title: Quantification of nanoparticle release from polymer nanocomposite coatings due to environmental stressing.
abstract: Certain engineered nanoparticles (ENP) reduce the flammability of components used in soft furnishings (mattresses and upholstered furniture). However, because of the ENP's small size and ability to interact with biological molecules, these fire retardant ENPs may pose a health and environmental risks, if they are released sometime during the life cycle of the soft furnishing. Quantifying the released amount of these ENPs under normal end-use circumstances provides a basis for assessing their potential health and environmental impact. In this article, we report on efforts to identify suitable methodologies for quantifying the release of carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, and sodium montmorillonites from coatings applied to the surfaces of barrier fabric and polyurethane foam. The ENPs released in simulated chewing and mechanical stressing experiments were collected in aqueous solution and quantified using Ultraviolet-Visible and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. The microstructures of the released ENPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The reported methodology and results provide important milestones to estimate the impact and toxicity of the ENP release during the life cycle of the nanocomposites. To our knowledge, this is the first study of ENP release from the soft furnishing coating, something that can be important application area for fire safety.
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland.
authors.forename: Yeon Seok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland.
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland.
authors.forename: Nasir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nyden
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland.
authors.forename: Savelas A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rabb
mesh_terms: D001546:Bentonite / Q000032:analysis; D005411:Flame Retardants; D007374:Interior Design and Furnishings; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053761:Nanocomposites; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D011108:Polymers / Q000032:analysis; D011140:Polyurethanes; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D011108:Polymers; D011140:Polyurethanes; D001546:Bentonite; C028279:polyurethane foam
keywords: Engineered nanoparticle; ICP-OES; UV-Vis; layer-by-layer assembly; simulated chewing; simulated wear and tear