title: Assessment of Effectiveness of Control Strategies Against Simulated Outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Ontario, Canada.
abstract: The North American Animal Disease Spread Model (NAADSM) is a stochastic model framework developed to simulate the spread of highly contagious diseases of livestock and poultry, such as foot-and-mouth disease and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). The objective of this study was to make recommendations on the most effective HPAI control policy for Canada, specifically, on the effect of different speeds of detection, effectiveness of movement restrictions and stamping-out and ring-culling strategies on the magnitude of an HPAI outbreak. In addition, the effect of introduction of infection in a range of multiple farms simultaneously was also evaluated. A total of 21 060 scenarios, defined as different combinations of parameters for various epidemiological conditions and control measures, were created to simulate the number of poultry flocks that would become infected as a result of an incursion of HPAI. Each scenario was parameterized in NAADSM and replicated 1000 times, generating the median number of flocks infected at the end of the simulated outbreak for each scenario. Negative binomial regression analysis was used to model significant explanatory variables of the median number of flocks infected at the end of each simulated outbreak for each of the 21 060 scenarios. The final model included the following explanatory variables: number and type initially infected flock(s), density of flocks within the county where the initially infected flock(s) was located, probability of transmission through indirect contact, subclinical spread of the infection, speed of detection and a two-way interaction between intensity of bird destruction strategy and movement restriction effectiveness to reduce transmission through direct and indirect contacts. The modelling results suggested that stamping out of the detected infected flocks, without ring culling, in combination with effective movement restrictions on direct and indirect contacts, would be the most appropriate policy for Ontario.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Bhutan Agriculture and Food Regulatory Authority, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dorjee
authors.affiliation: Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dubé
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: VanLeeuwen
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanchez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D010063:Ovum; D011200:Poultry
keywords: North American Animal Disease Spread Model; control strategies; highly pathogenic avian influenza; policy; simulation modelling