title: Optimal timing of sipuleucel-T treatment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous treatments are approved for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), including sipuleucel-T, an FDA-approved immunotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper we review recent data providing insights into the mechanism of action of sipuleucel-T which suggests sipuleucel-T may be most effective when administered to mCRPC patients with a low burden of disease. Published and presented data from the sipuleucel-T clinical trials NeoACT (NCT00715104), IMPACT (NCT00065442), ProACT (NCT00715078), PROTECT (NCT00779402), OpenACT (NCT00901342), STAMP (NCT01487863) and STAND (NCT01431391), individually or across trials, were included in this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, a growing body of evidence supports the concept that sipuleucel-T, like some other immunotherapies, has long term effects that result in an overall survival benefit. mCRPC patients with a low tumor burden may derive a greater therapeutic benefit, since the immune response may be more robust when the disease is less advanced and immunosuppressive effects from the tumor or traditional therapies may be less marked. In addition, treatment with sipuleucel-T in early mCRPC does not preclude subsequent treatment with other approved mCRPC therapies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, clinical data to date suggest the optimal timing for sipuleucel-T treatment may be early in the mCRPC treatment paradigm.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: E David
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Petrylak
authors.forename: Celestia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Higano
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kibel
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Kantoff
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: Neal D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Shore
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrari
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008297:Male; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047368:Tumor Burden
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014020:Tissue Extracts; C511774:sipuleucel-T