title: Unravelling the immunological roles of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) activity and/or structure homologue (DASH) proteins.
abstract: Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 4 (CD26, DPP4) is a multi-functional protein involved in T cell activation by co-stimulation via its association with adenosine deaminase (ADA), caveolin-1, CARMA-1, CD45, mannose-6-phosphate/insulin growth factor-II receptor (M6P/IGFII-R) and C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXC-R4). The proline-specific dipeptidyl peptidase also modulates the bioactivity of several chemokines. However, a number of enzymes displaying either DPP4-like activities or representing structural homologues have been discovered in the past two decades and are referred to as DPP4 activity and/or structure homologue (DASH) proteins. Apart from DPP4, DASH proteins include fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP), DPP8, DPP9, DPP4-like protein 1 (DPL1, DPP6, DPPX L, DPPX S), DPP4-like protein 2 (DPL2, DPP10) from the DPP4-gene family S9b and structurally unrelated enzyme DPP2, displaying DPP4-like activity. In contrast, DPP6 and DPP10 lack enzymatic DPP4-like activity. These DASH proteins play important roles in the immune system involving quiescence (DPP2), proliferation (DPP8/DPP9), antigen-presenting (DPP9), co-stimulation (DPP4), T cell activation (DPP4), signal transduction (DPP4, DPP8 and DPP9), differentiation (DPP4, DPP8) and tissue remodelling (DPP4, FAP). Thus, they are involved in many pathophysiological processes and have therefore been proposed for potential biomarkers or even drug targets in various cancers (DPP4 and FAP) and inflammatory diseases (DPP4, DPP8/DPP9). However, they also pose the challenge of drug selectivity concerning other DASH members for better efficacy and/or avoidance of unwanted side effects. Therefore, this review unravels the complex roles of DASH proteins in immunology.
authors.affiliation: Deutschsprachige Selbsthilfegruppe für Alkaptonurie (DSAKU) e.V, Stuttgart.|Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Centre of Paediatric Surgery.|Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klemann
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.affiliation: Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Hörsten
mesh_terms: D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D017951:Antigen Presentation; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051242:Caveolin 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D018819:Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D010450:Endopeptidases; D018093:Gelatinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D040681:Structural Homology, Protein; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D000099167:Fibroblast Activation Protein Alpha
chemical_list: D000243:Adenosine Deaminase; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051242:Caveolin 1; D018925:Chemokines; D018819:Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; D010450:Endopeptidases; D018093:Gelatinases; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D000099167:Fibroblast Activation Protein Alpha; C495540:CAV1 protein, human; C042807:DPP4 protein, human; C548482:ADA protein, human
keywords: CD26; DPP4 activity and/or structure homologue proteins (DASH); antigen presentation/processing; co-stimulation; signal transduction