title: Urinary Kidney Injury Molecules in Children with Iron-Deficiency Anemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the urine levels of human kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), and liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) in children with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five children with IDA and 32 matched healthy controls were recruited. We assessed complete blood count, serum iron, iron-binding capacity, ferritin, serum levels of urea, creatinine (Cr), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and glucose levels. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated. Urinary NAG, NGAL, KIM-1, and L-FABP were measured and divided by urine creatinine for comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in serum urea, Cr, or eGFR between the IDA group and the control group (p>0.05, for all). IDA patients had significantly higher urine NGAL/Cr, L-FABP/Cr, KIM-1/Cr, and NAG/Cr compared with the control group (p<0.05). There were significant negative correlations between hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, and urine NGAL/Cr, NAG/Cr, L-FABP/Cr, KIM-1/Cr levels (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher urinary kidney injury molecule levels in IDA patients suggest a possible subclinical renal injury in pediatric IDA patients whose renal functions and serum electrolytes were normal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Güneş
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aydın
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ece
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fesih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aktar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: İlhan
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Söker
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Duran
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karabel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Balık
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ünal
authors.initials: Ü
authors.lastname: Uluca
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Velat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Şen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: İlyas
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Yolbaş
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000652:urine; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000652:urine; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000097:blood; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000652:urine; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000652:urine; D011991:Receptors, Virus
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D004573:Electrolytes; C493319:FABP1 protein, human; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D006454:Hemoglobins; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D003404:Creatinine; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase