title: The Use of Physical Restraint in Norwegian Adult Psychiatric Hospitals.
abstract: Background. The use of coercion within the psychiatric services is problematic and raises a range of ethical, legal, and clinical questions. "Physical restraint" is an emergency procedure used in psychiatric hospitals to control patients that pose an imminent physical danger. We wished to review the literature published in scientific peer-reviewed journals describing studies on the use of physical restraint in Norway, in order to identify the current state of knowledge and directions for future research. Design. The databases PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for studies relating to physical restraint (including holding) in Norwegian psychiatric hospitals, supplemented with hand searches. Results. 28 studies were included. Most of the studies were on rates of restraint, but there were also some studies on perceptions of patients and staff, case studies, and ethnographic studies. There was only one intervention study. There are differences in use between wards and institutions, which in part may be explained by differences in patient populations. Staff appear to be less negative to the use of restraint than patients. Conclusions. The studies that were identified were primarily concerned with rates of use and with patients' and staff's perspectives. More interventional studies are needed to move the field forward.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway ; Department of Psychogeriatric Services, Division of Mental Health and Addictions, University Hospital of North Norway, 9291 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wynn