title: An Overview of Emerging Immunotargets of Genitourinary Tumors.
abstract: Emerging immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoints and tumor associated antigens are leading to important clinical advances and providing a new weapon in patients with prostate (PCa) and bladder cancer (BC) and, in particular, with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The possibility to integrate these agents in the current therapeutic scenario or genitourinary tumors, both in sequential or combined approaches, relies on a more profound comprehension of the protumorigenic activity of the immune system and of the mechanisms of cancer-related immunosuppression. In this regards, neutrophils, T and B lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are implicated in the pathogenesis, progression and development of drug resistance in genitourinary tumors. This review is an overview on the recent insights concerning the role of immune cells in this context.
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montironi
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santoni
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopez-Beltran
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37124 Verona, Italy. fmassari79@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Massari
authors.forename: Marc R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Matrana
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moch
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scarpelli
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D014565:Urogenital Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy