title: Urinary metabolites of 1-nitropyrene in US-Mexico border residents who frequently cross the San Ysidro Port of Entry.
abstract: Diesel exhaust presents a community exposure hazard, but methods to measure internal exposure are lacking. We report results from a community-based study using 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and its urinary metabolites as markers of exposure to traffic-related diesel particulate matter (DPM). The study participants were Tijuana, Mexico residents who commuted on foot into San Diego, California for work or school using the International San Ysidro Port of Entry, placing them within feet of idling traffic (referred to as border commuters). The comparison group (non-border commuters) was comprised of residents of south San Diego who did not commute into Mexico. Air concentration of 1-NP in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was measured in personal samples from participants. Spot urine samples were analyzed for 1-NP urinary metabolites 8-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene (8-OHNP) and 8-hydroxy-N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene (8-OHNAAP). Compared with non-border commuters, border commuters had two- to threefold higher mean urinary concentrations for unadjusted and creatinine-adjusted 8-OHNP and 8-OHNAAP. Urinary 8-OHNAAP and the sum of 8-OHNP and 8-OHNAAP were both associated with personal exposure to 1-NP in the prior 24 h. These results suggest that 1-NP urinary metabolites reflect recent exposure to DPM-derived 1-NP in community settings and can be useful for exposure analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.|Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California, USA.
authors.forename: Vanessa Eileen
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Galaviz
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Penelope Jane Eiddwen
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Quintana
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Michael George
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Yost
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.|University of Washington, School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Lianne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sheppard
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Michael Henry
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Janice Ellouise
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Camp
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher David
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Simpson
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002140:California; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008800:Mexico; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000652:urine*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011721:Pyrenes; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D003404:Creatinine; C032668:1-nitropyrene