title: The Toronto Consensus Statements for the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) poses a particular challenge during pregnancy because the health of both the mother and the fetus must be considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search identified studies on the management of IBD during pregnancy. The quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were rated using the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consensus was reached on 29 of the 30 recommendations considered. Preconception counseling and access to specialist care are paramount in optimizing disease management. In general, women on 5-ASA, thiopurine, or anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) monotherapy for maintenance should continue therapy throughout pregnancy. Discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy or switching from combination therapy to monotherapy may be considered in very select low-risk patients. Women who have a mild to moderate disease flare while on optimized 5-ASA or thiopurine therapy should be managed with systemic corticosteroid or anti-TNF therapy, and those with a corticosteroid-resistant flare should start anti-TNF therapy. Endoscopy or urgent surgery should not be delayed during pregnancy if indicated. Decisions regarding cesarean delivery should be based on obstetric considerations and not the diagnosis of IBD alone, with the exception of women with active perianal Crohn's disease. With the exception of methotrexate, the use of medications for IBD should not influence the decision to breast-feed and vice versa. Live vaccinations are not recommended within the first 6 months of life in the offspring of women who were on anti-TNF therapy during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimal management of IBD before and during pregnancy is essential to achieving favorable maternal and neonatal outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai Hospital Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: geoff.nguyen@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Geoffrey C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine & Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Cynthia H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Seow
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Yvette
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Grigorios I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Leontiadis
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mahadevan
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C Janneke
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van der Woude
mesh_terms: D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D032921:Consensus; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D057915:Drug Substitution; D005260:Female; D005762:Gastroenterology / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000592:standards*; D016742:Preconception Care / Q000592:standards; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
keywords: 5-Aminosalicylate; Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor; Breast-feeding; Corticosteroid; Crohn’s Disease; Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Lactation; Postpartum; Pregnancy; Thiopurine; Ulcerative Colitis