title: Superresolution Imaging of Aquaporin-4 Cluster Size in Antibody-Stained Paraffin Brain Sections.
abstract: The water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) forms supramolecular clusters whose size is determined by the ratio of M1- and M23-AQP4 isoforms. In cultured astrocytes, differences in the subcellular localization and macromolecular interactions of small and large AQP4 clusters results in distinct physiological roles for M1- and M23-AQP4. Here, we developed quantitative superresolution optical imaging methodology to measure AQP4 cluster size in antibody-stained paraffin sections of mouse cerebral cortex and spinal cord, human postmortem brain, and glioma biopsy specimens. This methodology was used to demonstrate that large AQP4 clusters are formed in AQP4(-/-) astrocytes transfected with only M23-AQP4, but not in those expressing only M1-AQP4, both in vitro and in vivo. Native AQP4 in mouse cortex, where both isoforms are expressed, was enriched in astrocyte foot-processes adjacent to microcapillaries; clusters in perivascular regions of the cortex were larger than in parenchymal regions, demonstrating size-dependent subcellular segregation of AQP4 clusters. Two-color superresolution imaging demonstrated colocalization of Kir4.1 with AQP4 clusters in perivascular areas but not in parenchyma. Surprisingly, the subcellular distribution of AQP4 clusters was different between gray and white matter astrocytes in spinal cord, demonstrating regional specificity in cluster polarization. Changes in AQP4 subcellular distribution are associated with several neurological diseases and we demonstrate that AQP4 clustering was preserved in a postmortem human cortical brain tissue specimen, but that AQP4 was not substantially clustered in a human glioblastoma specimen despite high-level expression. Our results demonstrate the utility of superresolution optical imaging for measuring the size of AQP4 supramolecular clusters in paraffin sections of brain tissue and support AQP4 cluster size as a primary determinant of its subcellular distribution.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Electronic address: alex.smith@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Electronic address: alan.verkman@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Verkman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010232:Paraffin / Q000378:metabolism*; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D000098854:Kcnj10 Channel
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D051401:Aquaporin 4; D000098854:Kcnj10 Channel; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D010232:Paraffin