title: Heart rate recovery, cardiac rehabilitation and erectile dysfunction in males with ischaemic heart disease.
abstract: Heart rate recovery (HRR) is a recognised marker used in clinical practice for assessing the risk of sudden cardiac death. Physical exercise leads to an improvement in HRR and has a proven beneficial effect on erection quality (EQ) related to the activity of the autonomic nervous system in men with ischaemic heart disease (IHD). This paper evaluates the relationship between HRR and EQ in patients with IHD and erectile dysfunction (ED) who underwent cardiac rehabilitation.
  
  
  
  The main analysis was based on the Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Spearman correlation coefficient, Pearson's chi-square test, chi-square test, with the Yates correction and (if possible) parametric tests were used. This prospective, non-randomised intervention study included 124 men with IHD and ED [International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) scores of ≤21]. Of these, 89 patients underwent a 6-month cardiac rehabilitation phase III programme, whereas 35 did not. The results of the participants' total IIEF-5 scores and their HRR, demographic and clinical data were analysed.
  
  
  
  The results of the 89 rehabilitated patients (mean age: 60.44±9.29 years) and 35 controls (mean age: 61.43±8.81 years) were analysed. In the rehabilitated patients, the mean baseline IIEF-5 score was 13.15±5.76 (95% CI: 11.93-14.36) and HRR was 16.49±7.68/min (95% CI: 14.88-18.11). After cardiac rehabilitation, the parameters of ED and HRR improved significantly and were significantly higher than those of the controls; the mean IIEF-5 score of the rehabilitated group increased to 15.36±6.51 (95% CI: 13.99-16.73), while HRR increased to 21.40±7.25/min (95% CI: 19.88-22.93). A significant correlation was found between ∆HRR and ∆EQ (r=0.409791) as a result of the 6-month cardiac training programme.
  
  
  
  Cardiac rehabilitation assessed by HRR has a sizable effect on autonomic balance in patients with IHD and ED, which plays a significant role in the mechanism of erection improvement.
authors.affiliation: Cardiosexology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University; ul. K. Marcinkowskiego 1; Wroclaw Poland; Centre for Men's Health in Wroclaw-Poland. dariusz.kalka@interia.pl.
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kałka
authors.forename: Zygmunt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Domagała
authors.forename: Leslaw
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rusiecki
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Karpiński
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gebala
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kolęda
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rusiecka
authors.forename: Bohdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gworys
authors.forename: Witold
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pilecki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000072038:Cardiac Rehabilitation; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011446:Prospective Studies