title: Nickel allergy and relationship with Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increase of nickel air pollution is supposed to frequent side effects of nickel action related to virulence potential of Staphylococcus aureus in patients with nickel allergy in atopic dermatitis. The goal was to investigate the relationship between nickel allergy and infection by S. aureus in atopic dermatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nickel allergy was confirmed in atopic patients and excluded in healthy volunteers using patch testing. Infection by S. aureus was tested in atopic patients and healthy volunteers by use of API Staph system. The specific IgE for staphylococcal enterotoxin A and B were measured. Secretion of IFN-g, IL-2, IL-13 by PBMC under nickel sulfate and the enterotoxins A and B stimulations were studied with ELISpot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found the increased number of infections by S. aureus in atopic patients with nickel allergy in comparison to atopic patients and healthy volunteers without nickel allergy. The elevated secretion of IL-2 under nickel sulfate stimulation in vitro was exclusively found in atopic patients with nickel allergy infected by S. aureus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that nickel allergy and infection by S. aureus are linked in atopic dermatitis.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bogdali
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, JagiellonianUniversity Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland. Electronic address: am.bogdali@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Bogdali M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Anna
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, JagiellonianUniversity Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland. Electronic address: grazyna.antoszczyk@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Antoszczyk
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grazyna
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, JagiellonianUniversity Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland. Electronic address: wdyga@cm-uj.krakow.pl.
authors.forename: Dyga
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wojciech
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland. Electronic address: obtulowicz@poczta.fm.
authors.forename: Obtulowicz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Aleksander
authors.affiliation: Centre for Microbiological Research and Autovaccines Ltd., 31-016 Krakow, Poland. Electronic address: bialecka.ania@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bialecka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anna
authors.affiliation: Centre for Microbiological Research and Autovaccines Ltd., 31-016 Krakow, Poland. Electronic address: a.kasprowicz@cbm.com.pl.
authors.forename: Kasprowicz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andrzej
authors.affiliation: University of Copenhagen Research Centre for Control of Antibiotics Resistance-UC-Care Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frb. C., 1-20 Frb. C., Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: zofia@sund.ku.
authors.forename: Magnowska
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zofia
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, JagiellonianUniversity Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Obtulowicz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Krystyna
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009532:Nickel / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000502:physiology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D009532:Nickel
keywords: Atopic; Dermatitis; Nickel