title: Learning and extinction of conditioned hearing sensation change in the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas).
abstract: Ice-dwelling beluga whales are increasingly being exposed to anthropogenic loud sounds. Beluga's hearing sensitivity measured during a warning sound just preceding a loud sound was tested using pip-train stimuli and auditory evoked potential recording. When the test/warning stimulus with a frequency of 32 or 45 kHz preceded the loud sound with a frequency of 32 kHz and a sound pressure level of 153 dB re 1 μPa, 2 s, hearing thresholds before the loud sound increased relative to the baseline. The threshold increased up to 15 dB for the test frequency of 45 kHz and up to 13 dB for the test frequency of 32 kHz. These threshold increases were observed during two sessions of 36 trials each. Extinction tests revealed no change during three experimental sessions followed by a jump-like return to baseline thresholds. The low exposure level producing the hearing-dampening effect (156 dB re 1 µPa(2)s in each trial), and the manner of extinction, may be considered as evidence that the observed hearing threshold increases were a demonstration of conditioned dampening of hearing when the whale anticipated the quick appearance of a loud sound in the same way demonstrated in the false killer whale and bottlenose dolphin.
authors.affiliation: Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, PO Box 1106, Kailua, HI, 96734, USA. nachtiga@hawaii.edu.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Nachtigall
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander Ya
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Supin
authors.affiliation: Research Department, Parques Reunidos Valencia S. A. Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose-Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Estaban
authors.affiliation: Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, PO Box 1106, Kailua, HI, 96734, USA.
authors.forename: Aude F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Pacini
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000818:Animals; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D050643:Beluga Whale / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology*; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: AEP; Beluga; Conditioning; Hearing; Sensation control