title: Variation of Spirulina maxima biomass production in different depths of urea-used culture medium.
abstract: Fewer studies have assessed the outdoor cultivation of Spirulina maxima compared with S. platensis, although the protein content of S. maxima is higher than S. platensis. Spirulina growth medium requires an increased amount of NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and NaNO3, which increases the production cost. Therefore, the current study used a low-cost but high-efficiency biomass production medium (Medium M-19) after testing 33 different media. The medium depth of 25 cm (group A) was sub-divided into A1 (50% cover with a black curtain (PolyMax, 12 oz ultra-blackout), A2 (25% cover), and A3 (no cover). Similarly the medium depths of 30 and 35 cm were categorized as groups B (B1, B2, and B3) and C (C1, C2, and C3), respectively, and the effects of depth and surface light availability on growth and biomass production were assessed. The highest biomass production was 2.05 g L-1 in group A2, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in all other groups and sub-groups. Spirulina maxima died in B1 and C1 on the fifth day of culture. The biochemical composition of the biomass obtained from A2 cultures, including protein, carbohydrate, lipid, moisture, and ash, was 56.59%, 14.42%, 0.94%, 5.03%, and 23.02%, respectively. Therefore, S. maxima could be grown outdoors with the highest efficiency in urea-enriched medium at a 25-cm medium depth with 25% surface cover or uncovered.
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Md-Abu
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Affan
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae-Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biology, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Salim Marzoog
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Al-Harbi
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Han-Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biotechnology, Soon Chun Hyang University, Asan-si, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Najah Ibrahim
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Abdulwassi
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chulhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Heung-Sik
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biotechnology, Soon Chun Hyang University, Asan-si, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chae Woo
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Engineering, Seowon University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeon-Yong
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Do-Hyung
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D046508:Culture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D053545:Spirulina / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014508:Urea / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D014508:Urea