title: Economic Analysis of Obtaining a PharmD Degree and Career as a Pharmacist.
abstract: Objective. To evaluate the economic value of pharmacy education/career and the effects of the cost of private or public pharmacy school, the length of degree program, residency training, and pharmacy career path on net career earnings. Methods. This study involved an economic analysis using Markov modeling. Estimated costs of education including student loans were considered in calculating net career earnings of 4 career paths following high school graduation: (1) immediate employment; (2) employment with bachelor's degree in chemistry or biology; (3) employment as a pharmacist with no residency training; and (4) employment as a pharmacist after completing one or two years of residency training. Results. Models indicated that throughout their careers (up to age 67), PharmD graduates may accumulate net career earnings of $5.66 million to $6.29 million, roughly 3.15 times more than high school graduates and 1.57 to 1.73 times more than those with bachelor's degrees in biology or chemistry. Attending a public pharmacy school after completing 3 years of prepharmacy education generally leads to higher net career earnings. Community pharmacists have the highest net career earnings, and PGY-1 residency-trained hospital pharmacists have greater net career earnings than those who immediately started their careers in a hospital setting. Conclusion. The economic models presented are based on assumptions described herein; as conditions are subject to variability, these models should not be used to predict future earnings. Nevertheless, the findings demonstrate investment in a pharmacy education yields favorable financial return. Application of results to schools of pharmacy, students, and graduates is discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Knoxville, and Nashville Tennessee.
authors.forename: Marie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chisholm-Burns
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Knoxville, and Nashville Tennessee.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gatwood
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Knoxville, and Nashville Tennessee.
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Spivey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002321:Career Choice; D004512:Education, Pharmacy / Q000191:economics*; D004651:Employment / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000191:economics*; D064172:Pharmacy Residencies / Q000191:economics; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013339:Students, Pharmacy; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: economic analysis; pharmacy career; prepharmacy