title: Computed Tomography Angiography: A Review and Technical Update.
abstract: The principles of computed tomography angiography (CTA) remain the following with modern-day computed tomography (CT): high-resolution volumetric CT data acquisition, imaging at maximum contrast medium enhancement, and subsequent angiographic two- and three-dimensional visualization. One prerequisite for adapting CTA to ever evolving CT technology is understanding the principle rules of contrast medium enhancement. Four key rules of early arterial contrast dynamics can help one understand the relationship between intravenously injected contrast medium and the resulting time-dependent arterial enhancement. The technical evolution of CT has continued with many benefits for CT angiography. Well-informed adaptations of CTA principles allow for leveraging of these innovations for the benefit of patients with cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University 3D Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Computed Tomography, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room S-072, Stanford, CA 94305-5105, USA. Electronic address: d.fleischmann@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fleischmann
authors.affiliation: University of Montreal, 3840 Saint Urbain, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1T6, Canada.
authors.forename: Anne S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford Health Care, Stanford Medicine Imaging Center, 451 Sherman Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA.
authors.forename: Lior
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Molvin
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health and Safety, 480 Oak Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room S-072, Stanford, CA 94305-5105, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hallett
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: CT technology; Computed tomography angiography; Contrast enhancement; Iodinated contrast; Iterative reconstruction; Technology assessment