title: Anosognosia increases caregiver burden in mild cognitive impairment.
abstract: Our aim is to determine the clinical correlates of impaired insight in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) by examining its impact on cognition, functional status, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and caregiver burden.
  
  
  
  The study involved 75 patients with MCI and their caregivers. Patients and caregivers underwent a comprehensive evaluation including the Clinical Dementia Rating, memory tests, and the Functional Assessment Questionnaire. Behavioral symptoms were assessed by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, caregiver burden by the Zarit Burden Inventory, and insight by comparing self-report on the AD8 dementia screening tool to informant collateral. Patients were asked about their perceptions of their memory, and answers were compared with informants' responses. Patient mood was assessed with the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale.
  
  
  
  There was a significant difference in AD8 scores among patients who retained versus lacked insight. Zarit Burden Inventory scores showed a significant rise as patient insight declined; the burden appeared greater on spouse versus non-spouse caregivers. Patients with poor insight had significantly worse ratings in Clinical Dementia Rating domains of personal care and judgment, while patients who retained insight had significantly higher depression and anxiety. Insight impairment was associated with worse caregiver mood.
  
  
  
  Decreased patient awareness for cognitive problems was significantly associated with higher caregiver burden, independent of neuropsychiatric symptoms, functional abilities, and cognition. Personal care, judgment, and problem-solving skills could contribute to caregiver burden. Increased awareness seemed a source of patient depression and anxiety. The research highlights the need to focus on the needs of MCI caregivers and to incorporate psychosocial assessments of caregiver-patient dyads into office visits.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognitive Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelleher
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognitive Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.|Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Magdalena I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Tolea
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognitive Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.|Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Galvin
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000377:Agnosia; D001364:Awareness; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000523:psychology*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011340:Problem Solving; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: anosognosia; caregiver burden; depression; mild cognitive impairment; neurocognitive disorders; patient insight