title: An Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Instigating Depressive Symptoms, Behavioral Changes and Negative Health Outcomes in Rodents.
abstract: Chronic, unresolved stress is a major risk factor for the development of clinical depression. While many preclinical models of stress-induced depression have been reported, the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) protocol is an established translationally-relevant model for inducing behavioral symptoms commonly associated with clinical depression, such as anhedonia, altered grooming behavior, and learned helplessness in rodents. The UCMS protocol also induces physiological (e.g., hypercortisolemia, hypertension) and neurological (e.g., anhedonia, learned helplessness) changes that are clinically associated with depression. Importantly, UCMS-induced depressive symptoms can be ameliorated through chronic, but not acute, treatment with common SSRIs. As such, the UCMS protocol offers many advantages over acute stress protocols or protocols that utilize more extreme stressors. Our protocol involves randomized, daily exposures to 7 distinct stressors: damp bedding, removal of bedding, cage tilt, alteration of light/dark cycles, social stresses, shallow water bath, and predator sounds/smells. By subjecting rodents 3-4 hr daily to these mild stressors for 8 weeks, we demonstrate both significant behavioral changes and poor health outcomes to the cardiovascular system. This approach allows for in-depth interrogation of the neurological, behavioral, and physiological alterations associated with chronic stress-induced depression, as well as for testing of new potential therapeutic agents or intervention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center; jefrisbee@hsc.wvu.edu.
authors.forename: Jefferson C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Frisbee
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center.
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center.
authors.forename: Shyla C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center.
authors.forename: Alexandre C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: d'Audiffret