title: Hemodynamics in fetal arrhythmia.
abstract: Fetal arrhythmias are among the few conditions that can be managed in utero. However, accurate diagnosis is essential for appropriate management. Ultrasound-based imaging methods can be used to study fetal heart structure and function noninvasively and help to understand fetal cardiovascular pathophysiology, and they remain the mainstay of evaluating fetuses with arrhythmias in clinical settings. Hemodynamic evaluation using Doppler echocardiography allows the elucidation of the electrophysiological mechanism and helps to make an accurate diagnosis. It can also be used as a tool to understand fetal cardiac pathophysiology, for assessing fetal condition and monitoring the effect of antiarrhythmic treatment. This narrative review describes Doppler techniques that are useful for evaluating fetal cardiac rhythms to refine diagnosis and provides an overview of hemodynamic changes observed in different types of fetal arrhythmia.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sven-Erik
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7004-504X
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Sonesson
authors.affiliation: Women's Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway.|Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Acharya
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004452:Echocardiography; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D005318:Fetal Heart; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
keywords: Doppler; Fetal arrhythmia; cardiac function; echocardiography; fetal circulation; fetal heart; hemodynamics