title: Effects of Physical Activity on Trace Elements and Depression Related Biomarkers in Children and Adolescents.
abstract: Not much is known about the role of physical activity (PA), obesity related variables, and trace elements as potential risk factors affecting neurotransmitters in schoolchildren with depression. Our objective was to investigate the effect of physical activity (PA) on depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. Also, we aimed to study the association of demographic variables, serum levels of Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), serotonin, and salivary cortisol with depression in this population. One hundred and fifty school children (90 boys and 60 girls) aged 7-18 years were recruited for this study. All participants were evaluated for depression using CDI-score analysis. Their physical activity levels were checked using pre-validated questionnaires. The serum levels of Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), cortisol, and serotonin were estimated using atomic absorption, and immunoassay techniques. About 48.7 % of the study population had depressive symptoms (CDI-score; ≥13), and were classified into mild, moderate, and severe categories. Older children, especially girls, had higher levels of depression. Participants with moderate and severe depression had significantly lower physical activity, serotonin, and zinc levels, Zn/Cu ratios, and significantly higher copper and cortisol levels. Physically active boys showed significantly lower depressive CDI-scores and improvement in cortisol, serotonin, Cu, and Zn concentrations compared to girls of sedentary life style. CDI- scores correlated positively with BMI, cortisol and Cu, and negatively with PA, serotonin and Zn concentrations. BMI, cortisol, serotonin, Cu and Zn, could explain about 59.3-79 % of the depressive symptoms among schoolchildren, according to stepwise regression analysis. This was especially true in especially older girls. PA and an adequate balance in Zn and Cu levels, plays a positive role in improving CDI-depressive score, BMI, serotonin and cortisol levels among schoolchildren.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ahmad H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Alghadir
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. nadalab2009@hotmail.com.|Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. nadalab2009@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Sami A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gabr
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Einas
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Al-Eisa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood*; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012701:Serotonin / Q000097:blood*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000097:blood*; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014131:Trace Elements; D012701:Serotonin; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Depression score; Neurotransmitters; Obesity; Physical activity; School children; Trace elements