title: Role of routine cystoscopy and cystography in exstrophy-epispadias complex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our institutional protocol for the treatment of exstrophy-epispadias complex includes routine endoscopic and cystographic evaluation of the bladder with the child under general anesthesia. The protocols briefly described in the literature include a cystographic evaluation and the measurement of bladder capacity, but there are no reports on concurrent endoscopic findings and the value of examinations in this setting. Our objective is to evaluate the role and necessity of our management protocol by reviewing the findings in our patients' medical charts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cystoscopies are performed in children with exstrophy-epispadias complex during the second year of life and then every 18 months until a capacity of 90 mL has been reached and bladder neck reconstruction, the last stage of modern staged repair, is performed. Patients referred from other institutions are evaluated on presentation. The examinations are performed by means of a pediatric cystoscope with the child under general anesthesia. Cystography is performed under a pressure of 30 cm/H2O. The contribution of the findings of these periodic evaluations vis-à-vis the surgical findings were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The medical charts of 49 patients who had been surgically treated for exstrophy-epispadias complex in our institution between 2000 and 2014 were reviewed. Thirty patients underwent at least one evaluation. Eighteen underwent serial examinations: four underwent two procedures, eleven underwent three procedures, and three underwent four procedures. The findings in eight cases were significant and they were treated on detection: bladder neck stricture (n = 5), bladder scar bridge (n = 2), and bladder stone (n = 1). Vesicoureteral reflux was present in all 30 patients, and high-grade reflux was present in 10 patients, of whom four had a bladder neck stricture. Fourteen of the 30 patients had a bladder capacity of 90 mL on the first evaluation, as did an additional eight children during later evaluations. Bladder capacity decreased below 90 mL in one child. Seven children did not reach the target capacity (Figure).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cystoscopic and cystometrographic evaluation of an exstrophic bladder allows early diagnosis of treatable bladder pathologies and monitoring of bladder capacity. It is a valuable tool in the follow-up period preceding bladder neck reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Urology, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Electronic address: yuvalby@tlvmc.gov.il.
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bar-Yosef
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Urology, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Binyamini
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Urology, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sofer
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Urology, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ben-Chaim
mesh_terms: D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000070621:Cystography / Q000379:methods*; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods
keywords: Bladder exstrophy; Cystography; Cystoscopy