title: Can tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) be used as prognostic markers of infection following ureteroscopic lithrotripsy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for ureteral stones?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URS) and Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) are highly effective for the treatment of uretral lithiasis and remain the treatment option for the majority of patients for more than two decades. In the present study we aimed to evaluate the levels of serum tumor necrosis factor A (TNFa) and interleucin 6 (IL6) in patients undergoing ESWL and URS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total number of seventy patients were involved in our study. Thirty patients (17 males, 13 females), with a mean age of 43 had underwent ESWL and thirty patients (19 males, 11 females), with a mean age of 47 (range: 26-68) underwent URS lithotripsy. Ten healthy volunteers serving as the control group were enrolled in this study. Serum samples for TNF-a and IL-6 were obtained before URS and ESWL and after the procedure at 1, 24, and 48 hours and at 2, 24, and 48 hours, respectively. The pre ESWL/URS and post ESWL/URS levels were compared and correlated with possible tissue damage. According to ESWL procedure we found that serumTNF-a levels were significantly increased after one hour (P<0,001) and after 24 hours (P=0.007). Furthermore, IL-6was significantly increased at 2 (P< 0,001), 24 and 48 hours post ESWL (P=0,003 and 0,002) respectively. For URS serum TNF-a levels were statistical significantly correlated preoperatively with one hour (P=0,0083) and 48 hours (P<0,001) after URS and IL-6 with 2 and 24 hours (P<0,001). In 3 patients for URS and 1 for ESWL we observed post procedure fever (>38.5C(o)). All those patients had preoperatively high values of TNF-a and Il-6 that increased at 1 and 2-hours respectively. In conclusion, high pre ESWL/URS levels of serum TNF-a and IL-6 may indicate a predisposition for post ESWL/URS inflammation and infection following URS lithotripsy or ESWL procedure.
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, PC 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece. bantis68@otenet.gr.
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bantis
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsakaldimis
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zissimopoulos
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kalaitzis
authors.forename: Stilianos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gianakopoulos
authors.forename: Michail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pitiakoudis
authors.forename: Alexandros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polichronidis
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Touloupidis