title: Enthesopathies and enthesitis. Part 2: Imaging studies.
abstract: The pathologies of tendon and ligament attachments are called enthesopathies. Enthesitis is one of enthesopathies and it is considered a characteristic sign of rheumatic diseases from the spondyloarthritis group, including peripheral spondyloarthritis. Therefore, enthesitis has been included in a number of clinical classifications for diagnosing these diseases. Clinical diagnosis of enthesitis is based on rather non-specific clinical signs and results of laboratory tests. It is believed that imaging examinations might improve diagnosis, particularly because numerous papers prove that differentiating enthesitis from other enthesopathic processes is possible. On the other hand, a number of authors report the lack of specific signs in imaging as well as typical histological and immunological features that would enable confirmation of clinical diagnosis of enthesitis. The first part of the publication presented theories on the etiopathogenesis of enthesitis (inflammatory, mechanical, autoimmune and associated with the synovio-entheseal complex) as well as on the formation of enthesophytes (inflammatory, molecular and mechanical). This paper - the second part of the article, is a review of the state-of-the-art on the ability of imaging examinations to diagnose enthesitis. It turns out that none of the enthesitis criteria used in imaging examinations is specific for inflammation. As enthesitis may be the only symptom of early spondyloarthritis (particularly in patients with absent HLA-B27 antigen), the lack of its unambiguous picture in ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging prompts the search for other signs characteristic of spondyloarthritis and more specific features in imaging in order to make a diagnosis as early as possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Institute of Rheumatology, Warsaw, Poland ; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Second Faculty, Warsaw Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sudoł-Szopińska
authors.affiliation: Early Arthritis Clinic, Institute of Rheumatology, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Brygida
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kwiatkowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland ; Department of Pathophysiology, Immunology, and Pathological Anatomy, Institute of Rheumatology, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prochorec-Sobieszek
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Institute of Rheumatology, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pracoń
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Institute of Rheumatology, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walentowska-Janowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Immunology, and Pathological Anatomy, Institute of Rheumatology, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Włodzimierz
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maśliński
keywords: enthesitis; enthesopathy; imaging; rheumatic diseases; spondyloarthritis