title: The better to eat you with: the comparative feeding morphology of phocid seals (Pinnipedia, Phocidae).
abstract: One adaptation crucial to the survival of mammalian lineages that secondarily transitioned from land to water environments was the ability to capture and consume prey underwater. Phocid seals have evolved diverse feeding strategies to feed in the marine environment, and the objectives of this study were to document the specialized feeding morphologies and identify feeding strategies used by extant phocids. This study used principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the major axes of diversification in the skull for all extant phocid taxa and the recently extinct Caribbean monk seal (n = 19). Prey data gathered from the literature and musculoskeletal data from dissections were included to provide a comprehensive description of each feeding strategy. Random Forest analysis was used to determine the morphological, ecological and phylogenetic variables that best described each feeding strategy. There is morphological evidence for four feeding strategies in phocids: filter; grip and tear; suction; and pierce feeding. These feeding strategies are supported by quantitative cranial and mandibular characters, dietary information, musculoskeletal data and, for some species, behavioral observations. Most phocid species are pierce feeders, using a combination of biting and suction to opportunistically catch prey. Grip and tear and filter feeding are specialized strategies with specific morphological adaptations. These unique adaptations have allowed leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) and crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophaga) to exploit novel ecological niches and prey types. This study provides the first cranial and mandibular morphological evidence for the use of specialized suction feeding in hooded seals (Cystophora cristata), northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) and southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina). The most important variables in determining the feeding strategy of a given phocid species were cranial and mandibular shape, diet, and phylogeny. These results provide a framework for understanding the evolution and adaptability of feeding strategies employed by extant phocid species, and these findings can be applied to other pinniped lineages and extinct taxa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.|Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kienle
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D046048:Seals, Earless / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Phocidae; Pinnipedia; adaptation; diet; evolution; feeding; morphology; skull