title: The cerebro-cerebellum: Could it be loci of forward models?
abstract: It is widely accepted that the cerebellum acquires and maintain internal models for motor control. An internal model simulates mapping between a set of causes and effects. There are two candidates of cerebellar internal models, forward models and inverse models. A forward model transforms a motor command into a prediction of the sensory consequences of a movement. In contrast, an inverse model inverts the information flow of the forward model. Despite the clearly different formulations of the two internal models, it is still controversial whether the cerebro-cerebellum, the phylogenetically newer part of the cerebellum, provides inverse models or forward models for voluntary limb movements or other higher brain functions. In this article, we review physiological and morphological evidence that suggests the existence in the cerebro-cerebellum of a forward model for limb movement. We will also discuss how the characteristic input-output organization of the cerebro-cerebellum may contribute to forward models for non-motor higher brain functions.
authors.affiliation: Motor Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Saeka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomatsu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Izawa
authors.affiliation: Motor Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan. Electronic address: kakei-sj@igakuken.or.jp.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kakei
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology*; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Cerebro-cerebellum; Forward model; Internal model; Motor control