title: Behaviour of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in constructed wetland compartments: Influent, effluent, pore water, substrate and plant roots.
abstract: Seven mesocosm-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) with different design configurations, dealing with primary-treated urban wastewater, were assessed for the concentration, distribution and fate of ten pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) [ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, salicylic acid, caffeine, carbamazepine, methyl dihydrojasmonate, galaxolide and tonalide] and eight of their transformation products (TPs). Apart from influent and effluent, various CW compartments were analysed, namely, substrate, plant roots and pore water. PPCP content in pore water depended on the specific CW configuration. Macrophytes can take up PPCPs through their roots. Ibuprofen, salicylic acid, caffeine, methyl dihydrojasmonate, galaxolide and tonalide were present on the root surface with a predominance of galaxolide and caffeine in all the planted systems. Naproxen, ibuprofen, salicylic acid, methyl dihydrojasmonate, galaxolide and tonalide were uptaken by the roots. In order to better understand the removal processes, biomass measurement and biodegradability studies through the characterization of internal-external isomeric linear alkylbenzenes present on the gravel bed were performed. Three TPs namely, ibuprofen-amide, 3-ethylbenzophenone and 4-hydroxy-diclofenac were identified for the first time in wetland pore water and effluent water, which suggests de novo formation (they were not present in the influent). Conversely, O-desmethyl-naproxen was degraded through the wetland passage since it was detected in the influent but not in the subsequent treatment stages. Biodegradation pathways are therefore suggested for most of the studied PPCPs in the assessed CWs.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua (IDAEA), CSIC, c/ Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hijosa-Valsero
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua (IDAEA), CSIC, c/ Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reyes-Contreras
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua (IDAEA), CSIC, c/ Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: carmen.dominguez@idaea.csic.es.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Domínguez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, E-24071 León, Spain.
authors.forename: Eloy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bécares
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua (IDAEA), CSIC, c/ Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bayona
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000032:analysis*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014872:Water Movements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: PPCPs; Subsurface flow; Surface flow; Transformation products; biodegradation; urban wastewater