title: A potential camel reservoir for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli causing human infection in Saudi Arabia.
abstract: The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance is continuing to increase. Consequently, efficient approaches to identify sources of resistance are required. This study aimed to compare Escherichia coli isolates from the intestinal tract of camels with isolates from human urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Al Ahsa Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), for antimicrobial resistance and identification of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). A microbiological study was conducted on 100 samples of cecal contents from camels and 100 urine samples from female UTI patients, to isolate and confirm E. coli using the VITEK 2 Automated System. Sensitivity patterns and identification of ESBLs were analyzed using the antimicrobial susceptibility test. Molecular techniques were used to detect E. coli drug-resistant clones. The presence rate of E. coli in camels was 26.0 % (n = 26/100), and in human samples, the rate of E. coli was 33.0 % (n = 33/100). ESBLs were reported for the first time in KSA, in 26.9 % (n = 5/26) of camel samples and 36.4 % (n = 8/33) of human samples. The multi-drug resistance (MDR) index was 0.13 and 0.17, for camels and humans, respectively. Escherichia coli drug-resistant O25b:H4-sequence type 131(ST131) clone was detected in two camel and two human isolates. This study demonstrates a high presence rate of ESBL-producing E. coli (ESBL-EC) in camels for the first time in KSA. Confirmation of MDR strains and E. coli ST131 clone in human and camel isolates suggests that camels could be a potential reservoir for resistant E. coli strains contributing to the increase in antimicrobial resistance in KSA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, P.O. Box 1757, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia. alfadlelmula@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fadlelmula
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, P.O. Box 1757, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Naser Abdallah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Hamam
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, P.O. Box 1757, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdulla Mohamed
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Dughaym
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002162:Camelus; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000662:veterinary; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D001618:beta-Lactamases
keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Dromedary camel; E. coli ST131; ESBLs; Saudi Arabia; UTI