title: Assessment of cardiovascular disease risk in depressed women of reproductive and menopausal age.
abstract: It is well documented that depression increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Women of age 55 and younger with depression are more likely to have CVD. The present study aims to investigate CVD risk in depressed women of reproductive age (RA) and menopausal age (MA). Adult women of RA and MA were divided in to two groups; healthy and depressed. Women were screened for depression (ICD-10 criteria) at outpatients department of local psychiatric hospital. Fasting serum cortisol, estradiol and lipid profile levels were determined. Data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Newman's Keuls q-test. Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides (TGs) were raised in MA women however high density lipoprotein (HDL) and estradiol were lower as compared to RA women. Depressed RA women showed increased TC, LDL and HDL but decreased estradiol as compared to healthy women of similar age group. MA depressed women showed increased TC and LDL but decreased HDL and estradiol as compared to healthy controls. We found that MA depressed women had low HDL and estradiol as compared to RA depressed women. Circulating cortisol levels were increased in both depressed RA and MA women compared to respective healthy controls. Low HDL/LDL ratio was found in both healthy and depressed MA women when compared with respective RA women. A significant negative correlation of estradiol and cortisol was found in depressed RA women. It is concluded that low HDL/LDL ratio and hypercortisolemia in both healthy and depressed MA women make them more vulnerable to CVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Clinical Biochemistry and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: M Iqbal
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Clinical Biochemistry and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Samina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bano