title: What Can Plasticity Contribute to Insect Responses to Climate Change?
abstract: Plastic responses figure prominently in discussions on insect adaptation to climate change. Here we review the different types of plastic responses and whether they contribute much to adaptation. Under climate change, plastic responses involving diapause are often critical for population persistence, but key diapause responses under dry and hot conditions remain poorly understood. Climate variability can impose large fitness costs on insects showing diapause and other life cycle responses, threatening population persistence. In response to stressful climatic conditions, insects also undergo ontogenetic changes including hardening and acclimation. Environmental conditions experienced across developmental stages or by prior generations can influence hardening and acclimation, although evidence for the latter remains weak. Costs and constraints influence patterns of plasticity across insect clades, but they are poorly understood within field contexts. Plastic responses and their evolution should be considered when predicting vulnerability to climate change-but meaningful empirical data lag behind theory.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; email: carla.sgro@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Carla M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sgrò
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa; email: jst@sun.ac.za.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Terblanche
authors.affiliation: School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia; email: ary@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ary A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D057231:Climate Change; D064666:Diapause, Insect; D004777:Environment; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology*; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological
keywords: acclimation; climate change; cross-generation; flexibility; hardening; stress; transgeneration; variance partitioning