title: Mitochondrion-Permeable Antioxidants to Treat ROS-Burst-Mediated Acute Diseases.
abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in the inflammatory response and cytokine outbreak, such as during virus infections, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, antioxidant is an important medicine to ROS-related diseases. For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C, VC) was suggested as the candidate antioxidant to treat multiple diseases. However, long-term use of high-dose VC causes many side effects. In this review, we compare and analyze all kinds of mitochondrion-permeable antioxidants, including edaravone, idebenone, α-Lipoic acid, carotenoids, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10, and mitochondria-targeted antioxidants MitoQ and SkQ and propose astaxanthin (a special carotenoid) to be the best antioxidant for ROS-burst-mediated acute diseases, like avian influenza infection and ischemia-reperfusion. Nevertheless, astaxanthins are so unstable that most of them are inactivated after oral administration. Therefore, astaxanthin injection is suggested hypothetically. The drawbacks of the antioxidants are also reviewed, which limit the use of antioxidants as coadjuvants in the treatment of ROS-associated disorders.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
authors.forename: Zhong-Wei
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Bioindustry, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Chao
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Sichuan Kelun Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Chengdu 610071, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Resources Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species