title: Differences in the force system delivered by different beta-titanium wires in elaborate designs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of the force system produced by four brands of b-Ti wires bent into an elaborate design.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 T-loop springs (TLS) hand-bent from 0.017 x 0.025-in b-Ti were randomly divided into four groups according to wire brand: TMATM(G1), BETA FLEXYTM (G2), BETA III WIRETM (G3) and BETA CNATM (G4). Forces and moments were recorded by a moment transducer, coupled to a digital extensometer indicator adapted to a testing machine, every 0.5 mm of deactivation from 5 mm of the initial activation. The moment-to-force (MF) ratio, the overlapping of the vertical extensions of the TLSs and the load-deflection (LD) ratio were also calculated. To complement the results, the Young's module (YM) of each wire was determined by the slope of the load-deflection graph of a tensile test. The surface chemical composition was also evaluated by an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All groups, except for G2, produced similar force levels initially. G3 produced the highest LD rates and G1 and G4 had similar amounts of overlap of the vertical extensions of the TLSs in "neutral position". G1 and G3 delivered the highest levels of moments, and G2 and G3 produced the highest MF ratios. b-Ti wires from G3 produced the highest YM and all groups showed similar composition, except for G2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The four beta-titanium wires analyzed produced different force systems when used in a more elaborate design due to the fact that each wire responds differently to bends.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato Parsekian
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sergei Godeiro Fernandes Rabelo
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Caldas
authors.affiliation: Universidade Potiguar, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre Antonio
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luís Geraldo
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto Hideo
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lídia Parsekian
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys; D008422:Materials Testing; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D014025:Titanium