title: High sugar and butter (HSB) diet induces obesity and metabolic syndrome with decrease in regulatory T cells in adipose tissue of mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to develop a novel diet based on standard AIN93G diet that would be able to induce experimental obesity and impair immune regulation with high concentrations of both carbohydrate and lipids.
  
  
  METHODS
  To compare the effects of this high sugar and butter (HSB) diet with other modified diets, male C57BL/6 mice were fed either mouse chow, or AIN93G diet, or high sugar (HS) diet, or high-fat (HF) diet, or high sugar and butter (HSB) diet for 11 weeks ad libitum. HSB diet induced higher weight gain. Therefore, control AIN93G and HSB groups were chosen for additional analysis. Regulatory T cells were studied by flow cytometry, and cytokine levels were measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although HF and HSB diets were able to induce a higher weight gain compatible with obesity in treated mice, HSB-fed mice presented the higher levels of serum glucose after fasting and the lowest frequency of regulatory T cells in adipose tissue. In addition, mice that were fed HSB diet presented higher levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, hyperleptinemia, increased resistin and leptin levels as well as reduced adiponectin serum levels. Importantly, we found increased frequency of CD4(+)CD44(+) effector T cells, reduction of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) and Th3 regulatory T cells as well as decreased levels of IL-10 and TGF-β in adipose tissue of HSB-fed mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, HSB represents a novel model of obesity-inducing diet that was efficient in triggering alterations compatible with metabolic syndrome as well as impairment in immune regulatory parameters.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 30130-100, Brazil. tatianimaioli@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tatiani Uceli
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7538-3208
authors.initials: TU
authors.lastname: Maioli
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.|Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Lauar
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Camila Gonçalves
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vinícius Dantas
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Laila Sampaio
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Horta
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thais Garcias
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Lucia Brunialti
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Godard
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andrezza Fernanda
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Maria Caetano
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Faria
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; C556062:IL10 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014280:Triglycerides; D016753:Interleukin-10; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Adipokines; Diet-induced obesity; Dyslipidemia; Glucose intolerance; Inflammation; LAP+ cells; Regulatory T cells