title: Interfacial Degradation of Planar Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells.
abstract: The stability of perovskite solar cells is one of the major challenges for this technology to reach commercialization, with water believed to be the major degradation source. In this work, a range of devices containing different cathode metal contacts in the configuration ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MAPbI3/PCBM/Metal are fully electrically characterized before and after degradation caused by steady illumination during 4 h that induces a dramatic reduction in power conversion efficiency from values of 12 to 1.8%. We show that a decrease in performance and generation of the S-shape is associated with chemical degradation of the metal contact. Alternatively, use of Cr2O3/Cr as the contact enhances the stability, but modification of the energetic profile during steady illumination takes place, significantly reducing the performance. Several techniques including capacitance-voltage, X-ray diffraction, and optical absorption results suggest that the properties of the bulk perovskite layer are little affected in the device degradation process. Capacitance-voltage and impedance spectroscopy results show that the electrical properties of the cathode contact are being modified by generation of a dipole at the cathode that causes a large shift of the flat-band potential that modifies the interfacial energy barrier and impedes efficient extraction of electrons. Ionic movement in the perovskite layer changes the energy profile close to the contacts, modifying the energy level stabilization at the cathode. These results provide insights into the degradation mechanisms of perovskite solar cells and highlight the importance to further study the use of protecting layers to avoid the chemical reactivity of the perovskite with the external contacts.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Jingbi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aranda
authors.affiliation: Center for Next Generation Dye-sensitized Solar Cells, Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Soo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain.
authors.forename: Germà
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garcia-Belmonte
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Huanping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain.|Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bisquert
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
keywords: capacitance−voltage; impedance spectroscopy; interfacial degradation; perovskite photovoltaics