title: Lifestyle Factors and Metabolic Syndrome among Workers: The Role of Interactions between Smoking and Alcohol to Nutrition and Exercise.
abstract: This study aimed to investigate (1) relations of smoking and alcohol to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, with nutrition and exercise controlled; and (2) interactions between smoking/alcohol and nutrition/exercise on MetS. This cross-sectional study enrolled 4025 workers. Self-reported lifestyles, anthropometric values, blood pressure (BP), and biochemical determinations were obtained. Among males, smoking significantly increased the risk of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), high triglyceride, abdominal obesity (AO), and MetS. Additionally, smoking showed significant interaction effects with nutrition on high BP, AO, and MetS; after further analysis, nutrition did not decrease above-mentioned risks for smokers. However, there was no significant interaction of smoking with exercise on any metabolic parameter. Alcohol increased the risk of AO, but decreased low HDL-C. It also showed an interaction effect with exercise on AO; after further analysis, exercise decreased AO risk for drinkers. Among females, alcohol significantly decreased the risk of high fasting blood glucose, but did not show significant interaction with nutrition/exercise on any metabolic parameter. In conclusion, in males, smoking retained significant associations with MetS and its components, even considering benefits of nutrition; exercise kept predominance on lipid parameters regardless of smoking status. Alcohol showed inconsistencies on metabolic parameters for both genders.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Health Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan. Juihua1025@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jui-Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan. davidrhlee@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Ren-Hau
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan. shuling@csmu.edu.tw.|Room of Clinical Psychology, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan. shuling@csmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Shu-Ling
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan. 90279@cch.org.tw.
authors.forename: Hon-Ke
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Sia
authors.affiliation: Occupational Health Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan. qaz5410@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Yu-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan. 106159@cch.org.tw.|Department of Leisure Services Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413, Taiwan. 106159@cch.org.tw.
authors.forename: Feng-Cheng
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood*
keywords: alcohol; health promotion; metabolic syndrome; nutrition and exercise behaviors; smoking; worker