title: Interleukin-1 antagonism moderates the inflammatory state associated with Type 1 diabetes during clinical trials conducted at disease onset.
abstract: It was hypothesized that IL-1 antagonism would preserve β-cell function in new onset Type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the Anti-Interleukin-1 in Diabetes Action (AIDA) and TrialNet Canakinumab (TN-14) trials failed to show efficacy of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) or canakinumab, as measured by stimulated C-peptide response. Additional measures are needed to define immune state changes associated with therapeutic responses. Here, we studied these trial participants with plasma-induced transcriptional analysis. In blinded analyses, 70.2% of AIDA and 68.9% of TN-14 participants were correctly called to their treatment arm. While the transcriptional signatures from the two trials were distinct, both therapies achieved varying immunomodulation consistent with IL-1 inhibition. On average, IL-1 antagonism resulted in modest normalization relative to healthy controls. At endpoint, signatures were quantified using a gene ontology-based inflammatory index, and an inverse relationship was observed between measured inflammation and stimulated C-peptide response in IL-1Ra- and canakinumab-treated patients. Cytokine neutralization studies showed that IL-1α and IL-1β additively contribute to the T1D inflammatory state. Finally, analyses of baseline signatures were indicative of later therapeutic response. Despite the absence of clinical efficacy by IL-1 antagonist therapy, transcriptional analysis detected immunomodulation and may yield new insight when applied to other clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, and Department of Pediatrics at the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Susanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.affiliation: Systems Biology Center, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Xujing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, and Department of Pediatrics at the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Yi-Guang
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, and Department of Pediatrics at the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, and Department of Pediatrics at the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kaldunski
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Carla J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Greenbaum
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mandrup-Poulsen
authors.affiliation: The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, and Department of Pediatrics at the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hessner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000502:physiology; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000276:immunology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; C508584:IL1A protein, human; C508585:IL1B protein, human; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; C541220:canakinumab
keywords: Anakinra; Canakinumab; Interleukin-1; Transcriptional signatures; Type 1 diabetes