title: Ultrashort echo time and zero echo time MRI at 7T.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Zero echo time (ZTE) and ultrashort echo time (UTE) pulse sequences for MRI offer unique advantages of being able to detect signal from rapidly decaying short-T2 tissue components. In this paper, we applied 3D ZTE and UTE pulse sequences at 7T to assess differences between these methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  We matched the ZTE and UTE pulse sequences closely in terms of readout trajectories and image contrast. Our ZTE used the water- and fat-suppressed solid-state proton projection imaging method to fill the center of k-space. Images from healthy volunteers obtained at 7T were compared qualitatively, as well as with SNR and CNR measurements for various ultrashort, short, and long-T2 tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We measured nearly identical contrast-to-noise and signal-to-noise ratios (CNR/SNR) in similar scan times between the two approaches for ultrashort, short, and long-T2 components in the brain, knee and ankle. In our protocol, we observed gradient fidelity artifacts in UTE, and our chosen flip angle and readout also resulted in shading artifacts in ZTE due to inadvertent spatial selectivity. These can be corrected by advanced reconstruction methods or with different chosen protocol parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The applied ZTE and UTE pulse sequences achieved similar contrast and SNR efficiency for volumetric imaging of ultrashort-T2 components. Key differences include that ZTE is limited to volumetric imaging, but has substantially reduced acoustic noise levels during the scan. Meanwhile, UTE has higher acoustic noise levels and greater sensitivity to gradient fidelity, but offers more flexibility in image contrast and volume selection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, Byers Hall, Rm 102C, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. peder.larson@ucsf.edu.|UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. peder.larson@ucsf.edu.|University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. peder.larson@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Peder E Z
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-3634
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, Byers Hall, Rm 102C, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Misung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, Byers Hall, Rm 102C, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krug
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, Byers Hall, Rm 102C, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jakary
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, Byers Hall, Rm 102C, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.|UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.|University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, Byers Hall, Rm 102C, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.|UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.|University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Vigneron
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, Byers Hall, Rm 102C, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.|Department of Neurology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Roland G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McKinnon
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas A C
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kelley
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000465:Algorithms; D000842:Ankle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007717:Knee / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging; Musculoskeletal system; Neuroimaging