title: Psychiatric disorders in adolescent and young adult patients with phenylketonuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Psychiatric symptoms are a challenging aspect in adolescent and adult early treated phenylketonuric (ETPKU) patients. To assess the occurrence of psychiatric disorders we explored the presence of symptoms requiring intervention and further investigated the link between psychiatric disorders, the quality of biochemical control and cognitive functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six ETPKU patients (aged 12 to 44) and 30 age-matched healthy controls were subjected to cognitive and psychiatric assessment by means of self-report questionnaires and psychiatric interview. Psychiatric diagnoses, if detected, were made according to DSM-5 criteria. Concomitant IQ, historical and concurrent biochemical metabolic controls were included in the statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five out of 46 ETPKUs showed clinical scores on at least one scale of the psychiatric assessment (7/30 in controls); anxiety and withdrawal were the most frequent self-reported symptoms. Seventeen patients (and no controls) met criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis, most of them belonging to the Anxiety Disorders category. The occurrence of psychiatric symptoms was not associated with the life-long and concurrent quality of metabolic control but patients with good metabolic control (≤ 500 μM) in the first 11 years of life showed higher frequency of psychiatric diagnosis (Fisher's exact p=.0300).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ETPKUs show a higher than normal vulnerability to psychiatric disorders, which cannot be explained by the usual biochemical alterations influencing intellectual outcome. Our data support the hypothesis that the burden of the disease acts as psychological stress for children and their families. Possible involvement of neuromediators in the pathogenesis of these complex symptoms requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Via dei Sabelli 108, 00185 Rome, Italy. Electronic address: filippo.manti@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Manti
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Via dei Sabelli 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: francesca.nardecchia@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nardecchia
authors.affiliation: Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy. Electronic address: flavia.chiarotti@iss.it.
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiarotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, Italy. Electronic address: claudia.carducci@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carducci
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carducci
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Via dei Sabelli 108, 00185 Rome, Italy. Electronic address: vincenzo.leuzzi@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Leuzzi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D010661:Phenylketonurias / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Outcome; Phenylketonuria; Psychiatric disorders; Psychiatric symptoms; Vulnerability