title: Application of an M13 bacteriophage displaying tyrosine on the surface for detection of Fe(3+) and Fe(2+) ions.
abstract: Ferric and ferrous ion plays critical roles in bioprocesses, their influences in many fields have not been fully explored due to the lack of methods for quantification of ferric and ferrous ions in biological system or complex matrix. In this study, an M13 bacteriophage (phage) was engineered for use as a sensor for ferric and ferrous ions via the display of a tyrosine residue on the P8 coat protein. The interaction between the specific phenol group of tyrosine and Fe(3+) / Fe(2+) was used as the sensor. Transmission electron microscopy showed aggregation of the tyrosine-displaying phages after incubation with Fe(3+) and Fe(2+). The aggregated phages infected the host bacterium inefficiently. This phenomenon could be utilized for detection of ferric and ferrous ions. For ferric ions, a calibration curve ranging from 200 nmol/L to 8 μmol/L with a detection limit of 58 nmol/L was acquired. For ferrous ions, a calibration curve ranging from 800 nmol/L to 8 μmol/L with a detection limit of 641.7 nmol/L was acquired. The assay was specific for Fe(3+) and Fe(2+) when tested against Ni(2+), Pb(2+), Zn(2+), Mn(2+), Co(2+), Ca(2+), Cu(2+), Cr(3+), Ba(2+), and K(+). The tyrosine displaying phage to Fe(3+) and Fe(2+) interaction would have plenty of room in application to biomaterials and bionanotechnology.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science & Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants on Wuling Area, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science & Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants on Wuling Area, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
authors.forename: Chuncheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science & Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants on Wuling Area, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
authors.forename: Yunhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science & Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants on Wuling Area, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China. liangxs@mail.scuec.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaosheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D017104:Bacteriophage M13 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D002412:Cations / Q000032:analysis; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D002412:Cations; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; C025668:coat protein, Bacteriophage M13; D014443:Tyrosine
keywords: M13 bacteriophage; aggregation; display; ferric ion; ferrous ion; tyrosine