title: Application of liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry for the evaluation of global nucleic acids: methylation in garden cress under exposure to CuO nanoparticles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A full understanding of the biological impact of nanomaterials demands analytical procedures suitable for the detection/quantification of epigenetic changes that occur in the exposed organisms. Here, the effect of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) on global methylation of nucleic acids in Lepidium sativum was evaluated by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. Enhanced selectivity toward cytosine-containing nucleosides was achieved by using their proton-bound dimers formed in positive electrospray ionization (ESI(+)) as precursor ions for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) quantification based on one or two ion transitions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plants were exposed to CuO NPs (0-1000 mg L(-1)); nucleic acid extracts were washed with bathocuproine disulfate; nucleosides were separated on a Luna C18 column coupled via ESI(+) to an AmaZon SL mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics). Cytidine, 2´-deoxycytidine, 5-methylcytidine, 5-methyl-2´-deoxycytidine and 5-hydroxymethyl-2´-deoxycytidine were quantified by MRM based on MS(3) ([2M+H](+)/[M+H](+)/[M+H-132](+) or [M+H-116](+)) and MS(2) ([2M+H](+)/[M+H](+) ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bathocuproine disulfate, added as Cu(I) complexing agent, allowed for elimination of [2M+Cu](+) adducts from the mass spectra. Poorer instrumental detection limits were obtained for MS(3) (20-120 fmol) as compared to MS(2) (9.0-41 fmol); however, two ion transitions helped to eliminate matrix effects in plant extracts. The procedure was tested by analyzing salmon sperm DNA (Sigma) and applied for the evaluation of DNA and RNA methylation in plants; in the absence of NPs, 13.03% and 0.92% methylated cytosines were found in DNA and RNA, respectively; for NPs concentration >50 mg L(-1), DNA hypomethylation was observed with respect to unexposed plants. RNA methylation did not present significant changes upon plant exposure; 5-hydroxymethyl-2´-deoxycytidine was not detected in any sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MRM quantification proposed here of cytosine-containing nucleosides using their proton-bound homo-dimers as precursor ions proved its utility for the assessment of global methylation of DNA and RNA in plants under stress imposed by CuO NPs. Detection of copper adducts with cytosine-containing ions, and their elimination by washing extracts with Cu(I) chelator, calls for further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, L. de Retana 5, 36000, Guanajuato, Mexico.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alcazar Magana
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, L. de Retana 5, 36000, Guanajuato, Mexico.
authors.forename: Kazimierz
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5623-7312
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wrobel
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, L. de Retana 5, 36000, Guanajuato, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alma Rosa
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Corrales Escobosa
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, L. de Retana 5, 36000, Guanajuato, Mexico.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wrobel
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D031220:Lepidium sativum / Q000187:drug effects*; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D009696:Nucleic Acids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D003300:Copper; C000520:cuprous oxide