title: Anthropometric Analysis of the Face.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Facial anthropometric analysis is essential for planning cosmetic and reconstructive facial surgery, but has not been available in detail for modern Greeks. In this study, multiple measurements of the face were performed on young Greek males and females to provide a complete facial anthropometric profile of this population and to compare its facial morphology with that of North American Caucasians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one direct facial anthropometric measurements were obtained from 152 Greek students. Moreover, the prevalence of the various face types was determined. The resulting data were compared with those published regarding North American Caucasians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A complete set of average anthropometric data was obtained for each sex. Greek males, when compared to Greek females, were found to have statistically significantly longer foreheads as well as greater values in morphologic face height, mandible width, maxillary surface arc distance, and mandibular surface arc distance. In both sexes, the most common face types were mesoprosop, leptoprosop, and hyperleptoprosop. Greek males had significantly wider faces and mandibles than the North American Caucasian males, whereas Greek females had only significantly wider mandibles than their North American counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences of statistical significance were noted in the head and face regions among sexes as well as among Greek and North American Caucasians. With the establishment of facial norms for Greek adults, this study contributes to the preoperative planning as well as postoperative evaluation of Greek patients that are, respectively, scheduled for or are to be subjected to facial reconstructive and aesthetic surgery.
authors.affiliation: *Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Heraklion, Greece †Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical School of Crete University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece ‡Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL §Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical School of Crete University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece ||Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medicinal School of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgios V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Zacharopoulos
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.forename: Chung H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kau
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Velagrakis
authors.forename: George N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Tzanakakis
authors.forename: Eelco
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Bree
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004431:Ear, External / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009055:Mouth / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009656:North America; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014716:Vertical Dimension; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult