title: Proximal Detection of Traces of Energetic Materials with an Eye-Safe UV Raman Prototype Developed for Civil Applications.
abstract: A new Raman-based apparatus for proximal detection of energetic materials on people, was developed and tested for the first time. All the optical and optoelectronics components of the apparatus, as well as their optical matching, were carefully chosen and designed to respect international eye-safety regulations. In this way, the apparatus is suitable for civil applications on people in public areas such as airports and metro or railway stations. The acquisition software performs the data analysis in real-time to provide a fast response to the operator. Moreover, it allows for deployment of the apparatus either as a stand alone device or as part of a more sophisticated warning system architecture made up of several sensors. Using polyamide as substrate, the apparatus was able to detect surface densities of ammonium nitrate (AN), 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNT), 3-nitrooxy-2,2-bis(nitrooxymethyl)propyl] nitrate (PETN) and urea nitrate (UN) in the range of 100-1000 μg/cm² at a distance of 6.4 m using each time a single laser pulse of 3 mJ/cm². The limit of detection calculated for AN is 289 μg/cm². AN and UN provided the highest percentages of true positives (>82% for surface densities of 100-400 μg/cm² and fingerprints) followed by TNT and PETN (17%-70% for surface densities of 400-1000 μg/cm² and fingerprints).
authors.affiliation: ENEA, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy. roberto.chirico@enea.it.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chirico
authors.affiliation: ENEA, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy. salvatore.almaviva@enea.it.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Almaviva
authors.affiliation: ENEA, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy. francesco.colao@enea.it.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Colao
authors.affiliation: ENEA, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy. luca.fiorani@enea.it.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fiorani
authors.affiliation: ENEA, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy. marcello.nuvoli@enea.it.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nuvoli
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Strasse 7, Pfinztal 76327, Germany. wenka.schweikert@ict.fraunhofer.de.
authors.forename: Wenka
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schweikert
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Strasse 7, Pfinztal 76327, Germany. frank.schnuerer@ict.fraunhofer.de.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schnürer
authors.affiliation: Italian Air Force, Comando Logistico, 1^Divisione, Centro Sperimentale Volo, Reparto Armamento, Via di Pratica di Mare 45, Pomezia (Rome) 00040, Italy. luigi.cassioli@aeronautica.difesa.it.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cassioli
authors.affiliation: Italian Air Force, Comando Logistico, 1^Divisione, Centro Sperimentale Volo, Reparto Armamento, Via di Pratica di Mare 45, Pomezia (Rome) 00040, Italy. silvana.grossi@aeronautica.difesa.it.
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.affiliation: ENEA, FSN-FUSPHY-SAD, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy. daniele.murra@enea.it.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murra
authors.affiliation: ENEA, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy. ivano.menicucci@enea.it.
authors.forename: Ivano
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Menicucci
authors.affiliation: ENEA, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy. federico.angelini@enea.it.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Angelini
authors.affiliation: ENEA, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy. antonio.palucci@enea.it.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palucci
mesh_terms: D002959:Civil Defense; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D023481:Terrorism / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D053834:Explosive Agents
keywords: Raman Spectroscopy; explosives; laser; proximal detection