title: Can trained nurses exclude acute otitis media with tympanometry or acoustic reflectometry in symptomatic children?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since acute otitis media (AOM) is the most prevalent bacterial infection in young children, the reliable exclusion of AOM by nurses might save physicians' time for other duties. The study aim was to determine whether nurses without otoscopic experience can reliably use tympanometry or spectral gradient acoustic reflectometry (SG-AR) to exclude AOM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three nurses were trained, who performed examinations with tympanometry and SG-AR. Pneumatic otoscopy by the study physician served as the diagnostic standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study clinic at primary health care level.
  
  
  METHODS
  281 children 6-35 months of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Predictive values (with 95% confidence interval) for tympanometry and SG-AR, and the clinical usefulness, i.e. the proportion of visits where nurses obtained the exclusive test result from both ears of the child.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 459 visits, the negative predictive value of type A and C1 tympanograms (tympanometric peak pressure >-200 daPa) was 94% (91-97%). Based on type A and C1 tympanograms, the nurse could exclude AOM at 94/459 (20%) of visits. The negative predictive value of SG-AR level 1 result (>95°) was 94% (89-97%). Based on the SG-AR level 1 result, the nurse could exclude AOM at 36/459 (8%) of visits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type A and C1 tympanograms and SG-AR level 1 results obtained by nurses are reliable test results in excluding AOM. However, the clinical usefulness of these test results is limited by their rarity. Type A and C1 tympanograms were obtained by nurses from both ears of the child only at one-fifth of the symptomatic visits. Key Points Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most prevalent bacterial infection in young children. Nurses' role in excluding AOM is unknown. Type A and C1 tympanograms (tympanometric peak pressure >-200 daPa) obtained by nurses are reliable test results in excluding AOM. With type A and C1 tympanograms, nurses could exclude AOM only at one-fifth of the symptomatic visits. The clinical usefulness of the exclusion of AOM performed by nurses seems to be limited.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology , University of Turku , Turku , Finland .
authors.forename: Miia K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.affiliation: b Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland ;
authors.forename: Paula A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Tähtinen
authors.affiliation: b Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland ;
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ruuskanen
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biostatistics , University of Turku , Turku , Finland ;
authors.forename: Eliisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Löyttyniemi
authors.affiliation: b Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland ;|d Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , University of Turku , Turku , Finland.
authors.forename: Aino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruohola
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing*; D000208:Acute Disease; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000175:diagnosis*; D057184:Practice Patterns, Nurses'; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D012022:Reflex, Acoustic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Acute otitis media; Finland; children; exclusion; general practice; spectral gradient acoustic reflectometry; tympanometry