title: The effect of dietary counselling on food intakes in pregnant women at risk for gestational diabetes: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial RADIEL.
abstract: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing worldwide. GDM may be prevented by improving the diets of pregnant women. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary counselling on the diets of pregnant women at GDM risk.
  
  
  
  This study was a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial the Finnish gestational diabetes prevention study (RADIEL) in which pre-pregnant and pregnant women with previous GDM or BMI ⩾30 kg/m(2) were allocated into two groups, namely the control and the intervention groups. The control group received standard antenatal dietary counselling according to the Finnish Nutrition Recommendations. The intervention group participated in one individual dietary counselling session and one group dietary counselling session in addition to the standard counselling. This study included women who were recruited during pregnancy. To assess changes in food intake, food-intake questionnaires were collected during the first and the second trimester of pregnancy. Bootstrap type analysis of covariance was used, and 242 participants were included in the final analysis to study changes in food intake.
  
  
  
  The intakes of low-fat cheese (baseline adjusted mean 0.09 times/day; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07, 0.24; P=0.040) and fish (baseline adjusted mean 0.28 times per week; 95% CI 0.08, 0.49; P=0.011) showed a significant increase in the intervention group compared with the control group.
  
  
  
  This study showed that dietary counselling in early pregnancy can lead to modest dietary improvements in pregnant women at GDM risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Folkhälsan Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valkama
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Kätilöopisto Maternity Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koivusalo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindström
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meinilä
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kautiainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, South Karelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stach-Lempinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Kätilöopisto Maternity Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rönö
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, South Karelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland.|Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klemetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Jorvi Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pöyhönen-Alho
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Women's Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiitinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Jorvi Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Huvinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Laivuori
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Social Management, Research Centre for Comparative Effectiveness and Patient Safety, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Administration, Pohjois-Savo Hospital District, Kuopio, Finland.|Group Administration, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roine
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Folkhälsan Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Eriksson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D004032:Diet / Q000523:psychology*; D015930:Diet Records; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D044623:Nutrition Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D016896:Treatment Outcome