title: Epidemiological Review of Injury in Pre-Professional Ballet Dancers.
abstract: The objective of this study was to provide an epidemiological review of the literature concerning ballet injuries affecting pre-professional ballet dancers. The literature search was limited to published peer-reviewed reports and involved an extensive examination of Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL. The following search terms were used in various combinations: ballet, injury, epidemiology, risk factor, pre-professional, and intervention. Additional citations were located using the ancestry approach. Unlike some other athletic activities that have been the focus of recent intervention research, there is a paucity of intervention and translational research in pre-professional ballet, and sample sizes have often been small and have not accounted for the multivariate nature of ballet injury. Exposure-based injury rates in this population appear similar to those reported for professional ballet dancers and female gymnasts. A preponderance of injuries affect the lower extremity of these dancers, with sprains and strains being the most frequent type of injury reported. The majority of injuries appear to be overuse in nature. Injury risk factors have been tested in multiple studies and indicate a variety of potential injury predictors that may provide useful guidance for future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58502, USA. dennis.caine@email.und.edu.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caine
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Brett J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.affiliation: Department of Dance, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Caine
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Kinesiology and Applied Health, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bergeron
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003615:Dancing / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011322:Primary Prevention; D012307:Risk Factors