title: Building coherence and synergy among global health initiatives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fast growth of global health initiatives (GHIs) has raised concerns regarding achievement of coherence and synergy among distinct, complementary and sometimes competing activities. Herein, we propose an approach to compare GHIs with regard to their main purpose and operational aspects, using the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR/WHO) as a case study. The overall goal is to identify synergies and optimize efforts to provide solutions to reduce the burden of diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six long-established GHIs were identified from among initiatives previously associated/partnered with TDR/WHO. All GHIs had working streams that would benefit from linking to the capacity building or implementation research focus of TDR. Individual profiles were created using a common template to collect information on relevant parameters. For analytical purposes, GHIs were simultaneously clustered in five and eight groups according to their 'intended outcome' and 'operational framework', respectively. A set of specific questions was defined to assess coherence/alignment against a TDR reference profile by attributing a score, which was subsequently averaged per GHI cluster. GHI alignment scores for intended outcome were plotted against scores for operational framework; based on the analysis of coherence/alignment with TDR functions and operations, a risk level (high, medium or low) of engagement was attributed to each GHI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The process allowed a bi-dimensional ranking of GHIs with regards to how adequately they fit with or match TDR features and perspectives. Overall, more consistence was observed with regard to the GHIs' main goals and expected outcomes than with their operational aspects, reflecting the diversity of GHI business models. Analysis of coherence indicated an increasing common trend for enhancing the engagement of developing country stakeholders, building research capacity and optimization of knowledge management platforms in support of improved access to healthcare.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The process used offers a broader approach that could be adapted by other GHIs to build coherence and synergy with peer organizations and helps highlight the potential contribution of each GHI in the new era of sustainable development goals. Emerging opportunities and new trends suggest that engagement between GHIs should be selective and tailored to ensure efficient collaborations.
authors.affiliation: Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Av Brasil 4036, 8th floor, room 814, 21040-361, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. fabio.zicker@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zicker
authors.affiliation: Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Av Brasil 4036, 8th floor, room 814, 21040-361, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. miriam.faid@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faid
authors.affiliation: Special Programme for Research Training in Tropical Disease (TDR), World Health Organization, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland. reederj@who.int.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reeder
authors.affiliation: Special Programme for Research Training in Tropical Disease (TDR), World Health Organization, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland. aslanyang@who.int.
authors.forename: Garry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aslanyan
mesh_terms: D057191:Capacity Building / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D005381:Financing, Organized; D014943:Global Health; D006284:Health Plan Implementation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007390:International Agencies / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D007391:International Cooperation; D058069:Neglected Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D014146:Training Support; D014330:Tropical Medicine / Q000191:economics / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration*