title: Change in daily life behaviors and depression: Within-person and between-person associations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined associations between daily physical, sedentary, social, and leisure behaviors and depressive symptoms (a) at a macrolevel, over the course of an Experience Sampling (ESM) self-monitoring intervention, and (b) at a microlevel, by examining daily within-person associations. Second, we examined the effects of the ESM self-monitoring intervention on these daily life behaviors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals with a diagnosis of depression (N = 102) receiving pharmacological treatment were randomized to 1 of 2 six-week ESM intervention conditions or a control condition. Physical, sedentary, social, and leisure behaviors as well as depressive symptoms were assessed prospectively in every-day life at baseline, postintervention, and during the ESM interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Change in physical activity and talking from baseline to postintervention was associated with change in depressive symptoms from baseline to postintervention. Within-person daily fluctuations in talking, physical activity, doing nothing/resting, and being alone predicted end-of-day depressive symptoms over and above depressive symptoms at the previous day. The ESM interventions contributed to change in talking, doing nothing/resting, and being alone over time in comparison with the control group. The analyses revealed individual differences in the amount of behavioral change over time and in the within-subject associations between daily behaviors and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that physical, sedentary, and social behaviors have affective implications for daily mental health of individuals with depression. Self-monitoring using ESM may be a useful add-on tool to achieve behavioral change and to gain personalized insight in behaviors that improve daily depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University.
authors.forename: Evelien
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Snippe
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University.
authors.forename: Claudia J P
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.affiliation: Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne.
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menne-Lothmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen.
authors.forename: Sanne H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Booij
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Viechtbauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delespaul
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University.
authors.forename: Inez
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Myin-Germeys
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University.
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wichers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D011340:Problem Solving; D011446:Prospective Studies; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D057566:Self Report; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012919:Social Behavior