title: Barriers to implementation of opioid overdose prevention programs in Ohio.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nationally, overdose fatalities have reached epidemic proportions. Ohio has one of the highest overdose death rates in the country, as well as high rates of prescription opioid trafficking.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional self-report survey of opioid overdose prevention programs (OOPPs) in Ohio was conducted between August and October 2014 to characterize programs and ascertain barriers to successful implementation. A 91% response rate was achieved with 18 programs participating in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first Ohio OOPP opened in August 2012, a second program opened in 2013, and the remaining programs began in 2014. All of the programs distribute nasal naloxone and provide overdose prevention education, and 89% (n = 16) provide overdose kits for free. Six OOPPs are funded by the Ohio Department of Health, 3 programs are funded by a local health foundation, and several other public and private funding sources were reported. The OOPPs have funding to distribute a combined total of 8,670 overdose kits and had distributed 1998 kits by October 2014. The OOPPs reported 149 overdose reversals. Fifteen programs (83%) reported implementation barriers that were categorized as stigma-, cost-, staffing-, legal, regulatory, and client-related problems. Legislative changes aimed at removing some of the obstacles to distribution and lay administration of naloxone have recently been enacted in Ohio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OOPPs have rapidly expanded in Ohio during the past 3 years. Although recent legislative changes have addressed some of the reported implementation barriers, stigma and the cost of naloxone remain significant problems.
authors.affiliation: a James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA.
authors.forename: Erin L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Winstanley
authors.affiliation: b College of Nursing , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: c Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry , College of Medicine , West Virginia University, Morgantown , West Virginia , USA.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feinberg
authors.affiliation: d Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA.|e Addiction Sciences Division , Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wilder
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009270:Naloxone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009820:Ohio; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D016730:Program Development / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015397:Program Evaluation
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone
keywords: Naloxone; opioid overdose; prevention