title: A study on the relationship between compulsive exercise, depression and anxiety.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exercise and physical activity are beneficial both physically and psychologically but a few individuals use exercise excessively resulting in physical and even psychological damage. There is evidence for bi-directional relationship between exercise with depression and anxiety showing that exercise can reduce anxiety and depression, whereas a lack of exercise is associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used questionnaires assessing compulsive exercise, anxiety and depression among 20 professional regular exercisers and 51 recreational regular exercisers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that ratings of compulsive exercise were associated with ratings of anxiety and depression among individuals who exercise for professional and recreational purpose. Secondly, individuals who exercise for professional purpose were more depressed than individuals who exercise for recreational purpose, but did not exhibit higher trait anxiety ratings. Thirdly, individuals who exercise for recreational purpose showed an association between ratings of compulsive exercise and depression but not with ratings of trait anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals who exercise for professional and recreational purpose may use it as a means for alleviating depression and anxiety although this small sample of recreational and professional sportsmen showed clinical levels of anxiety and depression that may require further clinical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Science, University of Ariel , Ariel, Israel.
authors.forename: Aviv
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Science, University of Ariel , Ariel, Israel.
authors.forename: Gavriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maayan
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Washington Hill Academic College , Evtah, Israel.|School of Nutrition, Tel Hai Academic College , Tel-Hai, Israel.
authors.forename: Yitzhak
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D056352:Athletes / Q000523:psychology; D003192:Compulsive Behavior / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D011998:Recreation / Q000523:psychology; D013223:Statistics as Topic
keywords: anxiety; compulsive exercise; depression; exercise addiction