title: Sequential Retraction Segregates SGN Processes during Target Selection in the Cochlea.
abstract: A hallmark of the nervous system is the presence of precise patterns of connections between different types of neurons. Many mechanisms can be used to establish specificity, including homophilic adhesion and synaptic refinement, but the range of strategies used across the nervous system remains unclear. To broaden the understanding of how neurons find their targets, we studied the developing murine cochlea, where two classes of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), type I and type II, navigate together to the sensory epithelium and then diverge to contact inner hair cells (IHCs) or outer hair cells (OHCs), respectively. Neurons with type I and type II morphologies are apparent before birth, suggesting that target selection might be accomplished by excluding type I processes from the OHC region. However, because type I processes appear to overshoot into type II territory postnatally, specificity may also depend on elimination of inappropriate synapses. To resolve these differences, we analyzed the morphology and dynamic behaviors of individual fibers and their branches as they interact with potential partners. We found that SGN processes continue to be segregated anatomically in the postnatal cochlea. Although type I-like fibers branched locally, few branches contacted OHCs, arguing against synaptic elimination. Instead, time-lapse imaging studies suggest a prominent role for retraction, first positioning processes to the appropriate region and then corralling branches during a subsequent period of exuberant growth and refinement. Thus, sequential stages of retraction can help to achieve target specificity, adding to the list of mechanisms available for sculpting neural circuits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During development, different types of neurons must form connections with specific synaptic targets, thereby creating the precise wiring diagram necessary for adult function. Although studies have revealed multiple mechanisms for target selection, we still know little about how different strategies are used to produce each circuit's unique pattern of connectivity. Here we combined neurite-tracing and time-lapse imaging to define the events that lead to the simple binary wiring specificity of the cochlea. A better understanding of how the cochlea is innervated will broaden our knowledge of target selection across the nervous system, offer new insights into the developmental origins of deafness, and guide efforts to restore connectivity in the damaged cochlea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors.forename: Noah R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Druckenbrod
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Lisa_Goodrich@hms.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Lisa V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Goodrich
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003051:Cochlea / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D006199:Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner / Q000502:physiology*; D018072:Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer / Q000502:physiology*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008954:Models, Biological; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D013136:Spiral Ganglion / Q000166:cytology*; D059008:Time-Lapse Imaging
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C488357:Bhlhe22 protein, mouse; C486336:Neurog1 protein, mouse
keywords: auditory; cochlea; cochlear development; refinement; spiral ganglion neuron; target selection