title: Integrative transcriptomic and protein analysis of human bronchial BEAS-2B exposed to seasonal urban particulate matter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is associated with various health effects. Physico-chemical properties influence the toxicological impact of PM, nonetheless the mechanisms underlying PM-induced effects are not completely understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Human bronchial epithelial cells were used to analyse the pathways activated after exposure to summer and winter urban PM and to identify possible markers of exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  BEAS-2B cells were exposed for 24 h to 10 μg/cm(2) of winter PM2.5 (wPM) and summer PM10 (sPM) sampled in Milan. A microarray technology was used to profile the cells gene expression. Genes and microRNAs were analyzed by bioinformatics technique to identify pathways involved in cellular responses. Selected genes and pathways were validated at protein level (western blot, membrane protein arrays and ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The molecular networks activated by the two PM evidenced a correlation among oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA damage responses. sPM induced the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, although miR-146a and genes related to inflammation resulted up-regulated by both PM. Moreover both PM affected a set of genes, proteins and miRNAs related to antioxidant responses, cancer development, extracellular matrix remodeling and cytoskeleton organization, while miR-29c, implicated in epigenetic modification, resulted up-regulated only by wPM. sPM effects may be related to biological and inorganic components, while wPM apparently related to the high content of organic compounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results may be helpful for the individuation of biomarkers for PM exposure, linked to the specific PM physico-chemical properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milano 20126, Italy.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Longhin
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milano 20126, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Capasso
authors.affiliation: Department of medical biotechnology and translational medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 93 via F.lli Cervi, Segrate 20900, Italy; Institute of biomedical technology, CNR, Via F.lli Cervi, Segrate 20900, Italy. Electronic address: cristina.battaglia@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20090, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Carla
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Proverbio
authors.affiliation: Department of medical biotechnology and translational medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 93 via F.lli Cervi, Segrate 20900, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cosentino
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20090, Italy.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cifola
authors.affiliation: Institute of biomedical technology, CNR, Via F.lli Cervi, Segrate 20900, Italy.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mangano
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milano 20126, Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camatini
authors.affiliation: ENEA-UTTS/SSPT-MET-INAT, Strada per Crescentino 41, 13040, Saluggia (VC), Italy. Electronic address: maurizio.gualtieri@univ-littoral.fr.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gualtieri
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012621:Seasons; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011506:Proteins
keywords: Biomarker of exposure; Global gene expression; Global micro RNA expression; Integrated molecular signature; Particulate matter