title: Prevalence of pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia in Hong Kong Chinese geriatric patients with hip fracture and its correlation with different factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sarcopenia and osteoporosis are age-related declines in the quantity of muscle and bone, respectively. Both contribute in disability, fall, and hip fracture in the elderly. This study reported the prevalence of sarcopenia in Chinese geriatric patients with hip fracture, and the correlation between relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and other factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case series was conducted in Kowloon West Cluster Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Centre in Hong Kong. Data of all geriatric patients with primary hip fracture admitted to the above Centre from June to December 2014 were studied. Isometric grip strength, the maximal handgrip strength, was measured using a JAMAR hand dynamometer. Body composition including appendicular and whole-body lean body mass was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Pearson's correlation was used to examine the correlation between relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and other factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 239 patients with a mean age of 82 years were included in the study. Stratifying patients as male or female, the mean (± standard deviation) hand grip strength was 20.6 ± 7.3 kg and 13.6 ± 4.5 kg, the mean relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass index was 5.72 ± 0.83 kg/m(2) and 4.87 ± 0.83 kg/m(2), and the mean hip bone mineral density was 0.696 ± 0.13 g/cm(2) and 0.622 ± 0.12 g/cm(2), respectively. The prevalence of sarcopenia based on relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and hand grip strength according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia definition was 73.6% in males and 67.7% in females. According to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia definition, the prevalence of pre-sarcopenia was 20.8% in males and 12.4% in females. Relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass index was positively correlated with hand grip strength, body weight, hip bone mineral density, body mass index, and total fat mass in males; and hand grip strength, body weight, body height, body mass index, and total fat mass in females. Except for body height in females, all correlations were statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of sarcopenia was very high in geriatric hip fracture patients, and much higher than that in community-dwelling elderly population. Apart from the need to prescribe osteoporosis medicine, sarcopenia screening and treatment should be offered and is essential to reduce subsequent fall, subsequent fracture, fracture-related complications and economic burden to Hong Kong.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Caritas Medical Centre, Shamshuipo, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: A Wh
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Caritas Medical Centre, Shamshuipo, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: M Ml
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Caritas Medical Centre, Shamshuipo, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: E Wc
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Caritas Medical Centre, Shamshuipo, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: H My
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Caritas Medical Centre, Shamshuipo, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Caritas Medical Centre, Shamshuipo, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Caritas Medical Centre, Shamshuipo, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001823:Body Composition; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D013223:Statistics as Topic
keywords: Aged; Hip fractures; Sarcopenia