title: Determination of residual levels of naloxone, yohimbine, thiophanate, and altrenogest in porcine muscle using QuEChERS with liquid chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.
abstract: A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe QuEChERS (method) was used for the simultaneous detection of four veterinary drug residues, namely naloxone, yohimbine, thiophanate, and altrenogest, in porcine muscle, using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Because of the unavailability of a suitable internal standard, matrix-matched calibrations were used for quantification, with determination coefficients ≥ 0.9542. The accuracy (expressed as recovery %) ranged from 60.53 to 83.25%, and the intra- and interday precisions (expressed as relative standard deviations) were <12%. The limits of quantification were 5, 0.5, 2, and 5 ng/g for naloxone, yohimbine, thiophanate, and altrenogest, respectively. Samples purchased from local markets in Seoul, Republic of Korea, revealed no traces of the target analytes. The developed method described herein is sensitive and reliable and can be applied to quantify the tested veterinary drugs in animal tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Kwan
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hee
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Suk
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abd El-Aty
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho-Chul
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013875:Thiophanate / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014204:Trenbolone Acetate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D019155:Veterinary Drugs; C023445:altrenogest; D015016:Yohimbine; D009270:Naloxone; D013875:Thiophanate; D014204:Trenbolone Acetate
keywords: Porcine muscle; Residue analysis; Sample preparation; Triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry; Veterinary drugs