title: Tools for Assessing Potential Significance of Pharmacist Interventions: A Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessing the significance of pharmacist interventions (PIs) is essential to demonstrate the added value of pharmacists. Methods and tools for assessing the potential significance of PIs are diverse and their properties are questionable.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to systematically review the tools available to assess the potential significance of PIs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic search for English- or French-language publications from 1986 to 2013 in PubMed, PsycINFO, PASCAL, and CINAHL. Studies were screened by two independent reviewers based on inclusion/exclusion criteria and were abstracted for content, structure of tools, and validation process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 873 citations screened, 82 distinct tools were identified from 133 studies. While clinical aspects were often defined quite clearly, terminology regarding humanistic, economic, and process-related aspects of PIs was omitted, incomplete, or ambiguous in most tools. The probabilities of consequences of PIs/drug-related problems were evaluated in 20/82 tools. Few tools simultaneously measured economic, clinical, humanistic, and process-related variables. Structure of the tools varied from an implicit, mono-dimensional tool to an explicit, multi-dimensional algorithm. Validation processes were diverse in terms of quantification and number of raters, rating method, and psychometric parameters. Of 133 identified studies, there was limited evidence of validity (8/133, 6.0%), inter-rater reliability (49/133, 36.8%), and intra-rater reliability (2/133, 1.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of tools focused primarily on assessing clinical aspects and failed to detect comprehensive impacts. The heterogeneity of tools and assessment processes hindered our ability to synthesize the results of evaluations. Limited results for their validity and reliability cast doubt on the credibility of this methodology for justification of the value of PIs. Recommendations for development of tools with optimal theoretical, pragmatic, and psychometric properties are proposed.
authors.affiliation: Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.|CNRS, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Thi-Ha
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Vo
authors.affiliation: Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.|CNRS, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France.|Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Pharmacie, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Charpiat
authors.affiliation: Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.|CNRS, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France.|Pôle Pharmacie, Pavillon Vercors, CHU Grenoble, CS 10217, 38043, Grenoble cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Catoire
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Auban-Moët, Pharmacie, Epernay, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juste
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Lucien Hussel, Pharmacie, Vienne, France.
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roubille
authors.affiliation: EPSM-Morbihan, Pharmacie, Saint-Avé, France.
authors.forename: François-Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.|Pôle Pharmacie, Pavillon Vercors, CHU Grenoble, CS 10217, 38043, Grenoble cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chanoine
authors.affiliation: Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.|CNRS, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bosson
authors.affiliation: Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Pharmacie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Conort
authors.affiliation: Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.|CNRS, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France.|Pôle Pharmacie, Pavillon Vercors, CHU Grenoble, CS 10217, 38043, Grenoble cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Benoît
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Allenet
authors.affiliation: Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France. pierrick.bedouch@ujf-grenoble.fr.|CNRS, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France. pierrick.bedouch@ujf-grenoble.fr.|Pôle Pharmacie, Pavillon Vercors, CHU Grenoble, CS 10217, 38043, Grenoble cedex 9, France. pierrick.bedouch@ujf-grenoble.fr.
authors.forename: Pierrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bedouch
mesh_terms: D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D061214:Patient Safety; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D024382:Professional Role / Q000523:psychology