title: An early evaluation of bleeding-related hospital readmissions among hospitalized patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation treated with direct oral anticoagulants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical trials have demonstrated that direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are efficacious in reducing stroke risk among patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) with differences in the reduction of bleeding risks vs. warfarin. The objective of this study was to assess bleeding-related hospital readmissions among hospitalized NVAF patients treated with dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban in the US.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (≥18 years) with a discharge diagnosis of NVAF who received apixaban, dabigatran, or rivaroxaban during hospitalization were identified from the Premier Hospital database (1 January 2012-31 March 2014) and the Cerner Health Facts hospital database (1 January 2012-31 August 2014). Patients identified from each database were analyzed separately and grouped into three cohorts depending on which DOAC was received. Patient characteristics, hospital resource use and costs, and frequency of readmissions within 1 month were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among study populations identified from the Premier database (N = 74,730) and the Cerner database (N = 14,201), patients who received apixaban were older, had greater comorbidity, and had higher stroke and bleeding risks. After controlling for patient characteristics, including comorbidity and stroke and bleeding risks, compared with patients who received apixaban during their index hospitalizations, the odds of bleeding-related hospital readmissions were significantly greater by 1.4-fold (p < 0.01) for patients who received rivaroxaban and 1.2-fold (p = 0.16) numerically greater for patients who received dabigatran among patients identified from the Premier Hospital database. Among patients in the Cerner Health Facts hospital database, bleeding-related hospital readmissions were significantly greater by 1.6-fold (p = 0.04) for patients who received rivaroxaban and 1.3-fold (p = 0.30) numerically greater for patients who received dabigatran compared to patients who received apixaban.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No causal relationship between treatment and outcomes can be concluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NVAF patients using different DOACs had different characteristics, including stroke and bleeding risks. Use of rivaroxaban, compared to apixaban was associated with significantly greater risk of bleeding-related readmissions across two database claims analyses.
authors.affiliation: a a Ochsner Health System, Department of Hospital Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deitelzweig
authors.affiliation: b b Bristol-Myers Squibb, Health Economics & Outcomes Research , Plainsboro, NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.affiliation: c c Pfizer Inc., Global Health & Value Outcomes & Evidence , New York, NY , USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trocio
authors.affiliation: b b Bristol-Myers Squibb, Health Economics & Outcomes Research , Plainsboro, NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tate
authors.affiliation: b b Bristol-Myers Squibb, Health Economics & Outcomes Research , Plainsboro, NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Kiran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: d d Novosys Health, Health Economics and Outcomes Research , Green Brook, NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: d d Novosys Health, Health Economics and Outcomes Research , Green Brook, NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lingohr-Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000069604:Dabigatran / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010359:Patient Readmission; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011728:Pyridones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000069552:Rivaroxaban / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011728:Pyridones; C522181:apixaban; D014859:Warfarin; D000069552:Rivaroxaban; D000069604:Dabigatran
keywords: Bleeding; Direct oral anticoagulants; Hospital readmission; Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation