title: Control of overweight and obesity in childhood through education in meal time habits. The 'good manners for a healthy future' programme.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim is to determine the effect of paced eating, exposure to an educational programme that promotes healthy eating habits and allowing the satiety reflex to limit food intake in controlling weight gain in healthy adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four healthy individuals consisting of 18 adolescent girls and 36 boys aged 12 ± 2 years were given recommendations for reducing eating rate without changing diet or meal size according to the educational programme 'good manners for a healthy future'. Each participant was provided with a 30-s portable hourglass to pace time between bites. Individuals using and not using the hourglass were placed either into an 'adhering' or a 'non-adhering' group, respectively. Control data were obtained from a similar population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initially, the adhering group had higher weight compared with the non-adhering group (64.1 ± 13.2 vs. 56.2 ± 11.7 kg). Control group weight was no different from the study group at baseline (56.3 ± 10.3 kg). Weight in the adhering group decreased after the first semester of participation by 2.0 ± 5.7% and after a year by 3.4 ± 4.8%, while the non-adhering group gained weight by 5.8 ± 4.5% and 12.6 ± 8.3%. The control group increased weight after a year by 8.2 ± 6.5%. In total, 18 non-adhering and 14 adhering adolescents completed the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This 1-year study shows a statistically significant association between rate of food intake and weight control in adherence to an educational programme directed at developing healthy eating habits. The proposed behavioural training may serve as an option for weight control in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico.|Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México 'Dr. Eduardo Liceaga', Mexico City, Mexico.|Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: B Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Salazar Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hospital General de Zona No. 1, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Durango, Mexico.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Salazar Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: López Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Acosta Rosales
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cabrales
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vadillo-Ortega
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Intaglietta
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México 'Dr. Eduardo Liceaga', Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pérez Tamayo
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Schmid-Schönbein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001835:Body Weight; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D050177:Overweight / Q000517:prevention & control*; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012527:Satiation; D015430:Weight Gain; D061217:Weight Reduction Programs / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Adolescents; obesity; satiety reflex; slow eating