title: Biomarker discovery in mass spectrometry-based urinary proteomics.
abstract: Urinary proteomics has become one of the most attractive topics in disease biomarker discovery. MS-based proteomic analysis has advanced continuously and emerged as a prominent tool in the field of clinical bioanalysis. However, only few protein biomarkers have made their way to validation and clinical practice. Biomarker discovery is challenged by many clinical and analytical factors including, but not limited to, the complexity of urine and the wide dynamic range of endogenous proteins in the sample. This article highlights promising technologies and strategies in the MS-based biomarker discovery process, including study design, sample preparation, protein quantification, instrumental platforms, and bioinformatics. Different proteomics approaches are discussed, and progresses in maximizing urinary proteome coverage and standardization are emphasized in this review. MS-based urinary proteomics has great potential in the development of noninvasive diagnostic assays in the future, which will require collaborative efforts between analytical scientists, systems biologists, and clinicians.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.|Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ricke
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.|School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.|Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Lingjun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000652:urine; D034961:Antigens, Nuclear / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D005337:Fibrin / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins / Q000652:urine; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D034521:Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins / Q000652:urine; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis*; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000652:urine; D016482:Urinalysis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D015415:Biomarkers; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; C050045:NUMA1 protein, human; D034521:Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins; D020543:Proteome; C560823:TIMP2 protein, human; C112999:bladder tumor-associated antigen; C102529:insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D005337:Fibrin
keywords: Biomarker; Mass spectrometry; Proteomics; Urine