title: Intergenerational Hazardous Alcohol Use and Area Factors: The HUNT Study, Norway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol use among adolescents has been found to be associated with parental alcohol abuse, but it's relation to more prevalent forms of hazardous drinking patterns among parents has been less explored. Few studies have included area factors when investigating alcohol use across generations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to investigate whether adolescent intoxication was associated with parental heavy episodic drinking (HED) and intoxication, area-level socioeconomic status (SES), and rates of area-level HED.
  
  
  METHODS
  General Estimation Equations (GEE) was applied to analyze data from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (2006-08) including 2,306 adolescents. Adolescent alcohol use was defined by self-reported frequency of intoxication. Parental alcohol use was defined by parental self-reports of drinking five glasses of alcohol at one occasion (HED), whether they had been strongly intoxicated, and adolescent reports of seeing parents intoxicated. Area-level SES and HED were based on data from HUNT3 and Statistics Norway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parental and offspring alcohol use were associated, although this varied to some extent with gender and exposures. The strongest associations were found between offspring intoxication and offspring reports of seeing their parent intoxicated (girls: OR 3.3, 95% CI 2.3-4.7; boys: OR 3.4, 95% CI 2.4-4.7). Intoxication was more common among girls, who lived in areas with a higher level of adult HED. Living in areas with higher SES was associated with less intoxication among adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intoxication in adolescence was associated with factors at both family and area level, which emphasize the need of both population and high risk preventive approaches.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychosocial Health , University of Agder , Agder , Norway.
authors.forename: Siri Håvås
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Haugland
authors.affiliation: b HUNT Research Center , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Levanger , Norway.
authors.forename: Turid Lingaas
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Holmen
authors.affiliation: b HUNT Research Center , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Levanger , Norway.
authors.forename: Steinar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krokstad
authors.affiliation: b HUNT Research Center , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Levanger , Norway.
authors.forename: Erik R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Sund
authors.affiliation: b HUNT Research Center , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Levanger , Norway.
authors.forename: Grete H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Bratberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D063425:Binge Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000066608:Underage Drinking / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol; area; binge; context; environmental; family; gender; heavy episodic drinking; intoxication; parental