title: Don't worry, be (moderately) happy: Mothers' anxiety and positivity during pregnancy independently predict lower mother-infant synchrony.
abstract: Maternal positivity and mother-infant synchrony have been linked, independently, to beneficial infant outcomes; however, research that has examined relations between the two has found that higher positivity is associated with lower synchrony. Methodological issues may inform this counter-intuitive association and clinical theory supports its validity. This study examined the theory that heightened positivity associated with anxiety is a way of avoiding negative emotion and contributes to lower synchrony because it interferes with appropriate responding to infant cues. We examined mothers' (N=75) self-reported anxiety and verbal expression of positivity during pregnancy in relation to mother-infant synchrony at 6 months post-partum. Verbal positivity was assessed using linguistic analysis of interviews about pregnancy experiences. Mother and infant affect and gaze were coded during interaction and synchrony was computed as the correlation between mother and infant behaviors. Higher verbal positivity and anxiety during pregnancy independently predicted lower mother-infant synchrony, suggesting distinct pathways to the same degree of synchrony with potentially different consequences for infant development.
authors.affiliation: The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. Electronic address: gam16@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Ginger A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Kelsey M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Quigley
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Voegtline
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Janet A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: DiPietro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D002657:Child Development; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy
keywords: Maternal anxiety; Mother–infant interaction; Positive emotion; Synchrony