title: Prehospital Spinal Immobilization: Effect of Effort on Kinematics of Voluntary Head-neck Motion Assessed using Accelerometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Standards for immobilizing potentially spine-injured patients in the prehospital environment are evolving. Current guidelines call for more research into treatment practices. Available research into spinal immobilization (SI) reveals a number of limitations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  There are currently few techniques for measuring head and neck motion that address identified limitations and can be adapted to clinically relevant scenarios. This study investigates one possible method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants were fitted with miniaturized accelerometers to record head motion. Participants were exposed to three levels of restraint: none, cervical-collar only, and full immobilization. In each condition, participants were instructed to move in single planes, with multiple iterations at each of four levels of effort. Participants were also instructed to move continuously in multiple planes, with iterations at each of three levels of simulated patient movement. Peak and average displacement and acceleration were calculated for each immobilization condition and level of effort. Comparisons were made with video-based measurement. Participant characteristics also were tracked.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acceleration and displacement of the head increased with effort and decreased with more restraint. In some conditions, participants generated measurable acceleration with minimal displacement. Continuous, multi-dimensional motions produced greater displacement and acceleration than single-plane motions under similar conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study results suggest a number of findings: acceleration complements displacement as a measure of motion in potentially spine-injured patients; participant effort has an effect on outcome measures; and continuous, multi-dimensional motion can produce results that differ from single-plane motions. Miniaturized accelerometers are a promising technology for future research to investigate these findings in realistic, clinically relevant scenarios.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Kinesiology and Applied Health,University of Winnipeg,Winnipeg,Manitoba,Canada.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pryce
authors.affiliation: 2Winnipeg Fire and Paramedic Service,Winnipeg,Manitoba,Canada.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009333:Neck; D013165:Splints; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: AO atlanto-occipital; EMS Emergency Medical Services; Emergency Medical Services; IMU inertial measurement unit; RMS root mean square; SI spinal immobilization; accelerometer; cervical range of motion; immobilization; spinal injuries