title: Metastatic phenotype in CWR22 prostate cancer xenograft following castration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CWR22 is a human xenograft model of primary prostate cancer (PCa) that is often utilized to study castration recurrent (CR) PCa. CWR22 recapitulates clinical response to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), in that tumors regress in response to castration, but can recur after a period of time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two cohorts of mice, totaling 117 mice were implanted with CWR22, allowed to develop tumors, castrated by pellet removal and followed for a period of 32 and 50 weeks. Mice presenting with tumors >2.0 cm(3) at the primary site, moribund appearance, or palpable masses other than the primary tumor were sacrificed prior to the endpoint of the study. Tumor tissue, serum, and abnormal lesions were collected upon necropsy and analyzed by IHC, H&E, and PCR for presence of metastatic lesions arising from CWR22.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Herein, we report that CWR22 progresses after castration from a primary, hormonal therapy-naïve tumor to metastatic disease in 20% of castrated nude mice. Histological examination of CWR22 primary tumors revealed distinct pathologies that correlated with metastatic outcome after castration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report and characterization of spontaneous metastasis in the CWR22 model, thus, CWR22 is a bona-fide model of clinical PCa representing the full progression from androgen-sensitive, primary PCa to metastatic CR-PCa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Seedhouse
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Hayley C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Affronti
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karasik
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Bryan M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Gillard
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Gissou
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Azabdaftari
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Dominic J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smiraglia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens; D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent; D009919:Orchiectomy; D010641:Phenotype; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000473:pathology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D013739:Testosterone
keywords: CWR22; CWR22R; metastasis; prostate cancer; xenograft