title: Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in head and neck reconstruction: An experience in 100 consecutive cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap has been used as a versatile and reliable flap since its first description by Ariyan in 1979. In India head and neck cancer patients usually present in the advanced stage making PMMC flap a viable option for reconstruction. Although free flap using microvascular technique is the standard of care, its use is limited by the availability of expertise and resources in developing world. The aim of this study is to identify the outcomes associated with PMMC flap reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  After ethical approval we retrospectively analyzed 100 PMMC flap at a tertiary care hospital from 2006 to 2013. A total of 137 PMMC flap reconstructions were performed out of which follow-up data of 100 cases were available in our record.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 100 patients were reviewed of these 86% were of oral cavity and oropharyngeal lesions, 8% were of hypopharyngeal, 3% were of laryngeal malignancies and 3 cases were of salivary gland tumor. Most tumors (83%) were advanced (T3 or T4 lesion). 95 PMMC flap reconstruction were done as a primary procedure, and 5 were salvage procedure. PMMC flap was used to cover mucosal defect in 84 patients, skin defects in 10 patient and both in 6 patients. Overall flap related complications were 40% with a major complication in 10% and minor complications in 30%. No total flap loss occurred in any patient, major flap occurred in 6% and minor flap loss in 12%. In minor flap loss patients, necrotic changes were mostly limited to skin. Orocutaneous and pharyngocutaneous fistula developed in 12 patients. 10% patients required re-surgery after developing various flap related complications Pleural empyema developed in 3 patients. Other minor complications such as neck skin dehiscence and intra-oral flap dehiscence developed in 26 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PMMC flap is a versatile flap with an excellent reach to face oral cavity and neck region. With limited expertise and resources, it is still a workhorse flap in head and neck reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Mayank
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parshad
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India ; Department of Surgery, Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Rajender Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Karwasra
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, PGIDS, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Virender
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
keywords: Head and neck cancers; head and neck reconstruction; pectoralis major myocutaneous flap; pedicled flap