title: Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smartphone addiction, its association with smartphone use, and its predictors have not yet been studied in a European sample. This study investigated indicators of smartphone use, smartphone addiction, and their associations with demographic and health behaviour-related variables in young people.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 1,519 students from 127 Swiss vocational school classes participated in a survey assessing demographic and health-related characteristics as well as indicators of smartphone use and addiction. Smartphone addiction was assessed using a short version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale for Adolescents (SAS-SV). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate demographic and health-related predictors of smartphone addiction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smartphone addiction occurred in 256 (16.9%) of the 1,519 students. Longer duration of smartphone use on a typical day, a shorter time period until first smartphone use in the morning, and reporting that social networking was the most personally relevant smartphone function were associated with smartphone addiction. Smartphone addiction was more prevalent in younger adolescents (15-16 years) compared with young adults (19 years and older), students with both parents born outside Switzerland, persons reporting lower physical activity, and those reporting higher stress. Alcohol and tobacco consumption were unrelated to smartphone addiction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different indicators of smartphone use are associated with smartphone addiction and subgroups of young people have a higher prevalence of smartphone addiction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study provides the first insights into smartphone use, smartphone addiction, and predictors of smartphone addiction in young people from a European country, which should be extended in further studies.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction at Zurich University , Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Severin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haug
authors.affiliation: Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction at Zurich University , Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Raquel Paz
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Division of Nursing Science, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Suwon , Suwon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Health-IS Lab, Chair of Information Management , ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.|Energy Efficient Systems Group, University of Bamberg , Bamberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Filler
authors.affiliation: Health-IS Lab, Chair of Information Management , ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.|Health-IS Lab, Institute of Technology Management, University of St. Gallen , St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kowatsch
authors.affiliation: Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction at Zurich University , Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schaub
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011581:Psychological Tests; D000068997:Smartphone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: addiction; mobile phone; predictors; smartphone; students