title: Evaluation and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals (HMs) in Sewage Sludge of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Shanxi, China.
abstract: Heavy metals (HMs) in sewage sludge have become the crucial limiting factors for land use application. Samples were collected and analyzed from 32 waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Shanxi Province, China. HM levels in sewage sludge were assessed. The multivariate statistical method principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify the sources of HMs in sewage sludge. HM pollution classes by geochemical accumulation index I(geo) and correlation analyses between HMs were also conducted. HMs were arranged in the following decreasing order of mean concentration: Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > As > Hg > Cd; the maximum concentrations of all HMs were within the limit of maximum content permitted by Chinese discharge standard. I(geo) classes of HMs pollution in order from most polluted to least were: Cu and Hg pollution were the highest; Cd and Cr pollution were moderate; Zn, As and Pb pollution were the least. Sources of HM contamination in sewage sludge were identified as three components. The primary contaminant source accounting for 35.7% of the total variance was identified as smelting industry, coking plant and traffic sources; the second source accounting for 29.0% of the total variance was distinguished as household and water supply pollution; the smallest of the three sources accounting for 16.2% of the total variance was defined as special industries such as leather tanning, textile manufacturing and chemical processing industries. Source apportionment of HMs in sewage sludge can control HM contamination through suggesting improvements in government policies and industrial processes.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China. sxnddbl@163.com.|College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China. sxnddbl@163.com.
authors.forename: Baoling
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China. lfwlfw2008@sina.com.
authors.forename: Fenwu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China. zwping@126.com.
authors.forename: Wuping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China. zhenghaixia81@126.com.
authors.forename: Haixia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China. 18334759065@163.com.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China. xiaomei.li@albertainnovates.ca.|Alberta Innovates-Energy &amp; Environment Solutions, Edmonton, AB T5J3G2, Canada. xiaomei.li@albertainnovates.ca.
authors.forename: Xiaomei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China. yushan_bu@126.com.
authors.forename: Yushan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bu
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Shanxi; classes of pollution; geo accumulation index; heavy metals; principal component analysis; sewage sludge; source apportionment