title: An emerging role of cGMP in the treatment of schizophrenia: A review.
abstract: Schizophrenia is a progressive psychotic disorder with devastating effects on the broad aspects of human emotion, perception, thought, and psychosocial interactions. Although treatment with antipsychotic drugs, the mainstay in the treatment of schizophrenia, the large number of patients with schizophrenia respond poorly to the pharmacological and, the large number of patients with schizophrenia poorly respond to the pharmacological treatment. Although a variety of novel therapeutics have long been tested, to date, no drugs clinically efficacious for schizophrenia are available. The multiple lines of evidence strongly suggest that the modulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a promising target in promoting the novel therapeutic strategies of schizophrenia beyond the "receptor-dependent" psychopharmacology. cGMP is modulated via regulating its synthesis by N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and nitric oxide (NO), which regulate guannylyl cyclase (GC), the enzyme producing cGMP. cGMP is also regulated by phosphodiesterase (PDE), the enzyme hydrolyzing cGMP. In this review, we critically evaluate the therapeutic potential of agents modulating cGMP activity by regulating cGMP synthesis including NMDAR enhancers, NO enhancers, NO inhibitors including minocycline with anti-inflammatory properties and PDE inhibitors in improving the negative, cognitive and positive symptoms of schizophrenia. We also discuss the possible mechanisms by which these agents produce therapeutic effects on schizophrenia including cGMP signaling pathways, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation.
authors.affiliation: Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center Mental Health Service; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: seong.shim@va.gov.
authors.forename: Seong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science College of Pharmacy North Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shuman
authors.affiliation: Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center Mental Health Service; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Duncan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006152:Cyclic GMP
keywords: Minocycline; N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor; Nitric oxide; Phosphodiesterase inhibitor; Schizophrenia; cGMP