title: Different amorphous solid-state forms of roxithromycin: A thermodynamic and morphological study.
abstract: The striking impact that different preparation methods have on the characteristics of amorphous solid-state forms has attracted considerable attention during the last two decades. The pursuit of more extensive knowledge regarding polyamorphism therefore continues. The aim of this study was firstly, to investigate the influence of different preparation techniques to obtain amorphous solid-state forms for the same active pharmaceutical ingredient, namely roxithromycin. The preparation techniques also report on a method utilizing hot air, which although it is based on a melt intermediary step, is considered a novel preparation method. Secondly, to conduct an in-depth investigation into any physico-chemical differences between the resulting amorphous forms and thirdly, to bring our findings into context with that of previous work done, whilst simultaneously discussing a well-defined interpretation for the term polyamorphism and propose a discernment between true polyamorphism and pseudo-polyamorphism/atypical-polyamorphism. The preparation techniques included melt, solution, and a combination of solution-mechanical disruption as intermediary steps. The resulting amorphous forms were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, hot-stage microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and vapor sorption. Clear and significant thermodynamic differences were determined between the four amorphous forms. It was also deduced from this study that different preparation techniques have a mentionable impact on the morphological properties of the resulting amorphous roxithromycin powders. Thermodynamic properties as well as the physical characteristics of the amorphous forms greatly governed other physico-chemical properties i.e. solubility and dissolution.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
authors.forename: Marnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milne
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
authors.forename: Wilna
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liebenberg
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa. Electronic address: Marique.Aucamp@nwu.ac.za.
authors.forename: Marique Elizabeth
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Aucamp
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning / Q000379:methods; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D015575:Roxithromycin / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D015575:Roxithromycin
keywords: Amorphous; Atypical polyamorphism; Polyamorphism; Preparation method; Pseudo-polyamorphism; Roxithromycin