title: Biochemical responses and DNA damage in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) induced by ionic liquid [omim]PF6.
abstract: Ionic liquids that are not that "green" to many organisms have recently been identified. This study examined the subchronic toxicity of the ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([omim]PF6) to earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Earthworms were exposed for a 28-day period (sampled on days 7, 14, 21, and 28) at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD)), detoxifying enzyme (glutathione S-transferase (GST)), lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage were measured. ROS significantly accumulated in all the treatment groups; the maximum ROS content was 51.9% higher than the control at 40 mg/kg [omim]PF6 on day 28. Increased SOD activities attenuated over the time of exposure, while the CAT activities of the treatment groups were similar to the controls, except on day 14. Furthermore, the activities of POD and GST were stimulated. Lipid peroxidation in earthworms was not apparent at 5 and 10 mg/kg [omim]PF6 but was quite obvious at 40 mg/kg [omim]PF6. In addition, DNA damage was dose- and time-dependent. In conclusion, [omim]PF6 caused oxidative stress and genotoxicity in earthworms.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.|College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.|National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.|College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.|National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shumin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China. wjh@sdau.edu.cn.|College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China. wjh@sdau.edu.cn.|National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China. wjh@sdau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.|College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.|National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.|College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.|National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China. lushzhu@vip.163.com.|College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China. lushzhu@vip.163.com.|National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China. lushzhu@vip.163.com.
authors.forename: Lusheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C446740:1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C121048:guaiacol peroxidase; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase
keywords: DNA damage; Earthworm; Glutathione S-transferase; Ionic liquid; Lipid peroxidation; Oxidative stress