title: Characteristics of youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with and without a parent with T1D in the T1D exchange clinic registry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to compare characteristics and diabetes management in children and adolescents with and without at least one parent with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 12 890 participants aged <18 years at enrollment in the T1D Exchange Registry were included in the present study. Statistical comparisons between those with and without parental T1D were conducted using a univariate generalized linear mixed model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the study participants, 1056 (8.2%) registrants had at least one parent with T1D. Those with parental T1D were slightly, albeit significantly, younger (6.3 vs 6.9 years; P < 0.001) and less likely to have diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at diagnosis (24% vs 41%; P < 0.001) than those without parental T1D. There were no differences between groups in HbA1c, use of continuous glucose monitoring or insulin pump therapy, or the development of severe hypoglycemia or DKA. In addition, there were no differences found when comparing characteristics or diabetes management in those with a mother versus those with a father with T1D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children and adolescents with parental T1D tend to be diagnosed earlier. Diabetes management, glycemic control, and acute complications are similar in those with and without parental T1D.
authors.affiliation: Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville.
authors.forename: Larry A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mubasher
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Joseph I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Wolfsdorf
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, Palo Alto.
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Buckingham
authors.affiliation: Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Anne L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: William V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Tamborlane
authors.affiliation: University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Desmond A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schatz
authors.affiliation: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maahs
authors.affiliation: Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa. t1dstats@jaeb.org.
authors.forename: Kellee M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa.
authors.forename: Roy W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D012042:Registries
keywords: 1型糖尿病; adolescents; children; diabetic ketoacidosis; parent; type 1 diabetes; 儿童; 父母; 糖尿病酮症酸中毒; 青少年