title: Urothelial Cancer in Renal Transplant Recipients: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Oncological Outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence and risk factors for urothelial cancer (UC) as well as the oncological outcome and allograft function in renal transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective analysis of 1855 consecutive patients undergoing renal transplantation (TX) between February 1982 and May 2014 at a single center. UC incidence, overall and cancer-specific survival, recurrence and progression rates, risk factors for UC, and renal function were determined. Fisher's exact test and log-rank Mantel-Cox test were used as appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In renal transplant recipients, incidence of de novo UC was 1.35% (25/1855). Deceased donor transplantation (P = .002), increased age at transplantation (P = .011), and analgesic abuse (P = .005) were significant risk factors for the development of UC post-TX. Progression rate and recurrence rate were doubled for post-TX-UC but stable for patients with pre-TX-UC compared with the general population. Analgesic abuse was associated with worse cancer specific and overall survival in post-TX patients. The overall survival status was significantly lower for post-TX patients at a median of 34 months vs 222 months in control patients. Adjuvant treatment was scarcely used. UC had no significant influence on graft function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher incidence of UC was identified in renal transplant recipients compared with that for the general population. These observations justify screening for UC in renal transplant patients, especially considering that in a large proportion, a tentative diagnosis was possible with noninvasive urine analysis. Prudent adjuvant treatment for UC should be used. Limitations of this study were the retrospective design and the single-center experience.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: peter.ardelt@usb.ch.
authors.forename: Peter U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Ardelt
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Malte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rieken
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ebbing
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gernot
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonkat
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vlajnic
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bubendorf
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grobholz
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplant Immunology & Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jürg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steiger
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bachmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplant Immunology & Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burkhalter
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019459:Urothelium