title: Effect of scanning beam size on the lateral resolution of mouse retinal imaging with SLO.
abstract: Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) employs the eye's optics as a microscope objective for retinal imaging in vivo. The mouse retina has become an increasingly important object for investigation of ocular disease and physiology with optogenetic probes. SLO imaging of the mouse eye, in principle, can achieve submicron lateral resolution thanks to a numerical aperture (NA) of ∼0.5, about 2.5 times larger than that of the human eye. In the absence of adaptive optics, however, natural ocular aberrations limit the available optical resolution. The use of a contact lens, in principle, can correct many aberrations, permitting the use of a wider scanning beam and, thus, achieving greater resolution then would otherwise be possible. In this Letter, using an SLO equipped with a rigid contact lens, we report the effect of scanning beam size on the lateral resolution of mouse retinal imaging. Theory predicts that the maximum beam size full width at half-maximum (FWHM) that can be used without any deteriorating effects of aberrations is ∼0.6  mm. However, increasing the beam size up to the diameter of the dilated pupil is predicted to improve lateral resolution, though not to the diffraction limit. To test these predictions, the dendrites of a retinal ganglion cell expressing YFP were imaged, and transverse scans were analyzed to quantify the SLO system resolution. The results confirmed that lateral resolution increases with the beam size as predicted. With a 1.3 mm scanning beam and no high-order aberration correction, the lateral resolution is ∼1.15  μm, superior to that achievable by most human AO-SLO systems. Advantages of this approach include stabilization of the mouse eye and simplified optical design.
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Mayank
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goswami
authors.forename: Azhar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zam
authors.forename: Edward N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Pugh
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Zawadzki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007834:Lasers; D051379:Mice; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio