title: Occurrence of Transgenic Feral Alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. sativa L.) in Alfalfa Seed Production Areas in the United States.
abstract: The potential environmental risks of transgene exposure are not clear for alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. sativa), a perennial crop that is cross-pollinated by insects. We gathered data on feral alfalfa in major alfalfa seed-production areas in the western United States to (1) evaluate evidence that feral transgenic plants spread transgenes and (2) determine environmental and agricultural production factors influencing the location of feral alfalfa, especially transgenic plants. Road verges in Fresno, California; Canyon, Idaho; and Walla Walla, Washington were surveyed in 2011 and 2012 for feral plants, and samples were tested for the CP4 EPSPS protein that conveys resistance to glyphosate. Of 4580 sites surveyed, feral plants were observed at 404 sites. Twenty-seven percent of these sites had transgenic plants. The frequency of sites having transgenic feral plants varied among our study areas. Transgenic plants were found in 32.7%, 21.4.7% and 8.3% of feral plant sites in Fresno, Canyon and Walla Walla, respectively. Spatial analysis suggested that feral populations started independently and tended to cluster in seed and hay production areas, places where seed tended to drop. Significant but low spatial auto correlation suggested that in some instances, plants colonized nearby locations. Neighboring feral plants were frequently within pollinator foraging range; however, further research is needed to confirm transgene flow. Locations of feral plant clusters were not well predicted by environmental and production variables. However, the likelihood of seed spillage during production and transport had predictive value in explaining the occurrence of transgenic feral populations. Our study confirms that genetically engineered alfalfa has dispersed into the environment, and suggests that minimizing seed spillage and eradicating feral alfalfa along road sides would be effective strategies to minimize transgene dispersal.
authors.affiliation: Plant and Animal Genetic Resource Preservation Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.affiliation: Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sandya R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kesoju
authors.affiliation: Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ruth C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Statistics Group, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D051456:Gene Flow; D007061:Idaho; D000455:Medicago sativa / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D063148:Plant Dispersal; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000502:physiology*; D054817:Pollination; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D019076:Transgenes; D014861:Washington