title: What it takes to get proactive: An integrative multilevel model of the antecedents of personal initiative.
abstract: Building upon and extending Parker, Bindl, and Strauss's (2010) theory of proactive motivation, we develop an integrated, multilevel model to examine how contextual factors shape employees' proactive motivational states and, through these proactive motivational states, influence their personal initiative behavior. Using data from a sample of hotels collected from 3 sources and over 2 time periods, we show that establishment-level initiative-enhancing human resource management (HRM) systems were positively related to departmental initiative climate, which was positively related to employee personal initiative through employee role-breadth self-efficacy. Further, department-level empowering leadership was positively related to initiative climate only when initiative-enhancing HRM systems were low. These findings offer interesting implications for research on personal initiative and for the management of employee proactivity in organizations. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Management Systems Area, Gabelli School of Business, Fordham University.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Management and Organization, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Ecole Hôtelière de Lausanne-HES-SO//University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raub
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Resource Management, School of Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
authors.forename: Joo Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D015279:Organizational Culture; D011209:Power, Psychological; D012919:Social Behavior