title: Dynamic Regulation of Tandem 3' Untranslated Regions in Zebrafish Spleen Cells during Immune Response.
abstract: Alternative polyadenylation (APA) has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis, development, and cell differentiation, as well as in the activation of several subsets of immune cells in vitro. Whether APA takes place in immune responses in vivo is largely unknown. We profiled the variation in tandem 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) in pathogen-challenged zebrafish and identified hundreds of APA genes with ∼ 10% being immune response genes. The detected immune response APA genes were enriched in TLR signaling, apoptosis, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. A greater number of microRNA target sites and AU-rich elements were found in the extended 3' UTRs than in the common 3' UTRs of these APA genes. Further analysis suggested that microRNA and AU-rich element-mediated posttranscriptional regulation plays an important role in modulating the expression of APA genes. These results indicate that APA is extensively involved in immune responses in vivo, and it may be a potential new paradigm for immune regulation.
authors.affiliation: School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106.
authors.forename: Guangrui
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1846-0227
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and.
authors.forename: Shengfeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and.
authors.forename: Ruihua
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and.
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and.
authors.forename: Yuxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and.
authors.forename: Yuchao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and.
authors.forename: Shaozhou
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and.
authors.forename: Liutao
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8044-5664
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and.
authors.forename: Leiming
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8120-8916
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and.
authors.forename: Shangwu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106.
authors.forename: Guangbin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and lssxal@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Anlong
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D000818:Animals; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D026723:Polyadenylation / Q000276:immunology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000235:genetics*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions