title: Effects of ocean acidification on immune responses of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas.
abstract: Ocean acidification (OA), caused by anthropogenic CO2emissions, has been proposed as one of the greatest threats in marine ecosystems. A growing body of evidence shows that ocean acidification can impact development, survival, growth and physiology of marine calcifiers. In this study, the immune responses of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas were investigated after elevated pCO2 exposure for 28 days. The results demonstrated that OA caused an increase of apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in hemocytes. Moreover, elevated pCO2 had an inhibitory effect on some antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased the GSH level in digestive gland. However, the mRNA expression pattern of several immune related genes varied depending on the exposure time and tissues. After exposure to pCO2 at ∼2000 ppm for 28 days, the mRNA expressions of almost all tested genes were significantly suppressed in gills and stimulated in hemocytes. Above all, our study demonstrated that elevated pCO2 have a significant impact on the immune systems of the Pacific oyster, which may constitute as a potential threat to increased susceptibility of bivalves to diseases.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
authors.forename: Ruiwen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Yantai Oceanic Environmental Monitoring Central Station of SOA, Yantai, 264006, PR China.
authors.forename: Xuanxuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
authors.forename: Changkao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
authors.forename: Chunlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cong
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
authors.forename: Huifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China. Electronic address: jmzhao@yic.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000276:immunology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Antioxidant enzyme; Immune response; Ocean acidification; Oyster; pCO(2)