title: Clinical events and their relation to the tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 genotypes in Sickle-Cell-Anemia patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sickle-cell anemia (SCA) is a genetic blood disease characterized by chronic inflammation and a heterogeneous clinical picture. Serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels are associated with the clinical course of SCA. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the frequency of the polymorphisms TNF-alpha-308 G→A, IL-10-1082 G→A, IL-10-819 C→T, and IL-10-592 A→C; serum TNF-alpha; and IL-10 levels, and the incidence of clinical events in SCA patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed on 25 adults with SCA at the steady state; their data were compared with those for 26 healthy individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequent genotype of the TNF-alpha polymorphism was GG (low producer), and the most frequent genotype of the IL-10 polymorphisms was "low producer" (ACC ACC, ACC ATA, ATA ATA). The TNF-alpha levels were significantly higher in SCA in patients with acute chest syndrome (ACS). The IL-10 levels were reduced in polytransfusion and in patients with ACS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patients presented prevalence of TNF-alpha and IL-10 low-profile producer. The cytokine serum levels presented an association with the presence of polytransfusion and ACS in SCA patients.
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jânio Emanuel Andrade
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cavalcante
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Development and Technological Innovation in Drugs, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosângela Pinheiro Gonçalves
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Electronic address: marilialaurentino@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marilia Rocha
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Laurentino
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Talyta Ellen de Jesus
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Izabel Cristina Justino
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Bandeira
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Aurio
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Maia Filho
authors.affiliation: Department of clinical and toxicological analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Monalisa Feliciano
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Department of clinical and toxicological analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alice Maria Costa
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Department of clinical and toxicological analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Romélia Pinheiro Gonçalves
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Lemes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C508609:IL10 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: Anemia; Cytokines; Genetic; Polymorphism; Sickle cell