title: Laser refractive surgery in the UK Biobank study: Frequency, distribution by sociodemographic factors, and general health, happiness, and social participation outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the frequency and distribution of laser refractive surgery in the United Kingdom by sociodemographic factors and outcomes of social participation and well-being.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six regional recruitment centers in England and Wales.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional epidemiological study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected on sociodemographic factors and medical history; self-report on eyes/vision included reason for wearing optical correction, eye diseases, and treatment received (including refractive laser surgery). Mean spherical equivalent was used to categorize individuals as myopic (<-1.0 diopter) or hypertrophic (>+1.0 diopter).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 2009 and 2010, 117 281 subjects recruited by UK Biobank undertook an ophthalmic assessment, including autorefraction. Of those with refractive error within a range eligible for laser refractive surgery (n = 60 352), 1892 (3.1%) reported having bilateral refractive surgery and 549 (0.9%) unilateral surgery. Frequency of bilateral surgery decreased with increasing age and was higher in women. Frequency did not vary with educational attainment or accommodation status but increased with income among working age adults. Social participation, for example, regular visits to a pub or social club, was more common among those who underwent surgery. Other eye conditions were reported by 28% of those reporting refractive surgery compared with 11% of those eligible for treatment but not reporting surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides information not available routinely on the frequency and distribution of laser refractive surgery in an adult UK population. A high frequency of ocular conditions conventionally considered contraindications to laser refractive surgery raises the possibility that extant guidance on patient selection may not be followed.
authors.affiliation: From the Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sectio (Cumberland, Chianca, Rahi), University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom, Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (Cumberland, Chianca, Rahi), Leicester, United Kingdom, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (Rahi), NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (Rahi), Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Phillippa M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Cumberland
authors.affiliation: From the Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sectio (Cumberland, Chianca, Rahi), University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom, Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (Cumberland, Chianca, Rahi), Leicester, United Kingdom, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (Rahi), NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (Rahi), Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chianca
authors.affiliation: From the Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sectio (Cumberland, Chianca, Rahi), University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom, Ulverscroft Vision Research Group (Cumberland, Chianca, Rahi), Leicester, United Kingdom, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (Rahi), NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (Rahi), Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: j.rahi@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jugnoo S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rahi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D048988:Corneal Surgery, Laser / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D054140:Refractive Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D058992:Social Participation; D013222:State Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology