title: Overcoming super-knock down resistance (super-kdr) mediated resistance: multi-halogenated benzyl pyrethroids are more toxic to super-kdr than kdr house flies.
abstract: Target site insensitivity because of mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene (Vssc) is a major mechanism of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in the house fly, Musca domestica. There are three known Vssc alleles that confer resistance to pyrethroids in the house fly: knock down resistance (kdr; L1014F), super-kdr (M918T + L1014F) and kdr-his (L1014H), but there has been no side-by-side comparison of the resistance levels that they confer. We compared the levels of resistance conferred by the three Vssc alleles in congenic strains to 19 structurally diverse pyrethroids, and compared the full-length Vssc cDNA sequences from each strain. Generally, the levels of resistance conferred were kdr-his < kdr < super-kdr. However, there was significant variation in this pattern, especially for super-kdr, for which both high and low resistance ratios were observed for several pyrethroids. We also examined the levels of resistance in heterozygotes. Resistance in each of the hybrids was generally inherited as an incompletely recessive trait, except for the kdr-his/kdr hybrids, which showed incompletely to completely dominant resistance (ie had resistance levels comparable to kdr homozygotes). The importance of these results to understanding the frequencies of these resistance alleles in natural populations, the evolution of insecticide resistance and resistance management strategies are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.|Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.|Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D006579:Heterozygote; D006793:Houseflies / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009154:Mutation; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D015222:Sodium Channels
keywords: Vssc; insecticide resistance; mechanisms of resistance; pyrethroid insecticide toxicity