title: Executive functions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: An activation likelihood estimate meta-analysis of fMRI studies.
abstract: To identify activation changes assessed in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) through Activation Likelihood Estimate meta-analysis.
  
  
  
  We included 28 peer-reviewed standard stereotactic space studies assessing adult OCD patients (OCDpts) vs. healthy controls (HCs) with fMRI during executive task performance.
  
  
  
  In within-group analyses, HCs showed task-related activations in bilateral inferior frontal gyri, right middle frontal gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule, right claustrum, bilateral cingulate gyri, and left caudate body. OCDpts showed task-related left-sided activations in the superior, medial, and inferior frontal gyri, and thalamus, and bilateral activations in the middle frontal gyri, inferior parietal lobule, and insular cortices. Subtraction analysis showed increased left middle frontal gyrus activation in OCDpts. In between-groups analyses, OCDpts hypoactivated the right caudate body, left putamen, left ACC, and right medial and middle frontal gyri. Right caudate hypoactivation persisted also after applying Family-wise error algorithms.
  
  
  
  This meta-analysis confirms that during executive functioning OCDpts show a functional deficit of the right caudate body, which could represent a major neural functional correlate of their illness.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) , School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'andrea Hospital , Rome , Italy ;|b Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation , P. Alberto Mileno Onlus Foundation, San Francesco Institute , Vasto , CH , Italy ;
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Casale
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) , School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'andrea Hospital , Rome , Italy ;
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rapinesi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) , School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'andrea Hospital , Rome , Italy ;
authors.forename: Georgios D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kotzalidis
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) , School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'andrea Hospital , Rome , Italy ;
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Rossi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) , School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'andrea Hospital , Rome , Italy ;
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Curto
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) , School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'andrea Hospital , Rome , Italy ;
authors.forename: Delfina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janiri
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) , School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'andrea Hospital , Rome , Italy ;
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Criscuolo
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) , School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'andrea Hospital , Rome , Italy ;
authors.forename: Maria Chiara
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Alessi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) , School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'andrea Hospital , Rome , Italy ;
authors.forename: Vittoria Rachele
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pathology , Foundation Year 2, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary (NHS Grampian) , Aberdeen , UK.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Giorgi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) , School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'andrea Hospital , Rome , Italy ;
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sani
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) , School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'andrea Hospital , Rome , Italy ;
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferracuti
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) , School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'andrea Hospital , Rome , Italy ;
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Girardi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) , School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University; Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'andrea Hospital , Rome , Italy ;
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brugnoli
mesh_terms: D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000503:physiopathology; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D012016:Reference Values; D013788:Thalamus / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Obsessive–compulsive disorder; caudate; dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex; fMRI; thalamus