title: Role of Beam Spot Size in Heating Targets at Depth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Wavelength, fluence and pulse width are primary device parameters for the treatment of skin and hair conditions. Wavelength selection is based on tissue scatter and target chromophores. Pulse width is chosen to optimize target heating. Energy absorbed by a target is determined by fluence and spot size of the light source as well as the depth of the target. We conducted an in vitro skin study and simulations to compare heating of a target at a particular depth versus spot size.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine skin and fat tissue were prepared and separated to form a 2mm skin layer above a 1 cm thick fat layer. A 50 μm thermocouple was placed between the layers and centered beneath a 23 x 38 mm treatment window of an 805 nm diode laser device (Vectus, Cynosure, Westford, MA). Apertures provided various incident beam spot sizes and the temperature rise of the thermocouple was measured for a fixed fluence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2mm deep target's temperature rise versus treatment area showed two regimes with different positive slopes. The first regime up to approximately 1 cm(2) area has a greater temperature rise versus area than that for the regime greater than 1 cm(2). The slope in the second regime is nonetheless appreciable and provides a fluence reduction factor for skin safety. The same temperature rise in a target at 2 mm depth (typical hair bulb depth in some areas) is realized by increasing the area from 1 to 4 cm(2) while reducing the fluence by half.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The role of spot size and in situ beam divergence is an important consideration to determine optimum fluence settings that increase skin safety when treating deeper targets.
authors.forename: E Victor
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Childs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020405:Dermis / Q000528:radiation effects; D004817:Epidermis / Q000528:radiation effects; D006361:Heating; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007834:Lasers; D008027:Light; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D017785:Photons; D010789:Phototherapy / Q000592:standards*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects*; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat; D013552:Swine