title: Concentrations of Inorganic Arsenic in Milled Rice from China and Associated Dietary Exposure Assessment.
abstract: Total arsenic (As) and inorganic As (Asi) in milled rice (n = 1653) collected from China were studied to evaluate the contamination level, distribution, and health risks. The mean concentrations of the total As and Asi were 116.5 and 90.9 μg/kg, respectively. There were significant differences (P < 0.01) between the 11 provinces, and 1.1% of samples exceeded the maximum contaminant level established by Chinese legislation. According to the exposure assessment method of probabilistic simulation, all values of the target hazard quotients (THQs) for chronic noncarcinogenic risks (skin lesions as the point of departure) were below 1, suggesting that the Chinese population will not encounter a significant noncarcinogenic risk. However, the mean values of margin of exposure (MOE) for lung cancer risks ranging from 3.86 to 8.54 were under 100 for all age groups and genders of the Chinese population; moreover, MOE values for some major rice-producing and -consuming countries, such as Japan, Thailand, Bangladesh, and the United States, were all also below 100. More attention should be paid to carcinogenic risks from rice Asi intake, and some control measures to reduce rice Asi intake should be taken.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.|Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Processed Agro-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Yatao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Xuefei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Yongzhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Tianjin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D004032:Diet; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001151:Arsenic
keywords: arsenic contamination; dietary exposure assessment; inorganic arsenic; rice