title: Time-dependent hormesis of chemical mixtures: A case study on sulfa antibiotics and a quorum-sensing inhibitor of Vibrio fischeri.
abstract: Sulfa antibiotics (SAs) and quorum-sensing inhibitor (QSI) may pose potential ecological risks because mixed using of them has been proposed to inhibit bacteria from generating antibiotic resistance. This study investigated the time-dependent hormesis of single and binary mixtures of QSI and SAs of Vibrio fischeri (V. fischeri) for 0-24 h. Although the low-dose SAs stimulated the expression of LuxR protein, the high-dose SAs could inhibit bacteria growth by competitively binding to dihydropteroate synthase. Moreover, AinR protein was bound to Benzofuran-3(2H)-one (B3O) with low concentration, thus the N-octanoyl homoserine lactone signal molecules (C8) has chance to bind to LuxR protein to promote light emission. The hormesis effect induced by the mixtures could be deduced that SAs promoted the expression of LuxR protein and B3O increases the chance of C8 binding to LuxR. Our findings facilitate new insight into the mechanistic study of hormesis and ecological risks of the chemical mixtures.
authors.affiliation: College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian Province 350108, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-materials Advanced Technology (Fuzhou University), Fujian Province University, China.
authors.forename: Ruirong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Haoyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian Province 350108, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-materials Advanced Technology (Fuzhou University), Fujian Province University, China. Electronic address: yuyan@fzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Shanghai, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Beijing, China. Electronic address: lzhifen@tongji.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhifen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Mengnan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000633:toxicity*; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D059165:Hormesis; D053038:Quorum Sensing / Q000187:drug effects*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000633:toxicity*; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C096877:AinR protein, Vibrio fischeri; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001572:Benzofurans; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D013449:Sulfonamides; D015534:Trans-Activators; C064778:LuxR autoinducer binding proteins; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase
keywords: Chemical mixtures; Hormesis; Quorum-sensing inhibitor; Sulfonamides; Time-dependent