title: Hypercalcaemia in a Patient with 2p13.2-p16.1 Duplication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Partial duplication of 2p is a rare condition that causes facial anomalies, psychomotor delay, and growth failure. Hypercalcaemia is rare in children. So far, duplication of 2p has never been associated with hypercalcaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we report a girl with a partial duplication of 2p presenting with moderate to severe hypercalcaemia at the age of 2 years. She also had hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, decreased renal function, and secondary hyperparathyroidism at presentation. She was thoroughly investigated, including genetic testing of the CYP24A1, CASR, ALPL, and NOD2 genes, to determine the cause of hypercalcaemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels were increased. Hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria responded well to glucocorticoids but not to cinacalcet. Hyperparathyroidism resolved with improving renal function. Apart from the known duplication of 2p, no pathogenic variants were detected in the studied genes. The duplication of 2p contains the PPP3R1 gene, which encodes for the calcineurin B subunit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that partial duplication of 2p can be associated with hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria and hypothesise that the underlying mechanism is an increased extra-renal, parathyroid hormone-independent 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase activity, leading to raised amounts of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. The increased enzymatic activity could possibly be caused by calcineurin B subunit-related macrophage stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, x00D6;rebro University, x00D6;rebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lodefalk
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frykholm
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Esbjörner
authors.forename: Östen
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Ljunggren
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D058674:Chromosome Duplication; D002889:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000652:urine