title: The effects of Porapak™ trap temperature on δ(18)O, δ(13)C, and Δ47 values in preparing samples for clumped isotope analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clumped isotope paleothermometer, a new proxy widely applicable in studies of paleoclimate, tectonics, and paleontology, relates the abundance of doubly substituted isotopologues of carbonate-derived CO2 to the temperature of formation of the carbonate phase. As this technique becomes more widely used, more is discovered about the effects of everyday laboratory procedures on the clumped isotopic composition of CO2 gas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preparation of CO2 for clumped isotope analysis requires the removal of isobaric contaminants prior to measurement, achieved dynamically by passing the CO2 through a gas chromatography column using a helium carrier gas or cryogenically pumping CO2 through a static trap filled with Porapak™ Q (PPQ) material. The stable and clumped isotopic compositions of carbonate standards prepared at PPQ trap temperatures between -40°C and -10°C were measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry to evaluate potential artifacts introduced by the static PPQ trap method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stable isotopic composition of carbonates run at temperatures below -20°C was fractionated, despite achieving >99% retrieval of gas at temperatures as cold as -30°C. The δ(13)C and δ(18)O values decreased by ~0.01 and ~0.03 ‰/(°C below -20°C). The raw Δ47 values decreased by 0.003-0.005 ‰/(°C below -20°C), but the final reference-frame-corrected values (Δ47-RFAC ) were unaffected as long as the carbonate samples and standard gases were prepared identically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preparing carbonate samples for clumped isotope analysis using a PPQ trap that is too cold can result in erroneous stable isotopic compositions. New and existing labs using the static PPQ trap cleaning procedure should determine the ideal PPQ trap temperature for their particular system through monitoring not only yield through the PPQ trap, but also stable isotopic composition at various PPQ trap temperatures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Michigan, 1100 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48103, USA.
authors.forename: Sierra V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Michigan, 1100 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48103, USA.
authors.forename: Ian Z
authors.initials: IZ
authors.lastname: Winkelstern
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Michigan, 1100 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48103, USA.
authors.forename: Kyger C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lohmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Michigan, 1100 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48103, USA.
authors.forename: Kyle W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes