title: Picornavirus-Induced Airway Mucosa Immune Profile in Asymptomatic Neonates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial airway colonization is known to alter the airway mucosa immune response in neonates whereas the impact of viruses is unknown. The objective was therefore to examine the effect of respiratory viruses on the immune signature in the airways of asymptomatic neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasal aspirates from 571 asymptomatic 1-month-old neonates from the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2010 birth cohort were investigated for respiratory viruses. Simultaneously, unstimulated airway mucosal lining fluid was obtained and quantified for levels of 20 immune mediators related to type 1, type 2, type 17, and regulatory immune paths. The association between immune mediator levels and viruses was tested by conventional statistics and partial least square discriminant analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Picornaviruses were detected in 58 neonates (10.2%) and other viruses in 10 (1.8%). A general up-regulation of immune mediators was found in the neonates with picornavirus (P < .0001; partial least square discriminant analysis). The association was pronounced for type 1- and type 2-related markers and was unaffected by comprehensive confounder adjustment. Detection of picornavirus and bacteria was associated with an additive general up-regulating effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asymptomatic presence of picornavirus in the neonatal airway is a potent activator of the topical immune response. This is relevant to understanding the immune potentiating effect of early life exposure to viruses.
authors.affiliation: COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen.
authors.forename: Helene M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wolsk
authors.affiliation: COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen.
authors.forename: Nilofar V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Følsgaard
authors.affiliation: COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen.
authors.forename: Sune
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brix
authors.affiliation: Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit.
authors.forename: Trevor T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Hansel
authors.affiliation: Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma and Centre for Respiratory Infections, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sebastian L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.affiliation: Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma and Centre for Respiratory Infections, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kebadze
authors.affiliation: COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen.
authors.forename: Bo L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Chawes
authors.affiliation: COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bønnelykke
authors.affiliation: COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bisgaard
mesh_terms: D058345:Asymptomatic Infections; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D010849:Picornaviridae / Q000276:immunology*; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: chemokines; children; cytokines; mucosal lining fluid; virus