title: Determination of lead in biomass and products of the pyrolysis process by direct solid or liquid sample analysis using HR-CS GF AAS.
abstract: A method has been developed for the determination of lead in biomass, bio-oil, pyrolysis aqueous phase, and biomass ashes by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GF AAS) and direct solid or liquid sample analysis. All measurements were performed without chemical modifier and calibration could be carried out using aqueous standard solutions. A pyrolysis temperature of 800°C and an atomization temperature of 2200°C were applied. The limits of detection and quantification were, respectively, 0.5 µg kg(-1) and 2 µg kg(-1) using the analytical line at 217.001 nm and 6 µg kg(-1) and 19 µg kg(-1) at 283.306 nm. The precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, was between 3% and 10%, which is suitable for direct analysis. The lead concentrations found for the solid samples varied between 0.28 and 1.4 mg kg(-1) for biomass and between 0.25 and 2.3 mg kg(-1) for ashes, these values were much higher than those found for bio-oil (2.2-16.8 µg kg(-1)) and pyrolysis aqueous phase (3.2-18.5 µg kg(-1)). After the determination of lead in the samples, it was possible to estimate the relative distribution of this element in the fractions of the pyrolysis products, and it was observed that most of the lead present in the biomass was eliminated to the environment during the pyrolysis process, with a significant portion retained in the ashes.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Álvaro T
authors.initials: ÁT
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ariane V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Zmozinski
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do CNPq - INCT de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Morgana B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Dessuy
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do CNPq - INCT de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Welz
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do CNPq - INCT de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jailson B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do CNPq - INCT de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil. Electronic address: mgrvale@ufrgs.br.
authors.forename: Maria Goreti R
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Vale
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D007854:Lead; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Biomass; Direct analysis; HR-CS GF AAS; Lead determination; Pyrolysis products