title: Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Oil Production Residues from Camellia tenuifloria.
abstract: Camellia tenuifloria is an indigenous Camellia species used for the production of camellia oil in Taiwan. This study investigated for the first time the potential antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-inflammatory activities of oil production byproducts, specifically those of the fruit shell, seed shell, and seed pomace from C. tenuifloria. It was found that the crude ethanol extract of the seed shell had the strongest DPPH scavenging and mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activities, followed by the fruit shell, while seed pomace was the weakest. The IC50 values of crude extracts and fractions on monophenolase were smaller than diphenolase. The phenolic-rich methanol fraction of seed shell (SM) reduced nitric oxide (NO) production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. It also repressed the expression of IL-1β, and secretion of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and IL-6 in response to LPS. SM strongly stimulated heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression and addition of zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), a HO-1 competitive inhibitor, reversed the inhibition of NO production, indicating the involvement of HO-1 in its anti-inflammatory activity. The effects observed in this study provide evidence for the reuse of residues from C. tenuifloria in the food additive, medicine and cosmetic industries.
authors.affiliation: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Hualien 973, Taiwan. sychiou@mail.hdais.gov.tw.
authors.forename: Shu-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan. choilanha@mail.cnu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Choi-Lan
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan. dc7575@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pei-Shan
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan. goat933318u@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chiu-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan. susan_fanny_sun@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Ying-Shan
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan. jeremy810407@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Man-Po
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan. imwu@mail.cnu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Ming-Jiuan
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D028244:Camellia / Q000737:chemistry*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; C496542:Hmox1 protein, mouse; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
keywords: Camellia tenuifloria; diphenolase; iNOS; macrophages; monophenolase