title: A Novel Algorithm for Remote Photoplethysmography: Spatial Subspace Rotation.
abstract: In this paper, we propose a conceptually novel algorithm, namely "Spatial Subspace Rotation" (2SR), that improves the robustness of remote photoplethysmography. Based on the assumption of 1) spatially redundant pixel-sensors of a camera, and 2) a well-defined skin mask, our core idea is to estimate a spatial subspace of skin-pixels and measure its temporal rotation for pulse extraction, which does not require skin-tone or pulse-related priors in contrast to existing algorithms. The proposed algorithm is thoroughly assessed on a benchmark dataset containing 54 videos, which includes challenges of various skin-tones, body-motions in complex illuminance conditions, and pulse-rate recovery after exercise. The experimental results show that given a well-defined skin mask, 2SR outperforms the popular ICA-based approach and two state-of-the-art algorithms (CHROM and PBV). When comparing the pulse frequency spectrum, 2SR improves on average the SNR of ICA by 2.22 dB, CHROM by 1.56 dB, and PBV by 1.95 dB. When comparing the instant pulse-rate, 2SR improves on average the Pearson correlation and precision of ICA by 47% and 65%, CHROM by 22% and 23%, and PBV by 21% and 39%. ANOVA confirms the significant improvement of 2SR in peak-to-peak accuracy. The proposed 2SR algorithm is very simple to use and extend, i.e., the implementation only requires a few lines MATLAB code.
authors.forename: Wenjin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sander
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stuijk
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Haan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D001811:Blood Volume Determination / Q000379:methods; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods*; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods*; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods; D017156:Photoplethysmography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012399:Rotation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000502:physiology*