title: Discrimination and Hate Crimes in the Context of Neighborhood Poverty and Stressors Among HIV-Positive African-American Men Who Have Sex with Men.
abstract: In a sample of HIV-positive African-American men who have sex with men (MSM), we examined neighborhood factors that may contextualize perceived discrimination from three intersecting stigmatized characteristics: race, HIV status, and sexual orientation. HIV-positive African-American MSM (N = 162, mean age = 44, SD = 8) provided information on neighborhood-related stressors and discrimination experiences related to being Black, HIV-positive, or perceived as gay. Residential ZIP codes and US Census data were used to determine neighborhood poverty rates. Regressions, controlling for socio-demographics, indicated that (1) higher neighborhood poverty was significantly related to more frequent experiences with hate crimes (Gay-related: b = 1.15, SE = .43, p < .008); and (2) higher neighborhood-related stressors were significantly related to more frequent discrimination (Black-related: b = .91, SE = .28, p = .001; gay-related: b = .71, SE = .29, p = .01; and HIV-related: b = .65, SE = .28, p = .02) and hate crimes (Gay-related: b = .48, SE = .13, p = .001; and Black-related: b = .28, SE = .14, p = .04). For HIV-positive African-American MSM, higher neighborhood poverty and related stressors are associated with experiencing more discrimination and hate crimes. Interventions for this group should promote individual- and neighborhood-level socioeconomic empowerment and stigma reduction.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. skdale@mgh.harvard.edu.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. skdale@mgh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Sannisha K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.affiliation: Health Unit, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bogart
authors.affiliation: Bienestar Human Services, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Frank H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Galvan
authors.affiliation: Health Unit, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Glenn J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA.|The Fenway Institute of Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Pantalone
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000208:ethnology*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D015141:Los Angeles; D008297:Male; D000072339:Sexual and Gender Minorities; D063508:Social Discrimination; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: African-American men; HIV; Neighborhood; Perceived discrimination; Stigma