title: Renal Abnormalities Among Egyptian Children With Hemophilia A Using Renal Scintigraphy: Relation to Risk Factors and Disease Severity.
abstract: Many risk factors may contribute to renal disease in patients with hemophilia A.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to evaluate functional and structural renal abnormalities among a group of Egyptian children with severe and moderate hemophilia A using technetium-99m diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) and technetium-99 m dimercaptusuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA) scan. We also aimed to determine the relation between these abnormalities and different risk factors and disease severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty male patients, 16 with severe and 24 with moderate hemophilia A, were enrolled in this study. Their mean age was 10.2 ± 4.3 years (range, 5-17 years). Full history taking, clinical examination, laboratory, and radionuclide investigations including serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urine analysis, creatinine clearance, 24-hour urinary protein,99mTc-DTPA scan, and99mTc-DMSA scan were performed to all enrolled patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum creatinine and BUN were normal in all patients, and corrected creatinine clearance was diminished in 2 patients. However,99mTc-DTPA results yielded 19 (47.5%) patients with diminished glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Moreover, it showed that 14 (35%) had obstructive uropathy, 15 (37.5%) had obstructive nephropathy, while 11 (27.5%) patients showed normal scan. One patient had atrophy of 1 kidney on99mTc-DMSA scan. Among our cohort, 5 (12.5%) patients were hypertensive. Microscopic hematuria was detected in 14 (35%) patients while 72.5% had proteinuria. We found an association between hematuria and hypertension with diminished GFR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite normal kidney functions (serum creatinine and BUN), we found a high rate of diminished GFR and obstructive uropathy and nephropathy as detected by99mTc-DTPA scan among children with hemophilia A.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatrics, Hematology Unit, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed Alsaeed
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hamed
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiodiagnosis, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mennatallah Hatem
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Shalaby
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Nihal Saad
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: El-Kinawy
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatrics, Hematology Unit, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Alaa Adel
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Elamawy
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatrics, Hematology Unit, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Shereen Mohamed
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Abd El-Ghany
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004534:Egypt; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine
keywords: DMSA scan; DTPA scan; bleeding; hemophilia; nephrology