title: [Semiology of ventriculoperitoneal shunting dysfunction in children - a review].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VPS) is a treatment of the hydrocephalus that may dysfunction. The clinical presentation of shunt dysfunction is variable. We therefore decided to focus on the clinical presentation of VPS malfunction in children, as this condition requires immediate emergency treatment and because of the sometimes confusing signs of intracranial hypertension in a shunted child.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed with the following groups of keywords: (dysfunction OR blockage) AND shunting AND hydrocephalus; shunt complications AND hydrocephalus; hydrocephalus AND shunt AND malfunction. Articles dealing with ventriculo-atrial shunt were excluded. A total of 79 articles were retained for analysis (English and French). Case reports were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical presentation varies by age: vomiting and alterated level of consciousness are the most frequent signs in older children, whereas infants present more often with raised intracranial pressure symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, irritability and bulging fontanel. Drowsiness is a good predictor of VPS dysfunction. An asymptomatic presentation is rare but possible. Abdominal presentation is also possible, ranging from abdominal discomfort to peritonitis. Fever, occurring a short time after the last intervention, and irritability are good predictors of shunt infection. Pumping the chamber of the VPS has a weak positive predictive value (12%). Shunt dysfunction can lead to death, with an estimated mortality rate at 1% per year during the first years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is essential to be aware of the variability of the clinical presentation of VPS dysfunction, because of the potential severity of this condition. Also it is important to pay attention to the comments of the parents, especially if the child experienced a previous shunt malfunction.
authors.affiliation: Service de neurochirurgie pédiatrique, hôpital d'Enfants, CHU de Nancy, rue du Morvan, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Neiter
authors.affiliation: Service de neurochirurgie, hôpital Jean-Minjoz, CHU de Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guarneri
authors.affiliation: Service de neurochirurgie pédiatrique, hôpital d'Enfants, CHU de Nancy, rue du Morvan, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: P-H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Pretat
authors.affiliation: Service de neurochirurgie pédiatrique, hôpital d'Enfants, CHU de Nancy, rue du Morvan, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joud
authors.affiliation: Service de neurochirurgie pédiatrique, hôpital d'Enfants, CHU de Nancy, rue du Morvan, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Marchal
authors.affiliation: Service de neurochirurgie pédiatrique, hôpital d'Enfants, CHU de Nancy, rue du Morvan, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France. Electronic address: o.klein@chu-nancy.fr.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005334:Fever / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D014839:Vomiting / Q000150:complications
keywords: Dysfonctionnement; Dérivation ventriculo-péritonéale; Hydrocephalus; Hydrocéphalie; Neurochirurgie pédiatrique; Pediatric neurosurgery; Ventriculoperitoneal shunt