title: Integrative genomic analysis of interleukin-36RN and its prognostic value in cancer.
abstract: Interleukin (IL)-36RN, previously known as IL1-F5 and IL-1δ, shares a 360-kb region of chromosome 2q13 with members of IL-1 systems. IL-36RN encodes an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra). In spite of IL-36Ra showing the highest homology to IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) antagonist, it differs from the latter in aspects including its binding to IL-lRrp2 but not to IL-1R1. IL-36RN is mainly expressed in epithelial cells and has important roles in inflammatory diseases. In the present study, IL-36RN was identified in the genomes of 27 species, including human, chimpanzee, mouse, horse and dolphin. Human IL-36RN was mainly expressed in the eye, head and neck, fetal heart, lung, testis, cervix and placenta; furthermore, it was highly expressed in bladder and parathyroid tumors. Furthermore, a total of 30 single nucleotide polymorphisms causing missense mutations were determined, which are considered to be the causes of various diseases, such as generalized pustular psoriasis. In addition, the link between IL-36RN and the prognosis of certain cancer types was revealed through meta-analysis. Tumor-associated transcriptional factors c-Fos, activator protein-1, c-Jun and nuclear factor κB were found to bind to the upstream region in the IL-36RN gene. This may indicate that IL-36RN is involved in tumorigenesis and tumor progression through the regulation of tumor-associated transcriptional factors. The present study identified IL-36RN in various species and investigated the associations between IL-36RN and cancer prognosis, which would determine whether IL-36RN drove the evolution of the various species with regard to tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhilei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jinshuo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiuxiu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jieli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Guorong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Mengfei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016678:Genome; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011379:Prognosis; D040901:Proteomics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C122187:IL36RN protein, human; D007378:Interleukins