title: Membrane-based processes for wastewater nutrient recovery: Technology, challenges, and future direction.
abstract: Wastewater nutrient recovery holds promise for more sustainable water and agricultural industries. We critically review three emerging membrane processes - forward osmosis (FO), membrane distillation (MD) and electrodialysis (ED) - that can advance wastewater nutrient recovery. Challenges associated with wastewater nutrient recovery were identified. The advantages and challenges of applying FO, MD, and ED technologies to wastewater nutrient recovery are discussed, and directions for future research and development are identified. Emphasis is given to exploration of the unique mass transfer properties of these membrane processes in the context of wastewater nutrient recovery. We highlight that hybridising these membrane processes with existing nutrient precipitation process will lead to better management of and more diverse pathways for near complete nutrient recovery in wastewater treatment facilities.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia. Electronic address: ming.xie@vu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 129, Broadway, 2007 New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Ho Kyong
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Shon
authors.affiliation: Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, United States.
authors.forename: Menachem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elimelech
mesh_terms: D057168:Distillation / Q000379:methods; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009995:Osmosis; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Ammonia recovery; Electrodialysis; Forward osmosis; Membrane distillation; Nutrient recovery; Phosphate recovery