title: Rapid Assessment of Environmental Health Impacts for Policy Support: The Example of Road Transport in New Zealand.
abstract: An integrated environmental health impact assessment of road transport in New Zealand was carried out, using a rapid assessment. The disease and injury burden was assessed from traffic-related accidents, air pollution, noise and physical (in)activity, and impacts attributed back to modal source. In total, road transport was found to be responsible for 650 deaths in 2012 (2.1% of annual mortality): 308 from traffic accidents, 283 as a result of air pollution, and 59 from noise. Together with morbidity, these represent a total burden of disease of 26,610 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). An estimated 40 deaths and 1874 DALYs were avoided through active transport. Cars are responsible for about 52% of attributable deaths, but heavy goods vehicles (6% of vehicle kilometres travelled, vkt) accounted for 21% of deaths. Motorcycles (1 per cent of vkt) are implicated in nearly 8% of deaths. Overall, impacts of traffic-related air pollution and noise are low compared to other developed countries, but road accident rates are high. Results highlight the need for policies targeted at road accidents, and especially at heavy goods vehicles and motorcycles, along with more general action to reduce the reliance on private road transport. The study also provides a framework for national indicator development.
authors.affiliation: Emeritus Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK. d.briggs@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington 6140, New Zealand. k.mason@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Kylie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington 6140, New Zealand. b.borman@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Borman
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004779:Environment Design; D004782:Environmental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D058735:Environmental Policy; D005260:Female; D062489:Health Impact Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: New Zealand; air pollution; environmental burden of disease; health impact assessment; physical activity; road accidents; road transport; traffic noise