title: Epidemiology and economics of adult patients hospitalized with urinary tract infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most common bacterial diseases worldwide, with significant clinical and economic burden. Surveillance of pathogen epidemiology and risk factors for resistant pathogens in the hospital setting may improve the management of UTI.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate microbiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of UTI pathogens, with associated costs, in hospitalized patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients diagnosed with UTI between July and September 2013 were retrospectively screened for clinical symptoms and treatment within 24 hours of admission, then categorized into groups: community acquired (Group 1); recent healthcare exposure (Group 2); or a history of identification of an extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)-producing organism (Group 3). Clinical, epidemiological, and financial data were compared between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 308 included patients, a total of 216 pathogens were identified. Escherichia coli was most commonly identified pathogen, but frequencies differed between groups (p = 0.002), as did those of ESBL-producing pathogens (p < 0.001) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p = 0.005). Appropriate empirical therapy also differed between groups (p = 0.003). Length of stay was longer for healthcare associated UTI with inappropriate empirical therapy (5.2 versus 6.3 days, p = 0.016). Increased cost was associated with factors other than antimicrobial costs. Intensive care unit (ICU) stay (p < 0.001), care facility at discharge (p = 0.001), Foley catheter (FC) present on admission (p = 0.002), and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) (p = 0.017) predicted increased cost overall, while ICU stay (p < 0.001), time to appropriate therapy (p < 0.001), and CCI (p = 0.015) predicted higher cost in patients with pathogens identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in antimicrobial susceptibility are evident with exposure to healthcare, the presence of a FC, and a history of resistant pathogens. Risk-based empirical prescribing and rapid de-escalation may improve care and reduce costs.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy Practice , Hartford Hospital , Hartford , CT , USA.
authors.forename: Sophia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cardwell
authors.affiliation: b Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development , Hartford Hospital , Hartford , CT , USA.
authors.forename: Jared L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Crandon
authors.affiliation: b Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development , Hartford Hospital , Hartford , CT , USA.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Nicolau
authors.affiliation: c Department of Medicine , Hartford Hospital , Hartford , CT , USA.
authors.forename: Mitchell H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy Practice , Hartford Hospital , Hartford , CT , USA.|d Department of Pharmacy Practice , University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy , Storrs , CT , USA.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Nailor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: ESBL; Urinary tract infection; cost; epidemiology; microbiology