title: A Longitudinal Study of the Feline Faecal Microbiome Identifies Changes into Early Adulthood Irrespective of Sexual Development.
abstract: Companion animals provide an excellent model for studies of the gut microbiome because potential confounders such as diet and environment can be more readily controlled for than in humans. Additionally, domestic cats and dogs are typically neutered early in life, enabling an investigation into the potential effect of sex hormones on the microbiome. In a longitudinal study to investigate the potential effects of neutering, neutering age and gender on the gut microbiome during growth, the faeces of kittens (16 male, 14 female) were sampled at 18, 30 and 42 weeks of age. DNA was shotgun sequenced on the Illumina platform and sequence reads were annotated for taxonomy and function by comparison to a database of protein coding genes. In a statistical analysis of diversity, taxonomy and functional potential of the microbiomes, age was identified as the only factor with significant associations. No significant effects were detected for gender, neutering, or age when neutered (19 or 31 weeks). At 18 weeks of age the microbiome was dominated by the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (35% and 20% average abundance). Structural and functional diversity was significantly increased by week 30 but there was no further significant increase. At 42 weeks of age the most abundant genera were Bacteroides (16%), Prevotella (14%) and Megasphaera (8%). Significant differences in functional potential included an enrichment for genes in energy metabolism (carbon metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation) and depletion in cell motility (flagella and chemotaxis). We conclude that the feline faecal microbiome is predominantly determined by age when diet and environment are controlled for. We suggest this finding may also be informative for studies of the human microbiome, where control over such factors is usually limited.
authors.affiliation: WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Deusch
authors.affiliation: WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ciaran
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Flynn
authors.affiliation: WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America.|Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America.|Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kelly S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.affiliation: WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Allaway
authors.affiliation: WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Penelope
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002415:Cats; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004032:Diet; D004285:Dogs; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D046468:Sexual Development
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial