title: Induction of systemic and mucosal immunity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection by a novel nanoemulsion adjuvant vaccine.
abstract: The Gram-positive bacterial pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause infections in the bloodstream, endocardial tissue, respiratory tract, culture-confirmed skin, or soft tissue. There are currently no effective vaccines, and none are expected to become available in the near future. An effective vaccine capable of eliciting both systemic and mucosal immune responses is also urgently needed. Here, we reported a novel oil-in-water nanoemulsion adjuvant vaccine containing an MRSA recombination protein antigen, Cremophor EL-35(®) as a surfactant, and propylene glycol as a co-surfactant. This nanoemulsion vaccine, whose average diameter was 31.34±0.49 nm, demonstrated good protein structure integrity, protein specificity, and good stability at room temperature for 1 year. The intramuscular systemic and nasal mucosal immune responses demonstrated that this nanoemulsion vaccine could improve the specific immune responses of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and related subclasses, such as IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b, as well as IgA, in the serum after Balb/c mice intramuscular immunization and C57 mice nasal immunization. Furthermore, this nanoemulsion vaccine also markedly enhanced the interferon-γ and interleukin-17A cytokine cell immune response, improved the survival ratio, and reduced bacterial colonization. Taken together, our results show that this novel nanoemulsion vaccine has great potential and is a robust generator of an effective intramuscular systemic and nasal mucosal immune response without the need for an additional adjuvant. Thus, the present study serves as a sound scientific foundation for future strategies in the development of this novel nanoemulsion adjuvant vaccine to enhance both the intramuscular systemic and nasal mucosal immune responses.
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: HongWu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: BaoShuai
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: HaiMing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: YaNan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: LiuYang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: QianFei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: QuanMing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004655:Emulsions; D005260:Female; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000276:immunology*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000378:metabolism; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D013209:Staphylococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D055672:Static Electricity; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D004655:Emulsions; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D020381:Interleukin-17; D013209:Staphylococcal Vaccines; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: adjuvant; immune responses; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; nanotechnology; recombination protein