title: Should stimulation parameters be individualized to stop seizures: Evidence in support of this approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Deep-brain electrical stimulation (DBS) is a treatment modality being explored for many neurologic diseases and is a potentially potent means of disrupting the aberrant rhythms that arise during the epileptic seizures that afflict >1% of the population. However, current DBS protocols typically employed are formulated a priori and do not reflect the electrophysiologic dynamics within the brain as seizures arise, which may underlie their limited efficacy. This study investigates how the efficacy of DBS could be improved using endogenous dynamics to inform stimulation protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multisite brain dynamics within the circuit of Papez were calculated in a chronic rat limbic epilepsy model induced via lithium chloride/pilocarpine intraperitoneal injections. Stimulation/recording electrodes were placed in the CA3 region of the left and right hippocampi and the anteromedial nucleus of the left thalamus. Deconvolution of local field potentials using empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and phase synchrony analysis revealed multisite coherence as seizures approached natural termination that could not be detected with Fourier analysis. Multisite stimulation used charge-neutral biphasic square waves at frequencies observed during natural termination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Synchronization of electrical activity across sites occurred as both spontaneous and evoked seizures naturally terminated. Furthermore, the location and frequency of the synchrony varied between subjects but was stable in time within each animal. DBS protocols were significantly more effective at rapidly stopping seizures when the frequency and location of multisite stimulation reflected the endogenous synchrony dynamics observed in each subject as seizures naturally terminated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results strongly support the approach of tailoring DBS protocols to individual endogenous rhythms that may represent how brains naturally resolve epileptic seizures. This approach may significantly improve the overall efficacy of this potentially important therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Tiwalade
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sobayo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mogul
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001703:Biophysics; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000628:therapy*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
keywords: Chronic epilepsy; Deep brain stimulation; Empirical mode decomposition; Rat; Temporal lobe