title: Glucose transporters 1, 3, 6, and 10 are expressed in gastric cancer and glucose transporter 3 is associated with UICC stage and survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to proliferation and increased metabolism, cancer cells have high glucose requirements. The glucose uptake of cells is influenced by a group of membrane proteins denoted the glucose transporter family (Glut-1 to -12). Whereas increased expression and a negative correlation with survival have been described for Glut-1 in several types of cancer, the impact of other glucose transporters on tumor biology is widely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective study, gastric cancer specimens of 150 patients who underwent total gastrectomy between 2005 and 2010 were stained for Glut-1, -3, -6, and -10 by immunohistochemistry. Expression of Glut-1, -3, -6, and 10 was correlated to prognosis as well as clinical and pathological parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glut-1, Glut-3, Glut-6, and Glut-10 were expressed in 22.0, 66.0, 38.0, and 43.3 % of the analyzed samples. Whereas Glut-1, -6, and -10 did not show a correlation with prognosis, positive staining for Glut-3 was associated with higher UICC stage and inferior prognosis. The mean overall survival was 38.6 months for Glut-3 positive patients, as compared to 51.2 months for Glut-3 negative patients (p < 0.05). Coexpression of two or more of the analyzed glucose transporters was correlated to inferior prognosis. Glut-3 and UICC stage were significant prognostic factors in multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All of the analyzed glucose transporters were expressed in a significant proportion of the gastric cancer samples. Glut-3 was associated with higher UICC stage and inferior prognosis. These findings are relevant to therapeutic approaches that target glucose metabolism as well as to imaging using radioactively labeled glucose.
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany. hans.schloesser@uk-koeln.de.
authors.forename: Hans Anton
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Schlößer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Drebber
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urbanski
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baltin
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berlth
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neiß
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Bergwelt-Baildon
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich Klaus
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Fetzner
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Warnecke-Eberz
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Elfriede
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bollschweiler
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Arnulf Heinrich
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hölscher
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan Paul
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Mönig
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.|Division of Genome Information Sciences, Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alakus
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005743:Gastrectomy; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative / Q000378:metabolism*; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051274:Glucose Transporter Type 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D051274:Glucose Transporter Type 3; C495677:SLC2A1 protein, human; C430746:SLC2A10 protein, human; C495687:SLC2A3 protein, human; C411811:SLC2A9 protein, human
keywords: Gastric cancer; Glucose transporter; Prognosis