title: Antihypertensive Drugs and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between the development of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) and antihypertensive drugs (AHDs) use among type 2 diabetic patients with concomitant hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type 2 diabetic patients aged 20-100 years who had at least one prescription for AHDs between 2000 and 2011 were identified from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID) 2005. The incidence rates of STDR were followed and Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze the risk associated with AHDs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Users of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) were associated with a significantly higher risk than users of calcium channel blockers (CCBs), independent of baseline characteristics. After adjusting for time-varying use of concomitant medications for propensity score-matched or -unmatched cohorts, the results showed that patients receiving ACEIs/ARBs and CCBs were associated with a significantly greater risk compared with β-blocker users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study did not support a superiority of ACEIs/ARBs and CCBs over β-blockers for lowering the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei City Hospital, Heping Fuyou Branch, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Jen-Chieh
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Mei-Shu
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors