title: Psychological Barriers to Tobacco Cessation in Indian Buprenorphine-Naloxone Maintained Patients: A Pilot Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of smoking in opioid agonist treatment programmes remains high, leading to significant tobacco related health hazards and mortality. This is the first study from India addressing tobacco cessation and related barriers among recipients of buprenorphine-naloxone maintenance treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to investigate Indian buprenorphine-naloxone maintained patients' willingness to quit tobacco use, to determine its possible association with demographic, agonist maintenance treatment, tobacco use related variables and personal health and risk perceptions related to health hazards associated with tobacco use.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was cross-sectional, observational. It was conducted in the out-patient department of a national level de-addiction centre in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five males on buprenorphine-naloxone treatment were assessed using Tobacco Use Characteristics, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND and FTND-ST), Readiness to Change questionnaire (RCQ), Smoker's Perceived Health Risk Evaluation (SPHERE), Importance of Intervention scale and a semi-structured questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis Chi-square test, Spearman rank order correlation, paired-t test, ANOVA (STATA 9.2 statistical package).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Around 65.4% of the subjects were smokers, 9% were using smokeless tobacco only whereas 25.6% were using both. Mean duration of tobacco use was 20 ± 1.5 years. Only 20% had past quit attempts. Only 24% were in action phase of change. Personal health and risk perceptions were poor and only 61.62% considered intervention tobacco smoking cessation important.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher severity of nicotine dependence, low perception of harm from tobacco warrant immediate attention and need for on-site treatment opportunity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and National, Drug Dependence Treatment Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Piyali
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and National, Drug Dependence Treatment Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Raka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and National, Drug Dependence Treatment Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sonali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jhanjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and National, Drug Dependence Treatment Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sreenivas
keywords: Buprenorphine-naloxone maintenance treatment; health and risk perception; tobacco cessation