title: The Endospore-Forming Pathogen Bacillus cereus Exploits a Small Colony Variant-Based Diversification Strategy in Response to Aminoglycoside Exposure.
abstract: Bacillus cereus is among the microorganisms most often isolated from cases of food spoilage and causes gastrointestinal diseases as well as nongastrointestinal infections elicited by the emetic toxin cereulide, enterotoxins, and a panel of tissue-destructive virulence factors. This opportunistic pathogen is increasingly associated with rapidly fatal clinical infections especially linked to neonates and immunocompromised individuals. Fatality results from either the misdiagnosis of B. cereus as a contaminant of the clinical specimen or from failure of antibiotic therapy. Here we report for the first time that exposure to aminoglycoside antibiotics induces a phenotype switching of emetic B. cereus subpopulations to a slow-growing small colony variant (SCV) state. Along with altered antibiotic resistance, SCVs showed distinct phenotypic and metabolic properties, bearing the risk of antibiotic treatment failure and of clinical misdiagnosis by standard identification tests used in routine diagnostic. The SCV subpopulation is characterized by enhanced production of the toxin cereulide, but it does not secrete tissue-destructive and immune system-affecting enzymes such as sphingomyelinase and phospholipase. SCVs showed significantly prolonged persistence and decreased virulence in the Galleria mellonella model for bacterial infections, indicating diversification concerning their ecological lifestyle. Importantly, diversification into coexisting wild-type and SCV subpopulations also emerged during amikacin pressure during in vivo infection experiments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study shows for the first time that pathogenic spore-forming B. cereus strains are able to switch to a so far unreported slow-growing lifestyle, which differs substantially in terms of developmental, phenotypic, metabolic, and virulence traits from the wild-type populations. This underpins the necessity of molecular-based differential diagnostics and a well-chosen therapeutic treatment strategy in clinical environments to combat B. cereus in a tailored manner. The reported induction of SCV in an endospore-forming human pathogen requires further research to broaden our understanding of a yet unexplored antibiotic resistance mechanism in sporulating bacteria. Our work also raises a general question about the ecological meaning of SCV subpopulation emergence and importance of SCV in sporeformer populations as an alternative route, next to sporulation, to cope with stresses encountered in natural niches, such as soil or host interfaces.
authors.affiliation: Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Elrike
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frenzel
authors.affiliation: Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kranzler
authors.affiliation: Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Timo D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.affiliation: Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.affiliation: Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria monika.ehling-schulz@vetmeduni.ac.at.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7384-0594
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ehling-Schulz
mesh_terms: D000583:Amikacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D047630:Depsipeptides / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000633:toxicity; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D010641:Phenotype; D013171:Spores, Bacterial; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D047630:Depsipeptides; D037521:Virulence Factors; C089294:cereulide; D000583:Amikacin