title: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: From Pathophysiology to Treatment.
abstract: Cardiovascular diseases represent the main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). According to a well-established classification, cardiovascular involvement in CKD can be set in the context of cardiorenal syndrome type 4. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) represents a key feature to provide an accurate picture of systolic-diastolic left heart involvement in CKD patients. Cardiovascular involvement is present in about 80% of prevalent hemodialysis patients, and it is evident in CKD patients since stage IIIb-IV renal disease (according to the K/DOQI CKD classification). According to the definition of cardiorenal syndrome type 4, kidney disease is detected before the development of heart failure, although timing of the diagnosis is not always possible. The evaluation of LVH is a bit heterogeneous, and few standard imaging methods can provide the accuracy of either CT- or MRI-derived left ventricular mass. Key principles in the treatment of LVH in CKD patients are mainly based on anemia and blood pressure control, together with the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism and sudden cardiac death prevention. This review is mainly focused on the clinical aspects of CKD-related LVH to provide practical guidelines both for cardiologists and nephrologists in the daily clinical approach to CKD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, L. Parodi Delfino Hospital, Colleferro, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Lullo
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, L. Parodi Delfino Hospital, Colleferro, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gorini
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, L. Parodi Delfino Hospital, Colleferro, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santoboni
authors.affiliation: International Renal Research Institute, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ronco
keywords: Chronic kidney disease; Echocardiography; Left ventricular hypertrophy; Type 4 cardiorenal syndrome