title: Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Calosphaeriales and Togniniales Using Five Genes and Predicted RNA Secondary Structures of ITS, and Flabellascus tenuirostris gen. et sp. nov.
abstract: The Calosphaeriales is revisited with new collection data, living cultures, morphological studies of ascoma centrum, secondary structures of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and phylogeny based on novel DNA sequences of five nuclear ribosomal and protein-coding loci. Morphological features, molecular evidence and information from predicted RNA secondary structures of ITS converged upon robust phylogenies of the Calosphaeriales and Togniniales. The current concept of the Calosphaeriales includes the Calosphaeriaceae and Pleurostomataceae encompassing five monophyletic genera, Calosphaeria, Flabellascus gen. nov., Jattaea, Pleurostoma and Togniniella, strongly supported by Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood methods. The structural elements of ITS1 form characteristic patterns that are phylogenetically conserved, corroborate observations based on morphology and have a high predictive value at the generic level. Three major clades containing 44 species of Phaeoacremonium were recovered in the closely related Togniniales based on ITS, actin and β-tubulin sequences. They are newly characterized by sexual and RNA structural characters and ecology. This approach is a first step towards understanding of the molecular systematics of Phaeoacremonium and possibly its new classification. In the Calosphaeriales, Jattaea aphanospora sp. nov. and J. ribicola sp. nov. are introduced, Calosphaeria taediosa is combined in Jattaea and epitypified. The sexual morph of Phaeoacremonium cinereum was encountered for the first time on decaying wood and obtained in vitro. In order to achieve a single nomenclature, the genera of asexual morphs linked with the Calosphaeriales are transferred to synonymy of their sexual morphs following the principle of priority, i.e. Calosphaeriophora to Calosphaeria, Phaeocrella to Togniniella and Pleurostomophora to Pleurostoma. Three new combinations are proposed, i.e. Pleurostoma ochraceum comb. nov., P. repens comb. nov. and P. richardsiae comb. nov. The morphology-based key is provided to facilitate identification of genera accepted in the Calosphaeriales.
authors.affiliation: Department of Taxonomy, Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Réblová
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Institute of Forest Entomology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.|Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Walter M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Jaklitsch
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.|Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Kamila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Réblová
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Václav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Štěpánek
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005800:Genes, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010802:Phylogeny; D012331:RNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D012331:RNA, Fungal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S