title: The Associations Between Body Mass Index, Smoking, and Alcohol Intake with Ovarian Volume in Midlife Women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the fact that ovarian volume is a marker of reproductive aging, there is little understanding of factors related to ovarian volume among aging women. The objective of this analysis was to examine the associations between body mass index (BMI), cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake with ovarian volume among midlife women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed from 771 women (45-54 years of age at baseline) enrolled in the Midlife Women's Health Study, a cohort study that was initiated in 2006. At annual clinic visits, height and weight were measured, a transvaginal ultrasound was performed to measure ovarian volume, blood was drawn to measure hormone concentrations, and a comprehensive questionnaire was administered. Generalized linear models and repeated measures mixed models were conducted to examine the associations between BMI, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake with ovarian volume, adjusting for age and race.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age was significantly and negatively associated with ovarian volume. However, BMI, smoking, and alcohol use were not associated with ovarian volume either when stratified by menopausal status or when adjusting for age and race. Estradiol, but not progesterone or testosterone, was significantly and positively associated with ovarian volume overall and among both white and black participants (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides insight into the associations between BMI, smoking, and alcohol use with ovarian volume among midlife women. The findings are somewhat consistent with the published literature and, thus, indicate that these factors may not be clinically important in terms of ovarian volume during the menopausal transition.
authors.affiliation: 1 The Prevention and Research Center, The Weinberg Center for Women's Health and Medicine, Mercy Medical Center , Baltimore, Maryland.|2 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland.|3 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gallicchio
authors.affiliation: 4 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: 4 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kiefer
authors.affiliation: 4 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.affiliation: 4 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Zacur
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois.
authors.forename: Jodi A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Flaws
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010053:Ovary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol