title: New Invertebrate Vectors of Okadaic Acid from the North Atlantic Waters--Portugal (Azores and Madeira) and Morocco.
abstract: Okadaic acid and its analogues are potent phosphatase inhibitors that cause Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) through the ingestion of contaminated shellfish by humans. This group of toxins is transmitted worldwide but the number of poisoning incidents has declined over the last 20 years due to legislation and monitoring programs that were implemented for bivalves. In the summer of 2012 and 2013, we collected a total of 101 samples of 22 different species that were made up of benthic and subtidal organisms such echinoderms, crustaceans, bivalves and gastropods from Madeira, São Miguel Island (Azores archipelago) and the northwestern coast of Morocco. The samples were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. Our main objective was to detect new vectors for these biotoxins. We can report nine new vectors for these toxins in the North Atlantic: Astropecten aranciacus, Arbacia lixula, Echinaster sepositus, Holothuria sanctori, Ophidiaster ophidianus, Onchidella celtica, Aplysia depilans, Patella spp., and Stramonita haemostoma. Differences in toxin contents among the species were found. Even though low concentrations were detected, the levels of toxins that were present, especially in edible species, indicate the importance of these types of studies. Routine monitoring should be extended to comprise a wider number of vectors other than for bivalves of okadaic acid and its analogues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal. marisasilva17@gmail.com.|Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. marisasilva17@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain. ines.rodriguez.filgueiras@usc.es.
authors.forename: Inés
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal. aldo.barreiro@gmail.com.|Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. aldo.barreiro@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barreiro
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. mkaufmann@ciimar.up.pt.|University of Madeira, Marine Biology Station of Funchal, 9000-107 Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal. mkaufmann@ciimar.up.pt.|Center of Interdisciplinary Marine and Environmental Research of Madeira-CIIMAR-Madeira, Edifício Madeira Tecnopolo, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal. mkaufmann@ciimar.up.pt.
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. aneto@uac.pt.|Department of Marine Biology, University of Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal. aneto@uac.pt.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Isabel Neto
authors.affiliation: Phycology Research Unit-Biotechnology, Ecosystems Ecology and Valorization Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences El Jadida, University Chouaib Doukkali, BP20 El Jadida, Morocco. hassouani@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Meryem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hassouani
authors.affiliation: Phycology Research Unit-Biotechnology, Ecosystems Ecology and Valorization Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences El Jadida, University Chouaib Doukkali, BP20 El Jadida, Morocco. sabour.b@ucd.ac.ma.
authors.forename: Brahim
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sabour
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain. amparo.alfonso@usc.es.
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alfonso
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain. Luis.Botana@usc.es.
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Botana
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal. vmvascon@fc.up.pt.|Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. vmvascon@fc.up.pt.
authors.forename: Vitor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001266:Atlantic Islands; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D007448:Invertebrates; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D009018:Morocco; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D011174:Portugal; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D019319:Okadaic Acid
keywords: Madeira Island; Morocco; São Miguel Island; new vectors; okadaic acid