title: Encapsulation efficacy of natural and synthetic photosensitizers by silica nanoparticles for photodynamic applications.
abstract: This study analysed the physical effects of Cichorium Pumilum (CP), as a natural photosensitizer (PS), and Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), as a synthetic PS, encapsulated with silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) in photodynamic therapy. The optimum concentrations of CP and PpIX, needed to destroy Red Blood Cells (RBC), were determined and the efficacy of encapsulated CP and PpIX were compared with naked CP and PpIX was verified. The results confirmed the applicability of CP and PpIX encapsulated in SiNPs on RBCs, and established a relationship between the encapsulated CP and PpIX concentration and the time required to rupture 50% of the RBCs (t50). The CP and PpIX encapsulated in SiNPs exhibited higher efficacy compared with that of naked CP and PpIX, respectively, and CP had less efficacy compared with PpIX.
authors.affiliation: NanoBiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia. ghaseb84@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ghaseb Naser
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Makhadmeh
authors.affiliation: NanoBiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Azlan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdul Aziz
authors.affiliation: School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Khairunisak
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abdul Razak
authors.affiliation: NanoBiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Osama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Abu Noqta
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D001688:Biological Products / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D053769:Nanocapsules; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C028025:protoporphyrin IX