title: Training opioid addiction treatment providers to adopt contingency management: A prospective pilot trial of a comprehensive implementation science approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few prospective studies have evaluated theory-driven approaches to the implementation of evidence-based opioid treatment. This study compared the effectiveness of an implementation model (Science to Service Laboratory; SSL) to training as usual (TAU) in promoting the adoption of contingency management across a multisite opioid addiction treatment program. We also examined whether the SSL affected putative mediators of contingency management adoption (perceived innovation characteristics and organizational readiness to change).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty treatment providers (39 SSL, 21 TAU) from 15 geographically diverse satellite clinics (7 SSL, 8 TAU) participated in the 12-month study. Both conditions received didactic contingency management training and those in the predetermined experimental region received 9 months of SSL-enhanced training. Contingency management adoption was monitored biweekly, whereas putative mediators were measured at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to providers in the TAU region, treatment providers in the SSL region had comparable likelihood of contingency management adoption in the first 20 weeks of the study, and then significantly higher likelihood of adoption (odds ratios = 2.4-13.5) for the remainder of the study. SSL providers also reported higher levels of one perceived innovation characteristic (Observability) and one aspect of organizational readiness to change (Adequacy of Training Resources), although there was no evidence that the SSL affected these putative mediators over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study indicate that a fully powered randomized trial of the SSL is warranted. Considerations for a future evaluation are discussed.
authors.affiliation: a Center for Alcohol and Addictions Studies , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA.
authors.forename: Sara J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: a Center for Alcohol and Addictions Studies , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA.
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Squires
authors.affiliation: b Department of Family and Preventive Medicine , University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla , California , USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Strong
authors.affiliation: a Center for Alcohol and Addictions Studies , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA.
authors.forename: Nancy P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.affiliation: a Center for Alcohol and Addictions Studies , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Monti
authors.affiliation: c Department of Medicine , University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington , Connecticut , USA.
authors.forename: Nancy M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Petry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D003153:Community Health Services; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Adoption; contingency management; implementation; opioid