title: Role of Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer: advances and controversies.
abstract: Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers of digestive system globally and Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is believed to be a major risk factor. HP can be classified into different types based on the presence and expression level of CagA and VacA, and, when exposed to adverse environment, HP changes its phenotype from helical type to coccoid type, with each having different pathogenicity. The mechanisms of HP-induced gastric carcinogenesis and progression are complicated, including DNA nitration and oxidation induced by mutagenic factors, HP-induced epigenetic modifications, HP-induced disruption of the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis, and HP-induced cancer cell invasion and metastasis. HP may also affect the biological function of cancer stem cells and induction of cell autophagy. The lipopolysaccharide produced by HP can act through toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) to induce gastric mucosal inflammation and is thereby linked to the development of gastric cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.|The Second Department of General Surgery, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Centre of Gansu Province, and Clinical Medical College Cancer Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
authors.forename: Wenbo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.|The Second Department of General Surgery, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Centre of Gansu Province, and Clinical Medical College Cancer Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: The Second Department of General Surgery, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Centre of Gansu Province, and Clinical Medical College Cancer Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: The Second Department of General Surgery, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Centre of Gansu Province, and Clinical Medical College Cancer Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: The Second Department of General Surgery, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Centre of Gansu Province, and Clinical Medical College Cancer Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, The University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Australia.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qiao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; C074689:VacA protein, Helicobacter pylori; C080866:cagA protein, Helicobacter pylori