title: Macrostomia: A Practical Guide for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons.
abstract: Macrostomia is a rare and debilitating congenital anomaly with incompletely understood etiopathogenesis. Despite the phenotypic variability in macrostomia, plastic surgeons should demonstrate competence in the diagnosis and management of this condition. The anatomy, embryology, classification, and clinical presentation of macrostomia are reviewed in this manuscript. A historical overview of surgical repair is presented that forms the basis for understanding modern techniques of repair. Finally, an effective method of macrostomia repair is presented along with review of 5-year results. It is our intent that this guide serve as a reference for plastic and reconstructive surgeons to accomplish safe, functional, and aesthetic macrostomia reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: *Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA †Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Florida Health Science Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL ‡Department of Plastic Surgery, Guy's & St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom §Global Smile Foundation, Tufts University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Clinical Instructor of Otolaryngology, Boston University School of Medicine. Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kobraei
authors.forename: Ashley K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lentz
authors.forename: Kyle R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Eberlin
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hachach-Haram
authors.forename: Usama S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Hamdan
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000473:pathology; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000209:etiology; D063169:Dentofacial Deformities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008046:Lip / Q000601:surgery; D008265:Macrostomia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011300:Preoperative Care; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000601:surgery