title: Effect of iodine contrast agent concentration on cerebrovascular dose for synchrotron radiation microangiography based on a simple mouse head model and a voxel mouse head phantom by Monte Carlo simulation.
abstract: Effective setting strategies using Monte Carlo simulation are presented to mitigate the irradiation damage in synchrotron radiation microangiography (SRA). A one-dimensional mouse head model and a segmented voxel phantom mouse head were simulated using the EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc code to investigate the dose enhancement effect of an iodine contrast agent irradiated by a monochromatic synchrotron radiation source. The influence of the iodine concentration, vessel width and depth, protection with and without the skull layer, and various incident X-ray energies were all simulated. The dose enhancement effect and the absolute dose based on the segmented voxel mouse head phantom were evaluated. The dose enhancement ratio depended little on the irradiation depth, but strongly and linearly increasing on iodine concentration. The protection given by the skull layer cannot be ignored in SRA because a 700 µm-thick skull can decrease the dose by 10%. The incident X-ray energy can affect the dose significantly. Compared with a dose of 33.2 keV for 50 mgI ml(-1), a dose of 32.7 keV decreased by 38%, whereas a dose of 33.7 keV increased by 69.2% and the variation strengthened more with enhanced iodine concentration. The segmented voxel mouse head phantom also showed that the average dose enhancement effect and the maximal voxel dose per photon depended little on the iodine voxel volume ratio but strongly on the iodine concentration. To decrease the damage caused by the dose in SRA, a high-Z contrast agent should be used as little as possible and irradiation of the injection site of the contrast agent should be avoided immediately after the injection. The fragile vessel containing iodine should avoid being closely irradiated. Avoiding irradiating through a thin (or no) skull region, or attaching a thin equivalent material on the outside for protection are better methods. An incident X-ray energy as low as possible should be used as long as the SRA image quality is ensured. The use of the synergetic and synchronous shuttering technique in SRA is also very critical in order to effectively shorten the accumulative irradiation time in in vivo animal irradiation experiments.
authors.affiliation: School of Electronic Science and Application Physics, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: School of Electronic Science and Application Physics, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Centre, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yi-Fan
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: School of Electronic Science and Application Physics, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Centre, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jie
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Centre, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guo-Yuan
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000032:analysis*; D006257:Head; D007455:Iodine / Q000032:analysis*; D051379:Mice; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017356:Synchrotrons
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007455:Iodine
keywords: Monte Carlo simulation; irradiation dose damage; synchrotron radiation microangiography