title: Language mapping using high gamma electrocorticography, fMRI, and TMS versus electrocortical stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to compare localization of the language cortex using cortical stimulation mapping (CSM), high gamma electrocorticography (hgECoG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Language mapping using CSM, hgECoG, fMRI, and TMS were compared in nine patients with epilepsy. Considering CSM as reference, we compared language mapping approaches based on hgECoG, fMRI, and TMS using their sensitivity, specificity, and the results of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show that areas involved in language processing can be identified by hgECoG, fMRI, and TMS. The average sensitivity/specificity of hgECoG, fMRI, and TMS across all patients was 100%/85%, 50%/80%, and 67%/66%, respectively. The average area under the ROC curve of hgECoG, fMRI, and TMS across CSM-positive patients was 0.98, 0.76, and 0.68, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is considerable concordance between CSM, hgECoG, fMRI, and TMS language mapping. Our results reveal that hgECoG, fMRI, and TMS are valuable tools for presurgical language mapping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Language mapping on the basis of hgECoG, fMRI, and TMS can provide important additional information, therefore, these methods can be used in conjunction with CSM or as an alternative, when the latter is deemed impractical.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA. Electronic address: ababajan@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Babajani-Feremi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Shalini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narayana
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Roozbeh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rezaie
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Asim F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Choudhri
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Fulton
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Boop
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wheless
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Papanicolaou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000069280:Electrocorticography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D065818:Gamma Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cortical stimulation mapping (CSM); Epilepsy; Functional MRI (fMRI); High gamma electrocorticography (hgECoG); Presurgical language mapping; Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)