title: Systematic review and meta-analysis of serious infections with tofacitinib and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug treatment in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Tofacitinib modulates the signaling of cytokines that are integral to lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and function. Thus, tofacitinib therapy may result in suppression of multiple elements of the immune response. Serious infections have been reported in tofacitinib RA trials. However, limited head-to-head comparator data were available within the tofacitinib RA development program to directly compare rates of serious infections with tofacitinib relative to biologic agents, and specifically adalimumab (employed as an active control agent in two randomized controlled trials of tofacitinib).
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search of data from interventional randomized controlled trials and long-term extension studies with biologics in RA was carried out. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) consensus was followed for reporting results of the review and meta-analysis. Incidence rates (unique patients with events/100 patient-years) for each therapy were estimated based on data from randomized controlled trials and long-term extension studies using a random-effects model. Relative and absolute risk comparisons versus placebo used Mantel-Haenszel methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search produced 657 hits. In total, 66 randomized controlled trials and 22 long-term extension studies met the selection criteria. Estimated incidence rates (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for abatacept, rituximab, tocilizumab, and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors were 3.04 (2.49, 3.72), 3.72 (2.99, 4.62), 5.45 (4.26, 6.96), and 4.90 (4.41, 5.44), respectively. Incidence rates (95% CIs) for tofacitinib 5 and 10 mg twice daily (BID) in phase 3 trials were 3.02 (2.25, 4.05) and 3.00 (2.24, 4.02), respectively. Corresponding incidence rates in long-term extension studies were 2.50 (2.05, 3.04) and 3.19 (2.74, 3.72). The risk ratios (95% CIs) versus placebo for tofacitinib 5 and 10 mg BID were 2.21 (0.60, 8.14) and 2.02 (0.56, 7.28), respectively. Risk differences (95% CIs) versus placebo for tofacitinib 5 and 10 mg BID were 0.38% (-0.24%, 0.99%) and 0.40% (-0.22%, 1.02%), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In interventional studies, the risk of serious infections with tofacitinib is comparable to published rates for biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with moderate to severely active RA.
authors.affiliation: Biopharmaceutical Consultant, 306 Ramona Road, Portola Valley, CA, 94028, USA. vstrand@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Vibeke
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Strand
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA. sima.ahadieh@pfizer.com.
authors.forename: Sima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahadieh
authors.affiliation: Metrum Research Group, 2 Tunxis Rd Ste 112, Tariffville, CT, 06081, USA. jonathanf@metrumrg.com.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: French
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Inc, 235 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA. jamie.geier@pfizer.com.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geier
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA. sriram.krishnaswami@pfizer.com.
authors.forename: Sriram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnaswami
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA. suja.menon@pfizer.com.
authors.forename: Sujatha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA. tina.m.checchio@pfizer.com.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Checchio
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA. Thomas.g.tensfeldt@pfizer.com.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Tensfeldt
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA. Elaine.Hoffman@pfizer.com.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA. RieseR@alxn.com.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riese
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA. mary.g.boy@pfizer.com.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boy
authors.affiliation: Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Juan.Jesus.Gomez-Reino.Carnota@sergas.es.
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gómez-Reino
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001688:Biological Products / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D053616:Janus Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D001688:Biological Products; D010880:Piperidines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011758:Pyrroles; C479163:tofacitinib; C507933:JAK3 protein, human; D053616:Janus Kinase 3