title: Integration of 2-hydroxyglutarate-proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy into clinical practice for disease monitoring in isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant glioma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The majority of WHO grades II and III gliomas harbor a missense mutation in the metabolic gene isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and accumulate the metabolite R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2HG). Prior studies showed that this metabolite can be detected in vivo using proton magnetic-resonance spectroscopy (MRS), but the sensitivity of this methodology and its clinical implications are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed an MR imaging protocol to integrate 2HG-MRS into routine clinical glioma imaging and examined its performance in 89 consecutive glioma patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in IDH-mutant gliomas was closely linked to tumor volume, with sensitivity ranging from 8% for small tumors (<3.4 mL) to 91% for larger tumors (>8 mL). In patients undergoing 2HG-MRS prior to surgery, tumor levels of 2HG corresponded with tumor cellularity but not with tumor grade or mitotic index. Cytoreductive therapy resulted in a gradual decrease in 2HG levels with kinetics that closely mirrored changes in tumor volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that 2HG-MRS can be linked with routine MR imaging to provide quantitative measurements of 2HG in glioma and may be useful as an imaging biomarker to monitor the abundance of IDH-mutant tumor cells noninvasively during glioma therapy and disease monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Macarena I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: de la Fuente
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rubel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenblum
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tisnado
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arevalo-Perez
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Justin R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Straley
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Dongwei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Chuanhui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Alissa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Antonio A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Omuro
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Craig P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pentsova
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kaley
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Jung H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Noeske
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Changho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Philip H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Gutin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Andrei I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Holodny
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Katharine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: DeAngelis
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Ingo K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Mellinghoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.I.d., S.B., A.T., A.A.O., C.P.N., E.P., T.J.K., L.M.D., I.K.M.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (R.J.Y., J.R., J.T., J.A.-P., A.I.H., S.B.T.); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (M.R.); Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.R.C.); Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (C.C., I.K.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (P.H.G.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (J.H.O., S.B.T.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S., D.Z., K.Y.); Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida (C.D.); Advanced Imaging Research Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (E.M., C.C.); GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany (R.N.); Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York (I.K.M.).
authors.forename: Sunitha B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Thakur
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005977:Glutarates / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011379:Prognosis; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005977:Glutarates; C019417:alpha-hydroxyglutarate; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
keywords: IDH; R-2-hydroxyglutarate; cancer metabolism; glioma; imaging biomarker; magnetic resonance spectroscopy