title: Emerging Role of Nitric Oxide and Heat Shock Proteins in Insulin Resistance.
abstract: Insulin resistance (IR) is present in pathologies such as diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, inflammation, cardiac disease, and dyslipidemias. Population studies show that IR is multifactorial and has genetic components, such as defects in the insulin-signaling pathway (as serine phosphorylation on insulin substrate or decreased activation of signaling molecules) and RAS/MAPK-dependent pathways. IR is connected to mitochondrial dysfunction, overproduction of oxidants, accumulation of fat, and an over-activation of the renin-angiotensin system linked to the NADPH oxidase activity. In addition, nitric oxide (NO), synthesized by nitric oxide synthases (endothelial and inducible), is also associated with IR when both impaired release and reduced bioavailability of all which lead to inflammation and hypertension. However, increased NO may promote vasculoprotection. Moreover, reduced NO release induces heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70) expression in IR and diabetes, mediating beneficial effects against oxidative stress injury, inflammation and apoptosis. HSP70 may be used as biomarker of the chronicity of diabetes. Hsp72 (inducible protein) is linked to vascular complications with a high-fat diet by blocking inflammation signaling (cytoprotective and anti-cytotoxicity intracellular role). Elucidating the IR signaling pathways and the roles of NO and HSPs is relevant to the application of new treatments, such as heat shock and thermal therapy, nitrosylated drugs, chemical chaperones or exercise training.
authors.affiliation: Cátedra de Química Orgánica II, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Mendoza, Argentina.
authors.forename: Marisa Nile
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Puerto Rico University, San Juan, PR, USA.
authors.forename: León
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferder
authors.affiliation: Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Centro Universitario, CP: 5500, Mendoza, Argentina. wmanucha@yahoo.com.ar.|IMBECU-CONICET National Council of Scientific and Technical Research of Argentina, Mendoza, Argentina. wmanucha@yahoo.com.ar.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Manucha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D014807:Vitamin D; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Heat shock protein 70; Insulin resistance; Nitric oxide; Oxidative stress; Type-2 diabetes mellitus; Vitamin D