title: Characterization of the Vaginal Microbiota of Ewes and Cows Reveals a Unique Microbiota with Low Levels of Lactobacilli and Near-Neutral pH.
abstract: Although a number of common reproductive disorders in livestock involve bacterial infection, very little is known about their normal vaginal microbiota. Therefore, we sought to determine the species composition of sheep and cattle vaginal microbiota. Twenty Rambouillet ewes and twenty crossbred cows varying in age and reproductive status were sampled by ectocervicovaginal lavage. We amplified and sequenced the V3-V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) contents yielding a total of 907,667 high-quality reads. Good's Coverage estimates indicated that we obtained data on 98 ± 0.01% of the total microbial genera present in each sample. Cow and ewe vaginal microbiota displayed few differences. Cow microbiota exhibited greater (P ≤ 0.05) α-diversity compared to the ewe microbiota. Both livestock species differed (P ≤ 0.05) from all previously reported vaginal communities. While bacteria were numerically dominant, Archaea were detected in 95% of cow and ewe samples, mainly of the order Desulfurococcales. Both ewes and cows were predominately colonized by the bacterial phyla Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria. The most abundant genera were Aggregatibacter spp., and Streptobacillus spp. Lactobacillus spp. were detected in 80% of ewe and 90% of cow samples, but only at very low abundances. Bacteria previously described from culture-based studies as common to the cow and ewe vaginal tract, except for Escherichia, were variably present, and only in low abundance. Ewe and cow pH differed (P ≤ 0.05), with means (±SD) of 6.7 ± 0.38 and 7.3 ± 0.63, respectively. In conclusion, 16S rRNA sequencing of cow and ewe vaginal ectocervicovaginal lavages showed that cow and ewe vaginal microbiota differ from culture-led results, revealing a microbiota distinct from previously described vaginal ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Swartz
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA.
authors.forename: Medora
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lachman
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA.
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Westveer
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service , Miles City, MT , USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Geary
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA.
authors.forename: Rodney W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Kott
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA.
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Berardinelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA.
authors.forename: Patrick G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Hatfield
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service , Miles City, MT , USA.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA.
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Yeoman
keywords: Aggregatibacter; Lactobacillus; Streptobacillus; vaginal microbiota; vaginal pH