title: Accumulation of 2,4-dinitroanisole in the earthworm Eisenia fetida from chemically spiked and aged natural soils.
abstract: An initiative within the US military is targeting the replacement of traditional munitions constituents with insensitive munitions to reduce the risk of accidental detonation. The bioavailability and bioaccumulative potential of the insensitive munitions compound 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) to Eisenia fetida was assessed in soils with different geochemical characteristics. Prior to exposure, soils were chemically spiked with DNAN and aged for 1 wk or 29 wk. Transformation products 2- and 4-amino-nitroanisole (2A-4NAN and 4A-2NAN) occurred in aged soils and their porewater but never at concentrations higher than the residual DNAN. The sum of DNAN, 2A-4NAN, and 4A-2NAN (sumDNAN) in soil decreased with aging, likely by irreversible binding. Both clay and organic matter contents of the soil appeared to affect the bioavailability of DNAN. The sumDNAN body residues of earthworms approached apparent steady state after 1 d and remained relatively constant through to day 7. Higher concentrations of 2A-4NAN and 4A-2NAN measured in worm tissues relative to those in soil suggest reductive transformation of DNAN in the tissues. Mean bioaccumulation factors (ratio of tissue to soil concentrations) varied from 1.2 to 4.3, whereas mean bioconcentration factors (ratio of tissue to porewater concentrations) ranged from 1.4 to 3.2. Porewater seems to play a significant role in the accumulation of DNAN in earthworms, consistent with equilibrium partitioning theory. The concentration of DNAN in soil porewater could serve as an indicator of bioavailability as well as a predictor of the concentration of that compound in earthworms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1835-1842. Publlished 2015 SETAC. This article is a US Government work, and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
authors.forename: Guilherme R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Lotufo
authors.affiliation: Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
authors.forename: Jessica G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.affiliation: Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
authors.forename: Ashley R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Harmon
authors.affiliation: Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chappell
authors.affiliation: Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bednar
authors.affiliation: Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
authors.forename: Amber L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
authors.forename: Jared C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
authors.forename: Sandra M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Brasfield
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000840:Anisoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000840:Anisoles; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C539360:2,4-dinitroanisole; C005306:4-nitroanisole
keywords: 2,4-Dinitroanisole; Aged soil; Bioaccumulation; Bioavailability; Earthworm