and high temperature (35°C-40°C). We recommend that culturable postmortem and larval mass microbiology and chemistry be investigated in more detail, as it has potential to complement culture-independent studies and serve as a rapid estimate of PMI.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Forensic Taphonomy, Forensic Sciences Unit, Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Forensic Taphonomy, Forensic Sciences Unit, Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA.
authors.forename: Marcus J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Miguel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Forensic Taphonomy, Forensic Sciences Unit, Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA.
authors.forename: Emily N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Junkins
authors.affiliation: Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Shari L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Forensic Taphonomy, Forensic Sciences Unit, Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA.
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006254:Hawaii; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007814:Larva; D023421:Models, Animal; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature
keywords: Larval mass; Redox potential; Taphonomy; Temperature; Total body score; pH