title: Expression of the Troponin C at 41C Gene in Adult Drosophila Tubular Muscles Depends upon Both Positive and Negative Regulatory Inputs.
abstract: Most animals express multiple isoforms of structural muscle proteins to produce tissues with different physiological properties. In Drosophila, the adult muscles include tubular-type muscles and the fibrillar indirect flight muscles. Regulatory processes specifying tubular muscle fate remain incompletely understood, therefore we chose to analyze the transcriptional regulation of TpnC41C, a Troponin C gene expressed in the tubular jump muscles, but not in the fibrillar flight muscles. We identified a 300-bp promoter fragment of TpnC41C sufficient for the fiber-specific reporter expression. Through an analysis of this regulatory element, we identified two sites necessary for the activation of the enhancer. Mutations in each of these sites resulted in 70% reduction of enhancer activity. One site was characterized as a binding site for Myocyte Enhancer Factor-2. In addition, we identified a repressive element that prevents activation of the enhancer in other muscle fiber types. Mutation of this site increased jump muscle-specific expression of the reporter, but more importantly reporter expression expanded into the indirect flight muscles. Our findings demonstrate that expression of the TpnC41C gene in jump muscles requires integration of multiple positive and negative transcriptional inputs. Identification of the transcriptional regulators binding the cis-elements that we identified will reveal the regulatory pathways controlling muscle fiber differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States of America.
authors.forename: Maria B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Chechenova
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States of America.
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cripps
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009132:Muscles / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D019209:Troponin C / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019209:Troponin C