title: Dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy for penile cancer: a comparison between 1- and 2-day protocols.
abstract: To determine the outcome of clinically negative node (cN0) patients with penile cancer undergoing dynamic sentinel node biopsy (DSNB), comparing the results of a 1- and 2-day protocol that can be used as a minimal invasive procedure for staging of penile cancer.
  
  
  
  This is a retrospective analysis of 151 cN0 patients who underwent DSNB from 2008 to 2013 for newly diagnosed penile cancer. Data were analysed per groin and separated into groups according to the protocol followed. The comparison of the two protocols involved the number of nodes excised, γ-counts, false-negative rates (FNR), and complication rates (Clavien-Dindo grading system).
  
  
  
  In all, 280 groins from 151 patients underwent DSNB after a negative ultrasound ± fine-needle aspiration cytology. The 1-day protocol was performed in 65 groins and the 2-day protocol in 215. Statistically significantly more nodes were harvested with the 1-day protocol (1.92/groin) compared with the 2-day protocol (1.60/groin). The FNRs were 0%, 6.8% and 5.1%, for the 1-day protocol, 2-day protocol, and overall, respectively. Morbidity of the DSNB was 21.4% for all groins, and 26.2% and 20.1% for the 1-day and 2-day protocols, respectively. Most of the complications were of Clavien-Dindo Grade 1-2.
  
  
  
  DSNB is safe for staging patients with penile cancer. There is a trend towards a 1-day protocol having a lower FNR than a 2-day protocol, albeit at the expense of a slightly higher complication rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dimopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Christopoulos
authors.affiliation: Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shilito
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK.|Department of Urology, Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton, Lancashire, UK.
authors.forename: Zara
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gall
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Murby
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ashworth
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carrington
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shanks
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Noel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramani
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Parr
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sangar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D006119:Groin / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000071036:Sentinel Lymph Node / Q000473:pathology*; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: complication; false negative; penile cancer; sentinel node; squamous cell carcinoma