title: Investigation of the flow-field in the upper respiratory system when wearing N95 filtering facepiece respirator.
abstract: This article presents a reverse modeling of the headform when wearing a filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation based on the modeling. The whole model containing the upper respiratory airway, headform, and FFR was directly recorded by computed tomography (CT) scanning, and a medical contrast medium was used to make the FFR "visible." The FFR was normally worn by the subject during CT scanning so that the actual deformation of both the FFR and the face muscles during contact can be objectively conserved. The reverse modeling approach was introduced to rebuild the geometric model and convert it into a CFD solvable model. In this model, we conducted a transient numerical simulation of air flow containing carbon dioxide, thermal dynamics, and pressure and wall shear stress distribution in the respiratory system taking into consideration an individual wearing a FFR. The breathing cycle was described as a time-dependent profile of the air velocity through the respiratory airway. The result shows that wearing the N95 FFR results in CO2 accumulation, an increase in temperature and pressure elevation inside the FFR cavity. The volume fraction of CO2 reaches 1.2% after 7 breathing cycles and then is maintained at 3.04% on average. The wearers re-inhale excessive CO2 in every breathing cycle from the FFR cavity. The air temperature in the FFR cavity increases rapidly at first and then stays close to the exhaled temperature. Compared to not wearing an FFR, wearers have to increase approximately 90 Pa more pressure to keep the same breathing flow rate of 30.54 L/min after wearing an FFR. The nasal vestibule bears more wall shear stress than any other area in the airway.
authors.affiliation: a School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China.
authors.forename: Xiaotie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: a School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China.
authors.forename: Shengnan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: a School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China.
authors.forename: Mang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011312:Pressure; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D012134:Respiratory Protective Devices; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: CT scanning; Computational fluid dynamics; N95 filtering facepiece respirators; upper respiratory airway