title: [Vesico-ureteral reflux: Diagnosis and treatment recommendations].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) is one of the most common urologic diseases in childhood. About every third child that presents with a urinary tract infection (UTI) has urinary reflux to the ureter or kidney. Demonstration of a backflow of urine into the ureters or kidneys proves vesicoureteral reflux. In unclear cases, a positioned instillation of contrast agent (PIC) cystogram might be performed and is able to prove vesico-ureteral reflux.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Since low-grade VUR has a high probability of maturation and self-limitation, infants with VUR should be given prophylactic antibiotics during their first year of life, reevaluating the status of VUR after 12 months. The aim of any treatment is to prevent renal damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The individual risk of renal scarring is decisive for the choice of adequate therapy. This risk is mainly dependent on reflux grade, age, and gender of the child as well as parental therapy adherence. In principle, therapeutic options include conservative as well as endoscopic or open surgical antireflux therapies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decisions on treatment should be made individually with parents taking into account all the findings available.
authors.affiliation: Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU, Klinikum Großhadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland. julia.straub@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Straub
authors.affiliation: Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU, Klinikum Großhadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Apfelbeck
authors.affiliation: Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU, Klinikum Großhadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.affiliation: Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU, Klinikum Großhadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Khoder
authors.affiliation: Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU, Klinikum Großhadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lellig
authors.affiliation: Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU, Klinikum Großhadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tritschler
authors.affiliation: Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU, Klinikum Großhadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stief
authors.affiliation: Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU, Klinikum Großhadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riccabona
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014567:Urography / Q000592:standards*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000592:standards; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antibiotic prophylaxis; Antireflux therapy; Dimercaptosuccinic acid; Urinary tract infections; Voiding cysturethrography