title: Fabrication, Properties and Applications of Dense Hydroxyapatite: A Review.
abstract: In the last five decades, there have been vast advances in the field of biomaterials, including ceramics, glasses, glass-ceramics and metal alloys. Dense and porous ceramics have been widely used for various biomedical applications. Current applications of bioceramics include bone grafts, spinal fusion, bone repairs, bone fillers, maxillofacial reconstruction, etc. Amongst the various calcium phosphate compositions, hydroxyapatite, which has a composition similar to human bone, has attracted wide interest. Much emphasis is given to tissue engineering, both in porous and dense ceramic forms. The current review focusses on the various applications of dense hydroxyapatite and other dense biomaterials on the aspects of transparency and the mechanical and electrical behavior. Prospective future applications, established along the aforesaid applications of hydroxyapatite, appear to be promising regarding bone bonding, advanced medical treatment methods, improvement of the mechanical strength of artificial bone grafts and better in vitro/in vivo methodologies to afford more particular outcomes.
authors.affiliation: CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 avenue du Dr. A. Schweitzer, Pessac F-33608, France. mythili.prakasam@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mythili
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prakasam
authors.affiliation: Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, Riga LV-1007, Latvia. janis.locs@rtu.lv.
authors.forename: Janis
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Locs
authors.affiliation: Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, Riga LV-1007, Latvia.
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Salma-Ancane
authors.affiliation: Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, Riga LV-1007, Latvia. dagnija.loca@rtu.lv.
authors.forename: Dagnija
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Loca
authors.affiliation: CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 avenue du Dr. A. Schweitzer, Pessac F-33608, France. alain.largeteau@icmcb.cnrs.fr.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Largeteau
authors.affiliation: Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, Riga LV-1007, Latvia.
authors.forename: Liga
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berzina-Cimdina
keywords: bioceramics; biomaterials; dense ceramics; hydroxyapatite; properties