title: Problems following hippocampal irradiation in interventional radiologists - doses and potential effects: a Monte Carlo simulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at investigating radiation exposure of hippocampus in interventional medical profes sionals irradiated in the operating room, and to compare doses in the hippocampus with the effective dose (protec tion quantity), as well as with the doses measured by individual dosimeter, in order to estimate probability of reach ing levels of radiation induced cognitive and other neuropsychiatric alterations during their working career, through a Monte Carlo simulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Monte Carlo simulation of hippocampal exposure was used by means of a hybrid voxel mathematical phantom of a doctor irradiated in typical angiographic projections and energy spectra inherent to interventional cardiology procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that cranial irradiation was very heterogeneous and depended on the projection: doses of left and right hippocampi may be different up to a factor of 2.5; under certain conditions, the dose of the left hippocampus may be twice the effective dose, estimated by conventional double dosimetry algorithm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The professional span doses of the irradiated hippocampus may overcome the threshold able to pro voke possible cognitive and emotional behavioral impairment. Therefore, in depth studies of the effects of brain irradiation in occupationally exposed interventional medical personnel appear urgently needed and crucial.
authors.affiliation: State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Melnykov str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chumak
authors.affiliation: State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Melnykov str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morgun
authors.affiliation: State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Melnykov str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bakhanova
authors.affiliation: State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Melnykov str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Loganovsky
authors.affiliation: State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Melnykov str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loganovska
authors.affiliation: University of Pisa, Via Roma, 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marazziti
keywords: Monte Carlo simulation; brain effects; cognitive impairments; dose; hippocampus; interventional radiology; radiation exposure