title: Validity and reliability of the activPAL3 for measuring posture and stepping in adults and young people.
abstract: Characterisation of free-living physical activity requires the use of validated and reliable monitors. This study reports an evaluation of the validity and reliability of the activPAL3 monitor for the detection of posture and stepping in both adults and young people. Twenty adults (median 27.6y; IQR22.6y) and 8 young people (12.0y; IQR4.1y) performed standardised activities and activities of daily living (ADL) incorporating sedentary, upright and stepping activity. Agreement, specificity and positive predictive value were calculated between activPAL3 outcomes and the gold-standard of video observation. Inter-device reliability was calculated between 4 monitors. Sedentary and upright times for standardised activities were within ±5% of video observation as was step count (excluding jogging) for both adults and young people. Jogging step detection accuracy reduced with increasing cadence >150stepsmin(-1). For ADLs, sensitivity to stepping was very low for adults (40.4%) but higher for young people (76.1%). Inter-device reliability was either good (ICC(1,1)>0.75) or excellent (ICC(1,1)>0.90) for all outcomes. An excellent level of detection of standardised postures was demonstrated by the activPAL3. Postures such as seat-perching, kneeling and crouching were misclassified when compared to video observation. The activPAL3 appeared to accurately detect 'purposeful' stepping during ADL, but detection of smaller stepping movements was poor. Small variations in outcomes between monitors indicated that differences in monitor placement or hardware may affect outcomes. In general, the detection of posture and purposeful stepping with the activPAL3 was excellent indicating that it is a suitable monitor for characterising free-living posture and purposeful stepping activity in healthy adults and young people.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Applied Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK. Electronic address: Ceri.Sellers@gcu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ceri
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sellers
authors.affiliation: Institute for Applied Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK. Electronic address: Philippa.Dall@gcu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Philippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dall
authors.affiliation: Institute for Applied Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK. Electronic address: M.Grant@gcu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Institute for Applied Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK. Electronic address: ben.stansfield@gcu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stansfield
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007590:Jogging; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ActivPAL3 activity monitor; Adults; Children; Reliability; Validity