title: Analysis of the interaction between host factor Sam68 and viral elements during foot-and-mouth disease virus infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nuclear protein Src-associated protein of 68 kDa in mitosis (Sam68) is known to bind RNA and be involved in cellular processes triggered in response to environmental stresses, including virus infection. Interestingly, Sam68 is a multi-functional protein implicated in the life cycle of retroviruses and picornaviruses and is also considered a marker of virus-induced stress granules (SGs). Recently, we demonstrated the partial redistribution of Sam68 to the cytoplasm in FMDV infected cells, its interaction with viral protease 3C(pro), and found a significant reduction in viral titers as consequence of Sam68-specific siRNA knockdowns. Despite of that, details of how it benefits FMDV remains to be elucidated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sam68 cytoplasmic localization was examined by immunofluorescent microscopy, counterstaining with antibodies against Sam68, a viral capsid protein and markers of SGs. The relevance of RAAA motifs in the IRES was investigated using electromobility shift assays with Sam68 protein and parental and mutant FMDV RNAs. In addition, full genome WT and mutant or G-luc replicon RNAs were tested following transfection in mammalian cells. The impact of Sam68 depletion to virus protein and RNA synthesis was investigated in a cell-free system. Lastly, through co-immunoprecipitation, structural modeling, and subcellular fractionation, viral protein interactions with Sam68 were explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FMDV-induced cytoplasmic redistribution of Sam68 resulted in it temporarily co-localizing with SG marker: TIA-1. Mutations that disrupted FMDV IRES RAAA motifs, with putative affinity to Sam68 in domain 3 and 4 cause a reduction on the formation of ribonucleoprotein complexes with this protein and resulted in non-viable progeny viruses and replication-impaired replicons. Furthermore, depletion of Sam68 in cell-free extracts greatly diminished FMDV RNA replication, which was restored by addition of recombinant Sam68. The results here demonstrated that Sam68 specifically co-precipitates with both FMDV 3D(pol) and 3C(pro) consistent with early observations of FMDV 3C(pro)-induced cleavage of Sam68.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have found that Sam68 is a specific binding partner for FMDV non-structural proteins 3C(pro) and 3D(pol) and showed that mutations at RAAA motifs in IRES domains 3 and 4 cause a decrease in Sam68 affinity to these RNA elements and rendered the mutant RNA non-viable. Interestingly, in FMDV infected cells re-localized Sam68 was transiently detected along with SG markers in the cytoplasm. These results support the importance of Sam68 as a host factor co-opted by FMDV during infection and demonstrate that Sam68 interact with both, FMDV RNA motifs in the IRES and viral non-structural proteins 3C(pro) and 3D(pol).
authors.affiliation: Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA. devendra.rai@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Devendra K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA. paul.lawrence@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA. anna.kloc@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kloc
authors.affiliation: Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA. elizabeth.schafer@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schafer
authors.affiliation: Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA. Elizabeth.Rieder@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rieder
mesh_terms: D000086042:3C Viral Proteases; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000737:chemistry; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology*; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus / Q000502:physiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D000067556:Internal Ribosome Entry Sites; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000067556:Internal Ribosome Entry Sites; C489559:KHDRBS1 protein, human; D012367:RNA, Viral; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; C103557:virus-infection-associated antigen, Foot-and-mouth disease virus; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D000086042:3C Viral Proteases