title: Immunotherapy in prostate cancer: challenges and opportunities.
abstract: Although treatment options for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have increased over the last decade, there remains a need for strategies that can provide durable disease control and long-term benefit. Recently, immunotherapy has emerged as a viable and attractive strategy for the treatment of CRPC. To date, there are multiple strategies to target the immune system, and several approaches including therapeutic cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors have been most successful in clinical trials. With regard to this, we report the results of the most recent clinical trials investigating immunotherapy in CRPC and discuss the future development of immunotherapy for CRPC, as well as the potential importance of biomarkers in the future progress of this field.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Research, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.|Cancer Vaccine Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Research, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Fukuko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moriya
authors.affiliation: Cancer Vaccine Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyogo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Itoh
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015415:Biomarkers; D019496:Cancer Vaccines
keywords: biomarker; cancer vaccine; immune checkpoint inhibitor; immunotherapy; prostate cancer