title: Administration of ivermectin to peridomestic cattle: a promising approach to target the residual transmission of human malaria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The success of current control tools in combatting malaria vectors is well established. However, sustained residual transmission of Plasmodium parasites persists. Mass drug administration (MDA) to humans of the endectocide ivermectin for vector control is receiving increasing attention. However, vectors feeding upon animals escape this promising approach. Zoophagy of mosquitoes sustains both the vector population and endemic population of vector-borne pathogens. Therefore, only a strategy that will combine ivermectin MDAs targeted at humans and their peridomestic animals could be successful at controlling residual malaria transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Burkinabé cattle have been treated with injectable therapeutic dose of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg of body weight) to render blood meals toxic to field representative populations of Anopheles coluzzii carrying the kdr mutation. Direct skin-feeding assays were performed from 2 to 28 days after injection (DAI) and mosquitoes were followed for their survival, ability to become gravid and fecundity. Membrane feeding assays were further performed to test if an ivermectin blood meal taken at 28 DAI impacts gametocyte establishment and development in females fed with infectious blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mosquitocidal effect of ivermectin is complete for 2 weeks after injection, whether 12 days cumulative mortalities were of 75 and 45 % the third and fourth weeks, respectively. The third week, a second ivermectin blood meal at sub-lethal concentrations further increased mortality to 100 %. Sub-lethal concentrations of ivermectin also significantly decreased egg production by surviving females, increasing further the detrimental effect of the drug on vector densities. Although females fitness was impaired by sub-lethal ivermectin blood meals, these did not diminish nor increase their susceptibility to infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the potential of integrated MDA of ivermectin to both human and peridomestic cattle to target vector reservoirs of residual malaria transmission. Such integration lies in 'One-Health' efforts being implemented around the globe, and would be especially relevant in rural communities in Africa where humans are also at risk of common zoonotic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. poodasiehermann@yahoo.fr.|Ministère des Ressources Animale/Campagne Panafricaine d'éradication de la mouche tsé-tsé et des trynaposomoses, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. poodasiehermann@yahoo.fr.|Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. poodasiehermann@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Hermann S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Pooda
authors.affiliation: Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. jbrayaisse@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jean-Baptiste
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rayaisse
authors.affiliation: Direction Régionale de l'Ouest de l'Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. hiend83@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Domonbabele François de Sale
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Hien
authors.affiliation: Direction Régionale de l'Ouest de l'Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. thierry.lefevre@ird.fr.|MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, Université de Montpellier, 911 Av. Agropolis, Montpellier, France. thierry.lefevre@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lefèvre
authors.affiliation: Direction Régionale de l'Ouest de l'Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. yrserge@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Serge R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Yerbanga
authors.affiliation: Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. zakaria.bengaly@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Zakaria
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bengaly
authors.affiliation: Direction Régionale de l'Ouest de l'Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. dabire_roch@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Roch K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Dabiré
authors.affiliation: Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. belemamg@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Adrien M G
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Belem
authors.affiliation: Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. isidibe@hotmail.com.|Ministère des Ressources Animale/Campagne Panafricaine d'éradication de la mouche tsé-tsé et des trynaposomoses, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. isidibe@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Issa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sidibé
authors.affiliation: UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, TA A 17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France. philippe.solano@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Solano
authors.affiliation: Direction Régionale de l'Ouest de l'Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. karine.mouline@ird.fr.|MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, Université de Montpellier, 911 Av. Agropolis, Montpellier, France. karine.mouline@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mouline