title: Prevalence and clinical implications of renal artery stenosis in pediatric moyamoya disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Until recently, extracranial involvement of moyamoya disease (MMD) had not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and clinical implications of renal artery stenosis in pediatric MMD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study included 101 pediatric (<18 years old) MMD patients who visited our hospital from July 2008 to May 2013. All patients had legible abdominal or renal angiography. Baseline characteristics, including hypertension (HT) and angiographic findings, were retrospectively evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age was 8 (range 2-16) years. Six patients (5.9%) had HT. Renal artery stenosis was identified in 8 patients (7.9%). Five of 8 renal artery stenosis patients had HT. Statistical analysis showed that advanced stages of MMD and HT were associated with renal artery stenosis (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal artery stenosis was not uncommon in pediatric MMD. Renal artery evaluation could help determine the cause of HT in advanced pediatric MMD cases. Further prospective and large-scale studies may be helpful in elucidating the extracranial manifestation of MMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sunkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Wook
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sunkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Il
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sunkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Jin
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sunkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Pyoung
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sunkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: drsomatom@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Keon Ha
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000792:Angiography; D017222:Angioplasty, Balloon, Laser-Assisted; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009072:Moyamoya Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Moyamoya disease; Prevalence; Renal artery obstruction