title: Atrial Fibrillation in Eight New World Camelids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited information on the incidence of clinical signs, concurrent illness and treatment options for atrial fibrillation (AF) in New World Camelids (NWC).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Describe clinical signs and outcome of AF in NWC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight New World Camelids admitted with AF.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective observational study of camelids diagnosed with AF based on characteristic findings on electrocardiogram (ECG).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All animals had an irregularly irregular heart rhythm detected on physical examination and 4 cases had obtunded mentation on admission. Three camelids were diagnosed with AF secondary to oleander intoxication, 3 animals had underlying cardiovascular disease, 1 was diagnosed with lone AF and 1 had AF diagnosed on examination for a urethral obstruction. Five of eight animals survived to discharge and nonsurvivors consisted of animals which died or were euthanized as a result of cardiovascular disease (2/8) or extra-cardiac disease unrelated to the AF (1/8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atrial fibrillation occurs in NWC in association with cardiovascular disease, extra-cardiac disease or as lone AF. Amiodarone and transthoracic cardioversion were attempted in one llama with lone AF, but were unsuccessful. Atrial fibrillation was recorded in 0.1% of admissions.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bozorgmanesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Magdesian
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Estell
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Swain
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D002161:Camelids, New World; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D030007:Nerium / Q000633:toxicity; D011802:Quinidine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D011802:Quinidine
keywords: Alpaca; Arrhythmia; Cardiac; Llama