title: Dynamic diaphragmatic MRI during apnea struggle phase in breath-hold divers.
abstract: The purpose of the study was to provide insight in diaphragmatic involuntary breathing movements (IBM) during struggle phase of apnea at total lung capacity (TLC) and functional residual capacity (FRC) using magnetic resonance imaging along with measurements of hemodynamics and arterial oxygenation. The study was performed in eight elite breath-hold divers. There was a similar increase in diaphragmatic cranio-caudal excursions towards the end of TLC and FRC apnea. The greatest diaphragmatic excursion in both apneas and during tidal breathing was in the middle and posterior part of the diaphragm. Diaphragm thickness in elite BHD was within the reference range of normal values suggesting no diaphragmatic hypertrophy in this population. We found that the range of diaphragmatic excursions increases toward the end of apneas. Additionally, our data suggest that the diaphragm participates in IBM occurrence and that various segments of the diaphragm behave nonhomogenously both in tidal breathing and IBMs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Tonci
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Batinic
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Frane
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mihanovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Breskovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zubin-Maslov
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Mihajlo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lojpur
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mijacika
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia. Electronic address: zeljko.dujic@mefst.hr.
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dujic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001049:Apnea / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D062485:Breath Holding; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology; D009929:Organ Size; D014109:Total Lung Capacity / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Apnea; Diaphragm; Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging; Human