title: Epigenetic Regulation.
abstract: Some of the key epigenetic regulatory mechanisms appeared early during evolution, and the acquisition of novel epigenetic regulators apparently facilitated certain evolutionary transitions. In this short review we focus mainly on the major epigenetic mechanisms that control chromatin structure and accessibility in mammalian cells. The enzymes methylating CpG dinucleotides and those involved in the active demethylation of 5-metylcytosine (5mC) are outlined together with the members of the methyl binding protein (MBP) family that bind to and "interpret" the 5mC mark. The enzymes involved in reversible, covalent modifications of core histone proteins that affect chromatin structure are also described briefly. Proteins that build up Polycomb group (PcG) and Trithorax group (TrxG) protein complexes may also modify histones. By establishing heritable chromatin states, PcG and TrxG complexes contribute - similarly to cytosine methylation - to the transmission of cell type-specific gene expression patterns from cell generation to cell generation. Novel players involved in epigenetic regulation, including variant histones, pioneer transcription factors, long noncoding RNA molecules and the regulators of long-distance chromatin interactions are introduced as well, followed by the characterization of various chromatin types.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 64, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary. minimicrobi@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Janos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Minarovits
authors.affiliation: RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Center, Pozsonyi út 88, H-9200, Mosonmagyarovar, Hungary.
authors.forename: Ferenc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Banati
authors.affiliation: RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Center, Pozsonyi út 88, H-9200, Mosonmagyarovar, Hungary.
authors.forename: Kalman
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szenthe
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans Helmut
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Niller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly / Q000502:physiology*; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins
keywords: Chromatin loops; DNA methylation; Histone modifications; Long noncoding RNAs; Pioneer transcription factors; Polycomb and Trithorax complexes; Variant histones