title: Achilles Tendon Vascularization of Proximal, Medial, and Distal Portion Before and After Partial Lesion in Rats Treated with Phototherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Achilles tendon is one of the tendons most commonly injured by microtraumas and overuse during sports practice. This tendon is especially fragile because of the low blood supply in its central part. Nevertheless, the literature does not offer enough scientific support to explain the composition and vascular dynamic of animal tendons, despite the relevance of being able to observe if the animal tendon undergoes the same processes of vascularization in different regions, as occurs in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 28 rats weighing 280 ± 20 g, which were divided into four groups with seven animals each (control, sham, 830 nm, 660 nm). The laser parameters were: power output 60 mW for both lasers, 40 J/cm(2) of energy density, total energy 1.1 J, power density 2.14 W/cm(2), and application time 18.6 sec. This study evaluated the vascular constitution of healthy and injured calcaneous tendons. The tendons of each animal were processed to be embedded in Paraplast and, after that, they were divided into three parts: proximal, medial, and distal. Afterwards, they were cut in slices of 6 μm were made, then they were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Using an ocular lens reticulated with magnification × 400, we analyzed the number and the area density of the blood vessels using morphometric methods. Data were analyzed with the Shapiro-Wilk test, followed by Tukey, considering p as <0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The area density and the number of blood vessels in the proximal part were 36% and 42%, respectively, of the values found in the medial part. The distal part had 64% more vessels and 52.8% more area density (p < 0.05) than the medial part.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) had no effect on the studied parameters. The vascularization of rat tendon is similar to that of humans, which contributes to the studies of therapies that have been applied in humans.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Physiotherapy, University Metodista of Piracicaba-Piracicaba , SP, Brazil .
authors.forename: Rafaela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Physiotherapy, University Metodista of Piracicaba-Piracicaba , SP, Brazil .
authors.forename: Rosangela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Human Movement Science (DHMS)-University Federal of São Paulo-Campus Baixada Santista-Santos, SP, Brazil. Post-Graduation Interdisciplinary Health Science-Unifesp-Baixada Santista, Santos SP, Brazil .
authors.forename: Roberta A C
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Folha
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Physiotherapy, University Metodista of Piracicaba-Piracicaba , SP, Brazil .
authors.forename: Maria Luiza O
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Polacow
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Physiotherapy, University Metodista of Piracicaba-Piracicaba , SP, Brazil .
authors.forename: Rosana Macher
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Teodori
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Human Movement Science (DHMS)-University Federal of São Paulo-Campus Baixada Santista-Santos, SP, Brazil. Post-Graduation Interdisciplinary Health Science-Unifesp-Baixada Santista, Santos SP, Brazil .
authors.forename: Carlos Eduardo
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Pinfildi
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000293:injuries*; D000818:Animals; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D051381:Rats