title: [Nonlinear Microscopy in Ophthalmology: Principles and Pathbreaking Applications].
abstract: Nonlinear microscopy is a non-invasive imaging technique which allows a visualization of biological tissue with high signal contrast due to spectral separation combined with high resolution. In addition to two-photon fluorescence and second harmonic signals also four-wave mixing signals can be used for imaging ocular structures. This review article presents the physical principles of different contrast mechanisms. Exemplary experimental results based on various nonlinear signals are shown, opportunities of this technology are discussed and the prospect of translating this imaging technique into a clinical application is addressed.
authors.affiliation: Biomedizinische Optik, Laser Zentrum Hannover e. V.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ehmke
authors.affiliation: Biomedizinische Optik, Laser Zentrum Hannover e. V.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.affiliation: Biomedizinische Optik, Laser Zentrum Hannover e. V.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ripken
authors.affiliation: Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reiß
authors.affiliation: Augenklinik, Universität Rostock.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stachs
authors.affiliation: Biomedizinische Optik, Laser Zentrum Hannover e. V.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heisterkamp
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D019721:Ophthalmoscopes; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical