title: Interval training based on ventilatory anaerobic threshold increases cardiac vagal modulation and decreases high-sensitivity c-reative protein: randomized clinical trial in coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autonomic dysfunction and inflammatory activity are involved in the development and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD), and exercise training has been shown to confer a cardiovascular benefit.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects that interval training (IT) based on ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) has on heart rate variability (HRV) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, as well as the relationship between both levels, in patients with CAD and/or cardiovascular risk factors (RF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two men (aged 57.88±6.20 years) were divided into two training groups, CAD-T (n= 12) and RF-T (n= 10), and two control groups, CAD-C (n= 10) and RF-C (n=10). Heart rate and RR intervals in the supine position, cardiopulmonary exercise tests, and hs-CRP levels were measured before and after IT. HRV was analyzed by spectral and symbolic analysis. The CAD-T and RF-T underwent a 16-week IT program of three weekly sessions at training intensities based on the VAT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the RF-T, cardiac sympathetic modulation index and hs-CRP decreased (p<0.02), while cardiac parasympathetic modulation index increased (p<0.02). In the CAD-T, cardiac parasympathetic modulation index increased, while hs-CRP, systolic, and diastolic blood pressures decreased (p<0.02). Both control groups showed increase in hs-CRP parameters (p<0.02). There was a strong and significant association between parasympathetic and sympathetic modulations with hs-CRP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IT program based on the VAT promoted a decrease in hs-CRP associated with improvement in cardiac autonomic modulation.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nayara Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Tamburus
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberta F L
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Paula
authors.affiliation: Centro Universitário Adventista, Engenheiro Coelho, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vandeni C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Kunz
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, UNIMEP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: César
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marlene A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: da Silva
mesh_terms: D015308:Anaerobic Threshold; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055536:Vagus Nerve Stimulation
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein