title: Progressive reduction versus fixed level of support during training: When less is less.
abstract: Previous empirical and theoretical work suggests that effective skill acquisition requires movements to be generated actively and that learning new skills supports the acquisition of prospective control. However, there are many ways in which practice can be structured, that may affect the acquisition and use of prospective control after training. Here, we tested whether the progressive modulation and reduction of support during training was required to yield good performance after training without support. The task was to use a stylus to push a bead over a complex 3D wire path. The support "magnetically" attracted and held the stylus onto the wire. Three groups of adult participants each experienced one of three training regimes: gradual reduction of magnetic attraction, only a medium level of attraction, or low magnetic attraction. The results showed that use of a single (medium) level of support was significantly less effective in yielding good performance with low support after training. Training with low support yielded post-training performance that was equally good as that yielded by training with progressive reduction of support; however, performance during training was significantly poorer in the former. Thus, less support during training yields effective learning but more difficult training sessions. The results are discussed in the context of application to training with special populations.
authors.affiliation: Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA. Electronic address: wsnappch@indiana.edu.
authors.forename: Winona
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Snapp-Childs
authors.affiliation: Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoye Michael
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Geoffrey P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Bingham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Action theory; Compliance control; Haptic assistance; Haptic guidance; Motor learning; Robot guided training