title: Ultra-small algal chitosan ocular nanoparticles with iron-binding milk protein prevents the toxic effects of carbendazim pesticide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To fabricate ultra-small algal chitosan nanoparticles (US CS NPs) for efficient delivery of bovine lactoferrin (bLf) to ocular tissues through topical administration to prevent carbendazim-induced toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat eye model was used to evaluate the in vivo biodistribution the US CS NPs and bovine eye model was used for evaluating ex vivo biodistribution. Human lens epithelial cell line (HLEB-3) model was used to evaluate the in vitro toxicity, uptake mechanism and in vitro efficacy of the synthesized bLf-US CS NPs over carbendazim-induced ocular toxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The in vivo and ex vivo biodistribution results suggest that the ultra-small CS NPs efficiently internalize into the ocular tissues within 1 h after administering topically. Ultra-small algal nanocarriers to encapsulate bioactive antioxidant bLf protein and evaluated its potential in inhibiting carbendazim-induced human lens cell apoptosis and oxidative stress. bLf-encapsulated ultra-small algal US CS NPs prevented carbendazim-induced human lens cell apoptosis and oxidative stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  US CS NPs could be explored for their potential for delivering various ocular drugs through topical administration for other eye diseases including cataract, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular & Medical Research (C-MMR), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.|Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India.
authors.forename: Pavan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sunkireddy
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular & Medical Research (C-MMR), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.
authors.forename: Rupinder Kaur
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kanwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India.
authors.forename: Jagat
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular & Medical Research (C-MMR), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.
authors.forename: Jagat Rakesh
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kanwar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D002219:Carbamates / Q000633:toxicity; D002417:Cattle; D048271:Chitosan / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D033862:Iron-Binding Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002219:Carbamates; D033862:Iron-Binding Proteins; D008894:Milk Proteins; D010575:Pesticides; D048271:Chitosan; D007781:Lactoferrin; C006698:carbendazim
keywords: apoptosis; bovine lactoferrin; carbendazim; nanoencapsulation; ocular drug delivery; oxidative stress; topical administration; ultra-small algal chitosan nanoparticles