title: Protective effect of carbachol postconditioning on hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury in human gastric epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the protective effects of carbachol postconditioning (CAR-P) on acute gastric mucosal injury induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) and its possible mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell viability was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT). The apoptotic cells were examined by Hoechst 33258 staining. Flow cytometric analysis, lactate dehydrogenate (LDH) release assay, immunocytochemistry, and western blotting were used to investigate the effects of CAR-P on acute gastric mucosal injury induced by H/R. The model of H/R was established by hypoxia induction(94% N2+1% O2+5% CO2 for 2 h) and reoxygenation (normoxic condition for 4 h, 8 h and 16 h).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study observed the protective effect of carbachol postconditioning on H/R-induced injury in human gastric epithelial cell lines (hGES-1) cells, which is achieved by direct activation of vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1) and production of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and in the inhibition of cell apoptosis. In the study, we demonstrate that CAR-P has protective effects on the H/R-induced injury in hGES-1 cells, and these effects are associated with cholinergic muscarinic receptors (CMR), VR1, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings might provide a new and improved understanding of CAR-P function and an effective treatment strategy for acute gastric mucosal injury induced by H/R.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
authors.forename: Hongxia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China. Electronic address: feisj99@xzmc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Sujuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fei
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
authors.forename: Zhangbo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
authors.forename: Shengping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
authors.forename: Qiuju
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
authors.forename: Zhifeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
authors.forename: Shihui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China. Electronic address: jfzhang@xzmc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jianfu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000473:pathology*; D057775:Ischemic Postconditioning; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000187:drug effects; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D002217:Carbachol; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
keywords: Carbachol postconditioning (CAR-P); Cholinergic muscarinic receptor; Human gastric epithelial cells (hGES-1); Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)