title: Urinary biomarkers of exposure to 57 xenobiotics and its association with oxidative stress in a population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
abstract: Oxidative stress arises from excessive free radicals in the body and is a trigger for numerous diseases, such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Elevated exposure to environmental chemicals can contribute to oxidative stress. The association between exposure to xenobiotics and oxidative stress, however, has rarely been studied. In this study, urinary concentrations of 57 xenobiotics (antimicrobials, parabens, bisphenols, benzophenones, and phthalates metabolites) were determined in a population from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, to delineate association with the oxidative stress biomarker, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHDG). We collected 130 urine samples and analyzed for 57 xenobiotics using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods. The association between unadjusted and creatinine- or specific gravity-adjusted concentrations of xenobiotics and 8OHDG was examined by Pearson correlations and multiple regression analysis. High concentrations of mCPP (a metabolite of di-n-octyl phthalate; DnOP) and mCMHP (a metabolite of diethylhexyl phthalate; DEHP) were found in urine. In addition, the concentrations of bisphenol S (BPS) were higher than those of bisphenol A (BPA). The concentrations of metabolites of DEHP, phthalic acid, BPA, BPS, and methyl-protocatechuic acid were significantly associated with 8OHDG. This is the first biomonitoring study to report exposure of the Saudi population to a wide range of environmental chemicals and provides evidence that environmental chemical exposures contribute to oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States.
authors.forename: Alexandros G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Asimakopoulos
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States.
authors.forename: Jingchuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States.
authors.forename: Bruno Pereira
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: De Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, Vitamin D Pharmacogenomics Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Archana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Khalid Omer
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Abualnaja
authors.affiliation: Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Soonham Sami
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yaghmoor
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research, Center King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Taha Abdullah
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kumosani
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research, Center King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States. Electronic address: kurunthachalam.kannan@health.ny.gov.
authors.forename: Kurunthachalam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000652:urine; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010226:Parabens / Q000032:analysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000652:urine; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000652:urine; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D015262:Xenobiotics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001577:Benzophenones; D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010226:Parabens; D010636:Phenols; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D015262:Xenobiotics; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D003849:Deoxyguanosine
keywords: Biomonitoring; Oxidative stress; Parabens; Phenolics; Phthalates