title: A sensitive non-derivatization method for apramycin and impurities analysis using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and charged aerosol detection.
abstract: A sensitive non-derivatization method was developed for the analysis of apramycin and impurites using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and charged aerosol detection (CAD). Sample was pretreated with an effective SPE method (recovery >90%) to remove interference with apramycin impurities from sulfate, then analyzed with direct injection. Different chromatography modes of separation and choices of HILIC column were investigated in search of a direct analysis method. The HILIC-CAD method was optimized using a cysteine-bonded zwitterionic HILIC column and compared to the strong cation exchange-ultraviolet (SCX-UV) method with post-column derivatization recommended by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (veterinary) 2010. The improved chromatographic resolution and peak shape with the HILIC-charged aerosol detection method allows for increase of sample load to 48.9 µg from only 2.8 µg with the SCX-UV approach. More than 16 impurities were detected with this method with improved resolution, and four were identified with MS, while only 7 impurities were detected with the SCX-UV method. Moreover, the current method has a good precision and reproducibility. The intra-day and inter-day of peak area variability was less than or equal to 4.760% RSD and 9.950%, respectively. The average limit of detection and quantization was 80 ng and 200 ng injected on the column, respectively. The overall results demonstrated that the presented method can be used as an alternative to SCX-UV method in the analysis of apramycin and impurities.
authors.affiliation: Thermofisher Scientific Corporation, Beijing 10080, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China. Electronic address: guozhimou@dicp.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Zhimou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Thermofisher Scientific Corporation, Beijing 10080, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoda
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Thermofisher Scientific Corporation, Chelmsford 01824, USA.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Thermofisher Scientific Corporation, Beijing 10080, China.
authors.forename: Xingguo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Thermofisher Scientific Corporation, Beijing 10080, China. Electronic address: yan.jin@thermofisher.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Thermofisher Scientific Corporation, Beijing 10080, China.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Henan Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
authors.forename: Huisu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Henan Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
authors.forename: Ningpeng
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D057230:Limit of Detection; D009328:Nebramycin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D009328:Nebramycin; C011666:apramycin
keywords: Apramycin; Charged aerosol detector; Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography; Impurity