title: Identification of Giardia lamblia and the human infectious-species of Cryptosporidium in drinking water resources in Western Saudi Arabia by nested-PCR assays.
abstract: The presence of Cryptosporidium and/or Giardia in drinking water represents a major public health problem. This study was the first report concerned with the occurrence of these protozoa in drinking water in Saudi Arabia. The study was undertaken in Al-Taif, a high altitude region, Western Saudi Arabia. Eight underground wells water, six desalinated water and five domestic brands of bottled water samples, 10 liter each, were monthly collected between May 2013 and April 2014. All samples (n = 228), were processed using an automated wash/elution station (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc.). Genomic DNA was directly isolated and purified from samples concentrates with QIAamp® Stool Mini Kit (Qiagen). The target protozoan DNA sequences were amplified using two previously published nested-PCR protocols. Of all the analyzed water, 31 samples (≈14%) were found contaminated with the target protozoa. Giardia lamblia was detected in ≈10% (7/72) of desalinated water and in ≈9% (9/96) of wells water. On the other hand, Cryptosporidium was identified in ≈8% (8/72) of desalinated water and in ≈7% (7/96) of wells water. All bottled water samples (n = 60) were (oo)cysts-free. Protozoan (oo)cysts were more frequently identified in water samples collected in the spring than in other seasons. The methodology established in our study proved sensitive, cost-effective and is amenable for future automation or semi-automation. For better understanding of the current situation that represent an important health threat to the local inhabitants, further studies concerned with (oo)cyst viability, infectivity, concentration and genotype identification are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hawash
authors.affiliation: Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghonaim
authors.affiliation: Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.affiliation: Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alhazmi
authors.affiliation: Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alturkistani
mesh_terms: D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008828:Microbiological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012529:Saudi Arabia
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D060766:Drinking Water