title: The Antinociceptive Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Borago Officinalis Flower in Male Rats Using Formalin Test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Borago officinalis flower (borage) is a known sedative in herbal medicine; the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of borage hydroalcoholic extract in formalin test male rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six adult male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: Control groups of A (intact), B (saline), and C (Positive control) plus test groups of D, E, F, and G (n=8). The groups D, E, and F received 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg, Borago officinalis flower hydroalcholic extract before the test, respectively but group G received 25 mg/kg borage extract and aspirin before the test. A biphasic pain was induced by injection of formalin 1%. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software ver. 17 employing statistical tests of Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney. The results were expressed as mean±SD. Statistical differences were considered significant at P<0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed that the acute and chronic pain behavior score in test groups of D, E, F, and G significantly decreased compared to groups A and B, but this score did not show any difference compared to group C. Moreover, chronic pain behavior score in group G was significantly lower than all other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated that Borago officinalis hydroalcoholic extract affects the acute and chronic pain behavior response in formaline test male rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Zahedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Shahraki
authors.affiliation: Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Sistan and Baluchistan Branch, Zahedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahdieh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmadimoghadm
authors.affiliation: Imam Ali Hospital, Department of Surgery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Zahedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shahraki
keywords: Borago officinalis; Formalin test; Pain behavior; Rat