title: Cartilage boundary lubrication synergism is mediated by hyaluronan concentration and PRG4 concentration and structure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) and hyaluronan (HA) are key synovial fluid constituents that contribute synergistically to cartilage boundary lubrication; however, the effects of their concentrations as well as their structure, both of which can be altered in osteoarthritis, on this functional synergism are unknown. The objectives of this study were to evaluate cartilage boundary lubricating ability of 1) PRG4 + HA in solution at constant HA concentration in a range of PRG4 concentrations, 2) constant PRG4 concentration in a range of HA concentrations, 3) HA + reduced/alkylated (R/A) PRG4, and 4) hylan G-F 20 + PRG4.
  
  
  METHODS
  Static and kinetic friction coefficients (μ(static,Neq), <μ(kinetic,Neq)>) were measured using a previously characterized cartilage-cartilage boundary mode friction test for the following concentrations of purified PRG4 and HA: Test 1: HA (1.5 MDa, 3.3 mg/mL) + PRG4 from 4.5 - 1500 μg/mL; Test 2: PRG4 (450, 150, 45 μg/mL) + HA (1.5 MDa) from 0.3 - 3.3 mg/mL. Test 3: hylan G-F 20 (3. 3 mg/mL) + PRG4 (450 μg/mL). Test 4: HA (3.3 mg/mL) + R/A PRG4 (450 μg/mL). ANOVA was used to compare lubricants within (comparing 6 lubricants of interest) and between (comparing 3 lubricants of interest) test sequences, with Tukey and Fishers post-hoc testing respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study demonstrates that both PRG4 and HA concentration, as well as PRG4 disulfide-bonded structure, can alter the cartilage boundary lubricating ability of PRG4 + HA solutions. The boundary lubricating ability of high MW HA + PRG4 solutions was limited by very low concentrations of PRG4. Decreased concentrations of high MW HA also limited the cartilage boundary lubricating ability of HA + PRG4 solutions, with the effect exacerbated by low PRG4 concentrations. The reduction of friction by addition of PRG4 to a cross-linked HA viscosupplement product, but not with addition of R/A PRG4 to HA, is consistent with a non-covalent mechanism of interaction where tertiary and quaternary PRG4 structure are important.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these results demonstrate that deficiency of either or both PRG4 and HA, or alterations in PRG4 structure, may be detrimental to SF cartilage boundary lubricating function. This study provides further insight into the nature of cartilage boundary lubrication and advancement towards potential formulation of new intra-articular biotherapeutic treatments for osteoarthritis using PRG4 ± HA.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. teludwig@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Taryn E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. mmhunter@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Miles M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. tschmidt@ucalgary.ca.|Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. tschmidt@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Tannin A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000503:physiopathology; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology*; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D000099158:Proteoglycan 4
chemical_list: D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D011509:Proteoglycans; C419197:PRG4 protein, human; D000099158:Proteoglycan 4