title: Racial Differences in and Prognostic Value of Biomarkers of Hyperglycemia.
abstract: We compared levels and associations of traditional (fasting glucose, HbA1c) and nontraditional (fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol [1,5-AG]) biomarkers of hyperglycemia with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), incident end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and prevalent retinopathy in black and white adults.
  
  
  
  We included 10,373 participants without (8,096 white, 2,277 black) and 727 with diagnosed diabetes (425 white, 302 black) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. We used Cox proportional hazards models to compare hazards ratios of CVD and ESRD among blacks and whites from baseline (1990-1992) through 2012. We compared the odds ratios (from logistic regression) of retinopathy among blacks and whites. We tested for the interaction of each biomarker with race.
  
  
  
  Median values of biomarkers were higher among blacks versus whites (all P < 0.001). Relative risks for each biomarker with incident CVD and ESRD, and odds ratios for each biomarker with prevalent retinopathy, were similar by race (all P values for interaction by race >0.10).
  
  
  
  The prognostic value of HbA1c, fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-AG with incident CVD, incident ESRD, and prevalent retinopathy were similar by race. Our results support similar interpretation of HbA1c and nontraditional biomarkers of hyperglycemia among black and whites with respect to long-term complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Parrinello
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: A Richey
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sharrett
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Nisa M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Maruthur
authors.affiliation: International Diabetes Center, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bergenstal
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Morgan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Grams
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coresh
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD eselvin@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Selvin
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019270:Fructosamine / Q000097:blood; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D000093423:Glycated Serum Albumin
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D019270:Fructosamine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D012709:Serum Albumin; D000093423:Glycated Serum Albumin; C006584:1,5-anhydroglucitol