title: Karyotype is not dead (yet)!
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While array-comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH) and next-generation sequencing (NGS or exome) technologies have swiftly spread throughout the medical field, karyotype has gradually lost its leading role among genetic tests. Several international guidelines recommend starting with a-CGH screening then going on with exome analysis when investigating a patient with intellectual disability (ID) and no precise clinical diagnosis. A-CGH and whole exome sequencing increase etiologic diagnoses rate up to 30% in case of ID. However, physicians have to deal with the lack of qualitative information of the genome. Especially, exome and a-CGH analysis fail to detect chromosomal rearrangements because breakpoints are either located in introns or not associated with a gain or loss of genetic material. If these technologies cannot easily identify chromosomal translocations or inversions which sometimes split a gene, karyotype can.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the 5 cases described, karyotype provided the right diagnosis for a Mendelian disease while molecular analysis remained unsuccessful. We conclude that when a Mendelian disease is strongly suggested clinically, if molecular analysis is normal, it could be very useful to carry out a karyotype in order to demonstrate a chromosomal rearrangement involving the targeted gene. If this gene is disrupted, the physician can confirm the suspected disease and give appropriate genetic counseling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article aims at keeping in mind that karyotype, this old-fashioned genetic tool, can still remain powerful and useful within some genetic issues. Even in this modern period of whole exome sequencing, young geneticists should know that karyotype remains a powerful and cheap technology, available throughout the world and can still do a lot for families.
authors.affiliation: Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Hôpital Sud, CLAD Ouest, Rennes, France. Electronic address: laurent.pasquier@chu-rennes.fr.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pasquier
authors.affiliation: Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Hôpital Sud, CLAD Ouest, Rennes, France. Electronic address: melanie.fradin@chu-rennes.fr.
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fradin
authors.affiliation: Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Hôpital Sud, CLAD Ouest, Rennes, France; Laboratoire de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France. Electronic address: elouan.cherot@chu-rennes.fr.
authors.forename: Elouan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chérot
authors.affiliation: Service de Génétique, CH Le Mans, CLAD Ouest, Le Mans, France. Electronic address: dmartin@ch-lemans.fr.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martin-Coignard
authors.affiliation: Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Angers, CLAD Ouest, Angers, France. Electronic address: escolin@chu-angers.fr.
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Colin
authors.affiliation: Service de Génétique, CH Vannes, CLAD Ouest, Vannes, France. Electronic address: hubert.journel@ch-bretagne-atlantique.fr.
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Journel
authors.affiliation: Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Hôpital Sud, CLAD Ouest, Rennes, France. Electronic address: florence.demurger@chu-rennes.fr.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Demurger
authors.affiliation: Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Hôpital Sud, CLAD Ouest, Rennes, France. Electronic address: linda.akloul@chu-rennes.fr.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Akloul
authors.affiliation: Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Hôpital Sud, CLAD Ouest, Rennes, France. Electronic address: chloe.quelin@chu-rennes.fr.
authors.forename: Chloé
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quélin
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France. Electronic address: vincent.jauffret@chu-rennes.fr.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jauffret
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France. Electronic address: josette.lucas@chu-rennes.fr.
authors.forename: Josette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France. Electronic address: marc-antoine.belaud-rotureau@chu-rennes.fr.
authors.forename: Marc-Antoine
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Belaud-Rotureau
authors.affiliation: Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Hôpital Sud, CLAD Ouest, Rennes, France; CNRS UMR 6290 (IGDR), Université de Rennes 1, France. Electronic address: sylvie.odent@chu-rennes.fr.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Odent
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; CNRS UMR 6290 (IGDR), Université de Rennes 1, France. Electronic address: sylvie.jaillard@chu-rennes.fr.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaillard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007621:Karyotyping / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy
keywords: Balanced translocation; Developmental abnormalities; Gene disrupted; Genetic counselling; Karyotype