title: A novel ATAC-seq approach reveals lineage-specific reinforcement of the open chromatin landscape via cooperation between BAF and p63.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Open chromatin regions are correlated with active regulatory elements in development and are dysregulated in diseases. The BAF (SWI/SNF) complex is essential for development, and has been demonstrated to remodel reconstituted chromatin in vitro and to control the accessibility of a few individual regions in vivo. However, it remains unclear where and how BAF controls the open chromatin landscape to regulate developmental processes, such as human epidermal differentiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a novel "on-plate" ATAC-sequencing approach for profiling open chromatin landscapes with a low number of adherent cells, we demonstrate that the BAF complex is essential for maintaining 11.6 % of open chromatin regions in epidermal differentiation. These BAF-dependent open chromatin regions are highly cell-type-specific and are strongly enriched for binding sites for p63, a master epidermal transcription factor. The DNA sequences of p63 binding sites intrinsically favor nucleosome formation and are inaccessible in other cell types without p63 to prevent ectopic activation. In epidermal cells, BAF and p63 mutually recruit each other to maintain 14,853 open chromatin regions. We further demonstrate that BAF and p63 cooperatively position nucleosomes away from p63 binding sites and recruit transcriptional machinery to control tissue differentiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BAF displays high specificity in controlling the open chromatin landscape during epidermal differentiation by cooperating with the master transcription factor p63 to maintain lineage-specific open chromatin regions.
authors.affiliation: Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. xmbao@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Xiaomin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.affiliation: Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Jiajing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.|Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Giresi
authors.affiliation: Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.|Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Howard Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. khavari@stanford.edu.|Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA. khavari@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Khavari
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; C445179:SWI-SNF-B chromatin-remodeling complex; C115051:TP63 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins