title: Photodynamic Therapy of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Narrative Review and Future Directions.
abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established treatment modality for non-small cell lung cancer. Phototoxicity, the primary adverse event, is expected to be minimized with the introduction of new photosensitizers that have shown promising results in phase I and II clinical studies. Early-stage and superficial endobronchial lesions less than 1 cm in thickness can be effectively treated with external light sources. Thicker lesions and peripheral lesions may be amenable to interstitial PDT, where the light is delivered intratumorally. The addition of PDT to standard-of-care surgery and chemotherapy can improve survival and outcomes in patients with pleural disease. Intraoperative PDT has shown promise in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with pleural spread. Recent preclinical and clinical data suggest that PDT can increase antitumor immunity. Crosslinking of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 molecules is a reliable biomarker to quantify the photoreaction induced by PDT. Randomized studies are required to test the prognosis value of this biomarker, obtain approval for the new photosensitizers, and test the potential efficacy of interstitial and intraoperative PDT in the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: 1 Photodynamic Therapy Center.|2 Department of Cell Stress Biology.
authors.forename: Gal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shafirstein
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Thoracic Surgery.
authors.forename: Athar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Battoo
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Medicine, Interventional Pulmonology.
authors.forename: Kassem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.affiliation: 1 Photodynamic Therapy Center.|6 Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York; and.
authors.forename: Sandra O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Gollnick
authors.affiliation: 1 Photodynamic Therapy Center.|7 Division of Thoracic and Hyperbaric Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindenmann
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Thoracic Surgery.
authors.forename: Chukwumere E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Nwogu
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D011379:Prognosis; D011878:Radiotherapy
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: interstitial photodynamic therapy; intraoperative photodynamic therapy; non–small cell lung cancer; photodynamic therapy