title: Biomedical applications of nisin.
abstract: Nisin is a bacteriocin produced by a group of Gram-positive bacteria that belongs to Lactococcus and Streptococcus species. Nisin is classified as a Type A (I) lantibiotic that is synthesized from mRNA and the translated peptide contains several unusual amino acids due to post-translational modifications. Over the past few decades, nisin has been used widely as a food biopreservative. Since then, many natural and genetically modified variants of nisin have been identified and studied for their unique antimicrobial properties. Nisin is FDA approved and generally regarded as a safe peptide with recognized potential for clinical use. Over the past two decades the application of nisin has been extended to biomedical fields. Studies have reported that nisin can prevent the growth of drug-resistant bacterial strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococci and Clostridium difficile. Nisin has now been shown to have antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative disease-associated pathogens. Nisin has been reported to have anti-biofilm properties and can work synergistically in combination with conventional therapeutic drugs. In addition, like host-defence peptides, nisin may activate the adaptive immune response and have an immunomodulatory role. Increasing evidence indicates that nisin can influence the growth of tumours and exhibit selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cells. Collectively, the application of nisin has advanced beyond its role as a food biopreservative. Thus, this review will describe and compare studies on nisin and provide insight into its future biomedical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gwak
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kamarajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fenno
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Rickard
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Kapila
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001430:Bacteriocins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D009561:Nisin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D011309:Preservation, Biological; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001430:Bacteriocins; D009561:Nisin
keywords: antimicrobial peptide; biofilm; cancer; infectious disease; lantibiotic; nisin; oral disease