title: Unintended Adverse Effects of Enteral Nutrition Support: Parental Perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study highlights the occurrence of unintended adverse effects of enteral nutrition in infancy and childhood, as viewed and reported from a parental perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative analysis of a standardized questionnaire, filled out online by parents of enterally fed children. The questions focused on the nutritive and nonnutritive adverse effects, and other medical and biometric data. Data were collected from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study cohort consisted of 425 infants and children with different underlying medical conditions and an average age of 2.17 (median = 1.63) years. Nasogastric tubes were used in 44.2% of all the patients, and 55.8% of the children were fed by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube. Nearly all of the children have been tube-fed since birth. A total of 56.0% of all tube-fed children showed regular gagging and retching episodes, 50.0% vomited frequently, 14.8% experienced nausea, 7.5% experienced extreme nervous perspiration during the feeding, 45.2% showed loss of appetite, 5.2% experienced local granulation tissue, and 1.9% had other skin irritations. No significant correlations could be found between age, sex, medical diagnoses, type of feeding tube, feeding schedules (bolus or continuous), and parental and child's behavior regarding the feeding situation and duration of tube feeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enteral nutrition affects the child and the whole family system on more than just nutritional level. It is suggested that children and their families should be followed-up by health professionals periodically for nutritional optimization, growth documentation, and other aspects of tube management.
authors.affiliation: Department for General Pediatrics and Psychosomatic, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Karoline
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pahsini
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marinschek
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Marguerite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dunitz-Scheer
authors.forename: Peter Jaron
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Scheer
mesh_terms: D001066:Appetite; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005683:Gagging; D005774:Gastrostomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D006097:Granulation Tissue; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D009325:Nausea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013546:Sweating; D013997:Time Factors; D014839:Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology