title: Targeted tumor therapy by Rubia tinctorum L.: analytical characterization of hydroxyanthraquinones and investigation of their selective cytotoxic, adhesion and migration modulator effects on melanoma cell lines (A2058 and HT168-M1).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alizarin and purpurin are di- and trihydroxyanthraquinones derived from Rubia tinctorum L. Previous pharmacological studies have demonstrated that they exhibit certain degree of selective inhibitory effects towards cancer cells suggesting their application as a targeted drug for cancer. Our present work was aimed to investigate the suitability of hydroxyanthraquinones of Rubia tinctorum L. for targeted tumor therapy. The effects of alizarin, purpurin and an aqueous extract from transformed hairy root culture of Rubia tinctorum L. were examined on (1) cell proliferation, (2) apoptosis, (3) cell adhesion/morphology and (4) migration (chemotaxis, chemokinesis) of human melanoma cell lines (A2058, HT168-M1) and human fibroblast cells (MRC-5), as well as (5) the aqueous extract was analytically characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aqueous extract was prepared from R. tinctorum hairy root culture and qualitatively analyzed by HPLC and ESI-MS methods. The cell growth inhibitory activity of anthraquinones was evaluated by MTT-assay and by flow cytometry. The effect of anthraquinones on cell adhesion was measured by an impedance based technique, the xCELLigence SP. For the chemotaxis assay NeuroProbe(®) chamber was used. Computer based holographic microscopy was applied to analyze chemokinetic responses as well as morphometry. Statistical significance was determined by the one-way ANOVA test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the aqueous extract, munjistin (Mr = 284, tR = 18.4 min) as a principal component and three minor anthraquinones (pseudopurpurin, rubiadin and nordamnacanthal) were identified. The purpurin elicited a stronger but not apoptosis-mediated antitumor effect in melanoma cells (A2058: 10(-6)-10(-5) M: 90.6-64.1 %) than in normal fibroblasts (10(-6)-10(-5) M: 97.6-84.8 %). The aqueous extract in equimolar concentrations showed the most potent cytotoxicity after 72 h incubation (A2058: 10(-6)-10(-5) M: 87.4-55.0 %). All tested substances elicited chemorepellent effect in melanoma cells, while in MRC-5 fibroblasts, only the alizarin exhibited such a repellent character. Indices of chemokinesis measured by holographic microscopy (migration, migration directness, motility and motility speed) were significantly enhanced by alizarin and purpurin as well, while morphometric changes were weak in the two melanoma cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results highlight the effective and selective inhibitory activity of purpurin towards melanoma cells and its possible use as a targeted anticancer agent. The anthraquinones of the cytotoxic extract are suggested to apply in drug delivery systems as an anticancer drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089 Hungary.
authors.forename: Eszter
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lajkó
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085 Hungary.
authors.forename: Péter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bányai
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089 Hungary.
authors.forename: Zsófia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zámbó
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085 Hungary.
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kursinszki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085 Hungary.
authors.forename: Éva
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Szőke
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089 Hungary.
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kőhidai
keywords: Cell adhesion; HPLC–MS/MS; Holographic microscope; Hydroxyanthraquinone; Impedimetry; Melanoma; Migration; Purpurin; Rubia tinctorum L.; Targeted therapy