title: Predisposing Factors to Abnormal First Trimester Placentation and the Impact on Fetal Outcomes.
abstract: Normal placentation during the first trimester sets the stage for the rest of pregnancy and involves a finely orchestrated cellular and molecular interplay of maternal and fetal tissues. The resulting intrauterine environment plays an important role in fetal programming and the future health of the fetus, and is impacted by multiple genetic and epigenetic factors. Abnormalities in placentation and spiral artery invasion can lead to ischemia, placental disease, and adverse obstetrical outcomes including preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and placental abruption. Although first trimester placentation is affected by multiple factors, preconception environmental influences such as mode of conception, including assisted reproductive technologies which result in fertilization in vitro and intrauterine influences due to sex differences, are emerging as potential significant factors impacting first trimester placentation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kroener
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Erica T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Margareta D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Pisarska
mesh_terms: D015984:Causality; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D047109:Fetal Development; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation; D005333:Fetus; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply; D010922:Placenta Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010929:Placentation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; D012727:Sex Characteristics