title: Identification of signature volatiles to discriminate Candida albicans, glabrata, krusei and tropicalis using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.
abstract: Oral candidiasis is the most frequent fungal infection of the oral cavity. Clinical diagnoses require mycological confirmation, which is time-consuming in case of culture testing. The aim of the study was to identify signature volatiles to develop a chairside breath test to diagnose oral candidiasis. Headspaces above Candida albicans, glabrata, tropicalis, krusei cultures, and growth media as control were analysed after eight and 24 h using offline gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The identification of signature volatiles was assisted using various microbial databases. Retrieved volatile patterns enabled Candida species discrimination in vitro. For C. albicans 3-methyl-2-butanone and styrene and for C. krusei a combination of p-xylene, 2-octanone, 2-heptanone and n-butyl acetate were found to be specific. 1-hexanol was found in C. tropicalis, but is emitted by a variety of other microorganisms. C. glabrata was characterised through the absence of these volatiles. The development of a breath test is a promising approach in confirming suspicions of oral candidiasis. To confirm the retrieved results in vivo, breath tests in affected and healthy subjects have to be performed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Radiology and Oral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hertel
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Clinical Navigation, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hartwig
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Radiology and Oral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Eyke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schütte
authors.affiliation: German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.|Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gillissen
authors.affiliation: Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Preissner
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Radiology and Oral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Westhausen
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paris
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Isabell
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kastner
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Preissner
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000032:analysis; D000328:Adult; D001944:Breath Tests; D002175:Candida / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D041221:Candida glabrata / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D041022:Candida tropicalis / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D000441:Hexanols / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007659:Ketones / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D010422:Pentanones / Q000032:analysis; D020058:Styrene / Q000032:analysis; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D014992:Xylenes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000441:Hexanols; D007659:Ketones; D010422:Pentanones; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D014992:Xylenes; D020058:Styrene; C006848:butyl acetate; C036260:1-hexanol; C031286:4-xylene; C011917:2-heptanone; C037075:2-octanone; C035850:isopropyl methyl ketone
keywords: Candida spp.; breath test; oral candidiasis; volatile organic compounds