title: Oxidation behavior of Cr(III) during thermal treatment of chromium hydroxide in the presence of alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorides.
abstract: The oxidation behavior of Cr(III) during the thermal treatment of chromium hydroxide in the presence of alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorides (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2) was investigated. The amounts of Cr(III) oxidized at various temperatures and heating times were determined, and the Cr-containing species in the residues were characterized. During the transformation of chromium hydroxide to Cr2O3 at 300 °C approximately 5% of the Cr(III) was oxidized to form intermediate compounds containing Cr(VI) (i.e., CrO3), but these intermediates were reduced to Cr2O3 when the temperature was above 400 °C. Alkali and alkaline earth metals significantly promoted the oxidation of Cr(III) during the thermal drying process. Two pathways were involved in the influences the alkali and alkaline earth metals had on the formation of Cr(VI). In pathway I, the alkali and alkaline earth metals were found to act as electron transfer agents and to interfere with the dehydration process, causing more intermediate Cr(VI)-containing compounds (which were identified as being CrO3 and Cr5O12) to be formed. The reduction of intermediate compounds to Cr2O3 was also found to be hindered in pathway I. In pathway II, the alkali and alkaline earth metals were found to contribute to the oxidation of Cr(III) to form chromates. The results showed that the presence of alkali and alkaline earth metals significantly increases the degree to which Cr(III) is oxidized during the thermal drying of chromium-containing sludge.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, PR China.
authors.forename: Linqiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China.
authors.forename: Bingying
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, PR China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, PR China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, PR China. Electronic address: cuihao@nju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D002857:Chromium / Q000737:chemistry*; D006878:Hydroxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D006878:Hydroxides; D008670:Metals; D012722:Sewage; D002857:Chromium
keywords: Alkali metals; Alkaline earth metals; Chromium-containing sludge; Cr(III) oxidation; Thermal drying