title: Mutan: A mixed linkage α-[(1,3)- and (1,6)]-d-glucan from Streptococcus mutans, that induces osteoclast differentiation and promotes alveolar bone loss.
abstract: Mutan is an extracellular polysaccharide of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) that consists of α-(1,3)-linked glucose residues in main chains and α-(1,6) bonds in side chains. In the present study, mutan was isolated from S. mutans, and its structural characteristics were determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The effects of mutan on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW 264.7 cells were examined. Furthermore, microCT and morphometric analyses were used to determine the contribution of mutan to alveolar bone loss in the maxilla of a rat periodontitis model. Mutan increased (more than 2-fold) RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. Mutan also enhanced the alveolar bone loss in the rat maxilla 2.3-fold. In mutan-treated rats, the bone mineral density, bone volume, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness decreased, whereas trabecular separation significantly increased. In addition, mutan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced similar microarray profiles in RAW 264.7 cells. A total of 43 genes related to osteoclastogenesis were differentially expressed after either mutan or LPS treatment. Five-fold increases in the expression of several genes, including IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-6, and chemokine ligands, were observed in mutan-treated RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest a molecular mechanism for the inflammation induced by S. mutans during the establishment of periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-745, Republic of Korea; Department of Dental Hygiene, Gimcheon University, 214 Daehakro, Gimcheon City, Gyungbuk 740-704, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: NAR Center, Inc., Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon 301-724, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-745, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kook-Il
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-745, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eui-Gil
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-745, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-745, Republic of Korea; Trident School of Biotech Sciences, Trident Academy of Creative Technology (TACT), Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India.
authors.forename: Bharat Bhusan
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Patnaik
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Hygiene, Shinhan University, Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi 480-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Sook
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Hygiene, Shinhan University, Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi 480-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Kyun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-745, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Wan Jong
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-745, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: mdhan@sch.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Man-Deuk
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005936:Glucans / Q000737:chemistry; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005936:Glucans; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial
keywords: Deuterium oxide (PubChem CID: 24602); Dimethylsulfoxide (PubChem CID: 679); Intra-cortical remodelling; Isoflurane (PubChem CID: 3763); MTT formazan (PubChem CID: 16218671); Mutan; Osteoclast differentiation, Alveolar bone loss; Potassium bromide (PubChem CID: 253877); Sodium tartarate (PubChem CID: 13355); Streptococcus mutans; Trichloroacetic acid (PubChem CID: 6421)