title: Role of social determinants and lifestyle on women's metabolic risk during the perimenopausal transition: results from a cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Social determinants have been understudied in relation to metabolic risk and menopause; this study aimed to identify metabolic risk factors during menopausal transition, changes in lifestyle, and other social determinants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Korean Genetic Epidemiologic Survey Community cohort data available for baseline, 2-year, and 4-year follow-up time points were analyzed. Healthy women ages 45 to 55 years, not taking hormonal therapy, were selected; 1,228 were analyzed. Menopausal transition was categorized as premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal. Lifestyle patterns consisted of alcohol consumption, exercise, ever smoking, indirect smoking, and eating breakfast. Generalized estimating equations were used for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the period of study, roughly 30% had become postmenopausal and metabolic syndrome was found in 11.5% to 14.4%. Controlling for other variables, lower income levels showed more than 2 times greater risk for metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women and those who continued to menstruate. Body mass index was a consistent factor of metabolic risk, which was more pronounced when analyzed by menopausal status, especially in obese menstruating women (odds ratio 30.72, P < 0.0001). Among women who experienced menopause during the observed time frame, less education and sedentary lifestyle were also significant factors in metabolic risk differences, showing 1.7 times and 1.59 times greater risk, respectively. Such differences in education, income, and sedentary lifestyle as significant risk factors in subgroups according to menstrual status change, may suggest vulnerable points in the transition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implications include the need for stronger emphasis on weight control before midlife and experiencing menopause, promoting exercise across the menopausal transition, and supportive policy measures for economically disadvantaged women.
authors.affiliation: 1College of Nursing, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute 2College of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul 3Department of Sociology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yunhee
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Gihong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yi
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D047648:Perimenopause; D017698:Postmenopause; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012907:Smoking; D012924:Social Conditions; D012931:Social Environment; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids