title: Molecular mechanisms of drug photodegradation and photosensitization.
abstract: Drug-induced photosensitivity of the skin is drawing increasing attention. In past few decades, photosensitivity has been reported with an array of drugs, and is now recognized as a noteworthy medical problem by clinicians, regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical industry. The photosensitivity is of two types i.e., phototoxicity and photoallergy. Phototoxic disorders have a high incidence, whereas photoallergic reactions are much less frequent in human population. Several hundred substances, chemicals, or drugs may invoke phototoxic and photoallergic reactions. In order to avoid photosensitive reactions, it is essential to understand the mechanism behind the photosensitizing properties of such substances before these drugs are introduced in clinical settings. Photosensitization is inter-related to photochemical reaction, through the knowledge of which the photosensitivity of a drug can be anticipated. This review highlights the current research status on photosensitizing drugs and its correlation to phototoxicity. Different mechanisms of photodegradation of photolabile drugs have also been discussed.
authors.forename: Mohd Rehan
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zaheer
authors.forename: Anamika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Jawaid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Qamar
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zia
authors.forename: Akil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.lastname: Roohi
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Owais
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hashlamon
authors.forename: Siti Hamidah
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mohd Setapar
authors.forename: Ghulam Md
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.affiliation: "GALLY" International Biomedical Research Consulting LLC, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. aliev03@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gjumrakch
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aliev
mesh_terms: D017454:Dermatitis, Photoallergic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017484:Dermatitis, Phototoxic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004355:Drug Stability; D004356:Drug Storage; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D010782:Photolysis; D010787:Photosensitivity Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control