title: Extracorporeal photopheresis versus alternative treatment for chronic graft-versus-host disease after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in paediatric patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation occurring in 6% to 65% of the recipients. Currently, the therapeutic mainstay for chronic GvHD are corticosteroids that are frequently combined with other immunosuppressive agents in people with steroid-refractory manifestations. There is no established standard treatment for steroid-refractory chronic GvHD. The therapeutic options for these patients include extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP), an immunomodulatory treatment that involves ex vivo collection of mononuclear cells from peripheral blood, exposure to the photoactive agent 8-methoxypsoralen, ultraviolet radiation and re-infusion of the processed cell product. The mechanisms of action of ECP are not completely understood. This is an updated version of a Cochrane review first published in 2014.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ECP for the management of chronic GvHD in children and adolescents after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (Issue 9, 2015), MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from their inception to 23 September 2015. We searched the reference lists of potentially relevant studies without any language restriction. We searched eight trial registers and five conference proceedings on 29 September 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing ECP with or without alternative treatment versus alternative treatment alone in paediatric patients with chronic GvHD after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently performed the study selection. We resolved disagreements in the selection of trials by consultation with a third review author.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No additional studies were identified in this 2015 review update, in total leading to no studies meeting the criteria for inclusion in this review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficacy of ECP in the treatment of chronic GvHD in paediatric patients after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation based on RCTs cannot be evaluated since the original version of this review and the first review update found no RCTs. Current recommendations are based on retrospective or observational studies only. Thus, ideally, ECP should be applied in the context of controlled trials only. However, performing RCTs in this patient population will be challenging due to the limited number of patients, the variable disease presentation and the lack of well-defined response criteria. International collaboration, multicentre trials and appropriate funding for such trials will be needed. If treatment decisions based on clinical data are made in favour of ECP, patients should be carefully monitored for beneficial and harmful effects. In addition, efforts should be made to share this information with other clinicians, for example by setting up registries for paediatric patients that are treated with ECP.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology, University Children's Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 75, Zurich, Switzerland, 8032.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weitz
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Strahm
authors.forename: Joerg J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Meerpohl
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bassler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006086:Graft vs Host Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D017893:Photopheresis / Q000379:methods*