title: Digit ratio (2D:4D): Is it possible to use it for sex determination in the study of human skeletal remains?
abstract: Sexual dimorphism in the relative length of the second-to-fourth digits (the digit ratio, or 2D:4D) in humans has been reported in many studies. The aim of our study was to ascertain possibility of using the 2D:4D ratio as an additional marker for sex determination in the study of human skeletal remains.
  
  
  
  We have studied 2D:4D ratios obtained from measurements of finger phalanges and metacarpal bones in Russian (45 adult males and 26 adult females) and German (58 adult males and 29 adult females) skeletal series.
  
  
  
  The difference in 2D:4D ratio between the male and female subsamples in both skeletal series was not statistically significant. Analysis of variance revealed that the 2D:4D ratios in our sample varied more by ethnicity than by the sexual identity of the skeletal material.
  
  
  
  Our results suggest that the 2D:4D ratio cannot be used as an appropriate trait for the sex determination of human skeletal remains. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:591-593, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Lomonosov State University, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Varvara Yu
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Bakholdina
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Lomonosov State University, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Alla A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Movsesian
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Lomonosov State University, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Irina M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Sineva
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D050278:Finger Phalanges / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D050279:Metacarpal Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012426:Russia; D054881:Sex Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*