title: Vigilance for Salmonella in Feedstuffs Available in Costa Rica: Prevalence, Serotyping and Tetracycline Resistance of Isolates Obtained from 2009 to 2014.
abstract: Relevant epidemiological information is provided in this report for Salmonella based on data obtained from a Costa Rican surveillance program for animal feeds. In addition to prevalence, a description in terms of serotypes and tetracycline (TET) resistance of the isolates is included. A total of 1725 feed and feed ingredients samples were analyzed during 2009 and 2014, from which 110 Salmonella strains were recovered (76 from poultry, 23 from meat and bone meal [MBM], 3 from pet foods, and 8 from other feed). Retrieved isolates were serotyped and tested for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against TET. Salmonella strains were found mainly from poultry feed (different growth stages, n = 76/110; 69.1%) and MBM (n = 23/109; 21.1%). The rest of the isolates were recovered from feather meal, pet food, fish meal (n = 3/110; 2.3% each) and swine feed (n = 1/110; 0.9%). From the different serotypes recovered (n = 21), the most common were Salmonella Give (n = 18; 13.8%) and Salmonella Rissen (n = 6; 4.6%) for MBM and Salmonella Havana (n = 14; 10.8%), Salmonella Rissen, Salmonella Soerenga, and Salmonella Schwarzengrund (n = 8; 6.2% each) in poultry feed. Recovered strains were regarded to be sensitive or have an intermediate resistance to TET as evidenced by their MIC50 and MIC90 concentrations of 4 and 8 μg/mL for MBM and poultry feed, respectively. Compound feed and MBM samples exhibited strains characterized by 86.8 and 88.9% of the isolates classified (according to CLSI, 2015 ) as sensitive, 7.7 and 3.7% as intermediate, and 5.5% (with >256 μg/mL as the highest concentration) and 7.4% (with 64 μg/mL as the highest concentration) as resistant to TET, respectively. Salmonella serovars Anatum and Havana exhibited the highest resistance profile >256 and 128 μg/mL, respectively. Hence, MBM and poultry feed seem to be a target of interest if Salmonella incidence is to be controlled. Serotypes recovered have in the past demonstrated pathogenic capability; therefore, hereafter a stricter surveillance program may be in order.
authors.affiliation: 1 Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio , San José, Costa Rica .|2 Escuela de Zootecnia, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio , San José, Costa Rica .
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.affiliation: 1 Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio , San José, Costa Rica .
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Granados-Chinchilla
authors.affiliation: 1 Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio , San José, Costa Rica .
authors.forename: Marisol
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.affiliation: 3 Centro Nacional de Referencia de Bacteriología, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA) , Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica .
authors.forename: María Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Acuña-Calvo
authors.affiliation: 4 Unidad de Microbiología, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal , Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica .
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alfaro
authors.affiliation: 1 Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio , San José, Costa Rica .
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chavarría
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003364:Costa Rica / Q000453:epidemiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D011200:Poultry / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012475:Salmonella / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D012703:Serotyping / Q000662:veterinary; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D013753:Tetracycline Resistance
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013752:Tetracycline