title: Imaging of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke: Recent developments in positron emission tomography.
abstract: Neuroinflammation is thought to play a pivotal role in many diseases affecting the brain, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke. Neuroinflammation is characterised predominantly by microglial activation, which can be visualised using positron emission tomography (PET). Traditionally, translocator protein 18kDa (TSPO) is the target for imaging of neuroinflammation using PET. In this review, recent preclinical and clinical research using PET in Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke is summarised. In addition, new molecular targets for imaging of neuroinflammation, such as monoamine oxidases, adenosine receptors and cannabinoid receptor type 2, are discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuro Inflammation edited by Helga E. de Vries and Markus Schwaninger.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: b.janssen@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Bieneke
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Danielle J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Vugts
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Funke
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ger T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Molenaar
authors.affiliation: BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Perry S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Kruijer
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bart N M
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: van Berckel
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Adriaan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lammertsma
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: ad.windhorst@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Albert D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Windhorst
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D018079:Receptors, GABA / Q000032:analysis; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D018079:Receptors, GABA; C499229:TSPO protein, human
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Microglia; Multiple sclerosis; Neuroinflammation; Positron emission tomography; Stroke