title: Protective effects of ginseng extracts and common anti-aggregant drugs on ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ginseng is a traditional herbal medicinal product widely used for various types of diseases because of its cellular protective effects. Possible protective effects of ginseng were investigated in blood, cardiac and renal tissue samples and compared with common anti-aggregant agents in an animal ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty rats were equally divided into four different groups as follows: control group (I/R-induced group without drug use), group I (acetylsalicylic acid-administered group), group II (clopidogrel bisulfate-administered group), group III (ginsenoside Rb1-administered group). For the groups assigned to a medication, peripheral I/R was induced by clamping the femoral artery one week after initiation of the specified medication. After reperfusion was initiated, cardiac and renal tissues and blood samples were obtained from each rat with subsequent analysis of nitrogen oxide (NOx), malondialdehyde (MDA), paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and prolidase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NOx levels were similar in each group. Significant decrements were observed in serum PON1 levels in each group when compared with the control (p < 0.05). Serum MDA levels were significantly lower in groups II and III (p < 0.05). Ameliorated renal prolidase levels were detected in study groups (p < 0.05) and recovered cardiac prolidase levels were obtained in groups II and III (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that ginseng extracts may have a potential beneficial effect in I/R injury. However, more comprehensive studies are required to clarify the hypothetical cardiac, renal and systemic protective effects in reperfusion-induced oxidative damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical School of Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey. drahmetcaliskan@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caliskan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical School of Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Oguz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Karahan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical School of Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Suleyman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yazici
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical School of Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sinan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demirtas
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical School of Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Orkut
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Guclu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical School of Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Orhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tezcan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical School of Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Celal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yavuz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000097:blood; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D004150:Dipeptidases / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008026:Ligation; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D036145:Ginsenosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D020011:Protective Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C442759:ginsenoside Rb1; D000077144:Clopidogrel; C572204:Pon1 protein, rat; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; D004150:Dipeptidases; C022449:proline dipeptidase; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin