title: Formulation design and in vitro physicochemical characterization of surface modified self-nanoemulsifying formulations (SNEFs) of gentamicin.
abstract: Self-nanoemulsifying formulations (SNEFs) structured with PEG 4000 as PEGylated SNEFs, were formulated after solubility studies using rational blends of soybean oil, a combination of Kolliphor(®) EL and Kolliphor(®) P188 as surfactants, and Transcutol(®) HP as co-surfactant, and evaluated for oral delivery of gentamicin. Incorporation of gentamicin and PEG 4000 reduced the initial area of nanoemulsion of the ternary phase diagrams produced by water titration method using oil, surfactant mixture and co-surfactant. Emulsion droplets were in the nanometer scale ranging from 80-210 nm. FT-IR study revealed that gentamicin structure remained intact in all formulations, and SEM micrographs showed spherical globules. Zeta potentials of SNEFs were in the range of -25.4 to -42.5 mV, and showed a stable system with minor flips in electrostatic charges. There was high in vitro diffusion-dependent permeation of gentamicin from the SNEFs. Results obtained in this work showed that oral delivery of gentamicin was improved by formulation as surface modified SNEFs.
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra, Nigeria. Electronic address: ec.umeyor@unizik.edu.ng.
authors.forename: Chukwuebuka
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Umeyor
authors.affiliation: Drug Delivery and Nanomedicines Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria. Electronic address: anthony.attama@unn.edu.ng.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Attama
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uronnachi
authors.affiliation: Drug Delivery and Nanomedicines Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kenechukwu
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Calistus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nwakile
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ifeanyi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nzekwe
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Okoye
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Esimone
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D002214:Capsules; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D004355:Drug Stability; D045703:Emulsifying Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D010316:Particle Size; D010539:Permeability; D044367:Phase Transition / Q000187:drug effects; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D013997:Time Factors; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D045703:Emulsifying Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D005839:Gentamicins; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols
keywords: Castor oil (PubChem CID: 14030006); Gentamicin; Gentamicin (PubChem CID: 3467); Kolliphor(®) EL (PubChem CID: 5849927); Kolliphor(®) P188 (PubChem CID: 24751); Maisine(®) 35-1 oil (PubChem CID: 6436630); PEG 4000; PEG 4000 (PubChem CID: 174); Polysorbate 80 (PubChem CID: 5284448); Propylene glycol (PubChem CID: 1030); Self-nanoemulsifying formulations; Surface modification; Ternary phase diagrams; Transcutol(®) HP (PubChem CID: 8146); Zeta potential; n-octanol (PubChem CID: 957)