title: Art on the Nanoscale and Beyond.
abstract: Methods of forming and patterning materials at the nano- and microscales are finding increased use as a medium of artistic expression, and as a vehicle for communicating scientific advances to a broader audience. While sharing many attributes of other art forms, miniaturized art enables the direct engagement of sensory aspects such as sight and touch for materials and structures that are otherwise invisible to the eye. The historical uses of nano-/microscale materials and imaging techniques in arts and sciences are presented. The motivations to create artwork at small scales are discussed, and representations in scientific literature and exhibitions are explored. Examples are presented using semiconductors, microfluidics, and nanomaterials as the artistic media; these utilized techniques including micromachining, focused ion beam milling, two-photon polymerization, and bottom-up nanostructure growth. Finally, the technological factors that limit the implementation of artwork at miniature scales are identified, and potential future directions are discussed. As research marches toward even smaller length scales, innovative and engaging visualizations and artistic endeavors will have growing implications on education, communication, policy making, media activism, and public perception of science and technology.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Ali K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Yetisen
authors.affiliation: Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmet F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Coskun
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: England
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Sangyeon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Haider
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Butt
authors.affiliation: Royal British Society of Sculptors, 108 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RA, UK.
authors.forename: Jonty
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolle
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.|Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.|Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khademhosseini
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
authors.forename: A John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, William Foege Bldg. 15th Ave NE, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Folch
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Seok Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yun
mesh_terms: D001154:Art; D001690:Biological Science Disciplines; D055616:Microtechnology; D049329:Nanostructures; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010781:Photography
keywords: communication; microfabrication; nanomaterials; photography; visualization