title: Intrinsic connectivity networks from childhood to late adolescence: Effects of age and sex.
abstract: There is limited evidence on the effects of age and sex on intrinsic connectivity of networks underlying cognition during childhood and adolescence. Independent component analysis was conducted in 113 subjects aged 7-18; the default mode, executive control, anterior salience, basal ganglia, language and visuospatial networks were identified. The effect of age was examined with multiple regression, while sex and 'age × sex' interactions were assessed by dividing the sample according to age (7-12 and 13-18 years). As age increased, connectivity in the dorsal and ventral default mode network became more anterior and posterior, respectively, while in the executive control network, connectivity increased within frontoparietal regions. The basal ganglia network showed increased engagement of striatum, thalami and precuneus. The anterior salience network showed greater connectivity in frontal areas and anterior cingulate, and less connectivity of orbitofrontal, middle cingulate and temporoparietal regions. The language network presented increased connectivity of inferior frontal and decreased connectivity within the right middle frontal and left inferior parietal cortices. The visuospatial network showed greater engagement of inferior parietal and frontal cortices. No effect of sex, nor age by sex interactions was observed. These findings provide evidence of strengthening of cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical networks across childhood and adolescence.
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Solé-Padullés
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR1119, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium (CIBERSAM), Monforte de lemos 3-5, Madrid 28029, Spain.
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro-Fornieles
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium (CIBERSAM), Monforte de lemos 3-5, Madrid 28029, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de la Serna
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR1119, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium (CIBERSAM), Monforte de lemos 3-5, Madrid 28029, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR1119, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium (CIBERSAM), Monforte de lemos 3-5, Madrid 28029, Spain.
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baeza
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR1119, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moya
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR1119, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium (CIBERSAM), Monforte de lemos 3-5, Madrid 28029, Spain.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lázaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR1119, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium (CIBERSAM), Monforte de lemos 3-5, Madrid 28029, Spain; Image Diagnosis Centre, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, IDIBAPS, Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bargalló
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR1119, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain. Electronic address: gernest@clinic.cat.
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sugranyes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013788:Thalamus / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Development; Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); Independent component analysis (ICA); Resting-state networks (RSN)