title: "I Feel Contaminated in My Fake Hand": Obsessive-Compulsive-Disorder like Disgust Sensations Arise from Dummy during Rubber Hand Illusion.
abstract: Despite its theoretical and clinical interest, there are no experimental studies exploring obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)-like disgust sensations through using somatosensory illusions. Such illusions provide important clues to the nature and limits of multisensory integration and how the brain constructs body image; and may potentially inform novel therapies. One such effect is the rubber hand illusion (RHI) in which tactile sensations are referred to a rubber hand; if the experimenter simultaneously strokes a subject's occluded hand together with a visible fake hand, the subject starts experiencing the touch sensations as arising from the dummy. In this study, we explore whether OCD-like disgust may result from contamination of a dummy hand during the RHI; suggesting a possible integration of somatosensory and limbic inputs in the construction of body image. We predicted that participants would experience sensations of disgust, when placing a disgust stimulus (fake feces, vomit or blood) on the dummy hand after establishing the RHI. We found that 9 out of 11 participants experienced greater disgust during the synchronous condition (real hidden hand and fake hand are stroked in synchrony) compared to the asynchronous control condition (real hidden hand and fake hand are stroked in asynchrony); and on average such disgust was significantly greater during the synchronous condition compared to the asynchronous control condition, Z = 2.7, p = .008. These results argue against a strictly hierarchical modular approach to brain function and suggest that a four-way multisensory interaction occurs between vision, touch, proprioception on the one hand and primal emotions like disgust on the other. These findings may inform novel clinical approaches for OCD; that is, contaminating a dummy during the RHI could possibly be used as part of an in-vivo exposure-intervention for OCD.
authors.affiliation: Center for Brain & Cognition, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Baland
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jalal
authors.affiliation: Center for Brain & Cognition, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krishnakumar
authors.affiliation: Center for Brain & Cognition, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Vilayanur S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007088:Illusions / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology; D012408:Rubber; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology; D055698:Touch Perception / Q000502:physiology; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012408:Rubber