title: Postnatal Cytomegalovirus Infection and the Risk for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postnatally acquired cytomegalovirus (CMV) is typically benign in term infants but in very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants can cause pneumonitis and sepsislike illness. Whether postnatal CMV infection results in long-term pulmonary sequelae in these infants is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between postnatal CMV infection and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and mortality in a large multicenter cohort of VLBW infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conducted between October 2014 and June 2015, this propensity-matched retrospective cohort study involved 101,111 hospitalized VLBW (<1500 g) infants at 348 neonatal intensive care units in the United States from 1997 to 2012. We matched infants with postnatal CMV infection 1:1 to comparison infants using propensity scores, and we used Poisson regression to examine the effect of postnatal CMV on the combined risk for death or BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. To describe features of postnatal CMV infection, we extracted clinical and laboratory data from 7 days before until 7 days after infants met criteria for postnatal CMV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postnatal CMV infection was defined as a diagnosis of CMV or detection of CMV from blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, or respiratory secretions on or after day of life 21. Infants with a CMV diagnosis or virologic detection of CMV prior to day of life 21 were not considered to have postnatal infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was death or BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 101,111 infants, 328 (0.3%) had postnatal CMV infection. We matched a comparison infant to 303 CMV-infected infants (92%) for a final cohort of 606 infants. The median gestational age and birth weight of this cohort were 25 weeks and 730 g, respectively. Postnatal CMV infection was associated with an increased risk for death or BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age (risk ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.10-1.32) and BPD (risk ratio, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.19-1.50). Changes in cardiorespiratory status associated with postnatal CMV infection included a new requirement for vasopressor medications (9%; n = 29), intubation for mechanical ventilation (15%; n = 49), a new oxygen requirement (28%; n = 91), and death (1.2%; n = 4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In VLBW infants, postnatal CMV infection was associated with increased risk for BPD. Further studies are needed to determine the role of preventive measures against CMV in this population.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina2Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina.
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Puopolo
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Laughon
authors.affiliation: Pediatrix-Obstetrix Center for Research and Education, Sunrise, Florida.
authors.forename: Reese H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Sagori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina2Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina2Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: P Brian
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Sallie R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Permar
mesh_terms: D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D008297:Male; D057216:Propensity Score; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States