title: Pain Experience and Perception in the Obese Subject Systematic Review (Revised Version).
abstract: Pain is an integral part of life and has an important protective function. Pain perception has been shown to differ between subjects and changes with gender, race, and culture. In addition, it has been suggested that obesity influences pain perception and that obesity can be a risk factor for increased pain thresholds. The aim of this systematic review was to examine pain thresholds in obese subjects compared to non-obese subjects. The electronic databases of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, and EMBASE were searched using combinations of terms for obese, pain measurement, visual analog scale, quantitative sensory testing, and pain perception. Studies without comparison as well as cross-sectional studies, case series, and case reports were excluded. The search was conducted without restrictions on language or date of publication. From a total of 1818 identified studies, seven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, whereby only one study tested the pain threshold difference between obese and non-obese and also before and after body weight loss surgery. Two studies showed a lower pain threshold and four studies a higher pain threshold in obese subjects compared to non-obese subjects. Two studies showed no difference in pain threshold before and after substantial body weight loss due to surgery. Weight loss after surgery was not identified as a factor for higher pain thresholds in obese subjects. In view of the heterogeneity of the studies, the variability of the subjects and differences in methodological quality, a meta-analysis could not be performed. From the available literature, there is a tendency towards higher pain thresholds in obese subjects. Neither substantial weight loss, nor gender, were factors explaining difference in threshold. Future randomized, controlled trials should explore demographic variables that could influence pain perception or pain thresholds in obese individuals, and multimodal pain testing is necessary for better understanding of the apparent differences in pain thresholds in obese individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center P5-Q, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands. info@barttorensma.nl.|Department of Anesthesiology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands. info@barttorensma.nl.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Torensma
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Spaarne Gasthuis, Harlem, The Netherlands. i.thomassen@live.nl.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Thomassen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center P5-Q, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands. m.van_velzen@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Velzen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands. b.in.t.Veld@mchaaglanden.nl.
authors.forename: Bastiaan Alexander
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: In 't Veld
mesh_terms: D050110:Bariatric Surgery; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Obese; Pain measurement; Pain perception; Quantitative sensory testing; Visual analog scale