title: Never blame the umpire - a review of Situation Awareness models and methods for examining the performance of officials in sport.
abstract: As sport becomes more complex, there is potential for ergonomics concepts to help enhance the performance of sports officials. The concept of Situation Awareness (SA) appears pertinent given the requirement for officials to understand what is going on in order to make decisions. Although numerous models exist, none have been applied to examine officials, and only several recent examples have been applied to sport. This paper examines SA models and methods to identify if any have applicability to officials in sport (OiS). Evaluation of the models and methods identified potential applications of individual, team and systems models of SA. The paper further demonstrates that the Distributed Situation Awareness model is suitable for studying officials in fastball sports. It is concluded that the study of SA represents a key area of multidisciplinary research for both ergonomics and sports science in the context of OiS. Practitioner Summary: Despite obvious synergies, applications of cognitive ergonomics concepts in sport are sparse. This is especially so for Officials in Sport (OiS). This article presents an evaluation of Situation Awareness models and methods, providing practitioners with guidance on which are the most suitable for OiS system design and evaluation.
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Arts and Business , Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems , Maroochydore , Australia.|b Joint and Operations Analysis Division , Defence Science and Technology Group , Canberra , Australia.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Arts and Business , Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems , Maroochydore , Australia.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Salmon
mesh_terms: D001364:Awareness; D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D013177:Sports / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
keywords: Situation Awareness; cognitive ergonomics; naturalistic research; officials in sport; referee; sociotechnical systems; sport; umpire