title: Track structure modeling in liquid water: A review of the Geant4-DNA very low energy extension of the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit.
abstract: Understanding the fundamental mechanisms involved in the induction of biological damage by ionizing radiation remains a major challenge of today's radiobiology research. The Monte Carlo simulation of physical, physicochemical and chemical processes involved may provide a powerful tool for the simulation of early damage induction. The Geant4-DNA extension of the general purpose Monte Carlo Geant4 simulation toolkit aims to provide the scientific community with an open source access platform for the mechanistic simulation of such early damage. This paper presents the most recent review of the Geant4-DNA extension, as available to Geant4 users since June 2015 (release 10.2 Beta). In particular, the review includes the description of new physical models for the description of electron elastic and inelastic interactions in liquid water, as well as new examples dedicated to the simulation of physicochemical and chemical stages of water radiolysis. Several implementations of geometrical models of biological targets are presented as well, and the list of Geant4-DNA examples is described.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bernal
authors.affiliation: CRCT, UMR 1037 INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; UMR 1037, CRCT, Univ. Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, F-31000 Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bordage
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: J M C
authors.initials: JMC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Praha, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davídková
authors.affiliation: CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, Clermont Université, UMR6533 Aubière, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delage
authors.affiliation: Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: El Bitar
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Unit, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Enger
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guatelli
authors.affiliation: Geant4 Associates International Ltd, United Kingdom; Ecoanalytica, 119899 Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: V N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Ivanchenko
authors.affiliation: Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karamitros
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Laboratory, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kyriakou
authors.affiliation: CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, Clermont Université, UMR6533 Aubière, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maigne
authors.affiliation: IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire, BP17, 92962 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meylan
authors.affiliation: KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, Clermont Université, UMR6533 Aubière, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Payno
authors.affiliation: CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, Clermont Université, UMR6533 Aubière, France.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Perrot
authors.affiliation: Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Petrovic
authors.affiliation: CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, Clermont Université, UMR6533 Aubière, France.
authors.forename: Q T
authors.initials: QT
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ristic-Fira
authors.affiliation: KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Praha, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Štěpán
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Physics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire, BP17, 92962 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Villagrasa
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Physics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Univ. Bordeaux, CENBG, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France; CNRS, IN2P3, CENBG, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France. Electronic address: sebastien.incerti@tdt.edu.vn.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Incerti
mesh_terms: D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D004247:DNA
keywords: Geant4-DNA; Ionizing radiation; Monte Carlo; Radiobiology; Radiolysis