title: Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) in the Oil and Gas Industry: A Review.
abstract: Radiation is part of the natural environment: it is estimated that approximately 80 % of all human exposure comes from naturally occurring or background radiation. Certain extractive industries such as mining and oil logging have the potential to increase the risk of radiation exposure to the environment and humans by concentrating the quantities of naturally occurring radiation beyond normal background levels (Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli 2004).
authors.affiliation: National Radioactive Waste Management Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana. i.doyi@gaecgh.org.
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Doyi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: David Kofi
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Essumang
authors.affiliation: National Radioactive Waste Management Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dampare
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
authors.forename: Eric Tetteh
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Glover
mesh_terms: D001417:Background Radiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D008906:Mining; D000066388:Oil and Gas Industry; D011848:Radioactive Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D011848:Radioactive Pollutants
keywords: Acute; Chronic; DNA; Dose limit; Produced water; Radiation exposure; Radiation protection; Radioactivity; Radionuclides; Scale; Toxicology