title: Choline Kinase Alpha as an Androgen Receptor Chaperone and Prostate Cancer Therapeutic Target.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The androgen receptor (AR) is a major drug target in prostate cancer (PCa). We profiled the AR-regulated kinome to identify clinically relevant and druggable effectors of AR signaling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using genome-wide approaches, we interrogated all AR regulated kinases. Among these, choline kinase alpha (CHKA) expression was evaluated in benign (n = 195), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) (n = 153) and prostate cancer (PCa) lesions (n = 359). We interrogated how CHKA regulates AR signaling using biochemical assays and investigated androgen regulation of CHKA expression in men with PCa, both untreated (n = 20) and treated with an androgen biosynthesis inhibitor degarelix (n = 27). We studied the effect of CHKA inhibition on the PCa transcriptome using RNA sequencing and tested the effect of CHKA inhibition on cell growth, clonogenic survival and invasion. Tumor xenografts (n = 6 per group) were generated in mice using genetically engineered prostate cancer cells with inducible CHKA knockdown. Data were analyzed with χ(2) tests, Cox regression analysis, and Kaplan-Meier methods. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CHKA expression was shown to be androgen regulated in cell lines, xenografts, and human tissue (log fold change from 6.75 to 6.59, P = .002) and was positively associated with tumor stage. CHKA binds directly to the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of AR, enhancing its stability. As such, CHKA is the first kinase identified as an AR chaperone. Inhibition of CHKA repressed the AR transcriptional program including pathways enriched for regulation of protein folding, decreased AR protein levels, and inhibited the growth of PCa cell lines, human PCa explants, and tumor xenografts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CHKA can act as an AR chaperone, providing, to our knowledge, the first evidence for kinases as molecular chaperones, making CHKA both a marker of tumor progression and a potential therapeutic target for PCa.
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asim
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Massie
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Folake
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Orafidiya
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Nelma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pértega-Gomes
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Anne Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esmaeili
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Luke A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Selth
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Heather I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Zecchini
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Luko
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Arham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Ajoeb
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baridi
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Suraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Basetti
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Madhu
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Escriu
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Vowler
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Vincent R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Zecchini
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Wiebke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hessenkemper
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Roslin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Hisham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Niki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stefanos
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Andy G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grigorenko
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: D'Santos
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Rouchelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sriranjan
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Jiali
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Rory
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dehm
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Rennie
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tavaré
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Ian G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Iain J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: McEwan
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Aria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baniahmad
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: Wayne D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Tilley
authors.affiliation: Affiliations of authors:Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK (MA, CEM, NP, HIZ, AQ, AB, SM, BM, CE, SL, SW, VRZ, GS, RR, HM, AGL, CD, CT, AL, RS, JY, RS, JSC, JRG, ST, DEN); School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK (FO, IJM); Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (AYW, NS); Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany (ME, KL, WH, AB); Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Australia (LAS, WDT); Diatherix , Huntsville, AL (EG); Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN (SMD); The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada (PSR); Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway (IGM); Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Queens University , Belfast , UK (IGM); Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK (MA, DEN).
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Neal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002797:Choline Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D008875:Middle Aged; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D015398:Signal Transduction; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: C410798:AR protein, human; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; C517212:CHKA protein, human; D002797:Choline Kinase