title: Cognition, Emotion and Behavior in Children with Tourette's Syndrome and Children with ADHD-Combined Subtype-A Two-Year Follow-Up Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This two-year follow-up study investigates the course of and association among measures of cognitive control, focused attention, decision-making and symptom severity (anxiety, depression and behavior) in children and adolescents with Tourette's Syndrome (TS) or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Combined subtype (ADHD-C).
  
  
  METHODS
  19 children with TS, 33 with ADHD-C, and 50 typically developing children (TDC) were examined with a battery of psychometric measures and rating forms at baseline and two-years later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three groups improved likewise in measures of cognitive control over time, whereas only the TDC improved in focused attention. The group of children with TS with comorbidities performed more similar to the children with ADHD-C in cognitive control at T1 and T2, whereas the children with TS without comorbidities performed more similar to the TDC in cognitive control at T1 and T2. In the decision-making task, the children with TS (with or without comorbidities) preferred a safer strategy in selecting advantageous choices than the children with ADHD-C and the TDC at T2. Children with TS and children with ADHD-C showed higher symptoms of anxiety and depression and more problems with emotional control compared with TDC at both time points. Finally, children with ADHD-C self-reported more depression symptoms than those with TS at both assessments. For the TS group, safer decision-making was related to better emotional control, and this relationship was stronger for the TS subgroup without comorbidities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study emphasizes the importance of addressing symptoms of anxiety and depression in children with TS or ADHD-C, identifying the effect of comorbidities in children with TS, and that children with TS or ADHD-C likely differ in their sensitivity to reinforcement contingencies.
authors.affiliation: Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Mental Health Care, Lillehammer, Norway.|University of Oslo, Institute of Psychology, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kjell Tore
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Hovik
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Capital Region Psychiatry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kerstin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Plessen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Birmingham and BSMHFT, Birmingham, United Kingdom.|School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.|Sobell Department of Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Cavanna
authors.affiliation: Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Mental Health Care, Lillehammer, Norway.
authors.forename: Erik Winther
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Skogli
authors.affiliation: Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Mental Health Care, Lillehammer, Norway.|Lillehammer University College, Department of Education and Social Work, Lillehammer, Norway.
authors.forename: Per Normann
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Mental Health Care, Lillehammer, Norway.|University of Oslo, Institute of Psychology, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Merete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Øie
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety; D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D003657:Decision Making; D003863:Depression; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D057566:Self Report; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*