title: Isobolographic analysis of the interaction between cadmium (II) and sodium sulphate: toxicological consequences.
abstract: Sulphate is an essential nutrient for autotrophic organisms and has been shown to have important implications in certain processes of tolerance to cadmium toxicity. Sodium sulphate is the main salt of sulphate in the natural environments. The concentration of this salt is increasing in the aquatic environments due to environmental pollution. The aim of this study was to investigate, using an analysis of isobolograms, the type and the degree of the interaction between Cd(II) and sodium sulphate in the freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas moewusii. Two blocks of experiments were performed, one at sub-optimal sodium sulphate concentrations (<14.2 mg/L) and the other at supra-optimal concentrations (>14.2 mg/L). Three fixed ratios (2:1, 1:1, and 1:2) of the individual EC50 for cadmium and sodium sulphate were used within each block. The isobolographic analysis of interaction at sub-optimal concentrations showed a stronger antagonistic effect with values of interaction index (γ) between 1.46 and 3.4. However, the isobologram with sodium sulphate at supra-optimal concentrations revealed a slight but significant synergistic effect between both chemicals with an interaction index between 0.54 and 0.64. This synergic effect resulted in the potentiation of the toxic effects of cadmium, synergy that was related to the increase of the ionic strength and of two species of cadmium, CdSO4 (aq), and Cd(SO4)2(2-) , in the medium. Results of the current study suggest that sodium sulphate is able to perform a dual antagonist/synergist effect on cadmium toxicity. This role was concentration dependent.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071, La Coruña, Spain.
authors.forename: Roi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mera
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071, La Coruña, Spain. torres@udc.es.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071, La Coruña, Spain.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abalde
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D002696:Chlamydomonas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D013431:Sulfates; D002104:Cadmium; C012036:sodium sulfate; D012965:Sodium Chloride
keywords: Cadmium speciation; Cadmium toxicity; Chlamydomonas moewusii; Interaction; Isobolographic analysis; Sodium sulphate