title: Effects of Vocal Emotion on Memory in Younger and Older Adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Emotional content can enhance memory for visual stimuli, and older adults often perform better if stimuli portray positive emotion. Vocal emotion can enhance the accuracy of word repetition in noise when vocal prosody portrays attention-capturing emotions such as fear and pleasant surprise. In the present study, the authors examined the effect of vocal emotion on the accuracy of repetition and recall in younger and older adults when words are presented in quiet or in a background of competing babble.
  
  
  METHODS
  Younger and older adults (Mage = 20 and 72 years, respectively) participated. Lists of 100 items (carrier phrase plus target word) were presented in recall sets of increasing size. Word repetition accuracy was tested after each item and recall after each trial in each set size. In Experiment 1, one list spoken in a neutral voice and another with emotion (fear, pleasant surprise, sad, neutral) were presented in quiet (n = 24 per group). In Experiment 2, participants (n = 12 per group) were presented the emotional list in noise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In quiet, word repetition accuracy was near perfect for both groups and did not vary systematically with set size for the list spoken in a neutral voice; however, for the emotional list, repetition was less accurate, especially for the older group. Recall in quiet was higher for younger than older adults; collapsed over groups, recall was higher for the neutral than for the emotional list and it decreased with increasing set size. In noise, emotion-specific effects emerged; word repetition for the older group and word recall for both groups (more for younger than older) was best for fear or pleasant surprise and worst for sad.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In quiet, vocal emotion reduced the word repetition accuracy of the older group and recall accuracy for both groups. In noise, there were emotion-specific effects on the repetition accuracy of older adults and the recall accuracy of both groups. Both groups, but especially the younger group, performed better for items portraying fear or pleasant surprise and worse for items portraying sadness or neutral emotion. The emotion-specific effects on word repetition cascade to recall, especially in older listeners.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.|b Toronto Rehabilitation Institute , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.|c Rotman Research Institute , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.|d Linneaus Centre for Hearing and Deafness Research , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden.
authors.forename: M Kathleen
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Pichora-Fuller
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.|b Toronto Rehabilitation Institute , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.|e Baycrest Health Sciences , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dupuis
authors.affiliation: f Auditory Vestibular Research Enhancement Award Program , Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Mountain Home , Tennessee , USA.|g Department of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology , East Tennessee State University , Johnson City , Tennessee , USA.
authors.forename: Sherri L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult