title: King-Devick Test reference values and associations with balance measures in high school American football players.
abstract: The King-Devick test appears to be a promising tool in screening for concussions. However, limited evidence exists on the baseline associations between the K-D test and age and baseline screening tools used after concussion. Additionally, there are no published reference values for the K-D test in high school football players. The K-D test, the Balance Error Scoring System, and the Limits of Stability (LOS) test were administered to 157 high school football players. Additionally, a subsample of 62 participants completed the test twice to examine the reliability of K-D test. There was no relationship between the K-D test and the BESS, or the reaction time and directional control of LOS test. Students aged between 16 and 18 years demonstrated faster K-D test performance compared to students between 13 and 15 years of age. However, there was no association between K-D test and history of concussion. The reliability of the K-D test was (ICC2,1 = 0.89), and the minimal detectable change was 6.10 s. Normative reference values for high school football players are presented in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alsalaheen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yorke
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Diebold
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001288:Attention; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000592:standards*; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012438:Saccades; D013060:Speech; D014481:United States
keywords: Concussion; adolescents; head injury; minimum detectable change; normative values; reliability; screening; validity; visual