title: Acute Kidney Injury After Craniotomy Is Associated With Increased Mortality: A Cohort Study.
abstract: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious postoperative complication.
  
  
  
  To determine whether AKI in patients after craniotomy is associated with heightened 30-day mortality.
  
  
  
  We performed a 2-center, retrospective cohort study of 1656 craniotomy patients who received critical care between 1998 and 2011. The exposure of interest was AKI defined as meeting RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of Kidney Function, and End-stage Kidney Disease) class risk, injury, and failure criteria, and the primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Adjusted odds ratios were estimated by multivariable logistic regression models with inclusion of covariate terms thought to plausibly interact with both AKI and mortality. Additionally, mortality in craniotomy patients with AKI was analyzed with a risk-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression model and propensity score matching as a sensitivity analysis.
  
  
  
  The incidences of RIFLE class risk, injury, and failure were 5.7%, 2.9%, and 1.3%, respectively. The odds of 30-day mortality in patients with RIFLE class risk, injury, or failure fully adjusted were 2.79 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.76-4.42), 7.65 (95% CI, 4.16-14.07), and 14.41 (95% CI, 5.51-37.64), respectively. Patients with AKI experienced a significantly higher risk of death during follow-up; hazard ratio, 1.82 (95% CI, 1.34-2.46), 3.37 (95% CI, 2.36-4.81), and 5.06 (95% CI, 2.99-8.58), respectively, fully adjusted. In a cohort of propensity score-matched patients, RIFLE class remained a significant predictor of 30-day mortality.
  
  
  
  Craniotomy patients who suffer postoperative AKI are among a high-risk group for mortality. The severity of AKI after craniotomy is predictive of 30-day mortality.
  
  
  
  AKI, acute kidney injuryAPACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IICI, confidence intervalCPT, Current Procedural TerminologyICD-9-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical ModificationRIFLE, risk, injury, failure, loss of kidney function, and end-stage kidney diseaseRPDR, Research Patient Data Registry.
authors.affiliation: ‡Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; §Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; ¶Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ‖Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; #The Nathan E. Hellman Memorial Laboratory, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Vesela P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Kovacheva
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Aglio
authors.forename: Torrey A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Boland
authors.forename: Mallika L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mendu
authors.forename: Fiona K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: Kenneth B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Christopher
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D000368:Aged; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003422:Critical Care; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D057216:Propensity Score; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors