title: Staphylococcus aureus and its Bearing on Ophthalmic Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review antibiotic resistance associated with S. aureus endophthalmitis and the virulence of S. aureus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of the current and prospective approaches for treating S. aureus endophthalmitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacterial endophthalmitis remains to be a major threat for vision. S. aureus endophthalmitis specifically, carries a poor visual prognosis making early diagnosis and treatment crucial. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endophthalmitis represents a significant number of S. aureus endophthalmitis cases. MRSA with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptide antibiotics such as vancomycin (vancomycin intermediate S. aureus, VISA) have also emerged in the ocular infections, and there has been a rise in S. aureus resistance to new and old generation fluoroquinolones that are commonly used for prophylaxis after intravitreal injections and intraocular surgeries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the rise in the number of penetrating procedures in the ophthalmology practice and the parallel rise in antibiotic resistance, prophylaxis and awareness of the antimicrobial resistance profiles remain crucial and the identification of novel antimicrobials is essential.
authors.affiliation: a Cincinnati Eye Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Department of Ophthalmology , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA.|b Department of Ophthalmology , Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.
authors.forename: Ama
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadaka
authors.affiliation: b Department of Ophthalmology , Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.|c Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.
authors.forename: Marlene L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.affiliation: a Cincinnati Eye Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Department of Ophthalmology , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sisk
authors.affiliation: b Department of Ophthalmology , Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.|d Department of Ophthalmology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.|e Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gilmore
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Staphylococcus aureus; endophthalmitis; methicillin; virulence