title: The transglutaminase type 2 and pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 interplay in autophagy regulation.
abstract: Autophagy is a self-degradative physiological process by which the cell removes worn-out or damaged components. Constant at basal level it may become highly active in response to cellular stress. The type 2 transglutaminase (TG2), which accumulates under stressful cell conditions, plays an important role in the regulation of autophagy and cells lacking this enzyme display impaired autophagy/mitophagy and a consequent shift their metabolism to glycolysis. To further define the molecular partners of TG2 involved in these cellular processes, we analysed the TG2 interactome under normal and starved conditions discovering that TG2 interacts with various proteins belonging to different functional categories. Herein we show that TG2 interacts with pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis which is responsible for maintaining a glycolytic phenotype in malignant cells and displays non metabolic functions, including transcriptional co-activation and protein kinase activity. Interestingly, the ablation of PKM2 led to the decrease of intracellular TG2's transamidating activity paralleled by an increase of its tyrosine phosphorylation. Along with this, a significant decrease of ULK1 and Beclin1 was also recorded, thus suggesting a block in the upstream regulation of autophagosome formation. These data suggest that the PKM2/TG2 interplay plays an important role in the regulation of autophagy in particular under cellular stressful conditions such as those displayed by cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Altuntas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rossin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marsella
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Eletto
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diaz-Hidalgo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Farrace
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.|Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College London and UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, London, UK.
authors.forename: Michelangelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Campanella
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Antonioli
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy.|Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
authors.forename: Gian Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fimia
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.|National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piacentini
mesh_terms: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy; D000071189:Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog; D000071186:Beclin-1; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005354:Fibrosarcoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D060066:Protein Interaction Maps; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014443:Tyrosine; D000097810:Thyroid Hormone-Binding Proteins
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D000071189:Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog; D000071186:Beclin-1; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D011503:Transglutaminases; D014443:Tyrosine; D000097810:Thyroid Hormone-Binding Proteins; C491997:BECN1 protein, human; C484754:ULK1 protein, human
keywords: Beclin1; LC3; autophagy; pyruvate kinase M2; transglutaminase type 2