title: Short- and long-term effects of carbohydrate limitation on sugar and organic acid accumulation during mandarin fruit growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The physiological roles of organic acids in fruit cells are not fully understood, especially in citrus, whereas the decline in titratable acidity during ripening shown by many citrus fruits is due to the utilization of citric acid. We induced carbohydrate depletion by removing source leaves at two key periods in mandarin development (early and full citric acid accumulation). Then, we assessed the resulting changes in the short term (within 48 h) and long term (several weeks until ripening).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control mature fruits were characterized by elevated fresh weight, large diameters and high quantities of malic acid, citric acid and sucrose. At the same stage, fruits subjected to early or late defoliation had higher glucose, fructose, citric acid concentrations and lower sucrose concentrations. They differed only in their malic acid concentrations, which were higher in early defoliation fruits and similar in late defoliation fruits when compared to control fruits. Finally, fruits subjected to late defoliation were characterized by high proline and γ-aminobutyric acid concentrations, and low fructose and glucose concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that short- and long-term carbohydrate limitation modifies sugar and organic acid metabolism during mandarin fruit growth. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: UMR AGAP Corse, station INRA, F-20230, San Giuliano, France.|CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Laboratoire Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire du Végétal, F-20250, Corte, France.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Antoine
authors.affiliation: Unité Expérimentale Citrus - INRA, F-20230, San Giuliano, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pailly
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33883, Villenave d'Ornon, France.|Plateforme Métabolome-Fluxome Bordeaux, BP 81, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gibon
authors.affiliation: UMR AGAP Corse, station INRA, F-20230, San Giuliano, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Luro
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Laboratoire Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire du Végétal, F-20250, Corte, France.
authors.forename: Jérémie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Laboratoire Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire du Végétal, F-20250, Corte, France.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giannettini
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Laboratoire Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire du Végétal, F-20250, Corte, France.
authors.forename: Liliane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berti
mesh_terms: D019343:Citric Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D000069599:Crop Production / Q000379:methods*; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000032:analysis; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005602:France; D005632:Fructose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008293:Malates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D009753:Nutritive Value; D052585:Phloem / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011392:Proline / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D008293:Malates; D019343:Citric Acid; D005632:Fructose; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; C030298:malic acid; D011392:Proline; D005947:Glucose
keywords: citrate; citrus; malate; source-sink ratio; sucrose