title: A Screening Study to Determine the Prevalence of Airway Disease in Heroin Smokers.
abstract: Over the last 20 years smoking has become the most common method of heroin use and increasing numbers of heroin smokers are presenting to local medical services, before the age of 40 years, with severe airway disease. To determine COPD prevalence we recruited 129 subjects from two local community drug services, of whom 107 were heroin smokers. We collected demographic, medical and treatment data, smoking history (including cannabis and opiates) and details of symptoms including MRC dyspnoea. Subjects completed the COPD Assessment Tool and spirometry. Thirty heroin smokers were identified as having COPD resulting in a COPD prevalence of 28%. Mean age was 43 (4) years and FEV1 was 2.71 (0.98) L; 70 (23) %predicted. Breathlessness and wheeze were more common in subjects with COPD (p < 0.04 and p < 0.05) but symptoms were common in all heroin smokers. MRC score was higher (3 vs. 2.4; p < 0.04) in those with COPD and health status appeared poorer (CAT 20.4 vs. 15.8; p < 0.07). Only 4 (11%) had previously been diagnosed with COPD and only 16 (53%) received any inhaled medication. Asthma prevalence was also high at 33% and asthmatic subjects had similar symptoms and health status compared with the COPD subjects, and were also significantly undertreated. COPD and asthma are common in current and former heroin smokers. They are often present at a young age and are underdiagnosed and undertreated. Awareness of this issue should be highlighted within drug services and in particular to heroin smokers. Screening this high-risk population with spirometry should be considered.
authors.affiliation: a Respiratory Research Department, Clinical Sciences Centre, Aintree University Hospital , Liverpool , United Kingdom .|b Crime Reduction Initiative Sefton, Sefton House , Sefton , Merseyside , United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lewis-Burke
authors.affiliation: a Respiratory Research Department, Clinical Sciences Centre, Aintree University Hospital , Liverpool , United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vlies
authors.affiliation: b Crime Reduction Initiative Sefton, Sefton House , Sefton , Merseyside , United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wooding
authors.affiliation: a Respiratory Research Department, Clinical Sciences Centre, Aintree University Hospital , Liverpool , United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: a Respiratory Research Department, Clinical Sciences Centre, Aintree University Hospital , Liverpool , United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Paul P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006304:Health Status; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D013147:Spirometry; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: COPD screening; asthma; cannabis smoking; drug use; spirometry