title: Genome-wide transcriptome analyses of developing seeds from low and normal phytic acid soybean lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low phytic acid (lpa) crops are potentially eco-friendly alternative to conventional normal phytic acid (PA) crops, improving mineral bioavailability in monogastric animals as well as decreasing phosphate pollution. The lpa crops developed to date carry mutations that are directly or indirectly associated with PA biosynthesis and accumulation during seed development. These lpa crops typically exhibit altered carbohydrate profiles, increased free phosphate, and lower seedling emergence, the latter of which reduces overall crop yield, hence limiting their large-scale cultivation. Improving lpa crop yield requires an understanding of the downstream effects of the lpa genotype on seed development. Towards that end, we present a comprehensive comparison of gene-expression profiles between lpa and normal PA soybean lines (Glycine max) at five stages of seed development using RNA-Seq approaches. The lpa line used in this study carries single point mutations in a myo-inositol phosphate synthase gene along with two multidrug-resistance protein ABC transporter genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RNA sequencing data of lpa and normal PA soybean lines from five seed-developmental stages (total of 30 libraries) were used for differential expression and functional enrichment analyses. A total of 4235 differentially expressed genes, including 512-transcription factor genes were identified. Eighteen biological processes such as apoptosis, glucan metabolism, cellular transport, photosynthesis and 9 transcription factor families including WRKY, CAMTA3 and SNF2 were enriched during seed development. Genes associated with apoptosis, glucan metabolism, and cellular transport showed enhanced expression in early stages of lpa seed development, while those associated with photosynthesis showed decreased expression in late developmental stages. The results suggest that lpa-causing mutations play a role in inducing and suppressing plant defense responses during early and late stages of seed development, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides a global perspective of transcriptomal changes during soybean seed development in an lpa mutant. The mutants are characterized by earlier expression of genes associated with cell wall biosynthesis and a decrease in photosynthetic genes in late stages. The biological processes and transcription factors identified in this study are signatures of lpa-causing mutations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 185 AgQuad Lane, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA. neelamrr@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Neelam R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Redekar
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 185 AgQuad Lane, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA. rbiyashe@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Ruslan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Biyashev
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Life Science I building, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA. rvjensen@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Roderick V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Life Science I building, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA. helmrf@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Helm
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Price Hall, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA. egrabau@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Grabau
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 185 AgQuad Lane, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA. smaroof@vt.edu.
authors.forename: M A Saghai
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Maroof
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D063990:Gene Ontology; D017343:Genes, Plant; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005936:Glucans / Q000378:metabolism; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D009154:Mutation; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D010833:Phytic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D005936:Glucans; D014157:Transcription Factors; D010833:Phytic Acid