title: Individual Differences in Temporal Selective Attention as Reflected in Pupil Dilation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention is restricted for the second of two targets when it is presented within 200-500 ms of the first target. This attentional blink (AB) phenomenon allows one to study the dynamics of temporal selective attention by varying the interval between the two targets (T1 and T2). Whereas the AB has long been considered as a robust and universal cognitive limitation, several studies have demonstrated that AB task performance greatly differs between individuals, with some individuals showing no AB whatsoever.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we studied these individual differences in AB task performance in relation to differences in attentional timing. Furthermore, we investigated whether AB magnitude is predictive for the amount of attention allocated to T1. For both these purposes pupil dilation was measured, and analyzed with our recently developed deconvolution method. We found that the dynamics of temporal attention in small versus large blinkers differ in a number of ways. Individuals with a relatively small AB magnitude seem better able to preserve temporal order information. In addition, they are quicker to allocate attention to both T1 and T2 than large blinkers. Although a popular explanation of the AB is that it is caused by an unnecessary overinvestment of attention allocated to T1, a more complex picture emerged from our data, suggesting that this may depend on whether one is a small or a large blinker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of pupil dilation deconvolution seems to be a powerful approach to study the temporal dynamics of attention, bringing us a step closer to understanding the elusive nature of the AB. We conclude that the timing of attention to targets may be more important than the amount of allocated attention in accounting for individual differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.|Neuroimaging Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.|Neuroimaging Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herdzin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.|Neuroimaging Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sander
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D054518:Attentional Blink / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D055815:Young Adult