title: Amelioration of apoptotic events in the skeletal muscle of intra-nigrally rotenone-infused Parkinsonian rats by Morinda citrifolia--up-regulation of Bcl-2 and blockage of cytochrome c release.
abstract: Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder with the cardinal symptoms of bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability, which lead to abnormal movements and lack of activity, which in turn cause muscular damage. Even though studies have been carried out to elucidate the causative factors that lead to muscular damage in Parkinson's disease, apoptotic events that occur in the skeletal muscle and a therapeutical approach to culminate the muscular damage have not been extensively studied. Thus, this study evaluates the impact of rotenone-induced SNPc lesions on skeletal muscle apoptosis and the efficacy of an ethyl acetate extract of Morinda citrifolia in safeguarding the myocytes. Biochemical assays along with apoptotic markers studied by immunoblot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the current study revealed that the supplementation of Morinda citrifolia significantly reverted alterations in both biochemical and histological parameters in rotenone-infused PD rats. Treatment with Morinda citrifolia also reduced the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 and blocked the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria induced by rotenone. In addition, it augmented the expression of Bcl2 both transcriptionally and translationally. Thus, this preliminary study paves a way to show that the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities of Morinda citrifolia can be exploited to alleviate skeletal muscle damage induced by Parkinsonism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, India. pkalaiselvi2011@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kishore Kumar S
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Narasimhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, India. pkalaiselvi2011@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Liya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.
authors.forename: Yogesh Kanna
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Sathyamoorthy
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, India. pkalaiselvi2011@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ashokkumar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, India. pkalaiselvi2011@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lakshmi Narasimhan
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Chakrapani
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, India. pkalaiselvi2011@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Abhilasha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, India. pkalaiselvi2011@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Divya Bhavani
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, India. pkalaiselvi2011@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Thulasi Raman
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, India. pkalaiselvi2011@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Prema
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Velusamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.
authors.forename: Kathiravan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaliappan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.
authors.forename: Rameshkumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, India. pkalaiselvi2011@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kalaiselvi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Periandavan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D032066:Morinda / Q000737:chemistry; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D065842:Pars Compacta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012402:Rotenone / Q000633:toxicity*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; C494828:Bax protein, rat; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D012402:Rotenone; D045304:Cytochromes c; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D003402:Creatine Kinase; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; C506435:Casp9 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9