title: Does lidocaine as an adjuvant to morphine improve pain relief in patients presenting to the ED with acute renal colic? A double-blind, randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Renal colic (RC) is a common clinical presentation in the emergency department (ED). Prompt and effective pain control is one of the first responsibilities of emergency physicians. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of adding lidocaine to morphine compared to morphine alone in patients presenting to the ED with RC.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind, randomized controlled trial, a total of 110 adult patients of both sexes, aged 18 to 50 years, who presented to the ED with signs and symptoms suggestive of RC were randomly assigned into 1 of 2 groups. Patients in group A received morphine (0.1 mg/kg) plus lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg), whereas those in group B received morphine (0.1 mg/kg) plus normal saline 0.9% as placebo. All patients were asked to rate the intensity of their pain and nausea on a 0- to 10-point visual analog scale before and at 5, 10, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a statistically significant time trend decline in both groups for both pain and nausea scores (P < .01). Repeated-measures analysis showed a significant effect for the interaction between group and time of persistent pain (P = .034), but there was no significant group effect in this regard (P = .146). Median times to being pain free in the group receiving morphine plus lidocaine and in the group taking morphine alone were 87.02 minutes (95% confidence interval [CI], 74.23-94.82) and 100.12 minutes (95% CI, 89.95-110.23), respectively (P = .071). Repeated-measures analysis also showed a significant group effect for nausea (P = .038), but there was no interaction between group and time in this regard (P = .243). The median nausea-free times in the group receiving morphine plus lidocaine and the group receiving morphine alone were 26.6 minutes (95% CI, 14.16-39.03) and 58.33 minutes (95% CI, 41.85-74.82), respectively. This time difference was statistically significant (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using lidocaine may be recommended as an effective, safe, and inexpensive adjuvant to morphine in improving nausea and reducing the time needed to achieve pain and nausea relief in patients visiting the ED with acute RC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Abolfazl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Firouzian
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alipour
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Hale
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rashidian Dezfouli
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Alieh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zamani Kiasari
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gholipour Baradari
authors.affiliation: Student Research Committee, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Emami Zeydi
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amini Ahidashti
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montazami
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Electronic address: drhoseininejad@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Seyed Mohammad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hosseininejad
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Farideh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yazdani Kochuei
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D056844:Renal Colic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D008012:Lidocaine