title: Histomorphological features of resected bladder tumors: Do energy source makes any difference.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recent advent of bipolar energy in bladder tumor resection has raised many questions regarding density of current and its effect on histopathology of the resected transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) chips.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the histomorphological features in resected bladder tumors comparing bipolar versus conventional (monopolar) energy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inclusion criteria were patients with primary presentation of carcinoma urinary bladder undergoing TURBT. The patients with prior resections were excluded as these could jeopardize the results of cautery artifacts.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February 2010 to December 2011, 61 patients with primary carcinoma bladder and meeting our inclusion criteria were compared. Group 1 (n = 31) underwent bipolar-TURBT (B-TURBT) and Group 2 (n = 30) monopolar-TURBT (M-TURBT). Two pathologists, who were blinded to the form of electrocautery used, examined the resected tissue. The degree of cautery artifact in each specimen was recorded. The severity of the cautery artifact was graded as absent, mild, moderate, or severe. The mean age, tumor size, and resection time were recorded in both groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed using SPSS 16. Data were compared in between groups using paired t-test and Pearson's Chi-square test. The significance level was set at 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age, tumor size, and resection time were similar in between the two groups. The pathologists had no obscurity in reaching a correct diagnosis in all cases. The cautery artifacts were graded as absent in 10 (32.2%) and 8 (26.67%), mild in 12 (38.7%) and 11 (36.67%), moderate in 5 (16.1%) and 7 (23.33%) and severe in 4 (12.9%) and 5 (16.66%) cases, respectively in Group 1 and 2. There was no statistically significant histomorphogical dissimilarity between specimens according to the type of cautery used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bladder tissue obtained from B-TURBT is of equivalent histomorphological feature as that of standard M-TURBT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ashish Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Saini
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahuja
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Amlesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Prem Nath
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Dogra
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Prabhjot
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Siddhartha Dutta
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Gupta
keywords: Bipolar resection; bladder tumor; cautery artifact