title: Identification, characterization and molecular analysis of the viable but nonculturable Rhodococcus biphenylivorans.
abstract: Numerous bacteria, including pollutant-degrading bacteria can enter the viable but nonculturable state (VBNC) when they encounter harsh environmental conditions. VBNC bacteria, as a vast majority of potent microbial resource can be of great significance in environmental rehabilitation. It is necessary to study the VBNC state of pollutant-degrading bacteria under various stress conditions. The aim of this study was to determine whether Rhodococcus biphenylivorans could enter the VBNC state under oligotrophic and low temperature conditions, and to examine the changes of morphology, enzymatic activity and gene expressions that might underline such state. The obtained results indicated that R. biphenylivorans TG9(T) could enter into the VBNC state and recover culturability under favorable environmental conditions. Results from Illumina high throughput RNA-sequencing revealed that the up-regulated genes related to ATP accumulation, protein modification, peptidoglycan biosynthesis and RNA polymerase were found in the VBNC cells, and the down-regulated genes mainly encoded hypothetical protein, membrane protein and NADH dehydrogenase subunit, which render VBNC cells more tolerant to survive under inhospitable conditions. This study provides new insights into prevention and control of the VBNC state of pollutant-degrading bacteria for their better capabilities in environmental rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.|Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiaomei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.|Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Faqian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.|Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Yalin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Meteorology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Zaffar
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Hashmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.|Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
authors.forename: Linxian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.|Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Chaofeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D012240:Rhodococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001426:Bacterial Proteins