title: [How to evaluate psychological risks: an ethics of aesthetic demand in orthodontics].
abstract: Evaluating risks is part of the day-to-day practice of all orthodontists. Most of the time we forget that healing a patient also requires an evaluation of what is called the psychological risk. Indeed, focusing on harmonisation matters, we tend to omit that patient's requests, especially aesthetic requests, may conceal psychological problems. Such a risk is even higher when it comes to orthodontic-surgical protocols, as the physical changes are more radical. We will discuss the specificities of aesthetical demand, its links with the social discourse and the way self-esteem and reflection in the mirror are closely intermingled. Should we forget to take into account the psychological dimension of any patient, this could be a breach of professional ethics. We will furthermore consider the means we have to recognize patients with a high psychological risk. It is not in our hands to help these patients psychologically. It is in the hands of a mental health specialist, whose adress and phone number we should know in order to refer our patients to him/her.
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Benkimoun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D057215:Body Dysmorphic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D001828:Body Image; D003812:Dentist-Patient Relations; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D004990:Ethics, Dental; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006998:Hypochondriasis / Q000175:diagnosis; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D008487:Medical History Taking; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000941:ethics / Q000523:psychology; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures / Q000941:ethics / Q000523:psychology; D011570:Psychiatry; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept