title: Green Chemistry Approach for Synthesis of Effective Anticancer Palladium Nanoparticles.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to design and synthesize Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) using an environmentally friendly approach and evaluate the in vitro efficacy of PdNPs in human ovarian cancer A2780 cells. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy was used to monitor the conversion of Pd(II) ions to Pd(0)NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the crystallinity of the as-synthesized PdNPs and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) further confirmed the role of the leaf extract of Evolvulus alsinoides as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of PdNPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the average size of the NPs was 5 nm. After a 24-h exposure to PdNPs, cell viability and light microscopy assays revealed the dose-dependent toxicity of the PdNPs. Furthermore, the dose-dependent cytotoxicity of the PdNPs was confirmed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, activation of PdNPs-induced autophagy, impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), enhanced caspase-3 activity, and detection of TUNEL-positive cells. Our study demonstrates a single, simple, dependable and green approach for the synthesis of PdNPs using leaf extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides. Furthermore, the in vitro efficacy of PdNPs in human ovarian cancer cells suggests that it could be an effective therapeutic agent for cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea. gsangiliyandi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sangiliyandi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gurunathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea. np-gennao@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: EunSu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea. woong1211@naver.com.
authors.forename: Jae Woong
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea. saladinhyun@naver.com.
authors.forename: Jung Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea. jhkim541@konkuk.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jin-Hoi
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001343:Autophagy; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D027722:Convolvulaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010165:Palladium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010316:Particle Size; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D019163:Reducing Agents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019163:Reducing Agents; D010165:Palladium; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; C008756:palladium chloride
keywords: anticancer activity; apoptosis; cell viability; leaf extract; ovarian cancer cells; palladium nanoparticles