title: Composition and stability of intestinal microbiota of healthy children within a Dutch population.
abstract: Numerous diseases linked to microbial imbalance can be traced back to childhood, illustrating the impact of the juvenile microbiota development from infancy toward adulthood. However, knowledge on this subject is currently very limited. The primary aim of this study was to characterize composition and short- and long-term stability of the intestinal microbiota in healthy children. Between November 2011 and June 2014, 61 children 2 to 18 yr of age from different areas in The Netherlands were included and instructed to collect fecal samples weekly, for 6 wk, and a follow-up sample after 18 mo. The intergenic spacer profiling technique (IS-pro) was used to analyze all available fecal samples. Microbial diversity was calculated by the Shannon diversity index and individual compositional stability by comparing all collection time points. Microbial stability varied per phylum (P< 0.0005), declined rapidly in a short time period, and subsequently stabilized on the long run with very gradual variation, leading to an overall compositional stability of 70% on average over a period of 18 mo. Higher species diversity was correlated to a higher overall compositional stability (P< 0.001). We observed an age-independent bacterial shared core consisting of a limited number of species. In conclusion, in this study, we showed that microbial composition stability in children varied per phylum, at both short-term and long-term intervals. Healthy children seem to share a microbiome core consisting of a limited number of species.-De Meij, T. G. J., Budding, A. E., de Groot, E. F. J., Jansen, F. M., Kneepkens, C. M. F., Benninga, M. A., Penders, J., van Bodegraven, A. A., Savelkoul, P. H. M. Composition and stability of intestinal microbiota of healthy children within a Dutch population.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands|Correspondence: Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: t.demeij@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Tim G J
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: de Meij
authors.affiliation: †Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
authors.forename: Andries E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Budding
authors.affiliation: *Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
authors.forename: Evelien F J
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.affiliation: *Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
authors.forename: Fenna M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.affiliation: *Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Frank Kneepkens
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Benninga
authors.affiliation: §Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Penders
authors.affiliation: ‖Department of Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands|¶Department of Gastroentorology, Internal Medicine, Intensive Care Medicine and Geriatrics Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen-Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
authors.forename: Adriaan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: van Bodegraven
authors.affiliation: †Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands|§Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
authors.forename: Paul H M
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Savelkoul
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012338:RNA, Ribosomal, 23S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012338:RNA, Ribosomal, 23S
keywords: 454-pyrosequencing; IS-pro; core; diversity; microbiome