title: Impact of Lowland Rainforest Transformation on Diversity and Composition of Soil Prokaryotic Communities in Sumatra (Indonesia).
abstract: Prokaryotes are the most abundant and diverse group of microorganisms in soil and mediate virtually all biogeochemical cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. Thereby, they influence aboveground plant productivity and diversity. In this study, the impact of rainforest transformation to intensively managed cash crop systems on soil prokaryotic communities was investigated. The studied managed land use systems comprised rubber agroforests (jungle rubber), rubber plantations and oil palm plantations within two Indonesian landscapes Bukit Duabelas and Harapan. Soil prokaryotic community composition and diversity were assessed by pyrotag sequencing of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes. The curated dataset contained 16,413 bacterial and 1679 archaeal operational taxonomic units at species level (97% genetic identity). Analysis revealed changes in indigenous taxon-specific patterns of soil prokaryotic communities accompanying lowland rainforest transformation to jungle rubber, and intensively managed rubber and oil palm plantations. Distinct clustering of the rainforest soil communities indicated that these are different from the communities in the studied managed land use systems. The predominant bacterial taxa in all investigated soils were Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria. Overall, the bacterial community shifted from proteobacterial groups in rainforest soils to Acidobacteria in managed soils. The archaeal soil communities were mainly represented by Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Members of the Terrestrial Group and South African Gold Mine Group 1 (Thaumarchaeota) dominated in the rainforest and members of Thermoplasmata in the managed land use systems. The alpha and beta diversity of the soil prokaryotic communities was higher in managed land use systems than in rainforest. In the case of bacteria, this was related to soil characteristics such as pH value, exchangeable Ca and Fe content, C to N ratio, and extractable P content. Archaeal community composition and diversity were correlated to pH value, exchangeable Fe content, water content, and total N. The distribution of bacterial and archaeal taxa involved in biological N cycle indicated functional shifts of the cycle during conversion of rainforest to plantations.
authors.affiliation: Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engelhaupt
authors.affiliation: Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Buesgen Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Buesgen Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany ; Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya Malang, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Syahrul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurniawan
authors.affiliation: Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Valentyna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krashevska
authors.affiliation: Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heinemann
authors.affiliation: Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nacke
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences IPB, Bogor Agricultural University Bogor, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Marini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wijayanti
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences IPB, Bogor Agricultural University Bogor, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meryandini
authors.affiliation: Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Buesgen Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Marife D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Corre
authors.affiliation: Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scheu
authors.affiliation: Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Daniel
keywords: 16S rRNA gene; Sumatra; oil palm; rainforest conversion; soil archaea; soil bacteria; soil microbial community composition; soil prokaryotic diversity