title: Age- and Sex-related Prevalence and Drug Utilization Pattern in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and its Comorbidity with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Comparative Study.
abstract: A cross-sectional study of 250 cases of type 2 diabetes management was conducted in a governmental tertiary care hospital of urban south India to determine the comparative prevalence of type 2 diabetes and its comorbidity with cardiovascular diseases in diabetic population, core drug use indicators and drug utilization pattern in the management of diabetics entirely and with cardiovascular diseases. Highest prevalent age group for type 2 diabetes/cardiovascular diseases (greater incidence in female than male) was 51-60 years. The 62.8% prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in the diabetic population ascertained in the study could provide an evidence-based rationale for the World Health Organization guidelines for the management of hypertension in type 2 diabetics. Incidence of polypharmacy (6.06, the mean number of total drug products prescribed); 59.26% of encounters prescribed antibiotics; 17.6 and 18.5 min of average consultation and dispensing time, respectively; 100% of drugs actually dispensed and adequately labeled; 81.26% of patients having knowledge of correct dosage and average drug cost of Indian Rupees 145.54 per prescription were the core drug use indicators found mainly. Moreover, drugs prescribed from the Essential Drug List were more than 90% and thereby indicated the drug use in this set-up quite rational. Around 71.09% of cardiovascular agents prescribed by generic name revealed the cost effective medical care. Among the agents in type 2 diabetes management, Actrapid(®) (35.43%) was the highest. Among the cardiovascular agents prescribed, lasix (19.37%) was the highest. Cardiovascular agents prescribed orally by 76.48% signified the good prescription habit indicating the improved patients' adherence to the treatment. The present study emphasizes the need of early detection of hypertension as a preliminary diagnostic parameter of cardiovascular diseases in diabetics and appropriate management through concomitant therapy of cardiovascular drugs to minimize the risks of death.
authors.affiliation: Sri Sai Aditya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Surampalem, Peddapuram-533 437, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siddhartha Nagar, Vijayawada-520 010, India.
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Haroled Peter
authors.affiliation: Sri Sai Aditya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Surampalem, Peddapuram-533 437, India.
authors.forename: M Lakshmi
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bhavani
authors.affiliation: Sri Sai Aditya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Surampalem, Peddapuram-533 437, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Naresh
authors.affiliation: Sri Sai Aditya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Surampalem, Peddapuram-533 437, India.
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Ramana
keywords: Diabetics; agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus management; cardiovascular diseases; drug utilization pattern; hypertension; prevalence