title: Improving response rates and evaluating nonresponse bias in surveys: AMEE Guide No. 102.
abstract: Robust response rates are essential for effective survey-based strategies. Researchers can improve survey validity by addressing both response rates and nonresponse bias. In this AMEE Guide, we explain response rate calculations and discuss methods for improving response rates to surveys as a whole (unit nonresponse) and to questions within a survey (item nonresponse). Finally, we introduce the concept of nonresponse bias and provide simple methods to measure it.
authors.affiliation: a Stanford University , USA .
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: b University of Chicago , USA .
authors.forename: Shalini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: c Uniformed Services University (USU) , USA.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Durning
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D004501:Education, Medical; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D012107:Research Design; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013997:Time Factors