title: Prophylactic oral betamimetics for reducing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Twin pregnancies are associated with a high risk of neonatal mortality and morbidity due to an increased rate of preterm birth. Betamimetics can decrease contraction frequency or delay preterm birth in singleton pregnancies by 24 to 48 hours. The efficacy of oral betamimetics in women with a twin pregnancy is unproven.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of prophylactic oral betamimetics for the prevention of preterm labour and birth for women with twin pregnancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group Trials Register (21 September 2015), MEDLINE (January 1966 to 31 July 2015), EMBASE (January 1985 to 31 July 2015) and reference lists of retrieved studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials in twin pregnancies comparing oral betamimetics with placebo or any intervention with the specific aim of preventing preterm birth. Quasi-randomised controlled trials, cluster-randomised trials and cross-over trials were not eligible for inclusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted data and checked them for accuracy. Two authors assessed the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the quality of evidence is low for the primary outcomes. All of the included trials had small numbers of participants and few events. Preterm birth, the most important primary outcome, had wide confidence intervals crossing the line of no effect.Six trials (374 twin pregnancies) were included, but only five trials (344 twin pregnancies) contributed data. All trials compared oral betamimetics with placebo.Betamimetics reduced the incidence of preterm labour (two trials, 194 twin pregnancies, risk ratio (RR) 0.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17 to 0.78; low quality evidence). However, betamimetics did not reduce prelabour rupture of membranes (one trial, 144 twin pregnancies, RR 1.42; 95% CI 0.42 to 4.82; low quality evidence), preterm birth less than 37 weeks' gestation (four trials, 276 twin pregnancies, RR 0.85; 95% CI 0.65 to 1.10; low quality evidence), or less than 34 weeks' gestation (one trial, 144 twin pregnancies, RR 0.47; 95% CI 0.15 to 1.50; low quality evidence). Mean neonatal birthweight in the betamimetic group was significantly higher than in the placebo group (three trials, 478 neonates, mean difference 111.22 g; 95% CI 22.21 to 200.24). Nevertheless, there was no evidence of an effect of betamimetics in reduction of low birthweight (two trials, 366 neonates, average RR 1.19; 95% CI 0.77 to 1.85, random-effects), or small-for-gestational age neonates (two trials, 178 neonates, average RR 0.90; 95% CI 0.41 to 1.99, random-effects). Two trials showed that betamimetics significantly reduced the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (388 neonates, RR 0.30; 95% CI 0.12 to 0.77), but the difference was not significant when the analysis was adjusted to account for the non-independence of twins (194 twins, RR 0.35; 95% CI 0.11 to 1.16). Three trials showed no evidence of an effect of betamimetics in reducing neonatal mortality, either with the unadjusted analysis, assuming twins are completely independent of each other (452 neonates, average RR 0.90; 95% CI 0.15 to 5.37, random-effects), or in the adjusted analysis, assuming non-independence of twins (226 twins, average RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.23 to 2.38, random-effects). A maternal death was reported in one trial without a significant difference between the groups (144 women, RR 2.84; 95% CI 0.12 to 68.57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of prophylactic oral betamimetics for preventing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Samsen Road, Dusit, Bangkok, Thailand, 10300.
authors.forename: Waralak
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yamasmit
authors.forename: Surasith
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaithongwongwatthana
authors.forename: Jorge E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tolosa
authors.forename: Sompop
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Limpongsanurak
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Pisake
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lumbiganon
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005280:Fenoterol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000517:prevention & control; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007556:Isoxsuprine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011247:Pregnancy; D059285:Pregnancy, Twin; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012312:Ritodrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013726:Terbutaline / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015149:Tocolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D015149:Tocolytic Agents; D005280:Fenoterol; D012312:Ritodrine; D013726:Terbutaline; D000420:Albuterol; D007556:Isoxsuprine