title: Lingual frenulum and malocclusion: An overlooked tissue or a minor issue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tongue-tie (more formally known as ankyloglossia) is a congenital anomaly characterized by an abnormally short lingual frenulum, which may restrict mobility of the tongue tip impairing its ability to fulfill its functions. The clinical significance of ankyloglossia is varied; rarely symptomatic to a host of problems including infant feeding difficulties, speech disorders, malocclusions, and others.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The need of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and severity of tongue-tie and its association with the type of malocclusions in two populations and also to correlate the various malocclusion traits with the grades of tongue-tie.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 700 school children in the age group of 9-17 years were examined for the presence of tongue-tie, 350 from regular schools and 350 from special schools. The presence was evaluated, measured, and graded into Grades I-V according to Kotlow's method. The malocclusion was assessed according to Angle's classification. Severity of crowding was assessed by Little's irregularity index in each case. Various other malocclusion traits were visually assessed, in relation to the positions of the teeth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spearman's rank correlation method was used to test the relationship between type of malocclusions, grades of tongue-tie and severity of crowding. Significance was considered at the (P < 0.05) level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant differences were seen between grades of tongue-tie and Angle's types of malocclusion and Spearman's correlation between them showed negative correlation. The Spearman's correlation showed a negative correlation between tongue-tie grades and severity of crowding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the grade of tongue-tie increased, its association with Classes I and II malocclusion decreased. The lower grades of tongue-tie are associated with increased lower incisor crowding. Shorter, tight frenulums are more associated with maxillary constriction, anterior open bite, and spacing of the lower anteriors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, PMNM Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Anna Cecilia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.forename: Pavithra M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000072676:Ankyloglossia; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000150:complications*; D009056:Mouth Abnormalities / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index