title: An improved SELEX technique for selection of DNA aptamers binding to M-type 11 of Streptococcus pyogenes.
abstract: Streptococcus pyogenes is a clinically important pathogen consisting of various serotypes determined by different M proteins expressed on the cell surface. The M type is therefore a useful marker to monitor the spread of invasive S. pyogenes in a population. Serotyping and nucleic acid amplification/sequencing methods for the identification of M types are laborious, inconsistent, and usually confined to reference laboratories. The primary objective of this work is to develop a technique that enables generation of aptamers binding to specific M-types of S. pyogenes. We describe here an in vitro technique that directly used live bacterial cells and the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) strategy. Live S. pyogenes cells were incubated with DNA libraries consisting of 40-nucleotides randomized sequences. Those sequences that bound to the cells were separated, amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), purified using gel electrophoresis, and served as the input DNA pool for the next round of SELEX selection. A specially designed forward primer containing extended polyA20/5Sp9 facilitated gel electrophoresis purification of ssDNA after PCR amplification. A counter-selection step using non-target cells was introduced to improve selectivity. DNA libraries of different starting sequence diversity (10(16) and 10(14)) were compared. Aptamer pools from each round of selection were tested for their binding to the target and non-target cells using flow cytometry. Selected aptamer pools were then cloned and sequenced. Individual aptamer sequences were screened on the basis of their binding to the 10 M-types that were used as targets. Aptamer pools obtained from SELEX rounds 5-8 showed high affinity to the target S. pyogenes cells. Tests against non-target Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus species demonstrated selectivity of these aptamers for binding to S. pyogenes. Several aptamer sequences were found to bind preferentially to the M11 M-type of S. pyogenes. Estimated binding dissociation constants (Kd) were in the low nanomolar range for the M11 specific sequences; for example, sequence E-CA20 had a Kd of 7±1 nM. These affinities are comparable to those of a monoclonal antibody. The improved bacterial cell-SELEX technique is successful in generating aptamers selective for S. pyogenes and some of its M-types. These aptamers are potentially useful for detecting S. pyogenes, achieving binding profiles of the various M-types, and developing new M-typing technologies for non-specialized laboratories or point-of-care testing.
authors.affiliation: Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada; Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York City, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Camille L A
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hamula
authors.affiliation: Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
authors.forename: Hanyong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
authors.forename: Zhixin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The Provincial Laboratory for Public Health for Alberta, Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J2, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 2B3.12 Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada.
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tyrrell
authors.affiliation: Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada. Electronic address: xingfang.li@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Xing-Fang
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada. Electronic address: xc.le@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: X Chris
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Le
mesh_terms: D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D015723:Gene Library; D055029:Inverted Repeat Sequences; D052156:SELEX Aptamer Technique; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes
chemical_list: D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded
keywords: Affinity binding and recognition; Bacteria; Cell SELEX for bioanalytical assays; DNA binding to cells; DNA library diversity; Detection and serotyping of microbial pathogens; M proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes; PCR amplification; Selection of DNA aptamers