title: Noninvasive thrombolysis using microtripsy: a parameter study.
abstract: Histotripsy fractionates soft tissue by well-controlled acoustic cavitation using microsecond-long, high-intensity ultrasound pulses. The feasibility of using histotripsy as a noninvasive, drug-free, and image-guided thrombolysis method has been shown previously. A new histotripsy approach, termed microtripsy, has recently been investigated for the thrombolysis application to improve treatment accuracy and avoid potential vessel damage. In this study, we investigated the effects of pulse repetition frequency (PRF) on microtripsy thrombolysis. Microtripsy thrombolysis treatments using different PRFs (5, 50, and 100 Hz) and doses (20, 50, and 100 pulses) were performed on blood clots in an in vitro vessel flow model. To quantitatively evaluate the microtripsy thrombolysis effect, the location of focal cavitation, the incident rate of pre-focal cavitation on the vessel wall, the size and location of the resulting flow channel, and the generated clot debris particles were measured. The results demonstrated that focal cavitation was always well confined in the vessel lumen without contacting the vessel wall for all PRFs. Pre-focal cavitation on the front vessel wall was never observed at 5Hz PRF, but occasionally observed at PRFs of 50 Hz (1.2%) and 100 Hz (5.4%). However, the observed pre-focal cavitation was weak and did not significantly affect the focal cavitation. Results further demonstrated that, although the extent of clot fractionation per pulse was the highest at 5 Hz PRF at the beginning of treatment (<20 pulses), 100 Hz PRF generated the largest flow channels with a much shorter treatment time. Finally, results showed fewer large debris particles were generated at a higher PRF. Overall, the results of this study suggest that a higher PRF (50 or 100 Hz) may be a better choice for microtripsy thrombolysis to use clinically due to the larger resulting flow channel, shorter treatment time, and smaller debris particles.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lifang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vlaisavljevich
authors.forename: Gabe E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Hitinder S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Gurm
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002458:Cell Fractionation / Q000379:methods; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D061185:Mechanical Thrombolysis / Q000379:methods*; D011829:Radiation Dosage