title: Predictive value of EEG-awakening for behavioral awakening from coma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A reliable predictor for early recovery of consciousness in comatose patients is of great clinical significance. Here we aimed to investigate the potentially prognostic value of electroencephalogram-reactivity (EEG-R) in combination with sleep spindles, termed EEG-awakening, for behavioral awakening in etiologically diverse comatose patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospectively observational study on a sample of patients, all of whom were in coma lasting longer than 3 days. Continuous EEG monitoring was performed for at least 24 h to detect the presence of EEG-R and sleep spindles. We then followed patients for 1 month to determine their subsequent level of consciousness, classifying them as either awakened or non-awakened. Finally, Univariate and multivariate analyses were employed to assess the association of predictors with consciousness recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and six patients with different etiologies leading to coma were included in the study. Of these, 48 patients (45.3 %) awoke and 58 patients (54.7 %) did not awake in the month after the onset of the study. Of note, 26 patients (24.5 %) had a good neurological outcome, and 31 patients (29.3 %) died. Univariate analysis revealed that the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, EEG-R, sleep spindles, and EEG-awakening were all associated with one-month awakening. Comparisons of the area under the receiving operator characteristic curve (AUC) showed that EEG-awakening (0.839; 0.757-0.921) was superior to all of the following: EEG-R (0.798; 0.710-0.886), sleep spindles (0.772; 0.680-0.864), and GCS scores (0.720; 0.623-0.818). However, age, gender, etiology, and pupillary light reflex did not correlate significantly with one-month awakening. Further logistic regression analysis showed that only EEG-awakening and GCS scores at study entry were significant independent predictors of awakening and that the prognostic model containing these two variables yielded an outstanding predictive performance with an AUC of 0.903.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EEG-awakening incorporates both EEG-R and sleep spindles and is an excellent predictor for early behavioral awakening in comatose patients. The prognostic model combining EEG-awakening and GCS scores shows an outstanding discriminative power for awakening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China. paraq@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Gang
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China. arthuryf@163.com.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China. wwyy0929@126.com.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China. shirley19851123@163.com.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China. lili@fmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China. jiangwen@fmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
keywords: Coma; Electroencephalogram reactivity; Prognosis; Sleep spindles