title: Distribution of Animal Drugs between Skim Milk and Milk Fat Fractions in Spiked Whole Milk: Understanding the Potential Impact on Commercial Milk Products.
abstract: Seven animal drugs [penicillin G (PENG), sulfadimethoxine (SDMX), oxytetracycline (OTET), erythromycin (ERY), ketoprofen (KETO), thiabendazole (THIA), and ivermectin (IVR)] were used to evaluate the drug distribution between milk fat and skim milk fractions of cow milk. More than 90% of the radioactivity was distributed into the skim milk fraction for ERY, KETO, OTET, PENG, and SDMX, approximately 80% for THIA, and 13% for IVR. The distribution of drug between milk fat and skim milk fractions was significantly correlated to the drug's lipophilicity (partition coefficient, log P, or distribution coefficient, log D, which includes ionization). Data were fit with linear mixed effects models; the best fit was obtained within this data set with log D versus observed drug distribution ratios. These candidate empirical models serve for assisting to predict the distribution and concentration of these drugs in a variety of milk and milk products.
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Services , 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States.
authors.forename: Heldur
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hakk
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Services , 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States.
authors.forename: Nancy W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Shappell
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Services , 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States.
authors.forename: Sara J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lupton
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Services , 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States.
authors.forename: Weilin L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Shelver
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fanaselle
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oryang
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States.
authors.forename: Chi Yuen
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoelzer
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States.
authors.forename: Yinqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gaalswyk
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States.
authors.forename: Régis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pouillot
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States.
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Van Doren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D002417:Cattle; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D005223:Fats / Q000737:chemistry*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000191:economics; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005223:Fats; D019155:Veterinary Drugs
keywords: NSAID; anthelmintics; antibiotics; cream; distribution; milk; partitioning; veterinary drug residues