title: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of Group Prenatal Care: Perinatal Outcomes Among Adolescents in New York City Health Centers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared an evidence-based model of group prenatal care to traditional individual prenatal care on birth, neonatal, and reproductive health outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a multisite cluster randomized controlled trial in 14 health centers in New York City (2008-2012). We analyzed 1148 pregnant women aged 14 to 21 years, at less than 24 weeks of gestation, and not at high obstetrical risk. We assessed outcomes via medical records and surveys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In intention-to-treat analyses, women at intervention sites were significantly less likely to have infants small for gestational age (< 10th percentile; 11.0% vs 15.8%; odds ratio = 0.66; 95% confidence interval = 0.44, 0.99). In as-treated analyses, women with more group visits had better outcomes, including small for gestational age, gestational age, birth weight, days in neonatal intensive care unit, rapid repeat pregnancy, condom use, and unprotected sex (P = .030 to < .001). There were no associated risks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CenteringPregnancy Plus group prenatal care resulted in more favorable birth, neonatal, and reproductive outcomes. Successful translation of clinical innovations to enhance care, improve outcomes, and reduce cost requires strategies that facilitate patient adherence and support organizational change.
authors.affiliation: Jeannette R. Ickovics, Valerie Earnshaw, Jessica B. Lewis, Trace S. Kershaw, Emily Stasko, and Shayna Cunningham are with the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Urania Magriples is with the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Sharon Schindler Rising is with the Centering Healthcare Institute, Boston, MA. Andrea Cassells and Jonathan N. Tobin are with the Clinical Directors' Network, New York, NY. Peter Bernstein is with the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Jeannette R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ickovics
authors.affiliation: Jeannette R. Ickovics, Valerie Earnshaw, Jessica B. Lewis, Trace S. Kershaw, Emily Stasko, and Shayna Cunningham are with the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Urania Magriples is with the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Sharon Schindler Rising is with the Centering Healthcare Institute, Boston, MA. Andrea Cassells and Jonathan N. Tobin are with the Clinical Directors' Network, New York, NY. Peter Bernstein is with the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Earnshaw
authors.affiliation: Jeannette R. Ickovics, Valerie Earnshaw, Jessica B. Lewis, Trace S. Kershaw, Emily Stasko, and Shayna Cunningham are with the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Urania Magriples is with the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Sharon Schindler Rising is with the Centering Healthcare Institute, Boston, MA. Andrea Cassells and Jonathan N. Tobin are with the Clinical Directors' Network, New York, NY. Peter Bernstein is with the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Jessica B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Jeannette R. Ickovics, Valerie Earnshaw, Jessica B. Lewis, Trace S. Kershaw, Emily Stasko, and Shayna Cunningham are with the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Urania Magriples is with the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Sharon Schindler Rising is with the Centering Healthcare Institute, Boston, MA. Andrea Cassells and Jonathan N. Tobin are with the Clinical Directors' Network, New York, NY. Peter Bernstein is with the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Trace S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kershaw
authors.affiliation: Jeannette R. Ickovics, Valerie Earnshaw, Jessica B. Lewis, Trace S. Kershaw, Emily Stasko, and Shayna Cunningham are with the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Urania Magriples is with the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Sharon Schindler Rising is with the Centering Healthcare Institute, Boston, MA. Andrea Cassells and Jonathan N. Tobin are with the Clinical Directors' Network, New York, NY. Peter Bernstein is with the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Urania
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Magriples
authors.affiliation: Jeannette R. Ickovics, Valerie Earnshaw, Jessica B. Lewis, Trace S. Kershaw, Emily Stasko, and Shayna Cunningham are with the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Urania Magriples is with the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Sharon Schindler Rising is with the Centering Healthcare Institute, Boston, MA. Andrea Cassells and Jonathan N. Tobin are with the Clinical Directors' Network, New York, NY. Peter Bernstein is with the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stasko
authors.affiliation: Jeannette R. Ickovics, Valerie Earnshaw, Jessica B. Lewis, Trace S. Kershaw, Emily Stasko, and Shayna Cunningham are with the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Urania Magriples is with the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Sharon Schindler Rising is with the Centering Healthcare Institute, Boston, MA. Andrea Cassells and Jonathan N. Tobin are with the Clinical Directors' Network, New York, NY. Peter Bernstein is with the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Sharon Schindler
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rising
authors.affiliation: Jeannette R. Ickovics, Valerie Earnshaw, Jessica B. Lewis, Trace S. Kershaw, Emily Stasko, and Shayna Cunningham are with the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Urania Magriples is with the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Sharon Schindler Rising is with the Centering Healthcare Institute, Boston, MA. Andrea Cassells and Jonathan N. Tobin are with the Clinical Directors' Network, New York, NY. Peter Bernstein is with the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cassells
authors.affiliation: Jeannette R. Ickovics, Valerie Earnshaw, Jessica B. Lewis, Trace S. Kershaw, Emily Stasko, and Shayna Cunningham are with the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Urania Magriples is with the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Sharon Schindler Rising is with the Centering Healthcare Institute, Boston, MA. Andrea Cassells and Jonathan N. Tobin are with the Clinical Directors' Network, New York, NY. Peter Bernstein is with the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Shayna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.affiliation: Jeannette R. Ickovics, Valerie Earnshaw, Jessica B. Lewis, Trace S. Kershaw, Emily Stasko, and Shayna Cunningham are with the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Urania Magriples is with the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Sharon Schindler Rising is with the Centering Healthcare Institute, Boston, MA. Andrea Cassells and Jonathan N. Tobin are with the Clinical Directors' Network, New York, NY. Peter Bernstein is with the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.affiliation: Jeannette R. Ickovics, Valerie Earnshaw, Jessica B. Lewis, Trace S. Kershaw, Emily Stasko, and Shayna Cunningham are with the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Urania Magriples is with the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Sharon Schindler Rising is with the Centering Healthcare Institute, Boston, MA. Andrea Cassells and Jonathan N. Tobin are with the Clinical Directors' Network, New York, NY. Peter Bernstein is with the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Jonathan N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Tobin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001724:Birth Weight; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis; D009519:New York City; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D012923:Social Class; D055815:Young Adult