title: Reassessing Biological Threats: Implications for Cooperative Mitigation Strategies.
abstract: Multiple factors ranging from globalization to ecosystem disruption are presenting the global community with evolving biological threats to local, national, and global security that reach beyond the realm of traditional bioweapon threats. As a result, mitigation strategies have adapted necessarily to the increased diversity of biological threats. In general, response and preparedness strategies have largely shifted from being primarily reactive to traditional biological weapons to more proactive in nature. In this review, we briefly explore biological threats through a wider aperture, to embrace a greater appreciation of viral pathogens, antimicrobial resistance, and agricultural pathogens, and their potential to cause civil, economic, and political devastation. In addition, we discuss current mitigation strategies codified by the Global Health Security Agenda and the One Health paradigm as well as some of the available tools to assist with their sustainable implementation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Defense, American Association for the Advancement of Science and Technology , Washington, DC , USA.
authors.forename: Summer Elise
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.affiliation: Department of Defense, American Association for the Advancement of Science and Technology , Washington, DC , USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie Rachel
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Petzing
authors.affiliation: Department of Defense, American Association for the Advancement of Science and Technology , Washington, DC , USA.
authors.forename: Catharine Grace
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Young
keywords: Cooperative Threat Reduction Program; Department of Defense; Global Health Security Agenda; One Health; antimicrobial resistance; biological threats; biosurveillance; mitigation strategies