title: Hold your breath beetle-Mites!
abstract: Respiratory gas exchange in insects occurs via a branching tracheal system. The entrances to the air-filled tracheae are the spiracles, which are gate-like structures in the exoskeleton. The open or closed state of spiracles defines the three possible gas exchange patterns of insects. In resting insects, spiracles may open and close over time in a repeatable fashion that results in a discontinuous gas exchange (DGE) pattern characterized by periods of zero organism-to-environment gas exchange. Several adaptive hypotheses have been proposed to explain why insects engage in DGE, but none have attracted overwhelming support. We provide support for a previously untested hypothesis that posits that DGE minimizes the risk of infestation of the tracheal system by mites and other agents. Here, we analyze the respiratory patterns of 15 species of ground beetle (Carabidae), of which more than 40% of individuals harbored external mites. Compared with mite-free individuals, infested one's engaged significantly more often in DGE. Mite-free individuals predominantly employed a cyclic or continuous gas exchange pattern, which did not include complete spiracle closure. Complete spiracle closure may prevent parasites from invading, clogging, or transferring pathogens to the tracheal system or from foraging on tissue not protected by thick chitinous layers.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gudowska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Szymon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Drobniak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Bartosz W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Schramm
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Labecka
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kozlowski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland. ulf.bauchinger@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bauchinger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008925:Mites / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration
keywords: Adaptive response; DGC; DGE; insect evolution; mite-host interaction; respiration pattern