title: In vitro assessment of a collagen/alginate composite scaffold for regenerative endodontics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a biological scaffold that could be moulded to reproduce the geometry of a gutta-percha point with precision and allow the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts to be used as a regenerative endodontic material.
  
  
  METHODS
  A collagen/alginate composite scaffold was cast into a sodium alginate mould to produce a gutta-percha point-like cone. Prior to gelation, the cone was seeded with human stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) to evaluate cell/scaffold interactions. The reconstructed tissue was characterized after 8 days in culture. Elastic modulus, tissue compaction and cell differentiation were assessed. Student t-tests and the Mann-Whitney U test were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fabrication method developed enabled the shape of a gutta-percha point to be mimicked with great accuracy and reproducibility (P = 0.31). Stem cells seeded into this composite scaffold were able to spread, survive and proliferate (P < 0.001). Moreover, they were able to differentiate into osteoblasts and produce calcified osseous extracellular matrix (P < 0.001). The construct showed no significant contraction after 8 days, preserving its shape and tip diameter (P = 0.58).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The composite scaffold could present substantial benefits compared to synthetic materials. It could provide a favourable healing environment in the root canal conducive for regenerative endodontics and is therefore appropriate to be evaluated in vivo in further studies.
authors.affiliation: Bioingénierie Tissulaire, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.|Bioingénierie Tissulaire, INSERM, Bordeaux, France.|Service d'Odontologie et de Santé Buccale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Devillard
authors.affiliation: Bioingénierie Tissulaire, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.|Bioingénierie Tissulaire, INSERM, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rémy
authors.affiliation: Bioingénierie Tissulaire, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.|Bioingénierie Tissulaire, INSERM, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kalisky
authors.affiliation: Bioingénierie Tissulaire, INSERM, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bourget
authors.affiliation: Bioingénierie Tissulaire, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.|Bioingénierie Tissulaire, INSERM, Bordeaux, France.|Service d'Odontologie et de Santé Buccale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kérourédan
authors.affiliation: Bioingénierie Tissulaire, INSERM, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siadous
authors.affiliation: Bioingénierie Tissulaire, INSERM, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bareille
authors.affiliation: Bioingénierie Tissulaire, INSERM, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amédée-Vilamitjana
authors.affiliation: Bioingénierie Tissulaire, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.|Bioingénierie Tissulaire, INSERM, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chassande
authors.affiliation: Bioingénierie Tissulaire, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.|Bioingénierie Tissulaire, INSERM, Bordeaux, France.|Service d'Odontologie et de Santé Buccale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fricain
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003094:Collagen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology*; D012038:Regeneration; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D003094:Collagen
keywords: adult stem cells; cell differentiation; endodontics; hydrogel; regenerative medicine; tissue engineering