title: Temporalis Muscle Transfer for the Treatment of Lagophthalmos in Patients With Leprosy: Refinement in Surgical Techniques to Prevent Postoperative Ptosis.
abstract: Facial paralysis resulting from leprosy has a serious impact on the entire face especially in the areas innervated by the facial nerves. In particular, lagophthalmos in patients with leprosy causes exposure keratitis, corneal, and conjunctival dryness, which can progress to blindness and disfigurement. Recently, we conducted 4 different temporalis muscle transfer (TMT) methods over the last 4 years to reduce ptosis. The methods used included Brown-McDowell, McCord-Codner, modified Gillies-Anderson, and modified Gillies. Seventy-five TMT operations in 60 patients were performed between 2011 and 2014. The mean age was 70.1. Fifteen patients had bilateral TMT procedures. As a result, ptosis appeared in 14(18.7%) of 75 TMT procedures for 4 years. To prevent or correct this complication, the following 4 technical refinements have simplified the surgery and yield better surgical outcomes. First, an increase in the length of the temporalis muscle flap to approximately 8 cm with a parallel course to the lateral canthus will reduce oblique pull. Second, the width of the fascia sling in the upper eyelid is narrowed (3-4 mm) to reduce weight on the eyelid. Third, the fascia sling in the upper lid should not be located along the full length of the upper lid but terminate 3.5 cm medial to lateral canthal tendon and in other words, should not be tied at the medial canthal tendon to reduce tension and weight. Lastly, the fascia sling in the eyelid should be located shallow (probably in subdermal layer) and as near as possible to the lid margin to prevent any functional disturbance in levator aponeurosis.
authors.affiliation: *Ahn's Plastic and Dermatologic Surgery Clinic †Department of Dermatology, VHS Medical Center ‡Korean Hansen Welfare Association Institute §Buleun Health Care Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Yul
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Hyang Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jong Pill
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tae Hwan
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019882:Blepharoplasty / Q000379:methods; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000601:surgery; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000601:surgery*; D005205:Fascia / Q000637:transplantation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007918:Leprosy / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000637:transplantation; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000637:transplantation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome