title: Biomarkers of general stress in mussels as common indicators for marine biomonitoring programmes in Europe: The ICON experience.
abstract: This study investigated whether general stress biomarkers in mussels can be applied as common first-tier biomarkers in regional biomonitoring programmes in the North Sea (including Iceland) and western Mediterranean Sea. Stress on Stress (SoS) and lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) biomarkers were analysed in resident mussels (Mytilus sp.) from 8 coastal sites and in transplanted mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from two Spanish Mediterranean coastal sites. The assessment of results, as input to pollution monitoring strategies, was performed jointly for LMS and SoS data from the two regions. Contaminant body burden of the mussels was compared with biomarker results. The results demonstrated that these two general and non-expensive stress biomarkers in mussel can be applied throughout European waters, providing a cost-effective and harmonised approach to screen contaminant-related biological effects within the framework of wide-scale pollution biomonitoring programmes, such as that proposed by the European Union, i.e. the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Varadero 1, PO Box 22, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar (Murcia), Spain. Electronic address: concepcion.martinez@mu.ieo.es.
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK. Electronic address: Craig.Robinson@scotland.gsi.gov.uk.
authors.forename: Craig David
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: IFREMER, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, B.P. 21105, F-44311 Nantes Cédex 03, France. Electronic address: Thierry.Burgeot@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burgeot
authors.affiliation: Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK. Electronic address: Matthew.Gubbins@scotland.gsi.gov.uk.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gubbins
authors.affiliation: The University of Iceland's Research Centre in Sudurnes, University of Iceland, Gardvegi 1, 245 Sandgerdi, Iceland. Electronic address: Halldor@hi.is.
authors.forename: Halldor P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Halldorsson
authors.affiliation: Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Varadero 1, PO Box 22, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar (Murcia), Spain. Electronic address: marina.albentosa@mu.ieo.es.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albentosa
authors.affiliation: CEFAS, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, England, UK. Electronic address: john.bignell@cefas.co.uk.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bignell
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: ketil.hylland@ibv.uio.no.
authors.forename: Ketil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hylland
authors.affiliation: Deltares, Marine and Coastal Systems, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands; VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: dick.vethaak@deltares.nl.
authors.forename: A Dick
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Vethaak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005060:Europe; D007055:Iceland; D049878:Mytilus / Q000502:physiology*; D009659:North Sea; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Biomonitoring; Chemical pollution; Lysosomal stability; Mytilus sp.; Stress on stress