title: Complex spatial clonal structure in the macroalgae Fucus radicans with both sexual and asexual recruitment.
abstract: In dioecious species with both sexual and asexual reproduction, the spatial distribution of individual clones affects the potential for sexual reproduction and local adaptation. The seaweed Fucus radicans, endemic to the Baltic Sea, has separate sexes, but new attached thalli may also form asexually. We mapped the spatial distribution of clones (multilocus genotypes, MLGs) over macrogeographic (>500 km) and microgeographic (<100 m) scales in the Baltic Sea to assess the relationship between clonal spatial structure, sexual recruitment, and the potential for natural selection. Sexual recruitment was predominant in some areas, while in others asexual recruitment dominated. Where clones of both sexes were locally intermingled, sexual recruitment was nevertheless low. In some highly clonal populations, the sex ratio was strongly skewed due to dominance of one or a few clones of the same sex. The two largest clones (one female and one male) were distributed over 100-550 km of coast and accompanied by small and local MLGs formed by somatic mutations and differing by 1-2 mutations from the large clones. Rare sexual events, occasional long-distance migration, and somatic mutations contribute new genotypic variation potentially available to natural selection. However, dominance of a few very large (and presumably old) clones over extensive spatial and temporal scales suggested that either these have superior traits or natural selection has only been marginally involved in the structuring of genotypes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Box 463, SE 405 30 Gothenburg Sweden.
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ardehed
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Box 463, SE 405 30 Gothenburg Sweden.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University SE 106 91 Stockholm Sweden.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schagerström
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University SE 106 91 Stockholm Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kautsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences-Tjärnö University of Gothenburg SE 452 96 Strömstad Sweden.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johannesson
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences-Tjärnö University of Gothenburg SE 452 96 Strömstad Sweden.
authors.forename: Ricardo T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Pereyra
keywords: asexual reproduction; clonality; macroalgae; microsatellites; somatic mutations