title: Underweight but metabolically abnormal phenotype: Metabolic features and its association with cardiovascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies revealed that among people with normal and high body mass index (BMI), metabolic abnormalities contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, studies investigating the metabolic features and its association with CVD are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national representative sample of adult population in China was used. Underweight was defined as BMI <18.5kg/m(2). Participants who had less than 2 criteria of metabolic syndrome were classified as metabolically healthy; those who had 2 or more criteria of metabolic syndrome were classified as metabolically abnormal. Presence of CVD and albuminuria were compared among groups stratified by BMI and metabolic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 46308 participants, 2267 (4.6%) were classified as underweight; and 372 (16.4%) of them were identified as metabolically abnormal. Metabolic features were comparable between underweight but metabolically abnormal participants and obese participants. Compared with participants with normal weight and normal metabolic features, the underweight but metabolically abnormal participants were more likely to have CVD and albuminuria, with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.33 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34-4.05) and 2.56 (95% CI 1.86-3.52), respectively. Among underweight participants, factors associated with metabolic abnormal phenotype included leisure time physical inactivity, mild occupational physical activity, and waist circumference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolically abnormal phenotype is not rare among underweight population in China, and preventive strategy against CVD should also be considered in that population.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Bixia
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China. Electronic address: zhanglx@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Luxia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Minghui
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013851:Thinness / Q000150:complications*; D055105:Waist Circumference
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Metabolic feature; Metabolically abnormal; Underweight