title: Effects of sacral nerve stimulation on postpartum urinary retention-related changes in rat bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) on the urodynamic function and molecular structure of bladders in rats following acute urinary retention (AUR) after parturition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty primiparous rats were divided into three groups: postpartum, postpartum+AUR, and postpartum+AUR+SNS. AUR was achieved by clamping the distal urethra of a rat for 60 minutes. The postpartum+AUR+SNS group received electrical stimulation 60 minutes daily for 3 days after AUR. In addition to cystometric studies and external urethral sphincter electromyography, the expression of caveolins and nerve growth factor (NGF) and caveolae number in bladder muscle were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The postpartum+AUR group has significantly greater residual volume than the postpartum group, but the residual volume decreased significantly after SNS treatment. The postpartum+AUR group had significantly lower peak voiding pressure, a longer bursting period and lower amplitude of electromyograms of external urethral sphincter activity than the postpartum and postpartum+AUR+SNS groups. The postpartum+AUR rats had higher NGF expression, lower caveolin-1 expression, and fewer caveolae in bladder muscle compared with the postpartum rats. Conversely, the caveolin-1 expression and caveolae number increased, and the NGF expression decreased after SNS treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bladder dysfunction after parturition in a rat model caused by AUR may be restored to the non-AUR structural and functional level after SNS treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urogynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shuenn-Dhy
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Division of Urogynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Hao
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Urogynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Electronic address: ccjoliang@cgmh.org.tw.
authors.forename: Ching-Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tse-Ching
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D021941:Caveolae / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051242:Caveolin 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051244:Caveolin 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000294:innervation; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000378:metabolism; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012445:Sacrococcygeal Region / Q000294:innervation; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000166:cytology; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000628:therapy*; D014563:Urodynamics
chemical_list: C495537:Cav1 protein, rat; C495549:Cav3 protein, rat; D051242:Caveolin 1; D051244:Caveolin 3; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor
keywords: caveolin; cystometric study; nerve growth factor; sacral nerve stimulation; urinary retention