title: Relationship between Social-Emotional and Neurodevelopment of 2-Year-Old Children with Congenital Heart Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to describe social-emotional outcomes and the relationship with neurodevelopmental outcomes in a cohort of 2-year-old children who underwent surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) in infancy, and explore the relationship between the outcomes and parental and surgical factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two-center prospective cross-sectional cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 105 2-year-olds who underwent surgery in infancy for severe CHD MEASURES: Social-emotional and neurodevelopment was evaluated with the Infant and Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment tool (ITSEA), and the Bayley Scales of Infant Toddler Development, Third Edition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurodevelopment was delayed in the CHD cohort with significantly worse results compared to published Australian-based norms in all domains (P < .001) and in the Cognitive (P < .001) and Language (P < .001) domains with respect to the reported American norms. Social-emotional outcome was similar to Australian norms in all domains but better than the American based norms in the Internalizing domain (P < .05). Higher maternal education was associated to better neurodevelopmental outcome in all domains and better scores in the internalizing and externalizing domains of the ITSEA. There was a moderate correlation (r = 0.43, P < .001) between Language and social-emotional competence. Motor development was influenced by the need for a significant cardiac reoperation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The influences of social factors may be underestimated in the outcome of children with CHD. Language development in those with CHD may be improved with intervention targeting social-emotional competence; further research is needed in this area.
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.|Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldsworthy
authors.affiliation: The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, New Zealand.|Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Candice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Franich-Ray
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.|The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinney
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex, USA.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shekerdemian
authors.affiliation: Starship Children's Health, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beca
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. julia.gunn@rch.org.au.|The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, New Zealand. julia.gunn@rch.org.au.|Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. julia.gunn@rch.org.au.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gunn
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D000066498:Emotional Adjustment / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Child Development; Heart Defects Congenital; Neurodevelopment; Social Change