title: Role of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 as biomarkers in early and late stages of schizophrenia.
abstract: Schizophrenia (SZ) is a neuroprogressive disorder presenting with biochemical, functional, and structural changes, which differ from early to late stages of the illness. We explored the differences in serum levels of soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) between early and late stages of SZ, in regard to clinical characteristics and treatment application. Serum levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were measured in 80 patients with SZ (40 early stage; 40 late stage), and compared with 80 healthy controls, matched by age, gender, body mass index, and smoking habits with each SZ group. Serum levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were measured using ELISA. The severity of psychopathology was assessed using the Clinical Global Impression Scale and five-factor Positive and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia Scale. After adjustment for confounders, we noticed normal levels of sICAM-1 in the early stage, and elevated levels of sICAM-1 in the late stage of SZ. sVCAM-1 levels were decreased in both stages of SZ. Higher sICAM-1 levels have been related to more pronounced cognitive deficit and excitement symptoms in the early stage of SZ and to favorable characteristics of treatment application in both stages. SZ is associated with changes in the levels of adhesion molecules that vary from early to late stages of the illness. This implies that the concept of biochemical staging is applicable in SZ, at least for markers of cellular adhesion.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Psychiatry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: majapantovic@yahoo.it.
authors.forename: Maja Pantović
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Stefanović
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry, Pasterova 2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Nataša
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Petronijević
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Psychiatry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Bojana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dunjić-Kostić
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry, Pasterova 2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Milica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Velimirović
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry, Pasterova 2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nikolić
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovic 69, 11000, Kragujevac, Serbia.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jurišić
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Psychiatry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lačković
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Psychiatry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Aleksandar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Damjanović
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Psychiatry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Totić-Poznanović
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Psychiatry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Aleksandar A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Jovanović
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Psychiatry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ivković
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1
keywords: Antipsychotic treatment; Clinical stage; Schizophrenia; Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1