title: Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Very Low Hysteresis Prepared by Aggregation of Silica Nanoparticles During In Situ Urea-Formaldehyde Polymerization.
abstract: We present a new method for the preparation of superhydrophobic materials by in situ aggregation of silica nanoparticles on a surface during a urea-formaldehyde (UF) polymerization. This is a one-step process in which a two-tier topography is obtained. The polymerization is carried out for 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min on silicon shards. Silicon surfaces are sintered to remove the polymer. SEM and AFM show both an increase in the area covered by the nanoparticles and their aggregation with increasing polymerization time. Chemical vapor deposition of a fluorinated silane in the presence of a basic catalyst gives these surfaces hydrophobicity. Deposition of this low surface energy silane is confirmed by the F 1s signal in XPS. The surfaces show advancing water contact angles in excess of 160 degrees with very low hysteresis (< 7) after 120 min and 60 min polymerization times for 7 nm and 14 nm silica, respectively. Depositions are successfully demonstrated on glass substrates after they are primed with a UF polymer layer. Superhydrophobic surfaces can also be prepared on unsintered substrates.
authors.forename: Anubhav
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diwan
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Vipul
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Brian I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Delwyn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Telford
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Linford