title: Brain activation patterns and cognitive processing speed in patients with pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine the extent and pattern of brain activation elicited by a functional magnetic resonance imaging version of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (fMRI-SDMT), a task of information processing speed, in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) patients as compared to sex- and age-matched non-MS self-reported healthy individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 20 right-handed individuals aged 13-24 years with pediatric-onset MS (mean age = 19 years, 15 female) and 16 non-MS self-reported healthy individuals. All participants underwent a 3.0-tesla MRI scan with structural (T1; T2; proton density, PD; fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, FLAIR) and fMRI-SDMT acquisition. Participants were instructed to indicate with a button press whether a single pairing of a symbol to a number matched any of those shown in a key that displays nine possible pairings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response time (p = .909) and accuracy (p = .832) on the fMRI-SDMT did not differ between groups. However, the MS group demonstrated lower overall activation than the non-MS group in the right middle frontal gyrus (p = .003). Within the MS group, faster response time was associated with greater activation of the right inferior occipital, anterior cingulate, right superior parietal, thalamus, and left superior occipital cortices (all p < .05). A significant interaction effect was demonstrated, indicating that faster response time was associated with greater activation of the left superior occipital region in the pediatric MS group than in the non-MS group (p = .002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attenuated activation of frontal regions was observed in this cohort of pediatric-onset MS patients when performing the fMRI-SDMT, even in the absence of behaviorally detectable deficits. Within the MS group only, faster response time elicited greater activation, suggesting this to be an adaptive mechanism that may contribute to limiting the impact of disease-related structural pathology.
authors.affiliation: a Neurosciences and Mental Health Program , Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , ON , Canada.|b Institute of Medical Science , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akbar
authors.affiliation: c Department of Neurology , Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Banwell
authors.affiliation: a Neurosciences and Mental Health Program , Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , ON , Canada.|d Department of Medical Biophysics , University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada.
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Sled
authors.affiliation: e Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Centre , Toronto , ON , Canada.|f Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Malcolm A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Binns
authors.affiliation: a Neurosciences and Mental Health Program , Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , ON , Canada.|b Institute of Medical Science , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Sam M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Doesburg
authors.affiliation: g Department of Psychiatry , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre , Dallas , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rypma
authors.affiliation: h Department of Psychology , York University , Toronto , ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lysenko
authors.affiliation: h Department of Psychology , York University , Toronto , ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Till
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging; Multiple sclerosis; functional neuroimaging; pediatrics; processing speed