title: Update on histopathological evaluation of lymphadenectomy specimens from prostate cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metastases to lymph nodes (LNs) represent an unfavorable prognostic factor in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Histological examination represents the gold standard in the evaluation of the lymphadenectomy (LND) specimens for the presence of secondary deposits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The metastatic detection rate can vary according to the approach adopted in the microscopic analysis of the LNs, which includes frozen-section examination, total inclusion of the tissue with and without whole-mount sections, serial sectioning, and the application of immunohistochemistry. The assessment of the sentinel LN, the search for micrometastases, and the evaluation of atypical LN metastatic sites further contribute to the detection of the metastatic spread.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this review, an update on the histopathological evaluation of LND specimens in patients with PCa is given, and focus is made on their clinical and prognostic significance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Odontostomatologic and Specialized Clinical Sciences, Section of Urology, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, GM Lancisi, G Salesi, via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santoni
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, GM Lancisi, G Salesi, via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burattini
authors.affiliation: Section of Pathological Anatomy, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, via Conca 71, 60126, Torrette, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scarpelli
authors.affiliation: Section of Pathological Anatomy, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, via Conca 71, 60126, Torrette, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mazzucchelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Odontostomatologic and Specialized Clinical Sciences, Section of Urology, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Galosi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Cordoba University Medical School, Cordoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopez-Beltran
authors.affiliation: Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briganti
authors.affiliation: Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montorsi
authors.affiliation: Section of Pathological Anatomy, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, via Conca 71, 60126, Torrette, Ancona, Italy. r.montironi@univpm.it.
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montironi
mesh_terms: D005629:Frozen Sections; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000071036:Sentinel Lymph Node / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods
keywords: Lymph nodes; Metastases; Prostate cancer