title: Effects of a Supervised versus an Unsupervised Combined Balance and Strength Training Program on Balance and Muscle Power in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Losses in lower extremity muscle strength/power, muscle mass and deficits in static and particularly dynamic balance due to aging are associated with impaired functional performance and an increased fall risk. It has been shown that the combination of balance and strength training (BST) mitigates these age-related deficits. However, it is unresolved whether supervised versus unsupervised BST is equally effective in improving muscle power and balance in older adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the impact of a 12-week BST program followed by 12 weeks of detraining on measures of balance and muscle power in healthy older adults enrolled in supervised (SUP) or unsupervised (UNSUP) training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six older adults (men: 25, women: 41; age 73 ± 4 years) were randomly assigned to a SUP group (2/week supervised training, 1/week unsupervised training; n = 22), an UNSUP group (3/week unsupervised training; n = 22) or a passive control group (CON; n = 22). Static (i.e., Romberg Test) and dynamic (i.e., 10-meter walk test) steady-state, proactive (i.e., Timed Up and Go Test, Functional Reach Test), and reactive balance (e.g., Push and Release Test), as well as lower extremity muscle power (i.e., Chair Stand Test; Stair Ascent and Descent Test) were tested before and after the active training phase as well as after detraining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adherence rates to training were 92% for SUP and 97% for UNSUP. BST resulted in significant group × time interactions. Post hoc analyses showed, among others, significant training-related improvements for the Romberg Test, stride velocity, Timed Up and Go Test, and Chair Stand Test in favor of the SUP group. Following detraining, significantly enhanced performances (compared to baseline) were still present in 13 variables for the SUP group and in 10 variables for the UNSUP group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twelve weeks of BST proved to be safe (no training-related injuries) and feasible (high attendance rates of >90%). Deficits of balance and lower extremity muscle power can be mitigated by BST in healthy older adults. Additionally, supervised as compared to unsupervised BST was more effective. Thus, it is recommended to counteract intrinsic fall risk factors by applying supervised BST programs for older adults.
authors.affiliation: Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lacroix
authors.forename: Reto W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Kressig
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muehlbauer
authors.forename: Yves J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Gschwind
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pfenninger
authors.forename: Othmar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bruegger
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Granacher
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength; D010349:Patient Compliance; D004856:Postural Balance; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods*; D000070857:Walk Test