title: Macrophage depletion and TNF-α inhibition prevent resorption in CBA/J × DBA/2 model of CpG-induced abortion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the mechanism by which embryo-resorption was enhanced by pathogenic CpG ODN motif in abortion-prone CBA/J × DBA/2 model and to develop a counter strategy for normal pregnancy outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is an animal model-based study. Abortion-prone model is established by CBA/J × DBA/2. An infection was mimicked by CpG ODN injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Embryo-resorption was readily induced by CpG ODN in low doses of CpG ODN (∼25 μg/dam) when intraperitoneally (IP) injected on gestational day(gd) 6.5 in male DBA/2 mated CBA/J female mice. A more modest decline in Progesterone(P4), but not Estrogen(E2) was observed after exposure to CpG ODN in the model. P4 supplement fail to improve pregnancy outcomes, even at pharmocology dose. CpG ODN-induced fetal resorption is prevented by the treatment of anti-F4/80 or by that of anti-TNFα.In the implantation sites, the treatment of anti-F4/80 inhibits the increase both of F4/80(+) macrophage proportion and TNF-αexpression level which are induced by CpG ODN. The anti-TNFαtreatment also recovers CpG ODN-induced reduction of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circulating P4 is not responsible for the process by which CpG ODN-induced embryonic resorption in an abortion-prone mice. Macrophage depletion and TNF-α inhibition are really noteworthy for CpG ODN-induced pregnancy disruption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200127, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaomin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200127, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaoxin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200127, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, PR China. Electronic address: zamzkh0526@126.com.
authors.forename: Aimin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018899:CpG Islands; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020964:Embryo Loss / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Cytokine; Infection; Macrophage cells; Progesterone; Reproductive immunology