title: Rapid Screening of Carboxylic Acids from Waste and Surface Waters by ESI-MS/MS Using Barium Ion Chemistry and On-Line Membrane Sampling.
abstract: Negative ion tandem mass spectrometric analysis of aliphatic carboxylic acids often yields only non-diagnostic ([M - H](-)) ions with limited selective fragmentation. However, carboxylates cationized with Ba(2+) have demonstrated efficient dissociation in positive ion mode, providing structurally diagnostic product ions. We report the application of barium adducts followed by collision induced dissociation (CID), to improve selectivity for rapid screening of carboxylic acids in complex aqueous samples. The quantitative MS/MS method presented utilizes common product ions of [M - H + Ba](+) precursor ions. The mechanism of product ion formation is investigated using isotopically labeled standards and a series of structurally related carboxylic acids. The results suggest that hydrogen atoms in the β and γ positions yield common product ions ([BaH](+) and [BaOH](+)). Furthermore, the diagnostic product ion at m/z 196 serves as a qualifying ion for carboxylate species. This methodology has been successfully used in conjunction with condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS), with barium acetate added directly to the methanol acceptor phase. The combination enables rapid screening of carboxylic acids directly from acidified water samples (wastewater effluent, spiked natural waters) using a capillary hollow fiber PDMS membrane immersion probe. We have applied this technique for the direct analysis of complex naphthenic acid mixtures spiked into natural surface waters using CP-MIMS. Selectivity at the ionization and tandem mass spectrometry level eliminate isobaric interferences from hydroxylated species present within the samples, which have been observed in negative electrospray ionization.
authors.affiliation: Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada.|Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Kyle D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
authors.forename: Dietrich A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Volmer
authors.affiliation: Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada. chris.gill@viu.ca.|Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. chris.gill@viu.ca.
authors.forename: Chris G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.affiliation: Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada. erik.krogh@viu.ca.|Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. erik.krogh@viu.ca.
authors.forename: Erik T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Krogh
mesh_terms: D001464:Barium / Q000737:chemistry*; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D001464:Barium; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D062065:Wastewater; D014867:Water; C046170:naphthenic acid
keywords: Bioanalytical chemistry; Condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry; Environmental chemistry; Naphthenic acids; Oil sands process water; On-line analysis; Rapid screening; Tandem mass spectrometry