title: Challenges to the surveillance of non-communicable diseases--a review of selected approaches.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rising global burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) necessitates the institutionalization of surveillance systems to track trends and evaluate interventions. However, NCD surveillance capacities vary across high- and low- and middle-income countries. The objective of the review was to analyse existing literature with respect to structures of health facility-based NCD surveillance systems and the lessons low- and middle-income countries can learn in setting up and running these systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was conducted using Pub Med, Web of Knowledge and WHOLIS databases to identify citations published in English language between 1993 and 2013. In total, 20 manuscripts met inclusion criteria: 12 studies were analysed in respect to the surveillance approach, eight supporting documents in respect to general and regional challenges in NCD surveillance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven of the 12 studies identified were conducted in high-income countries. Five studies had a single disease focus, three a multiple NCD focus and three covered communicable as well as non-communicable diseases. Nine studies were passive assisted sentinel surveillance systems, of which six focused on the primary care level and three had additional active surveillance components, i.e., population-based surveys. The supporting documents reveal that NCD surveillance is rather limited in most low- and middle-income countries despite the increasing disease burden and its socioeconomic impact. Major barriers include institutional surveillance capacities and hence data availability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The review suggests that given the complex system requirements, multiple surveillance approaches are necessary to collect comprehensive information for effective NCD surveillance. Sentinel augmented facility-based surveillance, preferably supported by population-based surveys, can provide improved evidence and help budget scarce resources.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923, Cologne, Germany. mareike.kroll@uni-koeln.de.
authors.forename: Mareike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kroll
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923, Cologne, Germany. revati.phalkey@nottingham.ac.uk.|Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Hucknall Road, NG5 1 PB, Nottingham, UK. revati.phalkey@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Revati K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Phalkey
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923, Cologne, Germany. f.kraas@uni-koeln.de.
authors.forename: Frauke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kraas
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D006801:Humans; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*