title: Natural attenuation of NDMA precursors in an urban, wastewater-dominated wash.
abstract: N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a disinfection by-product (DBP) that is potentially carcinogenic and has been found to occur in drinking water treatment systems impacted with treated wastewater. A major gap in NDMA research is an understanding of the persistence of wastewater-derived precursors within the natural environment. This research sought to fill this knowledge gap by surveying NDMA precursors across the length of a wastewater effluent-dominated wash. Significant precursor reduction (17%) was found to occur from introduction into the wash to a point 9 h downstream. This reduction translates into a half-life of roughly 32 h for bulk NDMA precursors. Further laboratory experiments examining rates of photolysis, biodegradation and loss to sediments, illustrated that both photolytic and biological degradation were effective removal mechanisms for NDMA precursors. Loss to sediments that were acquired from the wash did not appear to reduce NDMA precursors in the water column, although a control conducted with DI water provided evidence that significant NDMA precursors could be released from autoclaved sediments (suggesting that sorption does occur). Microbial experiments revealed that microbes associated with sediments were much more effective at degrading precursors than microbes within the water column. Overall, this study demonstrated that natural processes are capable of attenuating NDMA precursors relatively quickly within the environment, and that utilities might benefit from maximizing source water residency time in the environment, prior to introduction into treatment plants.
authors.affiliation: Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Henderson, NV 89015, USA. Electronic address: gwen.woods-chabane@hdrinc.com.
authors.forename: Gwen C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Henderson, NV 89015, USA. Electronic address: eric.dickenson@snwa.com.
authors.forename: Eric R V
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Dickenson
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002947:Cities; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006207:Half-Life; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Biodegradation; Disinfection by-products; N-Nitrosodimethylamine; Photolysis; Sorption