title: Scientific Rationale for the Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for Intravenous Alteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To critically review and evaluate the science behind individual eligibility criteria (indication/inclusion and contraindications/exclusion criteria) for intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (alteplase) treatment in acute ischemic stroke. This will allow us to better inform stroke providers of quantitative and qualitative risks associated with alteplase administration under selected commonly and uncommonly encountered clinical circumstances and to identify future research priorities concerning these eligibility criteria, which could potentially expand the safe and judicious use of alteplase and improve outcomes after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Writing group members were nominated by the committee chair on the basis of their previous work in relevant topic areas and were approved by the American Heart Association Stroke Council's Scientific Statement Oversight Committee and the American Heart Association's Manuscript Oversight Committee. The writers used systematic literature reviews, references to published clinical and epidemiology studies, morbidity and mortality reports, clinical and public health guidelines, authoritative statements, personal files, and expert opinion to summarize existing evidence and to indicate gaps in current knowledge and, when appropriate, formulated recommendations using standard American Heart Association criteria. All members of the writing group had the opportunity to comment on and approved the final version of this document. The document underwent extensive American Heart Association internal peer review, Stroke Council Leadership review, and Scientific Statements Oversight Committee review before consideration and approval by the American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a review of the current literature, it was clearly evident that the levels of evidence supporting individual exclusion criteria for intravenous alteplase vary widely. Several exclusionary criteria have already undergone extensive scientific study such as the clear benefit of alteplase treatment in elderly stroke patients, those with severe stroke, those with diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia, and those with minor early ischemic changes evident on computed tomography. Some exclusions such as recent intracranial surgery are likely based on common sense and sound judgment and are unlikely to ever be subjected to a randomized, clinical trial to evaluate safety. Most other contraindications or warnings range somewhere in between. However, the differential impact of each exclusion criterion varies not only with the evidence base behind it but also with the frequency of the exclusion within the stroke population, the probability of coexistence of multiple exclusion factors in a single patient, and the variation in practice among treating clinicians.
authors.forename: Bart M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Demaerschalk
authors.forename: Dawn O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Kleindorfer
authors.forename: Opeolu M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Adeoye
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Demchuk
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fugate
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Grotta
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khalessi
authors.forename: Elad I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Yuko Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Palesch
authors.forename: Shyam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prabhakaran
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saposnik
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Saver
authors.forename: Eric E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000572:American Heart Association; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012955:Societies, Medical; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator
keywords: AHA Scientific Statements; brain ischemia; cerebral infarction; fibrinolytic agents; stroke; thrombolytic therapy; tissue plasminogen activator