title: The orthogonal-oblique bi-level model of the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45.2): Polish adaptation based on factor analysis.
abstract: AIM : The aim of this project was to conduct the cross-cultural factorial validation of the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45.2) using the Polish population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from day-patients (n = 211), inpatients (n = 234), outpatients (n = 137) and non-patients (n = 426). Statistical analyses included: parallel analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, criterion equivalence, clinical significance and reliable change index, and test-retest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analyses provided the strongest support for the bi-level model of the total score, five orthogonal (subscales specific for the Polish OQ, i.e. Social Conflicts and Addictive Behaviors; and original yet modified subscales, i.e. Symptom Distress, Interpersonal Relations, and Social Role), and two oblique factors (Somatization and Anxiety, Social Role 2). The psychometric properties of the Polish OQ were found to be adequate and similar to the original American OQ and its international adaptations. Specific for the Polish OQ cut-off scores for clinical significance were established. The role of cultural differences and the passage of time in the process of the cross-cultural validation were elaborated upon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Polish version of the OQ 45-2 has been recognized as an instrument adequately measuring general functioning as well as specific areas of functioning of the individual (i.e. interpersonal relations; social role performance; social conflicts; symptom distress; somatization and anxiety; addictive behaviors). Results of this factorial analysis seem to be valuable for both clinicians using the OQ-45.2 and for creators of any psychotherapy outcome measure.
authors.affiliation: Konsonans. Ośrodek Psychoterapii w Warszawie.
authors.forename: Witold
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Wydział Matematyczno-Przyrodniczy Szkoły Nauk Ścisłych UKSW w Warszawie.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Śliwka
authors.affiliation: Katedra Psychoterapii UJ CM.
authors.forename: Jerzy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sobański
authors.affiliation: Zakład Psychoterapii Szpitala Uniwersyteckiego w Krakowie.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klasa
authors.affiliation: Praktyka prywatna w Warszawie.
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sala
authors.affiliation: Klinika Psychiatrii Dorosłych UM w Poznaniu.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Żak
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Busath
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011594:Psychometrics; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*
keywords: outcome questionnaire; psychotherapy effectiveness; symptom checklist