title: Complementary therapies for bladder pain syndrome: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bladder pain syndrome is a difficult condition to treat. The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the effectiveness of various complementary therapies available for treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review was conducted in adherence with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews. Citations were retrieved using a comprehensive database search (from inception to July 2014: CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, Medline and SIGEL and grey literature). Studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected. Eligibility consisted of women with bladder pain syndrome, an intervention of alternative/complementary therapies and an outcome of improvement of symptoms. Information regarding study characteristics and primary outcomes was collated. The Cochrane risk of bias scale was used to evaluate the quality of the studies included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,454 citations were identified, 11 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria (4 randomised control trials [RCTs] and 7 prospective studies). The key interventions studied were acupuncture, relaxation therapy, physical therapy, hydrogen-rich therapy, diet and nitric oxide synthetase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapies with the potential for benefit in patients with bladder pain syndrome are dietary management, acupuncture and physical therapy. These findings were obtained from small studies and hence caution is advised. Robustly designed multicentre RCTs on these complementary therapies are needed to guide patients and clinicians.
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. t.s.verghese@bham.ac.uk.|School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK. t.s.verghese@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Tina S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Verghese
authors.affiliation: Newham University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Richael Ni
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Riordain
authors.affiliation: Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, Birmingham University, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Champaneria
authors.affiliation: Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Pallavi M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Latthe
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D000529:Complementary Therapies / Q000379:methods*; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012064:Relaxation Therapy / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Acupuncture; Alternative or complementary therapies; Bladder pain syndrome; Myofascial physical therapies