title: Muscle damage and inflammation after eccentric exercise: can the repeated bout effect be removed?
abstract: The current consensus in exercise physiology is that the repeated bout effect always appears after few eccentric exercise sessions. This is the first attempt to challenge this tenet, by exploiting specificity in muscle plasticity. More specifically, we examined whether the opposing adaptations in muscle induced after concentric and eccentric exercise can attenuate and/or remove the repeated bout effect. Seventeen young men were randomly assigned into one of the following groups: (1) the alternating eccentric-concentric exercise group; and (2) the eccentric-only exercise group. Both groups performed 8 weeks of resistance exercise using the knee extensors of both legs on an isokinetic dynamometer. The alternating eccentric-concentric exercise group performed an alternating exercise protocol, switching between eccentric-only and concentric-only exercise every 4 weeks, while the eccentric-only group performed eccentric exercise. Evaluation of muscle damage using physiological (isometric torque, delayed onset muscle soreness, and range of movement) and biochemical (creatine kinase) markers and inflammation (C-reactive protein) was performed at weeks 1, 5, and 10. Baseline isometric peak torque was also evaluated at week 14 after another cycle (4 weeks) of alternating or eccentric-only exercise training. In the alternating eccentric-concentric exercise group, the concentric exercise training performed prior to eccentric exercise reduced dramatically the repeated bout effect by reversing muscle back to its unaccustomed state. On the contrary, the eccentric-only exercise group exhibited a typical manifestation of the repeated bout effect. Interestingly, muscle strength was elevated similarly for both alternating and eccentric-only exercise groups after 13 weeks of training. The alternating eccentric-concentric exercise scheme, implemented in the present study, has for the first time successfully overcame the repeated bout effect. The similarity in muscle strength measurements following the two protocols is against the notion that inflammation plays an important role in exercise-induced adaptations in muscle.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikos V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Margaritelis
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: Anastasios A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Theodorou
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.
authors.forename: Vasilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baltzopoulos
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Constantinos N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Maganaris
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Paschalis
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece.
authors.forename: Antonios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kyparos
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece nikolaidis@auth.gr.
authors.forename: Michalis G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Nikolaidis
keywords: Adaptation; eccentric exercise; repeated bout effect