title: Formation Dynamics of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Following Two-Step Layer Deposition.
abstract: Hybrid metal-halide perovskites have emerged as a leading class of semiconductors for optoelectronic devices because of their desirable material properties and versatile fabrication methods. However, little is known about the chemical transformations that occur in the initial stages of perovskite crystal formation. Here we follow the real-time formation dynamics of MAPbI3 from a bilayer of lead iodide (PbI2) and methylammonium iodide (MAI) deposited through a two-step thermal evaporation process. By lowering the substrate temperature during deposition, we are able to initially inhibit intermixing of the two layers. We subsequently use infrared and visible light transmission, X-ray diffraction, and photoluminescence lifetime measurements to reveal the room-temperature transformations that occur in vacuum and ambient air, as MAI diffuses into the PbI2 lattice to form MAPbI3. In vacuum, the transformation to MAPbI3 is incomplete as unreacted MAI is retained in the film. However, exposure to moist air allows for conversion of the unreacted MAI to MAPbI3, demonstrating that moisture is essential in making MAI more mobile and thus aiding perovskite crystallization. These dynamic processes are reflected in the observed charge-carrier lifetimes, which strongly fluctuate during periods of large ion migration but steadily increase with improving crystallinity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jay B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Milot
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Herz
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Johnston
keywords: hybrid metal-halide perovskites; lead iodide; methylammonium iodide; perovskite crystallization; thermal evaporation