title: Space matters: meristem expansion triggers corona formation in Passiflora.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Flower meristems differ from vegetative meristems in various aspects. One characteristic is the capacity for ongoing meristem expansion providing space for new structures. Here, corona formation in four species of Passiflora is investigated to understand the spatio-temporal conditions of its formation and to clarify homology of the corona elements.
  
  
  METHODS
  One bird-pollinated species with a single-rowed tubular corona (Passiflora tulae) and three insect-pollinated species with three (P. standleyi Killip), four (P. foetida L. 'Sanctae Martae') and six (P. foetida L. var. hispida) ray-shaped corona rows are chosen as representative examples for the study. Flower development is documented by scanning electron microscopy. Meristem expansion is reconstructed by morphometric data and correlated with the sequential corona element formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all species, corona formation starts late in ontogeny after all floral organs have been initiated. It is closely correlated with meristem expansion. The rows appear with increasing space in centripetal or convergent sequence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the concept of fractionation, space induces primordia formation which is a self-regulating process filling the space completely. Correspondingly, the corona is interpreted as a structure of its own, originating from the receptacle. Considering the principle capacity of flower meristems to generate novel structures widens the view and allows new interpretations in combination with molecular, phylogenetic and morphogenetic data.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Spezielle Botanik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany classenb@uni-mainz.de.
authors.forename: Regine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Claßen-Bockhoff
authors.affiliation: Institut für Spezielle Botanik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D005858:Germany; D007313:Insecta; D018519:Meristem / Q000254:growth & development*; D029598:Passiflora / Q000254:growth & development*; D054817:Pollination
keywords: Corona; P. foetida var. hispida; P. standleyi; P. tulae; Passiflora foetida ‘Sanctae Martae’; de novo structures; flower meristem; fractionation; meristem expansion; morphogenesis; self-organization; space