title: The Impact of Commercial Health Plan Prior Authorization Programs on the Utilization of Services for Low Back Pain.
abstract: METHODS
  An observational study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a health plan's prior authorization (PA) programs for low back pain (LBP) in a non-Medicare population by assessing changes in pre-surgical nonoperative care; lumbar fusion trends; and overall back surgery rates compared with another health plan with a similar program and national benchmarks. The PA programs require mandatory physiatrist consultation before surgical evaluation, with subsequent additional LBP surgery PA.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  LBP is prevalent and concern exists that spinal fusion is overutilized for LBP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual rates of lumbar fusion trended over 6 years, and analysis of changes in standardized costs for LBP-related services among a 501-member subset who underwent lumbar fusion before and after program implementations, during the period January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2013, among commercial members aged 18 and 65 years enrolled in a health maintenance organization with commercial membership averaging >500,000 annually.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After initiation of the physiatrist PA in December 2010, lumbar fusions decreased from 76.27/100,000 in 2010 to 62.63/100,000 in 2011 with subsequent increases to 64.24/100,000 and 73.84/100,000 in years 2012 and 2013. For members who had lumbar fusion, per-member, pre-surgical costs increased by $2,233 with the physiatrist PA and an additional $1,370 with implementation of the LBP surgery PA (March 2013). Spinal injections and inpatient admissions were the greatest contributors to the overall increase in costs. The physiatrist and LBP surgery PA programs were also associated with lengthening of LBP episodes ending in surgery by 309 and 198 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mandatory referral to a physiatrist before surgical evaluation did not result in persistent reduction in lumbar fusions. Instead, these programs were associated with the unintended consequence of increased costs from more nonoperative care for only a transitory change in the lumbar fusion rate, likely from delays due to the introduction of both PA programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  3.
authors.affiliation: *Blue Care Network of Michigan, Southfield†Center for Statistical Consultation and Research‡Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Corey C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery*; D008824:Michigan; D000072157:Physiatrists / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D013221:State Health Plans / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends