title: Altered blood flow in cerebral perforating arteries of rat models of diabetes: A synchrotron radiation microangiographic study toward clinical evaluation of white matter hyperintensities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As altered blood flow in the cerebral perforating arteries (PA) might be related to development of cerebral white matter hyperintensities, we examined whether the hemodynamic relationship of the PA and middle cerebral artery (MCA) is altered in rat models of diabetes, compared with normal rats and a rat model of sinoatrial denervation (blood pressure fluctuation model).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used microangiography with monochromatic synchrotron radiation to measure the diameters of the PA and MCA at 4.5 μm resolution in five groups of rats: (i) Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO); (ii) Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (a model of type 2 diabetes with obesity); (iii) LETO with sinoaortic denervation (LETO + SAD); (iv) F344; and (v) F344 + streptozotocin (a model of type 1 diabetes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with LETO, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats showed a significant reduction in the diameter of both PA and MCA, though the PA/MCA diameter ratio was unchanged. In contrast, compared with LETO, LETO + SAD rats showed an increased MCA diameter, and the PA/MCA diameter ratio was decreased. Compared with F344 rats, the MCA diameter was increased in F344 + streptozotocin rats, and the PA/MCA diameter ratio was decreased. Scatter diagrams showed that the diameters of the PA and MCA were essentially independent of each other in the two types of diabetic models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PA were consistently visualized at high resolution by means of microangiography using synchrotron radiation. The present results show that rat diabetic models exhibit changes in PA diameter and PA/MCA diameter ratio, which might be related to the development of diabetes-associated cerebral white matter hyperintensities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa.
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fukuyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa.
authors.forename: Shunya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takizawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa.
authors.forename: Yoshimori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikeya
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa.
authors.forename: Toshiharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.affiliation: Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa.
authors.forename: Yoshiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shinozaki
authors.affiliation: Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahari
authors.affiliation: Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa.
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wakana
authors.affiliation: Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Umetani
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa.
authors.forename: Kikue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Todoroki
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa.
authors.forename: Sayato
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa.
authors.forename: Chiharu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Etsuro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa.
authors.forename: Hidezo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mori
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D020334:Rats, Inbred OLETF; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D017356:Synchrotrons; D066127:White Matter / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: angiography; arteries; brain; diabetes mellitus; synchrotrons