title: The effects of inverse ratio ventilation on cardiopulmonary function and inflammatory cytokine of bronchoaveolar lavage in obese patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High peak airway pressure (Ppeak) and high end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PETCO2) are the common problems encountered in the obese patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopy with conventional volume-controlled ventilation. This study was designed to investigate whether volume-controlled inverse ratio ventilation (IRV) with inspiratory to expiratory (I:E) ratio of 2:1 could reduce Ppeak or the plateau pressure (Pplat), improve oxygenation, and alleviate lung injury in patients with normal lungs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty obese patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopy were enrolled in this study. After tracheal intubation, the patients were randomly divided into the IRV group (n = 30) and control group (n = 30). They were ventilated with an actual tidal volume of 8 mL/kg, respiratory rate of 12 breaths/min, zero positive end-expiratory pressure and I:E of 1:2 or 2:1. Arterial blood samples, hemodynamic parameters, and respiratory mechanics were recorded before and during pneumoperitoneum. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukins 6 and 8 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured immediately before and 60 minutes after onset of CO2 pneumoperitoneum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IRV significantly increased arterial partial pressure of oxygen, mean airway pressure, and dynamic compliance of respiratory system with concomitant significant decreases in Ppeak and Pplat compared to conventional ventilation with I:E of 1:2 (p < 0.05). Additionally, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukins 6 and 8 were significantly lower than those in control group (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Volume-controlled IRV not only reduces Ppeak, Pplat, and the release of inflammatory cytokines, but also increases mean airway pressure, and improves oxygenation and dynamic compliance of respiratory system in obese patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopy without adverse respiratory and hemodynamic effects. It is superior to conventional ratio ventilation in terms of oxygenation, respiratory mechanics and inflammatory cytokine in obese patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China. Electronic address: zhang650679@163.com.
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009765:Obesity / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: gynecologic laparoscopy; inflammatory cytokine; inverse ratio ventilation; lung injury