title: Effects of resveratrol on collagen type II protein in the superficial and middle zone chondrocytes of porcine articular cartilage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resveratrol (RSV) was first isolated in 1940 from the roots of white hellebore (Veratrum grandiflorum (Maxim. ex Miq) O. Loes) and in 1963 from the roots of Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc.). These species have been used traditionally to treat arthritis, gout or inflammation. RSV (3,5,4-trihydroxystilbene) is a polyphenolic phytoalexin compound found in various plants, such as grape vines, berries, peanuts, seeds and roots; the highest concentration is in the skin of red grapes. This component of red wine has potent anti-inflammatory properties and may reduce the side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that are currently used for pain amelioration in osteoarthritis (OA). In early degeneration of articular cartilage, which may lead to OA there is a loss of the tensile properties, indicative of damage to the fibrillar network. Damage to this fibrillar meshwork, made up of primarily collagen type II (90-95%), may be a critical event in the pathology of many arthritides, due in part to the very slow rate of collagen turnover within the cartilage. Collagen type II is the pre-dominant protein of the cartilage middle zone matrix mainly responsible for tensile strength of articular cartilage. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of RSV on the expression of collagen type II from the superficial and middle zone chondrocytes of porcine articular cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine articular chondrocytes were isolated from the superficial and middle zone of articular cartilage, cultured as monolayers in serum-free chemically defined medium for four days. Effects of RSV on porcine articular chondrocytes were studied by assessing expression of collagen type II mRNA by RT-PCR and protein levels of collagen type II by ELISA; as well as localisation of collagen type II on cartilage tissue sections using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RSV significantly stimulated the expression of collagen type II at the mRNA and protein levels in the superficial and middle zone. Immunohistochemistry revealed that collagen type II was present along the whole cartilage tissue sections. The staining was strong in the superficial zone, mild in the middle zone and less around hypertrophic chondrocytes in the deep zone. Histological analysis confirmed that cartilage slices were obtained from specific articular cartilage zones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed the importance of RSV in the regulation of collagen type II protein in different zones of articular cartilage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Electronic address: maepamj@tut.ac.za.
authors.forename: Makwese
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maepa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Electronic address: razwinaniM@tut.ac.za.
authors.forename: Mapula
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Razwinani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Electronic address: motaungsckm@tut.ac.za.
authors.forename: Shirley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Motaung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001168:Arthritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D000077185:Resveratrol; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D024043:Collagen Type II; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013267:Stilbenes; D000077185:Resveratrol
keywords: Articular cartilage; Chondrocytes; Collagen type II; Osteoarthritis; Resveratrol