title: Age-Infusion Approach to Derive Injury Risk Curves for Dummies from Human Cadaver Tests.
abstract: Injury criteria and risk curves are needed for anthropomorphic test devices (dummies) to assess injuries for improving human safety. The present state of knowledge is based on using injury outcomes and biomechanical metrics from post-mortem human subject (PMHS) and mechanical records from dummy tests. Data from these models are combined to develop dummy injury assessment risk curves (IARCs)/dummy injury assessment risk values (IARVs). This simple substitution approach involves duplicating dummy metrics for PMHS tested under similar conditions and pairing with PMHS injury outcomes. It does not directly account for the age of each specimen tested in the PMHS group. Current substitution methods for injury risk assessments use age as a covariate and dummy metrics (e.g., accelerations) are not modified so that age can be directly included in the model. The age-infusion methodology presented in this perspective article accommodates for an annual rate factor that modifies the dummy injury risk assessment responses to account for the age of the PMHS that the injury data were based on. The annual rate factor is determined using human injury risk curves. The dummy metrics are modulated based on individual PMHS age and rate factor, thus "infusing" age into the dummy data. Using PMHS injuries and accelerations from side-impact experiments, matched-pair dummy tests, and logistic regression techniques, the methodology demonstrates the process of age-infusion to derive the IARCs and IARVs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA.
authors.forename: Narayan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoganandan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA.
authors.forename: Anjishnu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA.
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Pintar
keywords: biomechanics; impact loading; injury risk curves; logistic regression; matched-pair tests; probability curves; statistical analysis