title: Impact of Rho-Kinase Inhibitor Hydroxyfasudil in Protamine Sulphate Induced Cystitis Rat Bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the present study was to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of hydroxyfasudil in a protamine sulfate (PS) induced cystitis rat model. Additionally, we investigated prevention of bladder overactivity (BO), and tissue damage in these experiments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were divided into four groups. In Groups 1 and 2, chemical induced cystitis model was created by administrating intravesical PS with PE50 catheter by the transurethral route. In Group 1, Rho-kinase inhibitor hydroxyfasudil was administered intaperitoneally, and in Group 2, subjects were administered a corresponding volume of saline in the same way. In Group 3, vehicle was administered intravesically and hydroxyfasudil was administrated intraperitoneally. Group 4 was a control Group, and the vehicle was administered intravesically and intraperitoneally. Micturition frequencies were recorded. Biochemical analyses were performed for oxidative stress, and pathological evaluations were investigated. In vitro contractions of bladder tissue strips were measured in tissue-bath.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significantly lower Lipid peroxidase levels and higher levels of Glutathione in Group 1 than Group 2 (P = 0.016, P = 0.001, respectively). There was generally more inflammation in Group 2 than the other groups as determined by microscopy. There were significantly higher frequencies of micturition, lower volume, and mean voided maximum urine output after PS administration in Groups 1 and 2. In vitro contraction responses of bladder strips to potassium chloride and acetylcholine were statistically higher in Group 2 than Groups 1 and 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant reduction of inflammation by affecting the anti-oxidant defense systems was provided by hydroxyfasudil. Decreased in vitro responses to contractions of bladder smooth muscle strips were obtained. Hydroxyfasudil may be a potential new therapeutic option for inflammation and BO, in rat bladder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Erzincan University School of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yigit
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Erzincan University School of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aliseydi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bozkurt
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Ataturk University School of Veterinary Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Huseyin S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Erol
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Ataturk University School of Veterinary Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mesut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halici
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Ataturk University School of Veterinary Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fikret
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Celebi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Ataturk University School of Veterinary Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kubra A T
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kapakin
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Baskent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gulmez
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Afyonkocatepe University School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mutlu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ates
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Erzincan Universty School of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors.forename: Abdulkadir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coban
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Erzincan University School of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors.forename: Baris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nuhoglu
mesh_terms: D019307:1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003556:Cystitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D011479:Protamines; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D011479:Protamines; C431085:hydroxyfasudil; D019307:1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases
keywords: antioxidants; bladder overactivity; interstitial cystitis; oxidative stress; rho-kinase inhibitors