title: Prevalence of Hypertension in Boloor Diabetes Study (BDS-II) and its Risk Factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertension is a major public health problem in India and worldwide. Since hypertension is often asymptomatic, it commonly remains undetected, leading to serious complications if untreated. Hypertension is one of the leading causes of end stage renal disease. It doubles the risk of developing coronary artery disease, increases the risk of congestive heart failure by four folds and that of cerebrovascular disease and stroke by seven folds. Hypertension is directly responsible for 57% of all stroke deaths and 42% of coronary heart disease deaths in India.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify prevalence and risk factors for hypertension in a semi urban population of Mangalore, who participated in Boloor Diabetes Study (BDS-II).
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was conducted on 551 subjects aged ≥ 20 years who were randomly selected. Hypertension was diagnosed and classified according to Joint National Committee 7 (JNC) criteria. Blood pressure was measured by a doctor using calibrated sphygmomanometer. Anthropometric measurements, lipid and glucose estimations were done for all subjects. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square test and student's t-test (unpaired). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done using hypertension as dependent variable and the various risk factors as independent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall prevalence of hypertension in the community was 41% (227/551) (40.9% in men, 41.3% in women). Prehypertension was found in 40% (223/551) (45.4% in men, 38.1% in women), and only 18.3% (101/551) had normal blood pressure. Stage I hypertension was seen in 29.7% (164/551) (28.9% in men, 30.1% in women). Stage II hypertension was seen in 11.4% (63/551) (12% in men, 11% in women). Age, obesity, diabetes, serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides were strongly associated with hypertension. Only 46% (254/551) of the hypertensive subjects were aware that they were hypertensive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of hypertension was high in this population. Nearly 54% were unaware of their hypertensive status. Prevalence increased with age, obesity, diabetic status and dyslipidemia. Nearly half of subjects were prehypertensives. This study highlights the need for regular screening coupled with educational programmes to detect, improve awareness and optimally treat hypertension in the community to reduce cardiovascular and renal complications.
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Attavar Hospital, Manipal Universtiy , Mangalore, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Prabha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adhikari
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, AUA College of Medicine, Manipal University , Antigua, India .
authors.forename: Sudhakar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pemminati
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate, Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Attavar Hospital , Mangalore, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pathak
authors.affiliation: Selection Grade Lecturer, Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University , Mangalore, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Mangalore Shashidhar
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kotian
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University , Mangalore, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Sheetal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ullal
keywords: JNC-VII; Obesity; Serum lipids; Type 2 diabetes