title: Galactorrhea in a Patient With Aquaporin-4 Antibody-positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.
abstract: This is the first report of a case of galactorrhea in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) diagnosed on the basis of antiaquaporin-4 antibody seropositivity. The hypothalamus is becoming known as an area highly expressing aquaporin-4 and frequently involved in intracranial lesions of patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO). We reviewed cases of hypothalamic endocrinopathy among patients with NMO, NMOSD, and the Japanese opticospinal form of MS. Among these cases, galactorrhea was the second most common symptom. Signs of hypothalamic endocrinopathies may be obscured by the grave neurological deficits caused by NMO. We recommend paying special attention to hypothalamic endocrinopathies among patients with NMO or NMOSD, irrespective of brain MRI findings.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Neurology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba †Department of Neurology, Ryugasaki Saiseikai Hospital, Ryugasaki, Ibaraki ‡Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furusho
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamaoka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000276:immunology*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005687:Galactorrhea / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000473:pathology; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000473:pathology; D009471:Neuromyelitis Optica / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C496030:AQP4 protein, human; D051401:Aquaporin 4; D001323:Autoantibodies