title: Impact of maritime traffic on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals and particulate matter in Venice air.
abstract: Harbours are important hubs for economic growth in both tourism and commercial activities. They are also an environmental burden being a source of atmospheric pollution often localized near cities and industrial complexes. The aim of this study is to quantify the relative contribution of maritime traffic and harbour activities to atmospheric pollutant concentration in the Venice lagoon. The impact of ship traffic was quantified on various pollutants that are not directly included in the current European legislation for shipping emission reduction: (i) gaseous and particulate PAHs; (ii) metals in PM10; and (iii) PM10 and PM2.5. All contributions were correlated with the tonnage of ships during the sampling periods and results were used to evaluate the impact of the European Directive 2005/33/EC on air quality in Venice comparing measurements taken before and after the application of the Directive (year 2010). The outcomes suggest that legislation on ship traffic, which focused on the issue of the emissions of sulphur oxides, could be an efficient method also to reduce the impact of shipping on primary particulate matter concentration; on the other hand, we did not observe a significant reduction in the contribution of ship traffic and harbour activities to particulate PAHs and metals. Graphical abstract Impact of maritime traffic on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals and particulate matter and evaluation of the effect of an European Directive on air quality in Venice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venice Mestre, Italy. elena.gregoris@idpa.cnr.it.|Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, National Research Council, Via Torino 155, Venice Mestre, Italy. elena.gregoris@idpa.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3963-3959
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gregoris
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venice Mestre, Italy.|Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, National Research Council, Via Torino 155, Venice Mestre, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barbaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venice Mestre, Italy.|Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, National Research Council, Via Torino 155, Venice Mestre, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morabito
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venice Mestre, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Toscano
authors.affiliation: Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, National Research Council, Str. prov. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, Lecce, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Donateo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, National Research Council, Str. prov. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, Lecce, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cesari
authors.affiliation: Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, National Research Council, Str. prov. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, Lecce, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Contini
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venice Mestre, Italy.|Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, National Research Council, Via Torino 155, Venice Mestre, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gambaro
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007558:Italy; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D012767:Ships / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
keywords: European legislation; Metals; Particulate matter; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Positive Matrix Factorization; Ship traffic; Venice