title: [Clinical analyses of patients with intractable epistaxis originated from deep-seated nasal cavity].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical features and management of intractable deep-seated epistaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data were analyzed retrospectively in 195 patients with intractable deep-seated epistaxis treated in Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao College between June 2008 and June 2014. The analyses included common risk factors, bleeding sites, treatments and therapeutic effects. SPSS 17.0 software was used to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 162 males and 33 females, aged from 15 to 88 years old (mean 52 ± 16 years). One hundred and eighty-seven cases (95.9%) were unilateral and 8 cases (4.1%) were bilateral. One hundred and twenty-six cases (64.6%) had the history of hypertension or blood pressure higher than normal on admission. Eight patients were cured by nasal packing and appropriate drugs, and 187 patients were treated by endoscopy and electrocoagulation. The numbers of treatment needed to stop bleeding were 1 time in 184 cases (98.4%), 2 times in 3 cases (1.6%). Thirteen cases did not have certain bleeding point, while the other 174 had certain one or more bleeding sites. The rewarded bleeding sites were 222, which were found in the following different sites: posterior inferior nasal meatus (33.3%, 74 /222), olfactory cleft of nasal septum (26.6%, 59/222), the root of the middle turbinate (14.0%, 31/222), and so on. Hypertension and diabetes were risk factors (OR value was 3.411, 7.142, both P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intractable deep-seated epistaxis are mainly found in males and are almost unilatera1. Hypertension and diabetes are the common risk factor. The most effective and safe treatment for intractable deep-seated epistaxis is electrocoagulation under nasal endoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao College, Qingdao 266003, China.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao College, Qingdao 266003, China; Email: dr.lina@163.com.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao College, Qingdao 266003, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao College, Qingdao 266003, China.
authors.forename: Hailing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao College, Qingdao 266003, China.
authors.forename: Longgang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao College, Qingdao 266003, China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D004564:Electrocoagulation; D004724:Endoscopy; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000473:pathology; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014420:Turbinates / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult