title: Prospects for the use of ipilimumab in treating advanced prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ipilimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that blocks Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) to potentiate antitumor T cell response. Ipilimumab is approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma based on improved overall survival. Clinical trials of ipilimumab in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) have demonstrated some clinical activity, but have largely been disappointing to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  Results of key clinical studies of ipilimumab in the treatment of prostate cancer, including clinical efficacy and toxicities, are summarized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is likely a clinical benefit to ipilimumab in a subset of mCRPC patients. The development of biomarkers for enrichment treatment strategies that select for patients most likely to benefit from ipilimumab is a top priority. Similarly, an understanding of the factors predictive of toxicity will be important in the development of future treatment approaches.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Xiao X
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: a Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.affiliation: a Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Small
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D008297:Male; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D000074324:Ipilimumab
keywords: Cancer immunotherapy; Yervoy; immune checkpoint; ipilimumab; prostate cancer