title: Therapeutic goals in patients with pheochromocytoma: a guide to perioperative management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pheochromocytomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors of the adrenal medulla that may present with protean manifestations. Surgical resection is the mainstay of therapy and patients are at risk of significant hemodynamic and circulatory complications mainly attributable to catecholamine excess. The mainstay of medical therapy in order to optimize patients for surgery includes: alpha-blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blocker and other agents to achieve normal blood pressure, heart rate, as well as normal volume status. Understanding the pathophysiology of pheochromocytoma, the pharmacology of medications used, and recognizing postoperative complications will impact patient outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multidisciplinary team approach is best throughout the perioperative period to prevent potential complications that arise. The hospital physician, intensivist, anesthetist and cardiovascular specialist play a pivotal role in the management of patients with pheochromocytoma. In addition to the pharmacologic and volume recommendations, a multidisciplinary discussion allows for seamless implementation of an organized plan of care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA. azadeh.natalya@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Azadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ramakrishna
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Consultants, LTD, Glendale, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.affiliation: Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mookadam
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D010673:Pheochromocytoma / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers
keywords: Hemodynamics; Neuroendocrine tumors; Perioperative; Pheochromocytoma