title: Assessment of energy requirements in patients with short bowel syndrome by using the doubly labeled water method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a serious malabsorption disorder, and dietetic management of patients with SBS is extremely challenging. Once the degree of undernutrition has been assessed, successful dietary intervention is contingent on an accurate estimation and provision of energy needs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We quantified total energy expenditure (TEE) in patients with SBS by using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method to inform energy needs and nutritional therapy goals.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this observational study, TEE was measured in 22 participants, 11 with SBS and 11 sex-, age-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls (non-SBS), for 14 d with the DLW method. Predicted energy requirements were determined by using the Escott-Stump equation and compared with TEE determined with DLW. Resting energy expenditure was measured by using indirect calorimetry, and an accelerometer was also used to determine physical activity level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were aged (mean ± SD) 53 ± 8 y. Measured TEE was significantly higher than predicted TEE for the SBS group (1875 ± 276 compared with 1517 ± 175 kcal/d, P = 0.001) and also for the non-SBS group (2393 ± 445 compared with 1532 ± 178 kcal/d, P < 0.01). Measured TEE was significantly lower in the SBS group than in the non-SBS group (P < 0.01); however, predicted TEE did not differ significantly between the groups (P = 0.84). No significant differences were seen between measured and predicted resting energy expenditure either within or between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measured TEE in patients with SBS was significantly higher than predicted by using standard equations but also lower than values for age-, BMI-, and sex-matched non-SBS controls. Currently used formulas in clinical practice appear to underestimate energy requirements of patients with SBS, and revision is needed to prevent underfeeding and improve long-term prognosis. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02113228.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nutrology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, and.
authors.forename: Priscila Giacomo
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7428-6641
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Fassini
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nutrology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, and.
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pfrimer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nutrology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, and.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferriolli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nutrology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, and.
authors.forename: Vivian Miguel Marques
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Suen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nutrology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, and.
authors.forename: Júlio Sérgio
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Marchini
authors.affiliation: Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA sai.das@tufts.edu.
authors.forename: Sai Krupa
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0788-0461
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Das
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect / Q000379:methods; D019468:Disease Management; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009043:Motor Activity; D009751:Nutritional Requirements / Q000502:physiology; D005082:Physical Exertion; D012778:Short Bowel Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: doubly labeled water; energy requirement; resting energy expenditure; short bowel syndrome; total energy expenditure