title: Radiosurgical considerations for cavernous sinus hemangioma: long-term clinical outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cavernous hemangiomas are rare vascular tumors in the cavernous sinus. Cranial neuropathies induced by cavernous sinus hemangiomas (CSH) necessitate tumor reduction, but surgery is extremely difficult due to the abundant vascularization of the lesion. We studied the effectiveness and safety of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for CSH.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of 25 patients with CSH who were treated by GKRS between March 1992 and December 2014. Age, sex, target volume, and irradiation dose were analyzed as prognostic factors for CSH treated by GKRS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven (84.6 %) patients had tumor shrinkage within 12 months after GKRS. Two patients experienced tumor progression, but tumor size decreased over 2 years after GKRS. No patients had permanent complications, and all patients experienced symptomatic improvement. There were no significant factors that predicted the prognosis of CSH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimal treatment for CSH has been unclear; however, in this study, GKRS was an effective and safe treatment for CSH. Thus, GKRS may be a primary treatment for CSHs in high-risk surgery patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-702, Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Kyu
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-702, Korea.
authors.forename: Seok Keun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-702, Korea.
authors.forename: Il Ho
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-702, Korea.
authors.forename: Man Kyu
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-702, Korea.
authors.forename: Bong Jin
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-702, Korea. gknife@khmc.or.kr.
authors.forename: Young Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006392:Hemangioma, Cavernous / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: Cavernous sinus; Gamma Knife radiosurgery; Hemangioma