title: Identification of Cattle-Derived Volatiles that Modulate the Behavioral Response of the Biting Midge Culicoides nubeculosus.
abstract: Identification of host-derived volatiles is an important step towards the development of novel surveillance and control tools for Culicoides biting midges. In this study, we identified compounds from headspace collections of cattle hair and urine that modulate the behavioral response of Culicoides nubeculosus, a research model species with a similar host-range as the vectors of Bluetongue disease and Schmallenberg disease in Europe. Combined gas chromatography and electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analysis revealed 23 bioactive compounds, of which 17, together with octanal, were evaluated in a two-choice behavioral assay in the presence of CO2. Decanal, 2-phenylethanal, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-ethylhexanol, 3-methylindole, phenol, and 3-ethylphenol elicited attraction of host seeking C. nubeculosus, whereas heptanal, octanal, nonanal, 3-propylphenol, and 4-propylphenol inhibited the insects' attraction to CO2, when compared to CO2 alone. 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 3-methylphenol, 4-methylphenol, and 4-ethylphenol elicited both attraction and inhibition. The behavioral responses were dependent on the concentration tested. Our results show that cattle-derived odors have the potential to be used for the manipulation of the behavior of Culicoides biting midges.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 102, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Isberg
authors.affiliation: Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 102, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden.
authors.forename: Daniel Peter
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.affiliation: Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 102, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden.
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Birgersson
authors.affiliation: Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 102, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden.|International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ylva
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hillbur
authors.affiliation: Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 102, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden. rickard.ignell@slu.se.
authors.forename: Rickard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ignell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D002417:Cattle; D002519:Ceratopogonidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D064367:Olfactometry; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Attraction; Behavioral inhibition; Bluetongue; Ceratopogonidae; Culicoides nubeculosus; Diptera; Schmallenberg