title: Clinical application of neutrophil CD64 quantification for differential diagnosis of acute scrotum.
abstract: The management of acute scrotum can be challenging, especially in infants or patients with a neurological or neurodevelopmental disorder in whom presentation, diagnosis and definitive management tends to be delayed. This leads to poor outcomes, such as loss of the affected testis. Here we present two cases of testicular torsion in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, and a further two cases of epidydimo-orchitis in whom measurement of CD64 expression on neutrophils was helpful for differential diagnosis. These data suggest that the levels of expression of CD64 by neutrophils, known as a marker of infection, could also be useful for differentiating between testicular torsion and infection in acute scrotum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sanjo
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Komiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.|Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tohma
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirai
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D059787:Acute Pain / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004823:Epididymitis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism*; D009920:Orchitis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017452:Receptors, IgG / Q000378:metabolism*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012611:Scrotum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013737:Testis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
chemical_list: D017452:Receptors, IgG
keywords: acute scrotum; epidydimo-orchitis; marker of infection; neurodevelopmental disorder; neutrophil CD64; testicular torsion