title: Effect of grinding and heat treatment on the mechanical behavior of zirconia ceramic.
abstract: The present study investigated the effect of grinding on roughness, flexural strength, and reliability of a zirconia ceramic before and after heat treatment. Seven groups were tested (n = 15): a control group (labeled CG, untreated), and six groups of samples ground with diamond discs, simulating diamond burs, with grits of 200 µm (G80); 160 µm (G120), and 25 µm (G600), either untreated or heat-treated at 1200°C for 2 h (labeled A). Yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystal discs were manufactured, ground, and submitted to roughness and crystalline phase analyses before the biaxial flexural strength test. There was no correlation between roughness (Ra and Rz) and flexural strength. The reliability of the materials was not affected by grinding or heat treatment, but the characteristic strength was higher after abrasion with diamond discs, irrespective of grit size. The X-ray diffraction data showed that grinding leads to a higher monoclinic (m) phase content, whereas heat treatment produces reverse transformation, leading to a fraction of m-phase in ground samples similar to that observed in the control group. However, after heat treatment, only the G80A samples presented strength similar to that of the control group, while the other groups showed higher strength values. When zirconia pieces must be adjusted for clinical use, a smoother surface can be obtained by employing finer-grit diamond burs. Moreover, when the amount of monoclinic phase is related to the degradation of zirconia, the laboratory heat treatment of ground pieces is indicated for the reverse transformation of zirconia crystals.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Science and Technology Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriela Freitas
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriel Kalil Rocha
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Science and Technology Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Felipe
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Valandro
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Science and Technology Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco Antonio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bottino
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D018130:Diamond / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018583:Pliability; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015019:Yttrium; D018130:Diamond; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide; C091417:yttria