title: Prevalence, Etiology and Treatment of Peri-Implant Mucositis and Peri-Implantitis: A Survey of Periodontists in the United States.
abstract: Currently, information available on the exact prevalence and standard therapeutic protocol of peri-implant diseases is insufficient. The aim of this survey was to investigate the perceived prevalence, etiology, and management of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis by periodontists in the United States.
  
  
  
  A twenty-question survey was developed. Periodontists currently practicing in the United States were contacted by an e-mail that contained a link to access the survey.
  
  
  
  Two hundred eighty periodontists (79.3% males; 62.9% with >10 years in practice, 75.7% in private practice) completed the survey. Most (96.1%) of the participants were placing implants (58.3% for >10 years and 32.4% >150 implants/year). The majority reported that the prevalence of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis in their practices is up to 25% but is higher in the general US population and that up to 10% of implants must be removed due to peri-implantitis. There was agreement among contributing etiologic factors such as: 1) plaque; 2) smoking; 3) adverse loading; 4) oral hygiene; 5) use of antimicrobial gel/mouthrinse; 6) non-surgical debridement; 7) use of systemic antibiotics; and 8) 3-month supportive care for treatment of peri-implantitis. Significant heterogeneity was recorded in relation to the instruments used for debridement, use and type of surgical treatment, and materials used for regeneration. Only 5.1% believed that treatment is very effective.
  
  
  
  This survey indicates that peri-implant diseases are a frequently encountered problem in periodontal practices and that the absence of a standard therapeutic protocol results in significant empirical use of therapeutic modalities and a moderately effective treatment outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papathanasiou
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics and Experimental Design, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Finkelman
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA.|Private practice, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Andreas O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Parashis
mesh_terms: D015921:Dental Implants; D003815:Dentists; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D052016:Mucositis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D019239:Practice Patterns, Dentists'; D015995:Prevalence; D013280:Stomatitis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: Diagnosis; etiology; peri-implantitis; prevalence; surveys and questionnaires; therapeutics