title: Metabolomic analysis with GC-MS to reveal potential metabolites and biological pathways involved in Pb &Cd stress response of radish roots.
abstract: The radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important root vegetable crop. In this study, the metabolite profiling analysis of radish roots exposed to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) stresses has been performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The score plots of principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) showed clear discrimination between control and Pb- or Cd-treated samples. The metabolic profiling indicated Pb or Cd stress could cause large metabolite alteration mainly on sugars, amino acids and organic acids. Furthermore, an integrated analysis of the effects of Pb or Cd stress was performed on the levels of metabolites and gene transcripts from our previous transcriptome work in radish roots. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of integration data demonstrated that exposure of radish to Pb stress resulted in profound biochemical changes including carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism and glutathione metabolism, while the treatment of Cd stress caused significant variations in energy production, amino acid metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation-related pathways. These results would facilitate further dissection of the mechanisms of heavy metal (HM) accumulation/tolerance in plants and the effective management of HM contamination in vegetable crops by genetic manipulation.
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Education of P.R. China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Education of P.R. China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Education of P.R. China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: The National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100125, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Juanjuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Education of P.R. China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
authors.forename: Xianwen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Education of P.R. China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ronghua
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Education of P.R. China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaochuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Education of P.R. China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Liwang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D002104:Cadmium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D007854:Lead / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects; D055442:Metabolome / Q000187:drug effects; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D031224:Raphanus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead