title: Noninvasive Brain Stimulation in Pediatric Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Review.
abstract: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in the pediatric population. The clinical management of ADHD is currently limited by a lack of reliable diagnostic biomarkers and inadequate therapy for a minority of patients who do not respond to standard pharmacotherapy. There is optimism that noninvasive brain stimulation may help to address these limitations. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation are 2 methods of noninvasive brain stimulation that modulate cortical excitability and brain network activity. Transcranial magnetic stimulation can be used diagnostically to probe cortical neurophysiology, whereas daily use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation can induce long-lasting and potentially therapeutic changes in targeted networks. In this review, we highlight research showing the potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation in pediatric ADHD. We also discuss the safety and ethics of using these tools in the pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain Both are co-primary authors.
authors.forename: Belen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Both are co-primary authors. rubiobelen@gmail.com aboes@partners.org.
authors.forename: Aaron D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Boes
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laganiere
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Pediatric Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rotenberg
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Danique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jeurissen
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000628:therapy*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010372:Pediatrics; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: ADHD; neuromodulation; pediatric; transcranial direct current stimulation; transcranial magnetic stimulation