title: Human milk glycosaminoglycans inhibit in vitro the adhesion of Escherichia coli and Salmonella fyris to human intestinal cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast-fed infants have a lower incidence of acute gastroenteritis due to the presence of several anti-infective factors in human milk. The aim of this work is to study the capacity of human milk glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to inhibit the adhesion of some common pathogenic bacteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  GAGs were isolated from a pool of milk samples collected from different mothers during the first month of lactation. Experiments were carried out to study the ability of GAGs to inhibit the adhesion of two intestinal micro-organisms (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serotype 0119 and Salmonella fyris) to Caco-2 and Int-407 cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study showed that the GAGs had an anti-adhesive effect on the two pathogenic strains studied with different degrees of inhibition. In particular, in the presence of human milk GAGs, the adhesion of S. fyris to Caco-2 cells and to Int-407 cells of both tested strains was significantly reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrated that GAGs in human milk can be one of the important defensive factors against acute diarrheal infections in breast-fed infants.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Division, Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ospedali Riuniti, Presidio Salesi, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Coppa
authors.affiliation: Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Bruna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Facinelli
authors.affiliation: Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Magi
authors.affiliation: Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Division, Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ospedali Riuniti, Presidio Salesi, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zampini
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mantovani
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Division, Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ospedali Riuniti, Presidio Salesi, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Galeazzi
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Division, Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ospedali Riuniti, Presidio Salesi, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Padella
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Division, Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ospedali Riuniti, Presidio Salesi, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Rita L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Marchesiello
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Division, Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ospedali Riuniti, Presidio Salesi, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coscia
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peila
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Volpi
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Division, Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ospedali Riuniti, Presidio Salesi, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Orazio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gabrielli
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans