title: Determinant Factors of Poor Visual Outcome After Ocular Trauma: A Retrospective Study in Central Sarawak, Malaysia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the demographic characteristics of ocular trauma in Central Sarawak and identify the determinant factors of poor visual outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of ocular trauma cases presenting at the referral hospital in 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were identified and recruited from hospital records. Those presenting for follow-up review were excluded. Case records were retrieved and reviewed after recruitment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 168 patients with 179 ocular injuries, of which 44% were work related. Compared with non-work-related cases, work-related cases were more likely to be male [odds ratio (OR), 19.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.6-150.9] and foreign (OR, 18.0; 95% CI, 2.3-142.0). Open globe injuries constituted a higher percentage of impaired visual acuity (VA) during the first visit: 84.6% compared with 18.1% for closed globe injuries (OR, 25.0; 95% CI, 5.3-118.4; P < 0.001). Of the open globe injuries, 61.5% worsened or showed no improvement in VA after 3 months compared with closed globe injuries (28.9%) (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.2-12.7; P = 0.015). Of cases presenting 7 or more days after trauma, 76.9% worsened or showed no improvement in VA after 3 months compared with those presenting in less than 7 days (27.7%) (OR, 8.7; 95% CI, 2.3-33.0; P < 0.001). Among those with work-related injuries, 23.1% had used eye protective devices (EPDs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ocular injuries in Central Sarawak were predominantly work related, occurring at industrial premises, and involving males and foreigners. Both open globe injuries and a delay in seeking treatment resulted in significantly poorer visual outcomes.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Ophthalmology and †Clinical Research Center, Sibu Hospital, Sarawak, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Geng-Yi
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: Shin-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Faisal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Humayun Akhter
authors.forename: Thomas Ngo-Hieng
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Teck-Hock
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Toh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060051:Occupational Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult