title: Whole-genome sequence of an evolved Clostridium pasteurianum strain reveals Spo0A deficiency responsible for increased butanol production and superior growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biodiesel production results in crude glycerol waste from the transesterification of fatty acids (10 % w/w). The solventogenic Clostridium pasteurianum, an anaerobic Firmicute, can produce butanol from glycerol as the sole carbon source. Coupling butanol fermentation with biodiesel production can improve the overall economic viability of biofuels. However, crude glycerol contains growth-inhibiting byproducts which reduce feedstock consumption and solvent production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To obtain a strain with improved characteristics, a random mutagenesis and directed evolution selection technique was used. A wild-type C. pasteurianum (ATCC 6013) culture was chemically mutagenized, and the resulting population underwent 10 days of selection in increasing concentrations of crude glycerol (80-150 g/L). The best-performing mutant (M150B) showed a 91 % increase in butanol production in 100 g/L crude glycerol compared to the wild-type strain, as well as increased growth rate, a higher final optical density, and less production of the side product PDO (1,3-propanediol). Wild-type and M150B strains were sequenced via Single Molecule Real-Time (SMRT) sequencing. Mutations introduced to the M150B genome were identified by sequence comparison to the wild-type and published closed sequences. A major mutation (a deletion) in the gene of the master transcriptional regulator of sporulation, Spo0A, was identified. A spo0A single gene knockout strain was constructed using a double--crossover genome-editing method. The Spo0A-deficient strain showed similar tolerance to crude glycerol as the evolved mutant strain M150B. Methylation patterns on genomic DNA identified by SMRT sequencing were used to transform plasmid DNA to overcome the native C. pasteurianum restriction endonuclease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Solvent production in the absence of Spo0A shows C. pasteurianum differs in solvent-production regulation compared to other solventogenic Clostridium. Growth-associated butanol production shows C. pasteurianum to be an attractive option for further engineering as it may prove a better candidate for butanol production through continuous fermentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711 USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711 USA.
authors.forename: Keerthi P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Venkataramanan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711 USA.
authors.forename: Theodore S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Groth
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711 USA ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, USA.
authors.forename: Eleftherios T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Papoutsakis
keywords: Butanol; Clostridium pasteurianum; Methylome; Mutagenesis; SMRT sequencing; Spo0A