title: Stereotactic body radiation therapy and intensity modulated radiation therapy induce different plasmatic cytokine changes in non-small cell lung cancer patients: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess kinetics of plasmatic cytokines during radiation therapy (RT) for locally advanced and early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was conducted on 15 early-stage NSCLC underwent to extreme hypofractionated regimen (52 Gy in 8 fractions) with stereotactic body RT (SBRT), and 13 locally advanced NSCLC underwent to radical moderated hypofractionated regimen (60 Gy in 25 fractions) with intensity modulated RT (IMRT). For patients undergoing SBRT, peripheral blood samples were collected on the first day of SBRT (TFd), the last day (TLd) and 45 days (T45d) after the end of SBRT. For patients undergoing IMRT, blood samples were collected at: TFd, 2 weeks (T2w), 4 weeks (T4w), TLd, and T45d. The following cytokines were measured: IL-1, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17A, EGF, FGF-2, INF-γ, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TGF-α, TNF-α, and VEGF. Cytokine levels measured in different RT time and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No difference in baseline levels of cytokines was documented between patient radiation approaches (except for MIP-1α). For SBRT patients, a mean reduction of IL-10 and IL-17 plasma level was documented between TLd and TFd, respectively (p < 0.05). For IMRT patients, a statistically significant (p < 0.05) mean plasma level reduction was documented between T4w and TFd for all the following cytokines: IL-1, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-12, FGF-2, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TGF-α, TNF-α, VEGF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SBRT and IMRT induce different plasmatic cytokine changes in NSCLC patients, supporting hypothesis that RT regimes of dose schedules and techniques have different impacts on the host immune response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico of Aviano, Aviano, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trovo
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Don A. Sempreboni 5, Negrar, 37024, Verona, Italy. gmnicco@yahoo.it.|Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy. gmnicco@yahoo.it.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giaj-Levra
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico of Aviano, Aviano, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Furlan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Virology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico of Aviano, Aviano, Italy.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bortolin
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico of Aviano, Aviano, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muraro
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico of Aviano, Aviano, Italy.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Polesel
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico of Aviano, Aviano, Italy.|Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Virology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico of Aviano, Aviano, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Minatel
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Virology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico of Aviano, Aviano, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tedeschi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Filippi
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Don A. Sempreboni 5, Negrar, 37024, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alongi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ricardi
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Cytokines; Intensity modulated radiotherapy; Non-small cell lung cancer; Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy