title: Layered-Layered-Spinel Cathode Materials Prepared by a High-Energy Ball-Milling Process for Lithium-ion Batteries.
abstract: In this work, we report the electrochemical properties of 0.5Li2MnO3·0.25LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2·0.25LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and 0.333Li2MnO3·0.333LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2·0.333LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 layered-layered-spinel (L*LS) cathode materials prepared by a high-energy ball-milling process. Our L*LS cathode materials can deliver a large and stable capacity of ∼200 mAh g(-1) at high voltages up to 4.9 V, and do not show the anomalous capacity increase upon cycling observed in previously reported three-component cathode materials synthesized with different routes. Furthermore, we have performed synchrotron-based in situ X-ray diffraction measurements and found that there are no significant structural distortions during charge/discharge runs. Lastly, we carry out (opt-type) van der Waals-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations to explain the enhanced cycle characteristics and reduced phase transformations in our ball-milled L*LS cathode materials. Our simple synthesis method brings a new perspective on the use of the high-power L*LS cathodes in practical devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.
authors.forename: Soo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Energy Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Kyo
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.
authors.forename: Muratahan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aykol
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Center for Energy Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Haesik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Energy Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Wonchang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University , 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chunjoong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Energy Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Yoon
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wolverton
authors.affiliation: Center for Energy Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Won
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Cho
keywords: high-energy ball-milling process; layered-layered-spinel cathode; lithium-ion battery; nanocomposite; three-component electrode