title: Acute Kidney Injury Recognition and Management: A Review of the Literature and Current Evidence.
abstract: Acute renal failure is defined as a rapid decrease in the glomerular filtration rate, occurring over a period of hours to days and by the inability of the kidney to regulate fluid and electrolyte homeostasis appropriately. AKI is a catastrophic, life-threatening event in critically ill patients. AKI can be divided into pre-renal injury, intrinsic kidney disease (including vascular insults) and obstructive uropathies. The prognosis of AKI is highly dependent on the underlying cause of the injury. Children who have AKI as a component of multisystem failure have a much higher mortality rate than children with intrinsic renal disease. Treatment of AKI is subjected to risk stratification and ongoing damage control measures, such as patients with sepsis, exposure to nephrotoxic agents, ischemia, bloody diarrhea, or volume loss, could be helped by optimizing the fluid administrations, antibiotics possessing least nephrotoxic potential, blood transfusion where hemoglobin is dangerously low, limiting the use of nephrotoxic agents including radio contrast use, while maximize the nutrition. Acute kidney injury remains a complex disorder with an apparent differentiation in pathology between septic and nonseptic forms of the disease. Although more studies are still required, progress in this area has been steady over the last decade with purposeful international collaboration.
authors.affiliation: Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS). syedraza91shah@live.com.
authors.forename: Syed Raza
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Sameer Altaf
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tunio
authors.forename: Mohammad Hussham
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Arshad
authors.forename: Zorays
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Moazzam
authors.forename: Komal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noorani
authors.forename: Anushe Mohsin
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Feroze
authors.forename: Maham
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shafquat
authors.forename: Huma Syed
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Syed Ali Hyder
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jeoffrey
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016638:Critical Illness; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004298:Dopamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018529:Nutritional Support; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D013566:Sympathomimetics; D004298:Dopamine