title: WIDE-FIELD IMAGING OF NONEXUDATIVE AND EXUDATIVE CONGENITAL X-LINKED RETINOSCHISIS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe wide-field imaging features of patients with congenital X-linked retinoschisis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective nonconsecutive series of 36 eyes from 18 patients with congenital X-linked retinoschisis from 2008 to 2014. Wide-field color fundus photographs, optical coherence tomography images, and wide-field fluorescein angiography images were reviewed. Patients were classified to have either exudative or nonexudative retinoschisis based on the presence or absence of lipid exudates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven eyes exhibited exudative retinoschisis (30%), whereas the remaining were nonexudative. Exudative disease occurred more commonly in older patients (14.4 vs. 4.0 years; P < 0.001). The most frequent location of exudation was the macula. Subretinal hemorrhage was present in 4 eyes (11%). Macular findings included an atypical foveal avascular zone in 7 eyes (19%) and submacular fibrosis or retinal folds in 6 eyes (17%). Peripheral characteristics included fibrosis or folds (11%), bridging vessels (8%), and vascular sheathing (8%). Thirteen of the 22 eyes (59%) demonstrated leakage on fluorescein angiography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exudation may be more common in congenital X-linked retinoschisis than previously recognized. The presence of exudates with concurrent angiographic leakage suggests that exudation may be due to chronic vascular permeability and not solely caused by intraschisis hemorrhage, which has been classically described.
authors.affiliation: *Beaumont Eye Institute, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan; †Emory Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and ‡Associated Retinal Consultants, Royal Oak, Michigan.
authors.forename: Prethy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yonekawa
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Drenser
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Trese
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Capone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001813:Blood-Retinal Barrier; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology; D041441:Retinoschisis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D058471:Subretinal Fluid; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; C108726:RS1 protein, human