title: Metabolic changes associated with tumor metastasis, part 2: Mitochondria, lipid and amino acid metabolism.
abstract: Metabolic alterations are a hallmark of cancer controlling tumor progression and metastasis. Among the various metabolic phenotypes encountered in tumors, this review focuses on the contributions of mitochondria, lipid and amino acid metabolism to the metastatic process. Tumor cells require functional mitochondria to grow, proliferate and metastasize, but shifts in mitochondrial activities confer pro-metastatic traits encompassing increased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), enhanced resistance to apoptosis and the increased or de novo production of metabolic intermediates of the TCA cycle behaving as oncometabolites, including succinate, fumarate, and D-2-hydroxyglutarate that control energy production, biosynthesis and the redox state. Lipid metabolism and the metabolism of amino acids, such as glutamine, glutamate and proline are also currently emerging as focal control points of cancer metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52, box B1.53.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Paolo E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Porporato
authors.affiliation: Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52, box B1.53.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Valéry L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Payen
authors.affiliation: Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52, box B1.53.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.|Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bjorn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baselet
authors.affiliation: Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52, box B1.53.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium. pierre.sonveaux@uclouvain.be.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sonveaux
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Electron transport chain (ETC); Glutaminolysis; Lipogenesis; Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS); Proline metabolism; Reactive oxygen species (ROS); Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle); Tumor metastasis