title: Seasonal Variation in Blood Pressure in 162,135 Patients With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
abstract: Seasonal variation in blood pressure (BP) has been observed in different populations. However, only few studies have focused on BP seasonality in diabetic patients. This study examined the seasonal patterns in BP in 62,589 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and in 99,546 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) from the German/Austrian Diabetes Follow-up Registry. Adjusted mean BP values revealed seasonal cycles of 12 months, with higher BP in colder months. Using harmonic regression models, the estimated systolic BP difference throughout the year was 2.28/2.48 mm Hg in T1DM/T2DM (both P<.001). Interestingly, seasonal variation in diastolic BP was larger in T1DM than in T2DM (1.24/0.64 mm Hg, P<.001). A sex difference was observed in T1DM only, while age differences occurred in both types of diabetes. Correlations between BP and potentially related factors such as outdoor temperature indicated that reasons underlying BP seasonality are likely to be complex and vary by subgroup.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Centre, Leibniz Centre at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenbauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dost
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steigleder-Schweiger
authors.affiliation: Department of Woman and Child Health, Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Wieland
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kiess
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine I, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schöfl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Holl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D002648:Child; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005544:Forecasting; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D055815:Young Adult