title: Validity of Estimation of Pelvic Floor Muscle Activity from Transperineal Ultrasound Imaging in Men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between displacement of pelvic floor landmarks observed with transperineal ultrasound imaging and electromyography of the muscles hypothesised to cause the displacements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three healthy men participated in this study, which included ultrasound imaging of the mid-urethra, urethra-vesical junction, ano-rectal junction and bulb of the penis. Fine-wire electromyography electrodes were inserted into the puborectalis and bulbocavernosus muscles and a transurethral catheter electrode recorded striated urethral sphincter electromyography. A nasogastric sensor recorded intra-abdominal pressure. Tasks included submaximal and maximal voluntary contractions, and Valsalva. The relationship between each of the parameters measured from ultrasound images and electromyography or intra-abdominal pressure amplitudes was described with nonlinear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strong, non-linear relationships were calculated for each predicted landmark/muscle pair for submaximal contractions (R2-0.87-0.95). The relationships between mid-urethral displacement and striated urethral sphincter electromyography, and bulb of the penis displacement and bulbocavernosus electromyography were strong during maximal contractions (R2-0.74-0.88). Increased intra-abdominal pressure prevented shortening of puborectalis, which resulted in weak relationships between electromyography and anorectal and urethravesical junction displacement during all tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Displacement of landmarks in transperineal ultrasound imaging provides meaningful measures of activation of individual pelvic floor muscles in men during voluntary contractions. This method may aid assessment of muscle function or feedback for training.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Ryan E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Geoff
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coughlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Lutton
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hodges
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D010502:Perineum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014521:Urethra / Q000502:physiology; D014636:Valsalva Maneuver / Q000502:physiology