title: HIV-1 Tat biosensor: Current development and trends for early detection strategies.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected almost 35 million people worldwide. Various tests have been developed to detect the presence of HIV during the early stages of the disease in order to reduce the risk of transmission to other humans. The HIV-1 Tat protein is one of the proteins present in HIV that are released abundantly approximately 2-4 weeks after infection. In this review, we have outlined various strategies for detecting the Tat protein, which helps transcribe the virus and enhances replication. Detection strategies presented include immunoassays, biosensors and gene expression, which utilize antibodies or aptamers as common probes to sense the presence of Tat. Alternatively, measuring the levels of gene transcription is a direct method of analysing the HIV gene to confirm the presence of Tat. By detection of the Tat protein, virus transmission can be detected in high-risk individuals in the early stages of the disease to reduce the risk of an HIV pandemic.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Fatin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia. Electronic address: ruslinda@unimap.edu.my.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ruslinda
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Md Arshad
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Tee
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ayub
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamarulzaman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Subash C B
authors.initials: SCB
authors.lastname: Gopinath
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide / Q000737:chemistry; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
keywords: Antibody; Aptamer; Biosensor; HIV-1 Tat