title: Unintentional, non-fatal drowning of children: US trends and racial/ethnic disparities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current study aimed to better understand trends and risk factors associated with non-fatal drowning of infants and children in the USA using two large, national databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A secondary data analysis was conducted using the National Inpatient Sample and the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample databases. The analytic sample (n=19,403) included children <21 years of age who had a diagnosis code for near-drowning/non-fatal drowning. Descriptive, χ(2) and analysis of variance techniques were applied, and incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-fatal drowning incidence has remained relatively stable from 2006 to 2011. In general, the highest rates of non-fatal drowning occurred in swimming pools and in children from racial/ethnic minorities. However, when compared with non-Hispanic Caucasian children, children from racial/ethnic minorities were more likely to drown in natural waterways than in swimming pools. Despite the overall lower rate of non-fatal drowning among non-Hispanic Caucasian children, the highest rate of all non-fatal drowning was for non-Hispanic Caucasian children aged 0-4 years in swimming pools. Children who were admitted to inpatient facilities were younger, male and came from families with lower incomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from two large US national databases show lack of progress in preventing and reducing non-fatal drowning admissions from 2006 to 2011. Discrepancies are seen in the location of drowning events and demographic characteristics. New policies and interventions are needed, and tailoring approaches by age and race/ethnicity may improve their effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Felton
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah Winders
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005618:Fresh Water; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054525:Minority Health; D015701:Near Drowning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013551:Swimming Pools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: PUBLIC HEALTH