title: Assessment of maternal drug intake by urinary bio monitoring during pregnancy and postpartally until the third perinatal year.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although sales of prescribed and over-the-counter (OTC) medication are rising, little is known about individual drug intake. This study was aimed to obtain complementary information about drug intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on drug utilization was obtained in a female cohort for five different time points (TP): 36th week of pregnancy (n = 622), 7th perinatal week (n = 533), 3rd perinatal month (n = 340), and 1st perinatal (n = 534) and 3rd perinatal year (n = 324) by a validated urine screening method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drugs were detected 807 times among all analyzed samples (n = 2353) with less drug intake for early TP compared with later TP (~24.4%, n = 152; ~33.8%, n = 180; ~23.2%, n = 79; ~42.5%, n = 227; and ~52.2%, n = 169). The diversity of drugs increased from 25 up to 40 different drugs for the investigated period. OTC drugs were detected most frequently reflected by the top three drugs: acetaminophen (~37%, n = 292), ibuprofen (~23%, n = 183), and xylometazoline (~12%, n = 98). Mainly guideline-orientated drug therapy was observed. However, contraindicated ibuprofen intake during third trimester urine samples (n = 26) and a repeated usage of acetaminophen and/or ibuprofen (n = 9), as well as xylometazoline (n = 7), reveal missing information about drug safety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bio monitoring was applied for detection of drug intake revealing a lack of information about OTC products and their health risks. Hence, information about health risks for certain drugs and patient groups must be improved for and by pharmacists, to avoid (i) usage of contraindicated drugs and (ii) abuse of OTC drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Department of Metabolomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Henrike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoeke
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roeder
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Drug Safety Center, University Hospital Leipzig and University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Thilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bertsche
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, Municipal Hospital St. Georg Leipzig, affiliated to the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borte
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.|Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Bergen
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, Municipal Hospital St. Georg Leipzig, affiliated to the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Wissenbach
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine; D000075202:Contraindications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D049590:Postpartum Period; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D000082:Acetaminophen; D007052:Ibuprofen; C009695:xylometazoline
keywords: bio monitoring; drug utilization; pharmacoepidemiology; pregnancy and lactation; urine analysis