title: Time-based prospective memory in adults with developmental dyslexia.
abstract: Prospective memory (PM) is memory for delayed intentions. Despite its importance to everyday life, the few studies on PM function in adults with dyslexia which exist have relied on self-report measures. To determine whether self-reported PM deficits can be measured objectively, laboratory-based PM tasks were administered to 24 adults with dyslexia and 25 age- and IQ-matched adults without dyslexia. Self-report data indicated that people with dyslexia felt that time-based PM (TBPM; requiring responses at certain times in the future) was most problematic for them and so this form of PM was the focus of investigation. Whilst performing the ongoing task from which they were required to break out every 3 min to make a PM-related response, the participants were allowed to make clock checks whenever they wished. The cognitive demands made on ongoing behaviour were manipulated to determine whether loading executive resources had a mediating role in dyslexia-related deficits in PM, resulting in three tasks with varying working memory load. A semi-naturalistic TBPM task was also administered, in which the participants were asked to remind the experimenter to save a data file 40 min after being given this instruction. Dyslexia-related differences were found across all three computerized tasks, regardless of cognitive load. The adults with dyslexia made fewer correct PM responses and also fewer clock checks. On the semi-naturalistic task, the participants with dyslexia were less likely to remember to remind the experimenter to save the file. This is the first study to document PM deficits in dyslexia using objective measures of performance. Since TBPM impairments were found under more naturalistic conditions as well as on computerized tasks, the results have implications for workplace support for adults with dyslexia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK. Electronic address: smithspj@lsbu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Smith-Spark
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK.
authors.forename: Adam P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Zięcik
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sterling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000523:psychology*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adults; Developmental dyslexia; Executive functioning; Prospective memory; Time-based prospective memory