title: Design and Control of Nanoconfinement to Achieve Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents with High Relaxivity.
abstract: The enhanced relaxation of hydrogen atoms of surrounding water from suitable contrast agent promotes magnetic resonance imaging as one of the most important medical diagnosis technique. The key challenge for the preparation of performant contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging with high relaxivity is to ensure a high local concentration of contrast agent while allowing a contact between water and the contrast agent. Both requirements are answered by tailoring a semipermeable confinement for a gadolinium complex used as contrast agent. A locally high concentration is achieved by successfully encapsulating the complex in polymer nanocontainers that serves to protect and retain the complex inside a limited space. The access of water to the complex is achieved by carefully controlling the chemistry of the shell and the core of the nanocontainers. The confinement of the nanocontainers enables an increased relaxivity compared to an aqueous solution of the contrast agent. The nanocontainers are successfully applied in vivo to yield enhanced contrast in magnetic resonance imaging.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Malzahn
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schlegel
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Neudert
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Bayer Healthcare/Bayer Pharma AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schütz
authors.affiliation: Bayer Healthcare/Bayer Pharma AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ide
authors.affiliation: Bayer Healthcare/Bayer Pharma AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Farnoosh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roohi
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Münnemann
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.|Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong, 21210, Thailand.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Crespy
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Landfester
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000737:chemistry*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012996:Solutions; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D053769:Nanocapsules; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D012996:Solutions; C090600:gadobutrol; D005682:Gadolinium
keywords: confinement; contrast agents; encapsulation; magnetic resonance imaging; nanocontainers