title: Endocrine cell carcinomas of the colon and rectum: a clinicopathological evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endocrine cell carcinoma, according to the Japanese classification criteria for colorectal cancer, corresponds to neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) and mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC), as defined in the 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) classification. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical features of patients with these tumors diagnosed and treated at our institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinicopathological features of endocrine cell carcinomas of the colon and rectum diagnosed by neuroendocrine markers from January 2000 to December 2012 were retrospectively evaluated in 12 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgical specimens were obtained from eight of the 12 patients. MANEC was diagnosed in six patients and NEC in one. One tumor was unclassifiable. The tumors were not resected in four patients, and all died within 3 months. Of the eight patients who underwent resection, four received an R0 resection, two of whom underwent adjuvant chemotherapy and survived more than 5 years. One patient who underwent an R2 resection and continuous chemotherapy survived for 53 months. One patient with NEC underwent surgery and radiotherapy, and died 17 months later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most endocrine cell carcinomas of the colon and rectum reviewed were MANECs. Though their prognosis was generally poor, chemotherapy may be effective in some patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan. edy-sot@nifty.com.
authors.forename: Toshihide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komatsubara
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koinuma
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.|Department of Surgery, Saitama Medical Center Jichi Medical University, Amanuma-cho, Saitama, Saitama, 330-0834, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyakura
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisanaga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Homare
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Alan K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lefor
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sata
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fukushima
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018198:Mixed Tumor, Malignant / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma; Neuroendocrine carcinoma; WHO classification