title: Spatiotemporal mapping of interictal epileptiform discharges in human absence epilepsy: A MEG study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although absence epilepsy is considered to be a prototypic type of generalized epilepsy, it is still under debate whether generalized 3 Hz spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) might have a cortical focal origin. Here it is investigated whether focal interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), which typically occur in the electro- (EEG) and magnetoencephalogram (MEG) in case of focal epilepsy, are present in the MEG of children with absence epilepsy. Next, the location of the sources of the IEDs is established, and it is investigated whether the location is concordant to the earlier established focal cortical regions involved in the generalized SWDs of these children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole head MEG recordings of seven children with absence epilepsy were reviewed with respect to the presence of IEDs (spikes and sharp waves). These IEDs were grouped into distinct clusters, in which each contribution to a cluster yields a comparable magnetic field distribution. Source localization was then performed onto the average signal of each cluster using an equivalent current dipole model and a realistic head model of the cortical surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IEDs were detected in 6 out of 7 patients. Source reconstruction indicated most often frontal, central or parietal origins of the IED in either the left and or right hemisphere. Spatiotemporal assessment of the IEDs indicated a stable location of the averages of these discharges, indicating a single underlying cortical source.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcome of this pilot study shows that MEG is well suited for the detection of IEDs and suggests that their estimated sources coincide rather well with the cortical regions involved during the spikes of the SWDs. It is discussed whether the presence of IEDs, classically seen as a marker of focal epilepsies, indicate that absence epilepsy should be considered as a focal type of epilepsy, in which changes in the network are evolving rapidly.
authors.affiliation: Department Function and Medical Technology, Academic Center of Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe & Maastricht UMC+, PO Box 61, 5590AB Heeze, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: y.j.w.rozendaal@tue.nl.
authors.forename: Yvonne J W
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Rozendaal
authors.affiliation: Donders Centre of Cognition, Radboud University, PO Box 9104, 6500HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: g.vanluijtelaar@donders.ru.nl.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Luijtelaar
authors.affiliation: Department Function and Medical Technology, Academic Center of Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe & Maastricht UMC+, PO Box 61, 5590AB Heeze, The Netherlands. Electronic address: ossenblokP@kempenhaeghe.nl.
authors.forename: Pauly P W
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Ossenblok
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D004832:Epilepsy, Absence / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male
keywords: Childhood absence epilepsy; Current dipole source localization; Interictal epileptiform discharges; Involvement of focal cortical regions; Magnetoencephalography