title: To quit or not: Vulnerability of women to smoking tobacco.
abstract: Tobacco smoking is currently on the rise among women, and can pose a greater health risk. In order to understand the nature of the increase in smoking prevalence among women, we focused on the vulnerability of women to smoking behaviors--smoking cessation or tobacco addiction--and performed a systematic review of the socioeconomic and intrinsic factors as well as tobacco ingredients that affect women's susceptibility to smoking tobacco. We observed that nicotine and other tobacco components including cocoa-relatives, licorice products, and menthol aggravate tobacco addiction in women rather than in men. Various genetic and epigenetic alterations in dopamine pathway and the pharmaco-kinetics and -dynamic factors of nicotine also showed potential evidences for high susceptibility to tobacco addiction in women. Therefore, we suggest systemic approaches to prevent tobacco smoking-related health risks, considering gene-environment-gender interaction.
authors.affiliation: a Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Se-Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: b Department of Neurosurgery , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , California , USA.
authors.forename: Bitna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: a Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho-Sun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: a Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Woo-Yeon
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: a Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Kyung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Na
authors.affiliation: a Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Minjeong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: a Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mihi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006728:Hormones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008610:Menthol / Q000494:pharmacology; D009538:Nicotine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D008610:Menthol; D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Tobacco smoking; epigenetics; genetic polymorphisms; nicotine; women