title: Factors Associated With Patient-perceived Hoarseness in Spasmodic Dysphonia Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hoarseness distinguishes between hoarseness, which is a symptom perceived by the patient, and dysphonia, which is a diagnosis made by the clinician. Our objective was to determine factors that are associated with patient-perceived hoarseness in spasmodic dysphonia (SD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adductor SD patients who presented for botulinum toxin injections from September 2011 to June 2012 were recruited. The main outcome variable, Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10), was used to quantify patient-perceived hoarseness. Clinical data, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and VHI-10 were collected. Clinician-perceived dysphonia was measured by a speech-language pathologist with Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V). Statistical analysis included univariate analyses and multiple linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred thirty-nine SD patients had VHI-10 score of 26.0 ± 7.2 (mean ± standard deviation), disease duration of 10.5 + 7.0 years, CAPE-V overall score of 43.2 ± 21.8, HADS anxiety score of 6.7 ± 3.8, and HADS depression score of 3.6 ± 2.8. In univariate analyses, there were positive correlations (P < 0.05) between VHI-10 and female gender, CAPE-V overall, older age, HADS anxiety, and depression. There was no correlation with professional voice use and disease duration. In multiple linear regression (R2= 0.178, P < 0.001), age, HADS anxiety, female gender, and CAPE-V were significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older age, higher anxiety levels, female gender, and clinician-perceived dysphonia are associated with higher levels of patient-perceived hoarseness in SD patients. Hoarseness is a very personal symptom. Multiple factors determine its self-perception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: amanda.cm.hu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Al
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hillel
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D055154:Dysphonia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006685:Hoarseness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013067:Speech Perception; D013066:Speech-Language Pathology / Q000379:methods; D014833:Voice Quality
keywords: dysphonia; hoarseness; quality of life; spasmodic dysphonia; voice