title: Keep at bay!--Abnormal personal space regulation as marker of paranoia in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During threat, interpersonal distance is deliberately increased. Personal space regulation is related to amygdala function and altered in schizophrenia, but it remains unknown whether it is particularly associated with paranoid threat.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared performance in two tests on personal space between 64 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 24 matched controls. Patients were stratified in those with paranoid threat, neutral affect or paranoid experience of power. In the stop-distance paradigm, participants indicated the minimum tolerable interpersonal distance. In the fixed-distance paradigm, they indicated the level of comfort at fixed interpersonal distances.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paranoid threat increased interpersonal distance two-fold in the stop-distance paradigm, and reduced comfort ratings in the fixed-distance paradigm. In contrast, patients experiencing paranoid power had high comfort ratings at any distance. Patients with neutral affect did not differ from controls in the stop-distance paradigm. Differences between groups remained when controlling for gender and positive symptom severity. Among schizophrenia patients, the stop-distance paradigm detected paranoid threat with 93% sensitivity and 83% specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Personal space regulation is not generally altered in schizophrenia. However, state paranoid experience has distinct contributions to personal space regulation. Subjects experiencing current paranoid threat share increased safety-seeking behavior.
authors.affiliation: Center of translational research, university hospital of psychiatry, university of Bern, 111, Bolligenstrasse, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schoretsanitis
authors.affiliation: Center of translational research, university hospital of psychiatry, university of Bern, 111, Bolligenstrasse, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kutynia
authors.affiliation: Center of translational research, university hospital of psychiatry, university of Bern, 111, Bolligenstrasse, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stegmayer
authors.affiliation: Center of translational research, university hospital of psychiatry, university of Bern, 111, Bolligenstrasse, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Strik
authors.affiliation: Center of translational research, university hospital of psychiatry, university of Bern, 111, Bolligenstrasse, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland. Electronic address: walther@puk.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walther
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003702:Delusions; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010259:Paranoid Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D010550:Personal Space; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
keywords: Delusion; Grandiosity; Interpersonal distance; Paranoid threat