title: Reliability and Validity of the Adapted Spanish Version of the Early-onset Scoliosis-24 Questionnaire.
abstract: METHODS
  Translation and validation of the Early Onset Scoliosis-24 Questionnaire (EOSQ-24).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To cross-culturally adapt the American English version of the EOSQ-24 into Spanish language, and to assess its reliability and discriminative validity.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Treatment of early-onset scoliosis (EOS) seeks to improve natural history and health-related quality of life in children, but radiographic parameters are insufficient to evaluate the severity and efficacy of treatment in these patients. EOSQ-24 was developed to assess the health-related quality of life of EOS children; however, it has not been transculturally adapted and validated for Spanish subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the original EOSQ-24 was performed according to published guidelines by an expert committee. The Spanish version of the EOSQ-24 was applied to 44 EOS patients. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency using Cronbach α, item-total correlations, and inter-item correlations. Data quality was assessed by mean, median, percentage of missing data, and ceiling and floor effects. For discriminative validity, comparisons between categorical variables were made by using non-parametric (Kruskal-Wallis and/or Mann Whitney U) tests, and Spearman correlation coefficients were used for continuous variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our study, all items and domains showed very good global internal consistencies (Cronbach α 0.897 and 0.836, respectively). Corrected item-total correlations were good for all domains (>0.3). Two of 24 items showed low corrected item-total correlations (r = 0.179 and r = 0.254), but Cronbach α did not increase when these items were removed. Inter-item correlations were acceptable (>0.2). EOSQ-24 was found capable to discriminate patients with different curves severity (P = 0.001), diagnosis (P = 0.006), and ambulatory status (P = 0.053).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Spanish version of the EOSQ-24 is reliable and a valid tool for the psychometric assessment of children with EOS, and can be applied in routine clinical practice and for research purposes.
  
  
  METHODS
  2.
authors.affiliation: *Pediatric Orthopaedics Department, Virgen del Rocío University Children's Hospital, Seville, Spain †Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY ‡Statistics, Methodology and Research Evaluation Unit, Andalusian Public Foundation for Health Research Management, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Mar Pozo-Balado
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Praena-Fernández
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Farrington
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D013030:Spain / Q000208:ethnology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014177:Translations