title: Association of Socioeconomic Status with Eye Health Among Women With and Without Diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and poor eye health among women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included the 7,708 women aged ≥ 40 years who participated in the 2008 National Health Interview Survey. We defined poor eye health as self-reported age-related eye diseases (AREDs; cataract, glaucoma, macular degeneration, or diabetic retinopathy) or visual impairment (VI). We identified diagnosed diabetes by self-report. We measured SEP by education attained and annual household income. We conducted logistic regression analyses while controlling for demographic, clinical, behavioral, and healthcare access variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age-standardized prevalence of VI and ARED was significantly higher among women with diagnosed diabetes than among those without diagnosed diabetes, 29.8% versus 14.4% and 34.1% versus 20.8%, respectively (p < 0.05 for both). The prevalence of VI and ARED increased with decreasing SEP, but the trends were only significant among women without diabetes. After multivariable adjustment, education and income were significantly associated with VI but not with ARED. We found no interaction with diagnosed diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SEP was inversely associated with VI but not with ARED. We found no interaction with diagnosed diabetes.
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia .
authors.forename: Keri L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia .
authors.forename: Gloria L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Beckles
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia .
authors.forename: Chiu-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Health Services Administration, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Xinzhi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia .
authors.forename: Jinan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saaddine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002386:Cataract / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D057566:Self Report; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*