title: Double Bolus Thrombolysis for Suspected Massive Pulmonary Embolism during Cardiac Arrest.
abstract: More than 70% of cardiac arrest cases are caused by acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or pulmonary embolism (PE). Although thrombolytic therapy is a recognised therapy for both AMI and PE, its indiscriminate use is not routinely recommended during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We present a case describing the successful use of double dose thrombolysis during cardiac arrest caused by pulmonary embolism. Notwithstanding the relative lack of high-level evidence, this case suggests a scenario in which recombinant tissue Plasminogen Activator (rtPA) may be beneficial in cardiac arrest. In addition to the strong clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism as the causative agent of the patient's cardiac arrest, the extremely low end-tidal CO2 suggested a massive PE. The absence of dilatation of the right heart on subxiphoid ultrasound argued against the diagnosis of PE, but not conclusively so. In the context of the circulatory collapse induced by cardiac arrest, this aspect was relegated in terms of importance. The second dose of rtPA utilised in this case resulted in return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and did not result in haemorrhage or an adverse effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland.
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland.
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland.
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5521-7520
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Gammal
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland.
authors.forename: Peadar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gilligan