title: Tracking ultrasonically structural changes of natural aquatic organic carbon: Chemical fractionation and spectroscopic approaches.
abstract: In this study, the structural alteration to DOC for a range of ultrasound treatments was investigated with chemical fractionation and UV-vis spectroscopic measurement. Ultrasound treatments were applied in continuous and pulsed modes at power levels of 48 and 84 W for effective treatment times of 5 and 15 min. Overall results show that the ultrasound treatments tended to degrade the hydrophobic aromatic fraction, while increasing the hydrophilic fraction to a lesser extent. The highest recorded reduction of hydrophobic DOC (17.8%) was achieved with pulse treatment of 84 W for15 min, while the highest increase in the hydrophilic DOC (10.5%) was obtained with continuous treatment at 84 W and 5 min. The optimal ultrasound treatment conditions were found to be pulse mode at high power and short treatment time, causing a minimal increase in the hydrophilic fraction of 1.3% with moderate removal of the hydrophobic fraction of 15.52%. The same treatment conditions, with longer treatment time, resulted in the highest removal of SUVA254 and SUVA280 of 17.09% and 16.93, respectively. These results indicate the potential for ultrasound treatments in DOC structural alteration. The hydrophobic fraction showed strong and significant correlations with UV absorbance at 254 and 280 nm. A254/A204 also exhibited strong and significant correlations with the hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio. The other UV ratios (A250/A365 (E2/E3) and A254/A436) had weak and insignificant correlations with the hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio. This confirms the applicability of UV indices as a suitable surrogate method for estimating the hydrophobic/hydrophilic structure.
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, QLD, Australia. Electronic address: RaedAhmed.mahmood@usq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Raed A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Al-Juboori
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Talal
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yusaf
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Vasantha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aravinthan
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bowtell
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D002244:Carbon
keywords: Chemical fractionation; Continuous ultrasound; DOC; Hydrophilicity; Hydrophobicity; Pulsed ultrasound; Spectroscopic properties; Water treatment