title: Plant-based vaccines for animals and humans: recent advances in technology and clinical trials.
abstract: It has been about 30 years since the first plant engineering technology was established. Although the concept of plant-based pharmaceuticals or vaccines motivates us to develop practicable commercial products using plant engineering, there are some difficulties in reaching the final goal: to manufacture an approved product. At present, the only plant-made vaccine approved by the United States Department of Agriculture is a Newcastle disease vaccine for poultry that is produced in suspension-cultured tobacco cells. The progress toward commercialization of plant-based vaccines takes much effort and time, but several candidate vaccines for use in humans and animals are in clinical trials. This review discusses plant engineering technologies and regulations relevant to the development of plant-based vaccines and provides an overview of human and animal vaccines currently under clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Division of Mucosal Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Natsumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takeyama
authors.affiliation: Division of Mucosal Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiyono
authors.affiliation: Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuki
keywords: GMP-compliant; human vaccine; plant transformation; plant-based vaccine; veterinary vaccine