title: Phototriggered Local Anesthesia.
abstract: We report a phototriggerable formulation enabling in vivo repeated and on-demand anesthesia with minimal toxicity. Gold nanorods (GNRs) that can convert near-infrared (NIR) light into heat were attached to liposomes (Lip-GNRs), enabling light-triggered phase transition of their lipid bilayers with a consequent release of payload. Lip-GNRs containing the site 1 sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin and the α2-adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (Lip-GNR-TD) were injected subcutaneously in the rat footpad. Irradiation with an 808 nm continuous wave NIR laser produced on-demand and repeated infiltration anesthesia in the rat footpad in proportion to the irradiance, with minimal toxicity. The ability to achieve on-demand and repeated local anesthesia could be very beneficial in the management of pain.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School , 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.|David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
authors.forename: Changyou
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School , 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.|David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School , 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: McAlvin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School , 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.|David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
authors.forename: Shutao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School , 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.|David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Timko
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School , 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.|David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santamaria
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School , 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kohane
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008081:Liposomes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D006046:Gold
keywords: Phototriggering; gold nanorod; liposome; local anesthesia; tetrodotoxin