title: Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor gene association with cryptorchidism.
abstract: Cryptorchidism is a condition where a testis persists in the abdominal cavity. Thus, due to elevated temperature we may expect induction of aberrant immune reactions depending on genetic constitution of individual. This may be reflected by development of anti-sperm antibodies (ASA) in cryptorchid males. Also, natural killer (NK) cells which belong to innate immunity may control adaptive immunity. Therefore, the gene system encoding polymorphic NK cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIRs) has been studied. 109 prepubertal boys with cryptorchidism and 136 ethnically matched young male donors were selected to study NK cell KIRs. DNA was isolated using automatic Maxwell(®) system from the peripheral venous blood drawn onto anticoagulant. Olerup SSP KIR Genotyping kit including Taq polymerase was used for detection of KIR genes. Human leukocyte antigen-C (HLA-C) groups, C1 and C2 were established using a Olerup SSP KIR HLA Ligand kit. KIR2DL2 (killer immunoglobulin-like receptor two-domain long 2) and KIR2DS2 (killer immunoglobulin-like receptor two-domain short 2) genes were less frequent in patients than in control individuals (corrected p values: 0.0110 and 0.0383, respectively). However, no significant differences were observed between ASA-positive and ASA-negative patients, or between bilateral or unilateral cryptorchidism. No association between KIR ligands C1 and C2, alone or together with KIR2DL2, was found. However, the results suggest that KIR2DL2+/KIR2DS2+ genotype may be, to some extent, protective against cryptorchidism.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland. Electronic address: niepie@iitd.pan.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Wanda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Niepiekło-Miniewska
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland. Electronic address: pkusnier@iitd.pan.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuśnierczyk
authors.affiliation: Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Lviv, Ukraine. Electronic address: ahavrylyuk@meta.ua.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Havrylyuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Biology and Stem Cells, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland. Electronic address: kaspmarz@man.poznan.pl.
authors.forename: Marzena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamieniczna
authors.affiliation: Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Lviv, Ukraine. Electronic address: andrurol@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Andrij
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakonechnyy
authors.affiliation: Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Lviv, Ukraine. Electronic address: chopyakv@ukr.net.
authors.forename: Valentyna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chopyak
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Biology and Stem Cells, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland. Electronic address: kurpimac@man.poznan.pl.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurpisz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000906:Antibodies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000235:genetics*; D000939:Epitopes; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054340:Receptors, KIR / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000939:Epitopes; D054340:Receptors, KIR
keywords: Cryptorchidism; Genetic polymorphism; Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors; Natural killer cells; Testicular development