title: Intra-articular administration of lidocaine plus adrenaline in dogs: Pharmacokinetic profile and evaluation of toxicity in vivo and in vitro.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of intra-articular (IA) lidocaine plus adrenaline for improving peri-operative analgesia in anaesthetized dogs undergoing arthroscopy of the elbow. A solution of lidocaine (L) 1.98% plus adrenaline 1:100.000 was administered via the IA route and its safety evaluated in terms of cardio-, neuro-, and chondro-toxicity. No bradycardia or hypotension was recorded from induction to the last observational time point. Signs of toxicity of the nervous system could have been masked by the general anaesthesia but lidocaine concentrations detected in the blood were lower than those thought to be capable of producing toxicity. The assessment of in vitro chondrotoxicity showed a dose- and time-dependent effect of lidocaine on the viability of articular cells. Adrenaline appeared to reduce the chondrotoxicity of 1% lidocaine, following an exposure of up to 30 min.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 4-06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Salvo
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 4-06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chiaradia
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 4-06126 Perugia, Italy. Electronic address: giorgia.dellarocca@unipg.it.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: della Rocca
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 4-06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via Salvemini, 1-06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galarini
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via Salvemini, 1-06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giusepponi
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 4-06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Monte
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cagnardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 4-06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Marenzoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 4-06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bufalari
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000662:veterinary; D004285:Dogs / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular / Q000662:veterinary; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: Chondrotoxicity; Dog; Intra-articular administration; Lidocaine; Pharmacokinetics; Systemic toxicity