title: Comparison of risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction and Internet addiction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smartphone addiction is a recent concern that has resulted from the dramatic increase in worldwide smartphone use. This study assessed the risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction in college students and compared these factors to those linked to Internet addiction.
  
  
  METHODS
  College students (N = 448) in South Korea completed the Smartphone Addiction Scale, the Young's Internet Addiction Test, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Beck Depression Inventory I, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Trait Version), the Character Strengths Test, and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk factors for smartphone addiction were female gender, Internet use, alcohol use, and anxiety, while the protective factors were depression and temperance. In contrast, the risk factors for Internet addiction were male gender, smartphone use, anxiety, and wisdom/knowledge, while the protective factor was courage. Discussion These differences may result from unique features of smartphones, such as high availability and primary use as a tool for interpersonal relationships.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings will aid clinicians in distinguishing between predictive factors for smartphone and Internet addiction and can consequently be utilized in the prevention and treatment of smartphone addiction.
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute on Behavioral Addictions , True Mind Mental Health Clinic, Seoul, South Korea.|Health Care & Information Research Institute, Namseoul University , Cheonan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sam-Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea , Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dai-Jin
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center , Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Information Engineering , SeoulTech, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Heejune
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Welfare, Dongshin University , Jeollanam-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Jeung
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Konyang University , Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Won-Young
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Myongji Hospital , Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seohee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Chungmugong Leadership Center, Naval Education and Training Command , Republic of Korea Navy, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunchul
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Youn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D065840:Protective Factors; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D000068997:Smartphone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Internet addiction; character strengths; gender differences; resilience; smartphone addiction