title: Biochemical and genetic toxicity of the ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride on earthworms (Eisenia fetida).
abstract: Ionic liquids also known as "green solvents," are used in many fields. However, the dispersion of ionic liquids in soil systems is likely to cause damage to soil organisms. The objective of the present study was to investigate the toxicity of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C8 mim]Cl) on earthworms (Eisenia fetida). For this purpose, earthworms were exposed to different concentrations of [C8 mim]Cl (0 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg artificial soil) and sampled at 7 d, 14 d, 21 d, and 28 d. The results indicated that [C8 mim]Cl could cause an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in earthworms, even at the lowest concentration (5 mg/kg). Compared with the controls, during the [C8 mim]Cl exposure period, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) decreased and then increased, whereas the activities of peroxidase (POD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) increased. These changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and GST indicated that [C8 mim]Cl could induce oxidative damage in earthworms. The malondialdehyde content was increased by high levels of [C8 mim]Cl at 14 d and 28 d, indicating that [C8 mim]Cl could lead to lipid peroxidation in earthworms. In addition, the degree of DNA damage significantly increased with increasing [C8 mim]Cl concentrations and exposure time. The present study shows that [C8 mim]Cl caused biochemical and genetic toxicity in earthworms.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lusheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jinhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D012997:Solvents / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: C528768:1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium; D000975:Antioxidants; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D009153:Mutagens; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D012997:Solvents; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; DNA damage; Glutathione S-transferase; Lipid peroxidation; Reactive oxygen species