title: From an imbalance to a new imbalance: Italian-style gluten-free diet alters the salivary microbiota and metabolome of African celiac children.
abstract: Fourteen Saharawi celiac children following an African-style gluten-free diet for at least two years were subjected to a change of diet to an Italian-style gluten-free diet for 60 days. Significant differences were identified in the salivary microbiota and metabolome when Saharawi celiac children switched from African- to Italian-style dietary habits. An Italian-style gluten-free diet caused increases in the abundance of Granulicatella, Porphyromonas and Neisseria and decreases in Clostridium, Prevotella and Veillonella, altering the 'salivary type' of the individuals. Furthermore, operational taxonomic unit co-occurrence/exclusion patterns indicated that the initial equilibrium of co-occurring microbial species was perturbed by a change in diet: the microbial diversity was reduced, with a few species out-competing the previously established microbiota and becoming dominant. Analysis of predicted metagenomes revealed a remarkable change in the metabolic potential of the microbiota following the diet change, with increased potential for amino acid, vitamin and co-factor metabolism. High concentrations of acetone and 2-butanone during treatment with the Italian-style gluten-free diet suggested metabolic dysfunction in the Saharawi celiac children. The findings of this study support the need for a translational medicine pipeline to examine interactions between food and microbiota when evaluating human development, nutritional needs and the impact and consequences of westernisation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055, Italy.
authors.forename: Danilo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ercolini
authors.affiliation: Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70126, Italy.
authors.forename: Ruggiero
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Francavilla
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40121, Italy.|Inter-departmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research, University of Cesena, Cesena, 47521, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vannini
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Filippis
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Gastroenterology, Di Cristina Children's Hospital, Palermo, 90134, Italy.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Capriati
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70126, Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Cagno
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Gastroenterology, Di Cristina Children's Hospital, Palermo, 90134, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iacono
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70126, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Angelis
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70126, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gobbetti
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044383:Black People; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D000068536:Bacillota / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D055442:Metabolome; D064307:Microbiota; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S