title: Systemic delivery of β-blockers via transdermal route for hypertension.
abstract: Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease worldwide. Moreover, management of hypertension requires long-term treatment that may result in poor patient compliance with conventional dosage forms due to greater frequency of drug administration. Although there is availability of a plethora of therapeutically effective antihypertensive molecules, inadequate patient welfare is observed; this arguably presents an opportunity to deliver antihypertensive agents through a different route. Ever since the transdermal drug delivery came into existence, it has offered great advantages including non-invasiveness, prolonged therapeutic effect, reduced side effects, improved bioavailability, better patient compliance and easy termination of drug therapy. Attempts were made to develop the transdermal therapeutic system for various antihypertensive agents, including β-blockers, an important antihypertensive class. β-blockers are potent, highly effective in the management of hypertension and other heart ailments by blocking the effects of normal amounts of adrenaline in the heart and blood vessels. The shortcomings associated with β-blockers such as more frequent dose administration, extensive first pass metabolism and variable bioavailability, make them an ideal candidate for transdermal therapeutic systems. The present article gives a brief view of different β-blockers formulated as transdermal therapeutic system in detail to enhance the bioavailability as well as to improve patient compliance. Constant improvement in this field holds promise for the long-term success in technologically advanced transdermal dosage forms being commercialized sooner rather than later.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Fahad I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Al-Jenoobi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdullah M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Mohizea
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Buraydah Private Colleges, P.O. Box 31, 717, Buraydah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), M. B. Road, New Delhi 110062, India.
authors.forename: Naseem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raish
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), M. B. Road, New Delhi 110062, India.
authors.forename: Mohd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aqil
keywords: Antihypertensive agent; Transdermal delivery; Transdermal therapeutic system; β-Blockers