title: Immunotoxicity of commercial-mixed glyphosate in broad snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris).
abstract: The expansion and intensification of agriculture during the past 50 years is unprecedented, and thus environmental problems have been triggered at different scales. These transformations have caused the loss of habitat and biodiversity, and disruption of the structure and functioning of ecosystems. As a result of the expansion of the agricultural frontier in the recent past, many areas of the natural geographic distribution of the local wildlife, among them crocodilians and particularly the broad snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris), are being exposed to contaminants. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of commercially-mixed glyphosate (RU) on some parameters of the immune system of C. latirostris. Two groups of caimans were exposed for two months to different concentrations of RU recommended for its application in the field, while one group was maintained as an unexposed control. The RU concentration was progressively decreased through the exposure period to simulate glyphosate degradation in water. After exposure, total and differential white blood cell (WBC), and complement system activity (CS) were determined. In addition, the animals were injected with a solution of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli to trigger an immune response and evaluate the parameters associated with it. The results showed that an effect of the herbicide on CS was observed, as animals exposed to RU showed a lower CS activity than animals from the negative control (NC) but not in total WBC. In the case of leukocyte population counts, differences were only found for heterophils and lymphocytes.
authors.affiliation: "Proyecto Yacaré"- Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral/Ministerio de Aguas, Servicios Públicos y Medio Ambiente), Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral-(UNL-CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: psiroski@fcv.unl.edu.ar.
authors.forename: Pablo A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Siroski
authors.affiliation: "Proyecto Yacaré"- Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral/Ministerio de Aguas, Servicios Públicos y Medio Ambiente), Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Toxicología, Farmacología y Bioquímica Legal, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Gisela L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Poletta
authors.affiliation: "Proyecto Yacaré"- Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral/Ministerio de Aguas, Servicios Públicos y Medio Ambiente), Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: María A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Latorre
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral-(UNL-CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Hugo H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.affiliation: Grupo Investigación Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), IEGEBA-DEGE (CONICET-UBA), FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Marta D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Mudry
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000276:immunology* / Q000633:toxicity*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D000097797:Glyphosate
keywords: Broad snouted caiman; Complement system; Glyphosate; Immunotoxicity; White blood cell