title: Cyclic tensile stress of human annulus fibrosus cells induces MAPK activation: involvement in proinflammatory gene expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in human annulus fibrosus (AF) cells subjected to cyclic tensile stress (CTS).
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vitro system for CTS studies was established using AF cultures on fibronectin-coated silicone dishes. MAPK phosphorylation was studied by western analysis, while gene expression was followed by qRT-PCR. DNA synthesis was assessed by both tritiated thymidine incorporation and flow cytometry, and collagen synthesis using tritiated proline incorporation and the protease-free collagenase method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three MAPKs studied, i.e., ERK, SAPK/JNK, and p38 were found to be phosphorylated immediately after CTS application within physiological range. A second wave of phosphorylation appeared at later time points. MAPK activation was elevated at higher CTS magnitudes, but independent of the frequency. CTS did not stimulate DNA synthesis neither extracellular matrix turnover, but it stimulated the proinflammatory genes, COX-2, IL-6, and IL-8. This stimulation was more intense at the highest magnitude (8%) tested and at the median frequency (1 Hz) and time interval (12 h). Blocking of ERK, SAPK/JNK, and p38 MAPK inhibited the CTS-induced stimulation of COX-2 and IL-8, while IL-6 expression was mediated only by SAPK/JNK and p38 MAPK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have described for the first time the activation of MAPKs in human AF cells in response to CTS and showed that it drives an inflammatory reaction. These observations shed light on the mechanisms of intervertebral disc (IVD) cell responses to mechanical stress, contributing to the understanding of disc pathophysiology and possibly to the design of novel therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Ageing, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pratsinis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Ageing, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papadopoulou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 14, D-89081 Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neidlinger-Wilke
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology - Vertebral Surgery III - Scoliosis, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brayda-Bruno
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 14, D-89081 Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wilke
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Ageing, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece. Electronic address: dkletsas@bio.demokritos.gr.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kletsas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000070616:Annulus Fibrosus / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: Annulus fibrosus; Cyclic tensile stress; Cyclooxygenase-2; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Mitogen-activated protein kinase