title: Solid phase microextraction Arrow for the sampling of volatile amines in wastewater and atmosphere.
abstract: A new method is introduced for the sampling of volatile low molecular weight alkylamines in ambient air and wastewater by utilizing a novel SPME Arrow system, which contains a larger volume of sorbent compared to a standard SPME fiber. Parameters affecting the extraction, such as coating material, need for preconcentration, sample volume, pH, stirring rate, salt addition, extraction time and temperature were carefully optimized. In addition, analysis conditions, including desorption temperature and time as well as gas chromatographic parameters, were optimized. Compared to conventional SPME fiber, the SPME Arrow had better robustness and sensitivity. Average intermediate reproducibility of the method expressed as relative standard deviation was 12% for dimethylamine and 14% for trimethylamine, and their limit of quantification 10μg/L and 0.13μg/L respectively. Working range was from limits of quantification to 500μg/L for dimethylamine and to 130μg/L for trimethylamine. Several alkylamines were qualitatively analyzed in real samples, while target compounds dimethyl- and trimethylamines were quantified. The concentrations in influent and effluent wastewater samples were almost the same (∼80μg/L for dimethylamine, 120μg/L for trimethylamine) meaning that amines pass the water purification process unchanged or they are produced at the same rate as they are removed. For the air samples, preconcentration with phosphoric acid coated denuder was required and the concentration of trimethylamine was found to be around 1ng/m(3). The developed method was compared with optimized method based on conventional SPME and advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Aku
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuukka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rönkkö
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jevgeni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parshintsev
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hartonen
authors.affiliation: BGB Analytik AG, Webereistrasse 56, CH-8134 Adliswil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.affiliation: CTC Analytics AG, Industriestrasse 20, CH-4222 Zwingen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Läubli
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: marja-liisa.riekkola@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Marja-Liisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Riekkola
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000032:analysis*; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Atmosphere; Dimethylamine; SPME Arrow; Solid phase microextraction; Trimethylamine; Wastewater