title: Palladium Nanoparticle Incorporated Porous Activated Carbon: Electrochemical Detection of Toxic Metal Ions.
abstract: A facile method has been developed for fabricating selective and sensitive electrochemical sensors for the detection of toxic metal ions, which invokes incorporation of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) on porous activated carbons (PACs). The PACs, which were derived from waste biomass feedstock (fruit peels), possess desirable textural properties and porosities favorable for dispersion of Pd NPs (ca. 3-4 nm) on the graphitic PAC substrate. The Pd/PAC composite materials so fabricated were characterized by a variety of different techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, field-emission transmission electron microscopy, gas physisorption/chemisorption, thermogravimetric analysis, and Raman, Fourier-transform infrared, and X-ray photon spectroscopies. The Pd/PAC-modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) were exploited as electrochemical sensors for the detection of toxic heavy metal ions, viz., Cd(2+), Pb(2+), Cu(2+), and Hg(2+), which showed superior performances for both individual as well as simultaneous detections. For simultaneous detection of Cd(2+), Pb(2+), Cu(2+), and Hg(2+), a linear response in the ion concentration range of 0.5-5.5, 0.5-8.9, 0.5-5.0, and 0.24-7.5 μM, with sensitivity of 66.7, 53.8, 41.1, and 50.3 μA μM(-1) cm(-2), and detection limit of 41, 50, 66, and 54 nM, respectively, was observed. Moreover, the Pd/PAC-modified GCEs also show perspective applications in detection of metal ions in real samples, as illustrated in this study for a milk sample.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pitchaimani
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veerakumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology , Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Vediyappan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Veeramani
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology , Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shen-Ming
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology , Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Madhu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 10617, Taiwan.|Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei 11677, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shang-Bin
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008670:Metals / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity; D010165:Palladium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D010165:Palladium; D002244:Carbon
keywords: cyclic voltammetry; fruit peels; palladium nanoparticles; porous activated carbon; sensors; toxic metal ions