title: Eutrophication management in surface waters using lanthanum modified bentonite: A review.
abstract: This paper reviews the scientific knowledge on the use of a lanthanum modified bentonite (LMB) to manage eutrophication in surface water. The LMB has been applied in around 200 environments worldwide and it has undergone extensive testing at laboratory, mesocosm, and whole lake scales. The available data underline a high efficiency for phosphorus binding. This efficiency can be limited by the presence of humic substances and competing oxyanions. Lanthanum concentrations detected during a LMB application are generally below acute toxicological threshold of different organisms, except in low alkalinity waters. To date there are no indications for long-term negative effects on LMB treated ecosystems, but issues related to La accumulation, increase of suspended solids and drastic resources depletion still need to be explored, in particular for sediment dwelling organisms. Application of LMB in saline waters need a careful risk evaluation due to potential lanthanum release.
authors.affiliation: Water Research Institute - National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino, 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy. Electronic address: copetti@irsa.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Copetti
authors.affiliation: Institut Dr. Nowak, Mayenbrook 1, 28870, Ottersberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Finsterle
authors.affiliation: Water Research Institute - National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino, 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marziali
authors.affiliation: Water Research Institute - National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino, 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stefani
authors.affiliation: Water Research Institute - National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino, 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tartari
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Land and Water, Wembley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kasper
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reitzel
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK.
authors.forename: Bryan M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Spears
authors.affiliation: Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK.
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Winfield
authors.affiliation: Ecology Unit, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crosa
authors.affiliation: University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: D'Haese
authors.affiliation: Institut Dr. Nowak, Mayenbrook 1, 28870, Ottersberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Said
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yasseri
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lürling
mesh_terms: D001546:Bentonite / Q000737:chemistry*; D005068:Eutrophication; D060106:Lakes; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000737:chemistry*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001546:Bentonite; D010758:Phosphorus; D007811:Lanthanum
keywords: Ecological recovery; Geo-engineering; Lanthanum modified bentonite; Phosphorus; Sediments; Toxicity