title: State of the Art in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most frequently diagnosed mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite their biological and clinical heterogeneity, the majority of these tumors are positive for the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT and are driven by KIT- or platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA)-activating mutations. There are still uncertainties regarding their clinical and molecular characterization and the optimal treatment regimens, making it difficult to establish a universal treatment algorithm for these tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From a clinical perspective, the main difference between GISTs and other gastrointestinal neoplasms is that the benign or malignant behavior of GISTs cannot be predicted from histopathology, but instead relies on empirically established scoring systems. Clinical data suggest that malignant potential may be an inherent quality of some GISTs rather than a feature acquired by the tumor during disease progression. Thus, some patients may require prolonged anti-tumor treatment even after complete surgical removal of the tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although GISTs are the most frequently occurring mesenchymal neoplasms in the gastrointestinal tract, no universal treatment algorithms exist. This paper reviews the current evidence that guides the management of GISTs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The management of localized GISTs involves the use of surgical resection, with the inclusion of preoperative tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment for locally advanced, primarily unresectable tumors and for resectable cases requiring extensive surgery. Imatinib is also indicated as adjuvant therapy after complete surgical removal of GISTs with a high estimated risk of recurrence unless specific mutations conferring imatinib resistance are present. The optimal duration of adjuvant treatment is still controversial. For patients with metastatic imatinib-sensitive GISTs, imatinib constitutes the first-line standard treatment. Molecular characterization of the tumor (with respect to the PDGFRA and KIT genes) is mandatory prior to imatinib therapy. Sunitinib and regorafenib are established as alternative treatments for patients demonstrating generalized disease progression on imatinib. New tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as ponatinib and crenolanib as well as drugs targeting alternative pathways are currently under investigation. Surgery and locally ablative treatments may be indicated in some metastatic patients.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefässchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjami
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Garlipp
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefässchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christiane J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bruns
keywords: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor; Risk classification; Surgery; Treatment standards; Tyrosine kinase inhibitors