title: Pro-inflammatory cytokine dysregulation is associated with novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in primary human macrophages.
abstract: Since March 2013, more than 500 laboratory-confirmed human H7N9 influenza A virus infection cases have been recorded, with a case fatality rate of more than 30%. Clinical research has shown that cytokine and chemokine dysregulation contributes to the pathogenicity of the H7N9 virus. Here, we investigated cytokine profiles in primary human macrophages infected with the novel H7N9 virus, using cytokine antibody arrays. The levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly TNF-α, were increased in H7N9-infected macrophages. Induction of the transcriptional and translational levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines by H7N9 virus seemed to be intermediate between those induced by highly pathogenic avian H5N1 and pandemic human H1N1 viruses, which were detected by ELISA and real-time quantitative PCR, respectively. Additionally, compared with H5N1, the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines caused by H7N9 infection occurred rapidly but mildly. Our results identified the overall profiles of cytokine and chemokine induction by the H7N9 influenza virus in an in vitro cell-culture model, and could provide potential therapeutic targets for the control of severe human H7N9 disease.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China.
authors.forename: Chihao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China.
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China.
authors.forename: Xinlei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China.
authors.forename: Shuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China.
authors.forename: Xihan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D064766:Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000821:virology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines