title: Global Assessment of Bisphenol A in the Environment: Review and Analysis of Its Occurrence and Bioaccumulation.
abstract: Because bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical, we examined over 500 peer-reviewed studies to understand its global distribution in effluent discharges, surface waters, sewage sludge, biosolids, sediments, soils, air, wildlife, and humans. Bisphenol A was largely reported from urban ecosystems in Asia, Europe, and North America; unfortunately, information was lacking from large geographic areas, megacities, and developing countries. When sufficient data were available, probabilistic hazard assessments were performed to understand global environmental quality concerns. Exceedances of Canadian Predicted No Effect Concentrations for aquatic life were >50% for effluents in Asia, Europe, and North America but as high as 80% for surface water reports from Asia. Similarly, maximum concentrations of BPA in sediments from Asia were higher than Europe. Concentrations of BPA in wildlife, mostly for fish, ranged from 0.2 to 13 000 ng/g. We observed 60% and 40% exceedences of median levels by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in Europe and Asia, respectively. These findings highlight the utility of coordinating global sensing of environmental contaminants efforts through integration of environmental monitoring and specimen banking to identify regions for implementation of more robust environmental assessment and management programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jone
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Corrales
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kristofco
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA ; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
authors.forename: W Baylor
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Breed
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
authors.forename: E Spencer
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA ; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Brooks
keywords: biomonitoring; environmental exposure; probabilistic hazard assessment; urban ecosystems