title: An examination of the impact of care giving styles (accommodation and skilful communication and support) on the one year outcome of adolescent anorexia nervosa: Testing the assumptions of the cognitive interpersonal model in anorexia nervosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cognitive interpersonal model predicts that parental caregiving style will impact on the rate of improvement of anorexia nervosa symptoms. The study aims to examine whether the absolute levels and the relative congruence between mothers' and fathers' care giving styles influenced the rate of change of their children's symptoms of anorexia nervosa over 12 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Triads (n=54) consisting of patients with anorexia nervosa and both of their parents were included in the study. Caregivers completed the Caregiver Skills scale and the Accommodation and Enabling Scale at intake. Patients completed the Short Evaluation of Eating Disorders at intake and at monthly intervals for one year. Polynomial Hierarchical Linear Modeling was used for the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a person/dose dependant relationship between accommodation and patients' outcome, i.e. when both mother and father are highly accommodating outcome is poor, if either is highly accommodating outcome is intermediate and if both parents are low on accommodation outcome is good. Outcome is also good if both parents or mother alone have high levels of carer skills and poor if both have low levels of skills.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Including only a sub-sample of an adolescent clinical population; not considering time spent care giving, and reporting patient's self-reported outcome data limits the generalisability of the current findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accommodating and enabling behaviours by family members can serve to maintain eating disorder behaviours. However, skilful behaviours particularly by mothers, can aid recovery. Clinical interventions to optimise care giving skills and to reduce accommodation by both parents may be an important addition to treatment for anorexia nervosa.
authors.affiliation: University of Palermo, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Palermo, Italy. Electronic address: laurasalerno81@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salerno
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Eating Disorders, London, UK.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rhind
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Eating Disorders, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hibbs
authors.affiliation: University College London, Institute of Child Health, Behavioural and Brain Sciences Unit, London, UK; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, US.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Micali
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Eating Disorders, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: University of Liverpool, Adolescent Psychiatry, Chester, UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gowers
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Eating Disorders, London, UK.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Eating Disorders, London, UK.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goddard
authors.affiliation: South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.affiliation: University of Palermo, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lo Coco
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Eating Disorders, London, UK.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Treasure
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000856:Anorexia Nervosa / Q000523:psychology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D010332:Paternal Behavior
keywords: Accommodating; Anorexia; Care giver skills; Caregivers’ congruence; Enabling behaviour; Symptom change