title: Reduced short term memory in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and its relationship to spatial and quantitative performance.
abstract: Girls and women with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) experience elevated androgens prenatally and show increased male-typical development for certain behaviors. Further, individuals with CAH receive glucocorticoid (GC) treatment postnatally, and this GC treatment could have negative cognitive consequences. We investigated two alternative hypotheses, that: (a) early androgen exposure in females with CAH masculinizes (improves) spatial perception and quantitative abilities at which males typically outperform females, or (b) CAH is associated with performance decrements in these domains, perhaps due to reduced short-term-memory (STM). Adolescent and adult individuals with CAH (40 female and 29 male) were compared with relative controls (29 female and 30 male) on spatial perception and quantitative abilities as well as on Digit Span (DS) to assess STM and on Vocabulary to assess general intelligence. Females with CAH did not perform better (more male-typical) on spatial perception or quantitative abilities than control females, failing to support the hypothesis of cognitive masculinization. Rather, in the sample as a whole individuals with CAH scored lower on spatial perception (p ≤ .009), a quantitative composite (p ≤ .036), and DS (p ≤ .001), despite no differences in general intelligence. Separate analyses of adolescent and adult participants suggested the spatial and quantitative effects might be present only in adult patients with CAH; however, reduced DS performance was found in patients with CAH regardless of age group. Separate regression analyses showed that DS predicted both spatial perception and quantitative performance (both p ≤ .001), when age, sex, and diagnosis status were controlled. Thus, reduced STM in CAH patients versus controls may have more general cognitive consequences, potentially reducing spatial perception and quantitative skills. Although hyponatremia or other aspects of salt-wasting crises or additional hormone abnormalities cannot be ruled out as potential contributors, elevated GCs appear to be the most likely contributor to reductions in STM. Additional efforts to monitor GC administration protocols may help achieve optimal cognitive outcomes. Educational intervention for individuals with CAH might also be useful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA. Electronic address: collaer@middlebury.edu.
authors.forename: Marcia L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Collaer
authors.affiliation: Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK. Electronic address: p.hindmarsh@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hindmarsh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: vp265@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Vickie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pasterski
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, City University, London, UK. Electronic address: b.fane@digital-science.com.
authors.forename: Briony A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fane
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: mh504@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hines
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D013028:Space Perception / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens
keywords: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH); Digit span; Glucocorticoid; Quantitative; Short term memory; Spatial perception