title: Neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology.
abstract: A wide range of viruses from different virus families in different geographical areas, may cause immediate or delayed neuropathological changes and neurological manifestations in humans and animals. Infection by neurotropic viruses as well as the resulting immune response can irreversibly disrupt the complex structural and functional architecture of the central nervous system, frequently leaving the patient or affected animal with a poor or fatal prognosis. Mechanisms that govern neuropathogenesis and immunopathogenesis of viral infections are highlighted, using examples of well-studied virus infections that are associated with these alterations in different populations throughout the world. A better understanding of the molecular, epidemiological and biological characteristics of these infections and in particular of mechanisms that underlie their clinical manifestations may be expected to provide tools for the development of more effective intervention strategies and treatment regimens.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ludlow
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute, Part of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kortekaas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herden
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.|German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tappe
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trebst
authors.affiliation: W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.|Wellcome Trust Liverpool Glasgow Centre for Global Health Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Hannah E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Brindle
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.|NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging Infection and Zoonoses, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Debby
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Riel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Katja C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Wolthers
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dasja
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pajkrt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wohlsein
authors.affiliation: Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Artemis One Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Byron E E
authors.initials: BEE
authors.lastname: Martina
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.|Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Baumgärtner
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.|Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Georges M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Verjans
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany. albert.osterhaus@tiho-hannover.de.|Artemis One Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands. albert.osterhaus@tiho-hannover.de.|Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany. albert.osterhaus@tiho-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Albert D M E
authors.initials: ADME
authors.lastname: Osterhaus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020805:Central Nervous System Viral Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans
keywords: Alphavirus; Bornavirus; Bunyavirus; Central nervous system; Flavivirus; Herpesvirus; Influenza virus; Neuroinfectiology; Neuropathology; Paramyxovirus; Picornavirus; Rhabdovirus; Virus infection