title: Women with HIV in Indonesia: are they bridging a concentrated epidemic to the wider community?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Male injecting drug users drove the onset of the HIV epidemic in Indonesia but over time more women have been diagnosed. We examined the relative proportion of female patients in an HIV cohort and characterized their probable transmission route and reproductive profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study in a referral hospital in West Java.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews with standardized questionnaires, physical and laboratory examinations were done for 2622 individuals enrolled in HIV care between 2007 and 2012. The proportion of women in this cohort was compared with national estimates. The general characteristics of HIV-infected women and men as well as the sexual and reproductive health of HIV-infected women were described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of female patients enrolled in HIV care increased from 22.2 % in 2007 to 38.3 % in 2012, in line with national estimates. Women were younger than men, fewer reported a history of IDU (16.1 vs. 73.8 %, p < 0.001) and more were tested for HIV because of a positive partner (25.5 vs. 4.0 %, p < 0.001). The majority of women were in their reproductive age, had children, and were not using contraceptives at the time of enrolment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-infected women in Indonesia have specific characteristics that differ them from women in the general population. Further research to elucidate the characteristics of women exposed to HIV, their access to testing and care and sexual and reproductive needs can help reduce transmission to women and children in the context of concentrated HIV epidemic in Indonesia.
authors.affiliation: Tuberculosis and HIV Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Dr. Eijkman No. 38, Bandung, 40161, Indonesia. Annisa.Rahmalia@radboudumc.nl.|Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Annisa.Rahmalia@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Annisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahmalia
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia. rudiw98@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rudi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wisaksana
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. hinta.meijerink@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hinta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meijerink
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia. agnesariantana_sppk@yahoo.co.id.
authors.forename: Agnes R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Indrati
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia. b.alisjahbana@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bachti
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alisjahbana
authors.affiliation: Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Nel.Roeleveld@radboudumc.nl.|Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Nel.Roeleveld@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Nel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roeleveld
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Andre.vanderVen@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Andre J A M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van der Ven
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. MLaga@itg.be.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laga
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Reinout.vanCrevel@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Reinout
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Crevel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D043762:Reproductive Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014930:Women