title: Control for stochastic sampling variation and qualitative sequencing error in next generation sequencing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical implementation of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) is challenged by poor control for stochastic sampling, library preparation biases and qualitative sequencing error. To address these challenges we developed and tested two hypotheses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypothesis 1: Analytical variation in quantification is predicted by stochastic sampling effects at input of a) amplifiable nucleic acid target molecules into the library preparation, b) amplicons from library into sequencer, or c) both. We derived equations using Monte Carlo simulation to predict assay coefficient of variation (CV) based on these three working models and tested them against NGS data from specimens with well characterized molecule inputs and sequence counts prepared using competitive multiplex-PCR amplicon-based NGS library preparation method comprising synthetic internal standards (IS). Hypothesis 2: Frequencies of technically-derived qualitative sequencing errors (i.e., base substitution, insertion and deletion) observed at each base position in each target native template (NT) are concordant with those observed in respective competitive synthetic IS present in the same reaction. We measured error frequencies at each base position within amplicons from each of 30 target NT, then tested whether they correspond to those within the 30 respective IS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For hypothesis 1, the Monte Carlo model derived from both sampling events best predicted CV and explained 74% of observed assay variance. For hypothesis 2, observed frequency and type of sequence variation at each base position within each IS was concordant with that observed in respective NTs (R2= 0.93).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In targeted NGS, synthetic competitive IS control for stochastic sampling at input of both target into library preparation and of target library product into sequencer, and control for qualitative errors generated during library preparation and sequencing. These controls enable accurate clinical diagnostic reporting of confidence limits and limit of detection for copy number measurement, and of frequency for each actionable mutation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, OH 43614.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Blomquist
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, OH 43614.
authors.forename: Erin L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, OH 43614.
authors.forename: Jiyoun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, OH 43614.
authors.forename: Xiaolu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 ; Department of Medicine, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, OH 43614.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Willey