title: Utility of flexion-extension radiography for the detection of ligamentous cervical spine injury and its current role in the clearance of the cervical spine.
abstract: Detecting the presence of injuries to the cervical spine is an important component of the initial assessment of patients sustaining blunt trauma. A small proportion of cervical spine injuries consists of ligamentous disruption. Accurate detection of ligamentous injury is essential as it may result in sequelae including radiculopathy, quadriplegia and death. Flexion-extension (FE) radiography has traditionally been utilised for the detection of ligamentous injury in patients who have been cleared of bony injury. There are controversies surrounding the use of FE for alert patients with neck pain. There are studies that call into question the diagnostic accuracy of FE, the high proportion of inadequate FE images due to muscle spasm and the adverse effects of prolonged cervical collar immobilisation while awaiting FE. Other literature indicates that FE provides no additional diagnostic information following a multi-detector helical computed tomography. This review evaluates the literature on the utility of FE for the detection of ligamentous injury and explores alternate strategies for clearing the cervical spine of ligamentous injury.
authors.affiliation: St George Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Jason Jaeseong
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: St George Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.|Emergency Department, St George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen Edward
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Asha
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000293:injuries*; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: blunt trauma; cervical spine injury; cervical vertebra; flexion-extension; radiography