title: Value of the intrarenal arterial resistivity indices and different renal biomarkers for early identification of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to compare resistivity index (RI) in type 1 diabetic patients and normal controls and to evaluate whether high RI is associated with different biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy (DN) as early detection of DN offers the best chance of delaying or possibly preventing progression to end-stage renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 62 type 1 diabetic patients and 30 healthy volunteers of the same age and sex. Blood samples were taken for assessment of glycosylated hemoglobin, lipid profile and urine samples were taken for assessment of albumin/creatinine ratio, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) and kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1). Forty-five diabetic patients and 30 controls had a renal Doppler ultrasonography. t-Test or Mann Whitney U-test for independent variables, Pearson's or Spearman correlation analysis were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of diabetic patients was 16.3±1.5 years, and mean duration of diabetes was 9.4±2.9 years. RI, albumin/creatinine ratio, NGAL, Kim-1 and L-FABP were significantly higher in diabetics than in controls. RI, NGAL, Kim-1, and L-FABP were significantly higher in microalbuminuric compared to normoalbuminuric diabetics. In normoalbuminuric diabetics, RI, NGAL, Kim-1 and L-FABP were significantly higher compared to controls. The study revealed significant positive correlation between the RI in diabetics and both KIM-1 and albumin/creatinine ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased RI and renal biomarkers in diabetics are early sensitive specific markers of DN, even preceded the development of microalbuminuria, denoting that they can be used as an early and sensitive markers for early detection of DN.
authors.forename: Soha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abd El Dayem
authors.forename: Abo El Magd
authors.initials: Ael M
authors.lastname: El Bohy
authors.forename: Amal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Shehaby
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013997:Time Factors; D014655:Vascular Resistance
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human