title: A national profile of the impact of parental cancer on their children in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dependent children under the age of 18 are particularly vulnerable to the stress of parental death from cancer or of having a parent diagnosed and treated for the disease. More and more Japanese couples are postponing parenthood, which increases their chances of developing cancer while they still have a dependent child. However, the problem has not received enough attention from healthcare professionals and policy-makers because the extent and breadth of the problem has never been examined in the Japanese population. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the nationwide incidence of cancer patients who have children under the age of 18 years, as well as the incidence of children who have a parent diagnosed with cancer in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  We calculated the proportion of patients who have children stratified by age, gender and cancer type using electronic medical records of cancer patients (20-59 years old) admitted to the National Cancer Center Hospital (NCCH) for the first time between January 2009 and December 2013. We projected these estimates onto the Japanese population using 2010 population-based cancer registry data, and repeated the projection using 2011 hospital-based cancer registry data so that estimates of patients receiving care at Designated Cancer Care (DCC) hospitals could be obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that an estimated 56,143 cancer patients who have 87,017 dependent children are diagnosed with cancer every year in Japan. The proportion of children in Japan who had a parent newly diagnosed with cancer in 2010 was approximately 0.38%. We estimated that in 2011 there were on average about 82 cancer patients with minor children and 128 minor children who have at least one parent diagnosed with cancer in every DCC hospital in Japan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental cancer is common. We have identified that many adults diagnosed with cancer have the double burden of coping with the diagnosis and treatment as well as supporting their children through this experience. Additional data on socioeconomic characteristics and needs assessment of these patients are required to understand how best to help children and families cope with cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Services Research, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Japan. Electronic address: ikamiya@ncc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Services Research, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Services Research, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Momoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, United States.
authors.forename: Sue P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Heiney
authors.affiliation: Palliative Care Team, Hokkaido University Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Kyosai Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osawa
authors.affiliation: Shikoku Cancer Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: National Kyushu Cancer Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Rebekah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Motohiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matoba
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Adolescents; Background; Cancer registry; Children; Incidence; Japan; Minor children; Parental cancer; Parents