title: The prevalence of new psychoactive substances in biological material - a three-year review of casework in Poland.
abstract: New psychoactive substances (NPS) pose a challenge for forensic and clinical toxicologists, as well as for legislators. We present our findings from cases where NPS have been detected in biological material. During the three-year period 2012-2014 we found NPS in 112 cases (out of 1058 analyzed), with 75 cases in 2014 alone. The prevalence of all NPS (15.1-17.6%) was similar to amphetamine alone that was detected in 15.1-16.5% of cases. The new drugs found belonged to the following classes: cathinones (88%), synthetic cannabinoids (5%), phenethylamines (3%), piperazines and piperidines (3%), arylalkylamines (1%) and other (1%). The drugs detected were (in the order of decreased frequency): 3-MMC (50), α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP) (23), pentedrone (16), 3',4'-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutyrophenone (MDPBP) (12), synthetic cannabinoid UR-144 (7), ethcathinone (5), mephedrone (5), methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) (4), 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC) (3), buphedrone (3), desoxypipradrol (2-DPMP) (3), methylone (2) and 2C-B (2). In single cases, 2-methylmethcathinone (2-MMC), 2C-P, eutylone, 25I-NBOMe, meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), ephedrone, methiopropamine (MPA), and 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB) were found. One NPS was the sole agent in 35% of all cases, and two or more NPS were present in 19% of cases. NPS (one or more) with other conventional drugs (like amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, and benzodiazepines) were detected in most (65%) of the cases. NPS were very often detected in the blood of drivers which was a challenge for toxicologists due to a lack of data on their influence on psychomotor performance. A review of concentrations showed a wide range of values in different types of cases, especially driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) and intoxication.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adamowicz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gieroń
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lechowicz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skulska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tokarczyk
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000097:blood; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000097:blood; D015198:Designer Drugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D010627:Phenethylamines / Q000097:blood; D010879:Piperazines / Q000097:blood; D010880:Piperidines / Q000097:blood; D011044:Poland; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000097:blood*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D002186:Cannabinoids; D015198:Designer Drugs; D010627:Phenethylamines; D010879:Piperazines; D010880:Piperidines; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; C029261:phenethylamine; C023665:cathinone
keywords: blood; designer drugs; legal highs; new psychoactive substances; prevalence