title: Dead Lactobacillus plantarum Stimulates and Skews Immune Responses toward T helper 1 and 17 Polarizations in RAW 264.7 Cells and Mouse Splenocytes.
abstract: This study was undertaken to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of dead nano-sized Lactobacillus plantarum (nLp) in RAW 264.7 cells and murine primary splenocytes. nLp is a dead, shrunken, processed form of L. plantarum nF1 isolated from kimchi (a traditional Korean fermented cabbage) and is less than 1 μm in size. It was found that nLp treatment stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production more in RAW 264.7 macrophages than pure live L. plantarum (pLp), and that the stimulatory properties were probably largely derived from its cell wall. In addition, nLp induced murine splenocyte proliferation more so than pLp; in particular, a high dose of nLp (1.0 X 10(11) CFU/ml) stimulated proliferation as much as lipopolysaccharide at 2 μg/ml. Moreover, according to our cytokine profile results in splenocytes, nLp treatment promoted Th1 (TNF-α, IL-12 p70) responses rather than Th2 (IL-4, IL-5) responses and also increased Th17 (IL-6, IL-17A) responses. Thus, nLp stimulated NO release in RAW 264.7 cells and induced splenocyte proliferation more so than pLp and stimulated Th1 and Th17 cytokine production. These findings suggested that dead nLp has potential use as a functional food ingredient to improve the immune response, and especially as a means of inducing Th1/Th17 immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.|Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Ah
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Biogenics Korea Co., Ltd., Seoul 06125, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang-Won
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kun-Young
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D048191:Lactiplantibacillus plantarum / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D019936:Probiotics; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D020381:Interleukin-17; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Dead nano-sized Lactobacillus plantarum; RAW 264.7 macrophages; Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine; nitric oxide; splenocyte