title: Bioavailability Study of an Innovative Orobuccal Formulation of Glutathione.
abstract: Alteration of the ubiquitous thiol tripeptide glutathione (GSH) is involved in oxidative stress, which plays a role in ageing; consequently, GSH is closely related to this process characterized by progressive decline in the efficiency of physiological function and increased susceptibility to disease. When circulating GSH decreases, oral administration might be considered a therapeutic benefit. Unfortunately, due to the hydrolysis of the tripeptide by intestinal γ-glutamyltransferase, dietary glutathione is not a major determinant for its increase. Aim of this work was to evaluate improvement of GSH systemic availability testing, in vitro and in vivo, an optimized orobuccal fast-slow release formulation tablet containing pure stabilized GSH. In vitro evaluation of the penetration capability of the innovative GSH-release formulation showed that GSH was well absorbed by the reconstructed oral epithelium and its absorption has features of time-dependence. In addition, in vivo results, obtained from 15 healthy volunteers, were in favor of GSH level improvement in blood showing fast (after 30 and 60 minutes) absorption through oral mucosa. In conclusion, the intake of GSH formulated through optimized orobuccal fast-slow release tablets gave positive results in raising GSH blood concentration.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacobiochemistry, Nutrition and Nutraceuticals, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buonocore
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacobiochemistry, Nutrition and Nutraceuticals, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grosini
authors.affiliation: Farcoderm Srl European Expertise Network for Wellness and Dermatology, San Martino Siccomario, 27028 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giardina
authors.affiliation: Farcoderm Srl European Expertise Network for Wellness and Dermatology, San Martino Siccomario, 27028 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michelotti
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacobiochemistry, Nutrition and Nutraceuticals, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariaelena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrabetta
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacobiochemistry, Nutrition and Nutraceuticals, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seneci
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verri
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dossena
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacobiochemistry, Nutrition and Nutraceuticals, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marzatico
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D065568:Oral Mucosal Absorption
chemical_list: D005978:Glutathione