title: Photic stimulation during electroencephalography: Efficacy and safety in an unselected cohort of patients referred to UK neurophysiology departments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine efficacy and safety of photic stimulation (PS) during electroencephalography (EEG) in a large group of adult and paediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective multicentre National Service Evaluation was performed organised by the joint audit committee of the two UK professional organisations (Association of Neurophysiological Scientists and British Society for Clinical Neurophysiology). Questionnaires about every EEG performed in the two-month study period were completed contemporaneously by physiologists at the time of the recording-reporting. The occurrence during PS of photoparoxysmal responses (PPRs), seizures and psychogenic non-epileptic attacks was noted from the EEG trace and contemporary clinical observation backed up by the video that was synchronised with the EEG. 5383 patients investigated with EEG and PS, mostly for possible epilepsy, were included in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy nine patients (1.5%) had a generalised PPR elicited by PS having had no generalised epileptiform discharges previously in the EEG. Thirty nine patients (0.7%) had seizures provoked by PS including two (0.04%) who had a generalised tonic clonic seizure (GTCS). Forty nine patients (0.9%) had non-epileptic attacks provoked by PS. Thus PS yielded potentially useful information (PPRs, seizures or non-epileptic attacks) in 167/5383 (3.1%) of patients. In a subset of 122/5383 (2.3%), PS provided the only useful information captured within the EEG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PS contributes to the diagnosis of epilepsy and non-epileptic attack disorder in 3.1% of patients. It is a safe technique which produces GTCSs in only 0.04% patients. We conclude that PS is a moderately useful activation technique in diagnostic EEG, where the potential benefits out-weigh the risks; this information may assist the informed consent process.
authors.affiliation: Medawar Building, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom. Electronic address: k.whitehead@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kimberley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.affiliation: The Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Lewsey Road, Luton LU4 0DZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sherratt
authors.affiliation: The Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ros
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kandler
authors.affiliation: The Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: The Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009482:Neurophysiology / Q000379:methods; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Activation technique; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Photic stimulation; Photoparoxysmal response