title: The association between childhood maltreatment, psychopathology, and adult sexual victimization in men and women: results from three independent samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood maltreatment (CM) has consistently been linked with adverse outcomes including substance use disorders and adult sexual revictimization. Adult sexual victimization itself has been linked with psychopathology but has predominately been studied in women. The current investigation examines the impact of CM and co-occurring psychopathology on adult sexual victimization in men and women, replicating findings in three distinct samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the association between continuous CM factor scores and adult sexual victimization in the Childhood Trauma Study (CTS) sample (N = 2564). We also examined the unique relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and adult sexual victimization while adjusting for co-occurring substance dependence and psychopathology. We replicated these analyses in two additional samples: the Comorbidity and Trauma Study (CATS; N = 1981) and the Australian Twin-Family Study of Alcohol Use Disorders (OZ-ALC; N = 1537).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses revealed a significant association with CM factor scores and adult sexual victimization for both men and women across all three samples. The CSA factor score was strongly associated with adult sexual victimization after adjusting for substance dependence and psychopathology; higher odds ratios were observed in men (than women) consistently across the three samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A continuous measure of CSA is independently associated with adult sexual trauma risk across samples in models that included commonly associated substance dependence and psychopathology as covariates. The strength of the association between this CSA measure and adult sexual victimization is higher in magnitude for men than women, pointing to the need for further investigation of sexual victimization in male community samples.
authors.affiliation: George Warren Brown School of Social Work,Washington University,St Louis,MO,USA.
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: Alcoholism Research Center,Washington University School of Medicine,St Louis,MO,USA.
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: McCutcheon
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois-Chicago School of Medicine,Chicago,IL,USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Challa
authors.affiliation: Alcoholism Research Center,Washington University School of Medicine,St Louis,MO,USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College,London,UK.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lynskey
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Research,University of Western Sydney,Sydney,Australia.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Conroy
authors.affiliation: QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,Brisbane,Australia.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Statham
authors.affiliation: Alcoholism Research Center,Washington University School of Medicine,St Louis,MO,USA.
authors.forename: P A F
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Center,University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Henders
authors.affiliation: Alcoholism Research Center,Washington University School of Medicine,St Louis,MO,USA.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Todorov
authors.affiliation: Alcoholism Research Center,Washington University School of Medicine,St Louis,MO,USA.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Center,University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Degenhardt
authors.affiliation: QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,Brisbane,Australia.
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Alcoholism Research Center,Washington University School of Medicine,St Louis,MO,USA.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Bucholz
authors.affiliation: Alcoholism Research Center,Washington University School of Medicine,St Louis,MO,USA.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Adult sexual revictimization; childhood sexual abuse; childhood trauma; psychopathology; sex disparities