title: Evaluation of cytotoxicity of aqueous extract of Graviola leaves on squamous cell carcinoma cell-25 cell lines by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and determination of percentage of cell inhibition at G2M phase of cell cycle by flow cytometry: An in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malignancies constitute a wide variety of disorders having high mortality and morbidity rates. Current protocols for management include surgical intervention, chemotherapy, and radiation which possess numerous adverse effects. Many phytochemicals are available with anticancer properties similar to anticancer drugs. Major benefit of these compounds is apparent lack of toxicity to normal tissues. Graviola (botanical name: Annona Muricata) contain bioactive compound "annonaceous acetogenins" known for anticancer activity on cancer cell lines.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine cytotoxicity of Graviola and percentage cell inhibition at G2M phase of cell cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cytotoxicity of aqueous extract of Graviola leaves on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-25) cell lines at various concentrations evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The percentage of SCC-25 cell inhibition at G2M phase of cell cycle determined using flow cytometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Graviola Leaves, American Type Culture Collection SCC-25 cell lines were procured from Skanda Laboratories, Bengaluru. The cytotoxicity of aqueous extract of Graviola on SCC-25 cells at various concentrations evaluated using MTT assay. The percentage of SCC-25 cell inhibition at G2M phase of cell cycle determined using flow cytometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MTT assay showed statistically significant (P < 0.001) dose-dependent inhibition of SCC-25 cell lines by Graviola with IC50 value of 12.42 μg/ml. Flow cytometry revealed that Graviola at 25 and 50 g/ml arrested 53.39% and 52.09% cells in G2M phase of cell cycle respectively, which was statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Graviola showed significant cytotoxic activity and percentage of cell inhibition at G2M phase cell cycle against SCC-25 cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, Farooqia Dental College, Mysore, India.
authors.forename: Visveswaraiah Paranjyothi
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Magadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, Farooqia Dental College, Mysore, India.
authors.forename: Venkatadasappa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynacecological Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Anantharaju
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arpitha
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, Farooqia Dental College, Mysore, India.
authors.lastname: Litha
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, Farooqia Dental College, Mysore, India.
authors.forename: Kikkerilakshminarayana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumaraswamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, Farooqia Dental College, Mysore, India.
authors.forename: Krishnappa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Manjunath
keywords: 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay; G2M phase; Graviola; flow cytometry; squamous cell carcioma-25 cell lines