title: Acute dysprosium toxicity to Daphnia pulex and Hyalella azteca and development of the biotic ligand approach.
abstract: The toxicological understanding of rare earth elements (REEs) in the aquatic environment is very limited but of increasing concern. The objective of this research is to compare the toxicological effect of the REE dysprosium to the freshwater invertebrates Daphnia pulex and Hyalella azteca and in the more sensitive organism, understand the toxicity modifying influence of Ca, Na, Mg, pH and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Standard methods (Environment Canada) were followed for testing and culture in media of intermediate hardness (60mg CaCO3 mg/L) at pH 7.8 with Ca at 0.5, Na 0.5, Mg 0.125 (mM) and 23°C. Acute toxicity tests were done with <24h old neonates for 48h in the case of D. pulex and with 2-9 days old offspring for 96h tests with Hyalella. The potential protective effect of cationic competition was tested with Ca (0.5-2.0mM), Na (0.5-2.0mM) and Mg (0.125-0.5mM). The effect of pH (6.5-8.0) and Suwannee River DOM complexation (at dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of 9 and 13mg C/L) were evaluated. Dissolved Dy concentrations were lower than total (unfiltered) indicating precipitation, particularly at higher concentrations. Acute toxicity of Dy to H. azteca and D. pulex revealed Hyalella to be 1.4 times more sensitive than Daphnia. Additions of Ca and Na but not Mg provided significant protection against Dy toxicity to Hyalella. Similarly, low pH was associated with reduction in toxicity. Exposures which were pH buffered with and without MOPS were significantly different and indicated that MOPS enhanced Dy toxicity. DOM also mitigated Dy toxicity. Biotic ligand based parameters (LogK values) were calculated based on free ion relationships as determined by geochemical equilibrium modeling software (WHAM ver. 7.02). The logK value for Dy(3+) toxicity to Hyalella was 7.75 while the protective influence of Ca and Na were 3.95 and 4.10, respectively. This study contributes data towards the development of site specific water quality guidelines and criteria for Dy and possibly REEs in general and offers insight into the complex bio-geochemical nature of this element.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada. Electronic address: vuko3930@mylaurier.ca.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vukov
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada.
authors.forename: D Scott
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: McGeer
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004419:Dysprosium / Q000633:toxicity*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008024:Ligands; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry; D012964:Sodium / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004419:Dysprosium; D012964:Sodium; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Biotic ligand model; Invertebrates; Rare earth elements; Risk assessment; Toxicity modifying factors; Water quality