title: Vitamin E reduces liver stiffness in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of vitamin E treatment on liver stiffness in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight NAFLD patients were administered vitamin E for > 1 year. The doses of vitamin E were 150, 300, or 600 mg; three times per day after each meal. Responses were assessed by liver enzyme levels [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotranferease (ALT), and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP)], noninvasive scoring systems of hepatic fibrosis-4 [FIB-4 index and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet index (APRI)], and liver stiffness [velocity of shear wave (Vs)] measured by acoustic radiation force impulse elastography. Vs measurements were performed at baseline and 12 mo after baseline. The patients were genotyped for the patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) polymorphisms and then divided into either the CC/CG or GG group to examine each group's responses to vitamin E treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found marked differences in the platelet count, serum albumin levels, alkaline phosphatase levels, FIB-4 index, APRI, and Vs at baseline depending on the PNPLA3 polymorphism. AST, ALT, and γ-GTP levels (all P < 0.001); FIB-4 index (P = 0.035); APRI (P < 0.001); and Vs (P < 0.001) significantly decreased from baseline to 12 mo in the analysis of all patients. In the subset analyses of PNPLA3 genotypes, AST levels (P = 0.011), ALT levels (P < 0.001), γ-GTP levels (P = 0.005), APRI (P = 0.036), and Vs (P = 0.029) in genotype GG patients significantly improved, and AST and ALT levels (both P < 0.001), γ-GTP levels (P = 0.003), FIB-4 index (P = 0.017), and APRI (P < 0.001) in genotype CC/CG patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One year of vitamin E treatment improved noninvasive fibrosis scores and liver stiffness in NAFLD patients. The responses were similar between different PNPLA3 genotypes.
authors.affiliation: Aiko Fukui, Naoto Kawabe, Senju Hashimoto, Michihito Murao, Takuji Nakano, Hiroaki Shimazaki, Toshiki Kan, Kazunori Nakaoka, Masashi Ohki, Yuka Takagawa, Tomoki Takamura, Kentaro Yoshioka, Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Aiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.affiliation: Aiko Fukui, Naoto Kawabe, Senju Hashimoto, Michihito Murao, Takuji Nakano, Hiroaki Shimazaki, Toshiki Kan, Kazunori Nakaoka, Masashi Ohki, Yuka Takagawa, Tomoki Takamura, Kentaro Yoshioka, Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawabe
authors.affiliation: Aiko Fukui, Naoto Kawabe, Senju Hashimoto, Michihito Murao, Takuji Nakano, Hiroaki Shimazaki, Toshiki Kan, Kazunori Nakaoka, Masashi Ohki, Yuka Takagawa, Tomoki Takamura, Kentaro Yoshioka, Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Senju
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Aiko Fukui, Naoto Kawabe, Senju Hashimoto, Michihito Murao, Takuji Nakano, Hiroaki Shimazaki, Toshiki Kan, Kazunori Nakaoka, Masashi Ohki, Yuka Takagawa, Tomoki Takamura, Kentaro Yoshioka, Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Michihito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murao
authors.affiliation: Aiko Fukui, Naoto Kawabe, Senju Hashimoto, Michihito Murao, Takuji Nakano, Hiroaki Shimazaki, Toshiki Kan, Kazunori Nakaoka, Masashi Ohki, Yuka Takagawa, Tomoki Takamura, Kentaro Yoshioka, Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.affiliation: Aiko Fukui, Naoto Kawabe, Senju Hashimoto, Michihito Murao, Takuji Nakano, Hiroaki Shimazaki, Toshiki Kan, Kazunori Nakaoka, Masashi Ohki, Yuka Takagawa, Tomoki Takamura, Kentaro Yoshioka, Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimazaki
authors.affiliation: Aiko Fukui, Naoto Kawabe, Senju Hashimoto, Michihito Murao, Takuji Nakano, Hiroaki Shimazaki, Toshiki Kan, Kazunori Nakaoka, Masashi Ohki, Yuka Takagawa, Tomoki Takamura, Kentaro Yoshioka, Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.affiliation: Aiko Fukui, Naoto Kawabe, Senju Hashimoto, Michihito Murao, Takuji Nakano, Hiroaki Shimazaki, Toshiki Kan, Kazunori Nakaoka, Masashi Ohki, Yuka Takagawa, Tomoki Takamura, Kentaro Yoshioka, Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakaoka
authors.affiliation: Aiko Fukui, Naoto Kawabe, Senju Hashimoto, Michihito Murao, Takuji Nakano, Hiroaki Shimazaki, Toshiki Kan, Kazunori Nakaoka, Masashi Ohki, Yuka Takagawa, Tomoki Takamura, Kentaro Yoshioka, Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohki
authors.affiliation: Aiko Fukui, Naoto Kawabe, Senju Hashimoto, Michihito Murao, Takuji Nakano, Hiroaki Shimazaki, Toshiki Kan, Kazunori Nakaoka, Masashi Ohki, Yuka Takagawa, Tomoki Takamura, Kentaro Yoshioka, Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takagawa
authors.affiliation: Aiko Fukui, Naoto Kawabe, Senju Hashimoto, Michihito Murao, Takuji Nakano, Hiroaki Shimazaki, Toshiki Kan, Kazunori Nakaoka, Masashi Ohki, Yuka Takagawa, Tomoki Takamura, Kentaro Yoshioka, Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takamura
authors.affiliation: Aiko Fukui, Naoto Kawabe, Senju Hashimoto, Michihito Murao, Takuji Nakano, Hiroaki Shimazaki, Toshiki Kan, Kazunori Nakaoka, Masashi Ohki, Yuka Takagawa, Tomoki Takamura, Kentaro Yoshioka, Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamei
authors.affiliation: Aiko Fukui, Naoto Kawabe, Senju Hashimoto, Michihito Murao, Takuji Nakano, Hiroaki Shimazaki, Toshiki Kan, Kazunori Nakaoka, Masashi Ohki, Yuka Takagawa, Tomoki Takamura, Kentaro Yoshioka, Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
keywords: Acoustic radiation force impulse; Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3; Velocity of shear wave; Vitamin E