title: Classifiers for Ischemic Stroke Lesion Segmentation: A Comparison Study.
abstract: Ischemic stroke, triggered by an obstruction in the cerebral blood supply, leads to infarction of the affected brain tissue. An accurate and reproducible automatic segmentation is of high interest, since the lesion volume is an important end-point for clinical trials. However, various factors, such as the high variance in lesion shape, location and appearance, render it a difficult task.
  
  
  
  In this article, nine classification methods (e.g. Generalized Linear Models, Random Decision Forests and Convolutional Neural Networks) are evaluated and compared with each other using 37 multiparametric MRI datasets of ischemic stroke patients in the sub-acute phase in terms of their accuracy and reliability for ischemic stroke lesion segmentation. Within this context, a multi-spectral classification approach is compared against mono-spectral classification performance using only FLAIR MRI datasets and two sets of expert segmentations are used for inter-observer agreement evaluation.
  
  
  
  The results of this study reveal that high-level machine learning methods lead to significantly better segmentation results compared to the rather simple classification methods, pointing towards a difficult non-linear problem. The overall best segmentation results were achieved by a Random Decision Forest and a Convolutional Neural Networks classification approach, even outperforming all previously published results. However, none of the methods tested in this work are capable of achieving results in the range of the human observer agreement and the automatic ischemic stroke lesion segmentation remains a complicated problem that needs to be explored in more detail to improve the segmentation results.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.|Graduate School for Computing in Medicine and Live Science, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Oskar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.affiliation: Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Nils Daniel
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Forkert
authors.affiliation: Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Martinetz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Handels
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D020521:Stroke / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices