title: Tolerance to Trypanosomatids: A Threat, or a Key for Disease Elimination?
abstract: So far, research on trypanosomatid infections has been driven by 'disease by disease' approaches, leading to different concepts and control strategies. It is, however, increasingly clear that they share common features such as the ability to generate long-lasting asymptomatic infections in their mammalian hosts. Trypanotolerance, long integrated in animal African trypanosomiasis control, historically refers to the ability of cattle breeds to limit Trypanosoma infection and pathology, but has only recently been recognized in humans. Whilst trypanotolerance is absent from the vocabulary on leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, asymptomatic infections also occur. We review the concept of trypanotolerance across the trypanosomatids and discuss the importance of asymptomatic carriage in the current context of elimination.
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, 34398 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berthier
authors.affiliation: IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34394 France.
authors.forename: Simone F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Brenière
authors.affiliation: IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34394 France.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bras-Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34394 France.
authors.forename: Jean-Loup
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lemesre
authors.affiliation: CIRDES Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso; IPR, 01 BP 1500 Bouaké 01, Côte d'Ivoire.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jamonneau
authors.affiliation: IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34398 France. Electronic address: philippe.solano@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Solano
authors.affiliation: IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34398 France.
authors.forename: Veerle
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lejon
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, 34398 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thévenon
authors.affiliation: IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34398 France; PNLTHA, Ministère de la Santé, BP 851 Conakry, République de Guinée.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bucheton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000517:prevention & control; D060740:Disease Eradication; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000517:prevention & control; D014345:Trypanosoma / Q000502:physiology; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Trypanotolerance; asymptomatic; elimination; leishmaniasis; trypanosomatids; trypanosomiasis