title: Infrascanner in the diagnosis of intracranial lesions in children with traumatic brain injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of traumatic injuries among children is increasing. However, so-called mild TBI might result in unfavourable outcomes. Early diagnosis of intracranial haematomas prior to development of serious complications may be a decisive factor for a favourable outcome. InfraScan company developed and brought to the market the Infrascanner model 1000, which is a portable detector of blood collections that operates in the near infrared (NIR) band.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the efficiency of the Infrascanner model 1000 for detection of intracranial haematomas among children with mild TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five patients with mild TBI were examined. An indication for cerebral CT after mild TBI was the presence of risk factors of intracranial lesions. The Infrascanner was used by a neurosurgeon during primary examination. CT was performed in 43 patients (45%), while 52 patients (55%) with a low risk of intracranial lesions were under observation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of examination of patients using CT and infrared scanning coincided in 39 cases and intracranial haematomas were detected in eight patients. False-positive results were obtained in three cases. The sensitivity of the procedure used in this group of patients with a medium and high risk of development of intracranial haemorrhages was 1.00 (0.66; 1.00). The specificity was 0.91 (0.81; 1.00)--the proportions and a 95% CI. The false-positive risk is 0.27 (0.00; 0.58). During infrared scanning in patients with low risk of intracranial lesions, false-positive results were obtained in four cases and false-negative results were absent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infra-scanning might be viewed as a screening technique for intracranial haemorrhages in ambulances and outpatient trauma centres in order to decide on hospitalization, CT scanning and referral to a neurosurgeon. Infra-scanning combined with evaluation of risk factors of intracranial damage might reduce the number of unnecessary radiological examinations.
authors.affiliation: a Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma , Health Department , Moscow , Russia.
authors.forename: Zh B
authors.initials: ZhB
authors.lastname: Semenova
authors.affiliation: a Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma , Health Department , Moscow , Russia.
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Marshintsev
authors.affiliation: a Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma , Health Department , Moscow , Russia.
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Melnikov
authors.affiliation: a Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma , Health Department , Moscow , Russia.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Meshcheryakov
authors.affiliation: a Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma , Health Department , Moscow , Russia.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Adayev
authors.affiliation: a Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma , Health Department , Moscow , Russia.
authors.forename: V I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Lukyanov
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
keywords: Infrascanner; intracranial haemorrhage; mild head injury; near-infrared spectroscopy; paediatric TBI; traumatic brain injury