title: Antimicrobial resistance profiles and oxacillinase genes in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from hospitalized patients in Santa Catarina, Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carbapenems are the therapy of choice for treating severe infections caused by the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex. We aimed to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of producers of distinct oxacillinases among nosocomial isolates of the A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex in a 249-bed general hospital located in Joinville, Southern Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 139 A. baumannii clinical isolates with reduced susceptibility to carbapenems between 2010 and 2013, 118 isolates from varying anatomical sites and hospital sectors were selected for genotypic analysis. Five families of genes encoding oxacillinases, namely blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-24-like, bla(OXA-51-like), bla(OXA-58-like), and blaOXA-143-like, were investigated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most (87.3%) isolates simultaneously carried the bla(OXA-23-like) and bla(OXA-51-like) genes, whereas three (2.5%) isolates harbored only blaOXA-51-like ones. The circulation of carbapenem-resistant isolates increased during the study period: from none in 2010, to 22 in 2011, 64 in 2012, and 53 in 2013.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isolates carrying the bla(OXA-23-like) and bla(OXA-51-like) genes were widely distributed in the hospital investigated. Because of the worsening scenario, the implementation of preventive measures and effective barriers is needed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica, Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giselle Dall
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Cortivo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade da Região de Joinville, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andréia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gutberlet
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade da Região de Joinville, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jéssica Augustini
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade da Região de Joinville, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leslie Ecker
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade da Região de Joinville, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roseneide Campos
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Deglmann
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina, Universidade da Região de Joinville, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Glauco Adrieno
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Westphal
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade da Região de Joinville, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Henrique Condeixa de
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: França
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001938:Brazil; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology*; D052978:Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D010641:Phenotype; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015780:Carbapenems; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C108449:oxacillinase