title: History of shoulder instability surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The surgical management of shoulder instability is an expanding and increasingly complex area of study within orthopaedics. This article describes the history and evolution of shoulder instability surgery, examining the development of its key principles, the currently accepted concepts and available surgical interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive review of the available literature was performed using PubMed. The reference lists of reviewed articles were also scrutinised to ensure relevant information was included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The various types of shoulder instability including anterior, posterior and multidirectional instability are discussed, focussing on the history of surgical management of these topics, the current concepts and the results of available surgical interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The last century has seen important advancements in the understanding and treatment of shoulder instability. The transition from open to arthroscopic surgery has allowed the discovery of previously unrecognised pathologic entities and facilitated techniques to treat these. Nevertheless, open surgery still produces comparable results in the treatment of many instability-related conditions and is often required in complex or revision cases, particularly in the presence of bone loss. More high-quality research is required to better understand and characterise this spectrum of conditions so that successful evidence-based management algorithms can be developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  IV.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy. pietro.randelli@unimi.it.|IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy. pietro.randelli@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Randelli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy.|IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cucchi
authors.affiliation: Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.
authors.forename: Usman
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Butt
mesh_terms: D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000266:history*; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000266:history*; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Arthroscopic stabilisation; History of surgery; Instability; Open stabilisation; Shoulder