title: Particulate Matter Concentrations, Sandstorms and Respiratory Hospital Admissions in Israel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to air pollution in the form of particulate matter smaller than 10 μm in diameter (PM10) has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. However, since air pollution is correlated with confounding factors that might otherwise affect health, identifying the causal link has proven challenging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the effect of PM10 on hospital admissions due to respiratory illnesses.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Instrumental Variable (IV) methodology to control for confounding factors affecting hospital admissions. Exploiting the timing of sandstorms as an instrumental variable allows for a better estimate of the relationship between PM10 and hospital admissions. Data on PM10 concentrations and hospital admissions were compiled for Israel's two largest cities, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, for 2007-2009. We compared our IV estimates to those derived from a Poisson regression, which is commonly used in the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sandstorms led to an increase of 307 μg/m3 of PM10 concentrations. A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 is associated with a 0.8% increase in hospital admissions due to respiratory conditions, using IV methodology. The same finding was noted using the Poisson regression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between PM10 and hospital admission reflects a primarily causal relationship. Instrumental variable methodology could be applied to analyze the effect of air pollution on hospital admissions.
authors.forename: Avraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ebenstein
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Yaniv
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Reingewertz
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014919:Wind
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D052638:Particulate Matter