title: Effectiveness of team nursing compared with total patient care on staff wellbeing when organizing nursing work in acute care wards: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The organization of the work of nurses, according to recognized models of care, can have a significant impact on the wellbeing and performance of nurses and nursing teams. This review focuses on two models of nursing care delivery, namely, team and total patient care, and their effect on nurses' wellbeing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effectiveness of team nursing compared to total patient care on staff wellbeing when organizing nursing work in acute care wards.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were nurses working on wards in acute care hospitals.The intervention was the use of a team nursing model when organizing nursing work. The comparator was the use of a total patient care model.This review considered quantitative study designs for inclusion in the review.The outcome of interest was staff wellbeing which was measured by staff outcomes in relation to job satisfaction, turnover, absenteeism, stress levels and burnout.
  
  
  METHODS
  The search strategy aimed to find both published and unpublished studies from 1995 to April 21, 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative papers selected for retrieval were assessed by two independent reviewers for methodological validity prior to inclusion in the review using standardized critical appraisal instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was extracted from papers included in the review using the standardized data extraction tool from the Joanna Briggs Institute. The data extracted included specific details about the interventions, populations, study methods and outcomes of significance to the review question and its specific objectives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Due to the heterogeneity of the included quantitative studies, meta-analysis was not possible. Results have been presented in a narrative form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The database search returned 10,067 records. Forty-three full text titles were assessed, and of these 40 were excluded, resulting in three studies being included in the review. Two of the studies were quasi experimental designs and the other was considered an uncontrolled before and after experimental study. There were no statistically significant differences observed in any study in the overall job satisfaction of nurses using a team nursing model compared with a total patient care model. Some differences in job satisfaction were however observed within different subgroups of nurses. There were no statistically significant differences in either stress or job tension. Within the selected studies, the specific outcomes of absenteeism and burnout were not addressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the limited number of quantitative studies identified for inclusion in this systematic review it is not possible to determine whether organizing nursing work in a team nursing or total patient care model is more effective in terms of staff wellbeing in acute care settings. Neither a team nursing or total patient care model had a significant influence on nurses' overall job satisfaction, stress levels or staff turnover. This review could not ascertain if the type of model of care affects absenteeism or burnout as these were not addressed in any of the identified studies.Caution should be taken when evaluating which model of care is appropriate and the decision needs to incorporate staff experience levels and staff skill mix. There needs to be clear definition of nursing roles.This review demonstrates the need for further quantitative studies of these models of care that are well designed with sufficient sample sizes to allow for attrition of participants, and that explore the impact each model has on nurse's wellbeing, in particular, studies that address burnout and absenteeism. There is a need for consistent terminology to allow for future comparison and research to occur at an international level. Future studies on models of care should include economic analysis to fully inform policy and practice.
authors.affiliation: 1 Ward Q5, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia2 The Joanna Briggs Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Allana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lisy
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000523:psychology*; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000523:psychology*; D009746:Nursing, Team; D000073397:Occupational Stress / Q000523:psychology; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010563:Personnel Turnover; D011247:Pregnancy