title: Clinical, demographic and psychological characteristics of infertile male smokers in Northeast China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate clinical, demographic and psychological characteristics of infertile male smokers in northeast China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum and semen samples were collected from infertile men. Semen analysis was performed according to conventional procedures. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels were quantified. Psychological anxiety and depression were evaluated by the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both SDS and SAS scores were significantly higher in smokers (n = 704) than in nonsmokers (n = 372); in addition, sperm viability and motility were significantly lower in smokers than in nonsmokers. Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis revealed significant positive correlations between duration of smoking and SDS and SAS scores, and between cigarettes smoked per day and SDS and SAS scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking has a negative effect on sperm viability and motility, and is associated with increased SDS and SAS scores.
authors.affiliation: Andrology Laboratory, Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China zhangming1982jdey@126.com.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Andrology Laboratory, Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Qiu-Shuang
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Andrology Laboratory, Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Shu
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Andrology Laboratory, Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Xiu-Yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Andrology Laboratory, Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Shu-Qiang
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Andrology Laboratory, Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Jie
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Andrology Laboratory, Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Tao
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003710:Demography; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Male infertility; Psychological anxiety; Semen quality; Smoking