title: Perception of impairments by patients with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the major aims in the treatment of patients with heart failure (HF) is symptom relief and an improvement in the health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). The perception of impairments due to HF may differ between patients. A knowledge of the prevalence and perceived harshness of impairments due to HF is essential in providing personalized care on a patient level, in optimizing care on a population level and in finding the most appropriate patient-reported outcome for clinical trials.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence and perceived harshness of impairments due to HF and the relation between perceived harshness and HR-QoL in patients with HF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of impairments due to HF was assessed using items of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire and the degree of perceived harshness was assessed using a structured self-assessment. A total of 100 outpatients (mean±SD age 70±9 years, 71% men) from an HF outpatient clinic were included. The prevalence of impairments was between 18 and 77%. The most prevalent impairments included tiredness and impairments in physical activity. Impairments that were frequently perceived as severely harsh included tiredness (67%), dyspnoea (57%) and impairments in physical activity (55%). Corrected item-total correlation (range 0.10-0.59) showed that tiredness (r=0.54) and impairments related to resting (r=0.59) and to participation in physical (r=0.52) and social (r=0.55) activities contributed highly to the sum-score of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Highly prevalent impairments are not by definition perceived as severely harsh by patients with HF and do not contribute to the overall HR-QoL except for the impairments tiredness and working around the house/yard. These insights are important in providing personalized and optimized care for patients with HF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands i.h.kraai@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Kraai
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Hillege
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences Linköping University, Sweden.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jaarsma
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D059026:Diagnostic Self Evaluation; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000453:epidemiology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D057566:Self Report
keywords: Heart failure; degree of harshness; quality of life; severity of impairments