title: Developmental effects of two different copper oxide nanomaterials in sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus) embryos.
abstract: Copper oxide nanomaterials (nano-CuOs) are widely used and can be inadvertently introduced into estuarine and marine environments. We analyzed the effects of different nano-CuOs (a synthesized and a less-pure commercial form), as well as ionic copper (CuSO4) on embryo development in the white sea urchin, a well-known marine model. After 96 h of development with both nano-CuO exposures, we did not detect significant oxidative damage to proteins but did detect decreases in total antioxidant capacity. We show that the physicochemical characteristics of the two nano-CuOs play an essential role in their toxicities. Both nano-CuOs were internalized by embryos and their differential dissolution was the most important toxicological parameter. The synthesized nano-CuO showed greater toxicity (EC50 = 450 ppb of copper) and had increased dissolution (2.5% by weight over 96 h) as compared with the less-pure commercial nano-CuO (EC50 = 5395 ppb of copper, 0.73% dissolution by weight over 96 h). Copper caused specific developmental abnormalities in sea urchin embryos including disruption of the aboral-oral axis as a result in changes to the redox environment caused by dissolution of internalized nano-CuO. Abnormal skeleton formation also occurred.
authors.affiliation: a Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California , Davis , Bodega Bay, CA , USA .
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torres-Duarte
authors.affiliation: b Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California , Santa Barbara , CA , USA .
authors.forename: Adeyemi S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Adeleye
authors.affiliation: c Foundation Institute of Materials Science (IWT), Department of Production Engineering , University of Bremen , Bremen , Germany , and.
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pokhrel
authors.affiliation: c Foundation Institute of Materials Science (IWT), Department of Production Engineering , University of Bremen , Bremen , Germany , and.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mädler
authors.affiliation: b Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California , Santa Barbara , CA , USA .
authors.forename: Arturo A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: a Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California , Davis , Bodega Bay, CA , USA .|d Department of Environmental Toxicology and Nutrition , University of California , Davis , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Gary N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Cherr
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D019327:Copper Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D047331:Lytechinus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003300:Copper; D019327:Copper Sulfate; C030973:cupric oxide
keywords: Embryonic axis disruption; nanoparticle dissolution; oxidative stress; sea urchin embryo development