title: The Impact of Previous Physical Training on Redox Signaling after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats: A Behavioral and Neurochemical Approach.
abstract: Throughout the world, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of disability, which can include deficits in motor function and memory, as well as acquired epilepsy. Although some studies have shown the beneficial effects of physical exercise after TBI, the prophylactic effects are poorly understood. In the current study, we demonstrated that TBI induced by fluid percussion injury (FPI) in adult male Wistar rats caused early motor impairment (24 h), learning deficit (15 days), spontaneous epileptiform events (SEE), and hilar cell loss in the hippocampus (35 days) after TBI. The hippocampal alterations in the redox status, which were characterized by dichlorofluorescein diacetate oxidation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity inhibition, led to the impairment of protein function (Na(+), K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase [ATPase] activity inhibition) and glutamate uptake inhibition 24 h after neuronal injury. The molecular adaptations elicited by previous swim training protected against the glutamate uptake inhibition, oxidative stress, and inhibition of selected targets for free radicals (e.g., Na(+), K(+)-ATPase) 24 h after neuronal injury. Our data indicate that this protocol of exercise protected against FPI-induced motor impairment, learning deficits, and SEE. In addition, the enhancement of the hippocampal phosphorylated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (P-Nrf2)/Nrf2, heat shock protein 70, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor immune content in the trained injured rats suggests that protein expression modulation associated with an antioxidant defense elicited by previous physical exercise can prevent toxicity induced by TBI, which is characterized by cell loss in the dentate gyrus hilus at 35 days after TBI. Therefore, this report suggests that previous physical exercise can decrease lesion progression in this model of brain damage.
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: da Silva Fiorin
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .
authors.forename: Ana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Ferreira
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .
authors.forename: Leandro R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .
authors.forename: Luiz F A
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .
authors.forename: Mauro R T
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: de Castro
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .
authors.forename: Luís R H
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .
authors.forename: Mauro E P
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: da Silveira
authors.affiliation: 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .
authors.forename: Ana P P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Zemolin
authors.affiliation: 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dobrachinski
authors.affiliation: 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marchesan de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .
authors.forename: Jeferson L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .
authors.forename: Félix A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: 3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .
authors.forename: Ana F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Furian
authors.affiliation: 3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .
authors.forename: Mauro S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .|2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .|3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .
authors.forename: Michele R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Fighera
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .|2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .|3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil .
authors.forename: Luiz F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Freire Royes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018891:Dentate Gyrus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: cognition; fluid percussion injury; oxidative stress; physical exercise; spontaneous epileptiform events