title: Comparison of waist to height ratio and body indices for prediction of metabolic disturbances in the Korean population: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2011.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study of the general population was to identify the best predictor of metabolic risk among the body index variables evaluated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) or anthropometric indices including the waist to height ratio (WHtR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2011 were used for the analyses. As a result, 15,965 participants were included in this study. The body mass (BM) index was calculated as the body weight divided by the height squared. The WHtR was calculated as the waist circumference divided by height. Body composition indices such as lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), trunk fat mass (TFM), and bone mineral content (BMC) were determined by using DEXA. Skeletal muscle mass (SM) was defined as the sum of the lean soft masses of both extremities. The LM, FM, BMC, TFM, and SM indices were calculated by dividing the total LM, total FM, total BMC, TFM, or SM by the height squared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The WHtR had the highest area under the curve (AUC) and was the best predictor of metabolic syndrome for both sexes. In addition, the WHtR had the highest AUCs for components of metabolic syndrome (male: AUC 0.823, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.814-0.832; female: AUC 0.870, 95 % CI 0.863-0.877). There was a small statistically significant difference in AUC between WHtR and the other indices. Multivariate logistic regression showed that male participants in the second, third, and fourth quartiles had a 4.0 (95 % CI, 3.1-5.2), 9.6 (95 % CI, 7.5-12.3), and 36.1 (95 % CI, 28.0-46.4) times increased risk of metabolic syndrome compared with patients in the first quartile and female participants in the second, third, and fourth quartiles had a 4.3 (95 % CI, 3.1-6.0), 18.0 (95 % CI, 13.3-24.5), and 58.5 (95 % CI, 42.9-79.9) times increased risk of metabolic syndrome compared with patients in the first quartile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the BM, FM, LM, SM, TFM, and WHtR indices, WHtR is most useful to predict the presence of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in the Korean population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, 317-1 Daemyung-Dong, Nam-Ku, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea. kangkang@ynu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Seok Hui
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, 317-1 Daemyung-Dong, Nam-Ku, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea. drtoto@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Kyu Hyang
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, 317-1 Daemyung-Dong, Nam-Ku, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea. jwpark@med.yu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jong Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, 317-1 Daemyung-Dong, Nam-Ku, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea. jydo@med.yu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jun Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Do
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011379:Prognosis; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference; D065927:Waist-Height Ratio