title: The effect of micro-electric current and other activation techniques on dissolution abilities of sodium hypochlorite in bovine tissues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of micro-electric current on sodium hypochlorite's (NaOCl's) tissue-dissolution abilities, compared with other activation methods, including sonic, ultrasonic, pipetting, and temperature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine muscle tissues (n = 154) with standard sizes and weights were prepared and divided into two temperature groups: room temperature and 45 °C. Each temperature group was divided into seven sub-groups by activation methods: D = distilled water (-control); NaOCl = 5.25 % passive NaOCl (+ control); P = 5.25 % NaOCl with pipetting; SA = 5.25 % NaOCl with sonic activation; UA = 5.25 % NaOCl with ultrasonic activation; E-NaOCl = 5.25 % NaOCl with micro-electric current; and E-NaOCl + P = 5.25 % NaOCl with micro-electric current and pipetting. Specimens were weighed before and after treatment. Average, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and median were calculated for each group. Resulting data were analyzed statistically using multi-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. The level of the alpha-type error was set at < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At room temperature, the E-NaOCl + P group dissolved the highest amount of tissue (p < 0.05), and the UA, SA, and P groups dissolved significantly higher amounts of tissue than did the positive control or E-NaOCl groups (p < 0.05). At 45 °C, there was no significant difference between the SA and E-NaOCl groups (p > 0.05), and the E-NaOCl + P group dissolved a higher amount of tissue than any other group (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using NaOCl with micro-electric current can improve the tissue-dissolving ability of the solution. In addition, this method can be combined with additional techniques, such as heating and/or pipetting, to achieve a synergistic effect of NaOCl on tissue dissolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Ağız Diş Sağlığı Merkezi, Aydın, Turkey. furkanertugrul@gmail.com.
authors.forename: İhsan Furkan
authors.initials: İF
authors.lastname: Ertuğrul
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Ağız Diş Sağlığı Merkezi, Aydın, Turkey. muratmaden@sdu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maden
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey. eonurdentus@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ekim Onur
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Orhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey. sabriyeozkorucuklu@sdu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Sabriye Perçin
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Özkorucuklu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D013696:Temperature; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite