title: Temporal trends of alcohol and drug use among Inuit of Northern Quebec, Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol and drug use is a serious health problem for many indigenous populations across Canada, including Inuit. The literature on substance use in these populations is too sparse to devise public health interventions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present article portrays alcohol and drug use among Inuit living in Nunavik (Northern Quebec) between the 1990s and 2000s, and identifies socio-demographic characteristics related to substance use.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Santé Québec Health Survey (1992) and the Nunavik Inuit Health Survey Qanuippitaa (2004) served as databases for this empirical work. Statistical comparisons were made of substance use variables in the 2 samples. Proportions were compared by chi-square tests (p≤0.05) with benchmarking of statistics for all of Quebec and, when available, all of Canada.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol and drug use among Inuit increased significantly between 1992 and 2004, particularly among young adults. Alcohol users consumed significantly more alcohol per drinking episode than other Canadians in both time periods. Considerable cannabis use was widespread. In 2004, no significant differences in frequencies of heavy drinking episodes were observed by gender, with 60% of drug users consuming alcohol on a regular basis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As in other populations from North America, this study profiles the increase in substance use among Inuit from Nunavik in the first part of the last 20 years. We observed distinct substance use patterns among them in comparison to other Canadians. Such findings, if replicated in the coming years, emphasize the need for major, culturally-relevant public health interventions in this population.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Laval University, Québec, Canada.|Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fortin
authors.affiliation: Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec, Canada.|Department of Pediatrics, Centre mère-enfant Soleil du CHU de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Bélanger
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Laval University, Québec, Canada.|Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Boucher
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Laval University, Québec, Canada.|Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec, Canada; gina.muckle@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muckle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000208:ethnology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000208:ethnology; D001110:Arctic Regions; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D004930:Inuit / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Inuit; alcohol; drugs; indigenous communities; marijuana