title: Controlled release of biologics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Type 2 diabetes is a rapidly growing disease that poses a significant burden to the United States healthcare system. Despite the many available treatments for the disease, close to half of diagnosed type 2 diabetes cases are not properly managed, largely due to inadequate patient adherence to prescribed treatment regimens. Methods for improving delivery - and thereby easing administration - of type 2 drugs have the potential to greatly improve patient health. This review focuses on two peptide drugs - insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) - for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Peptide drugs offer the benefits of high potency and specificity but pose a significant delivery challenge due to their inherent instability and short half-life. The development of insulin and GLP-1 analogs highlights the broad spectrum of drug delivery strategies that have been used to solve these problems. Numerous structural modifications and formulations have been introduced to optimize absorption, residence time, stability, route of delivery and frequency of administration. Continual improvements in delivery methods for insulin and GLP-1 receptor agonists are paving the way towards better patient compliance and improved disease management, and thereby enhanced patient quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Caslin A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gilroy
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Kelli M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Luginbuhl
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Ashutosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chilkoti
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001688:Biological Products / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Controlled release; Diabetes; Drug delivery; GLP-1; Insulin; Peptide