title: Dissipation kinetics and effect of processing on imidacloprid and its metabolites in cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton).
abstract: Dissipation behaviour of the chloronicotinyl insecticide, imidacloprid (Tatamida 17.8 % SL), in fresh and cured cardamom capsules was studied following application at doses 20 and 40 g a.i. ha(-1) in a cardamom plantation of Indian Cardamom Hills (ICH), Idukki, Kerala, India. A single-laboratory ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the estimation of imidacloprid and its six metabolites (5-hydroxy, olefin, guanidine, urea, 6-chloronicotinic acid and nitrosimine) in fresh and cured cardamom. At the lower dose, the initial deposits of total imidacloprid residues were 1.91 and 7.23 μg g(-1), respectively, in fresh and cured cardamom. At the higher dose, the initial residues were 3.94 and 14.72 μg g(-1), respectively, in fresh and cured capsules. The residues dissipated below the quantitation level of 0.01 μg g(-1) after 21 and 28 days at lower dose and after 28 days for both at higher dose. The half-lives of imidacloprid in fresh and cured cardamom were 4.02 and 3.63 days, respectively, at lower dose and 3.61 days for both at higher dose. The waiting periods of imidacloprid on fresh and cured cardamom at lower and higher doses were 21.40, 27.10, 23.85 and 30.70 days, respectively. The mean processing factor of imidacloprid was 3.96 at 20 g a.i. ha(-1). Amongst metabolites of imidacloprid, urea had maximum residues in fresh and cured cardamom followed by 5-hydroxy and guanidine. Other metabolites such as 6-chloronicotinic acid, olefin and nitrosimine were not detected either in fresh or cured cardamom.
authors.affiliation: Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627012, India. pratheeshkn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pratheeshkumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Vivekananda College, Agasteeswaram, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chandran
authors.affiliation: AINP on Pesticide Residues, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: S Naseema
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Beevi
authors.affiliation: AINP on Pesticide Residues, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Thomas Biju
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.affiliation: AINP on Pesticide Residues, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: AINP on Pesticide Residues, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Ambily
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: AINP on Pesticide Residues, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.affiliation: AINP on Pesticide Residues, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: K Prathibha
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.affiliation: AINP on Pesticide Residues, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: S Visal
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: AINP on Pesticide Residues, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajith
mesh_terms: D028523:Elettaria / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006207:Half-Life; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D007194:India; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009539:Nicotinic Acids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009539:Nicotinic Acids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C082359:imidacloprid; C035953:6-chloronicotinic acid
keywords: Cardamom; Dissipation; Elettaria cardamomum; Imidacloprid; Metabolites; Processing factor