title: Design and analysis of trials with a partially nested design and a binary outcome measure.
abstract: Where treatments are administered to groups of patients or delivered by therapists, outcomes for patients in the same group or treated by the same therapist may be more similar, leading to clustering. Trials of such treatments should take account of this effect. Where such a treatment is compared with an un-clustered treatment, the trial has a partially nested design. This paper compares statistical methods for this design where the outcome is binary. Investigation of consistency reveals that a random coefficient model with a random effect for group or therapist is not consistent with other methods for a null treatment effect, and so this model is not recommended for this design. Small sample performance of a cluster-adjusted test of proportions, a summary measures test and logistic generalised estimating equations and random intercept models are investigated through simulation. The expected treatment effect is biased for the logistic models. Empirical test size of two-sided tests is raised only slightly, but there are substantial biases for one-sided tests. Three formulae are proposed for calculating sample size and power based on (i) the difference of proportions, (ii) the log-odds ratio or (iii) the arc-sine transformation of proportions. Calculated power from these formulae is compared with empirical power from a simulations study. Logistic models appeared to perform better than those based on proportions with the likelihood ratio test performing best in the range of scenarios considered. For these analyses, the log-odds ratio method of calculation of power gave an approximate lower limit for empirical power.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Population Health, Jean McFarlane Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7477-7731
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Population Health, Jean McFarlane Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
authors.forename: Evridiki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Batistatou
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Population Health, Jean McFarlane Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D015233:Models, Statistical; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design
keywords: binary outcomes; clustering; partially nested trials; power; sample size