title: Bone-tissue engineering: complex tunable structural and biological responses to injury, drug delivery, and cell-based therapies.
abstract: Bone loss and failure of proper bone healing continues to be a significant medical condition in need of solutions that can be implemented successfully both in human and veterinary medicine. This is particularly true when large segmental defects are present, the bone has failed to return to normal form or function, or the healing process is extremely prolonged. Given the inherent complexity of bone tissue - its unique structural, mechanical, and compositional properties, as well as its ability to support various cells - it is difficult to find ideal candidate materials that could be used as the foundation for tissue regeneration from technological platforms. Recently, important developments have been made in the implementation of complex structures built both at the macro- and the nano-level that have been shown to positively impact bone formation and to have the ability to deliver active biological molecules (drugs, growth factors, proteins, cells) for controlled tissue regeneration and the prevention of infection. These materials are diverse, ranging from polymers to ceramics and various composites. This review presents developments in this area with a focus on the role of scaffold structure and chemistry on the biologic processes that influence bone physiology and regeneration.
authors.affiliation: a Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock , Little Rock , AR , USA and.
authors.forename: Karrer M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Alghazali
authors.affiliation: a Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock , Little Rock , AR , USA and.
authors.forename: Zeid A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Nima
authors.affiliation: a Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock , Little Rock , AR , USA and.
authors.forename: Rabab N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Hamzah
authors.affiliation: b Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee , Knoxville , TN , USA.
authors.forename: Madhu S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dhar
authors.affiliation: b Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee , Knoxville , TN , USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: a Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock , Little Rock , AR , USA and.
authors.forename: Alexandru S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Biris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000737:chemistry; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001704:Biopolymers
keywords: Bone regeneration; bio-chemical agents delivery; bioactive scaffolds; biomaterials; bone structure; drug therapeutics; stem cell biology