title: Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists Therapy in Resistant Hypertension: Time to Implement Guidelines!
abstract: Despite the availability of anti-hypertensive medications with increasing efficacy up to 50% of hypertensive patients have blood pressure levels (BP) not at the goals set by international societies. Some of these patients are either not optimally treated or are non-adherent to the prescribed drugs. However, a proportion, despite adequate treatment, have resistant hypertension (RH), which represents an important problem in that it is associated to an excess risk of cardiovascular events. Notwithstanding a complex pathogenesis, an abundance of data suggests a key contribution for the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in RH, thus fostering a potential role for its antagonists in RH. Based on these premises randomized clinical trials aimed at testing the efficacy of MR antagonists (MRAs) in RH patients have been completed. Overall, they demonstrated the efficacy of MRAs in reducing BP and surrogate markers of target organ damage, such as microalbuminuria, either compared to placebo or to other drugs. In summary, owing to the key role of the MR in the pathogenesis of RH and on the proven efficacy of MRAs we advocate their inclusion as an essential component of therapy in patients with presumed RH. Conversely, we propose that RH should be diagnosed only in patients whose BP values show to be resistant to an up-titrated dose of these drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (DIMED), Internal Medicine 4, University of Padova , Padova , Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maiolino
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (DIMED), Internal Medicine 4, University of Padova , Padova , Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azzolini
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (DIMED), Internal Medicine 4, University of Padova , Padova , Italy.
authors.forename: Gian Paolo
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Rossi
keywords: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; pathogenesis; resistant hypertension; review; therapy