title: Geographic disparities in Healthy Eating Index scores (HEI-2005 and 2010) by residential property values: Findings from Seattle Obesity Study (SOS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Higher socioeconomic status (SES) has been linked with higher-quality diets. New GIS methods allow for geographic mapping of diet quality at a very granular level.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the geographic distribution of two measures of diet quality: Healthy Eating Index (HEI 2005 and HEI 2010) in relation to residential property values in Seattle-King County.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Seattle Obesity Study (SOS) collected data from a population-based sample of King County adults in 2008-09. Socio-demographic data were obtained by 20-min telephone survey. Dietary data were obtained from food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Home addresses were geocoded to the tax parcel and residential property values were obtained from the King County tax assessor. Multivariable regression analyses using 1116 adults tested associations between SES variables and diet quality measured (HEI scores).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Residential property values, education, and incomes were associated with higher HEI scores in bivariate analyses. Property values were not collinear with either education or income. In adjusted multivariable models, education and residential property were better associated with HEI, compared to than income. Mapping of HEI-2005 and HEI-2010 at the census block level illustrated the geographic distribution of diet quality across Seattle-King County.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of residential property values, an objective measure of SES, allowed for the first visual exploration of diet quality at high spatial resolution: the census block level.
authors.affiliation: Center for Public Health Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States. Electronic address: adamdrew@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drewnowski
authors.affiliation: Center for Public Health Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
authors.forename: Anju
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Unit, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Department of Urban Design and Planning, College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
authors.forename: Orion
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Department of Urban Design and Planning, College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Urban Form Lab, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
authors.forename: Anne Vernez
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Moudon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D019352:Censuses; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography / Q000191:economics*; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006798:Housing / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014861:Washington; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Diet quality; Geographic information systems; Healthy eating index; Residential property values; Socio-economic status