title: In vitro antitumor activities of the lichen compounds olivetoric, physodic and psoromic acid in rat neuron and glioblastoma cells.
abstract: Context Since methods utilised in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are inadequate and have too many side effects, usage of herbal products in the treatment process comes into prominence. Lichens are symbiotic organisms used for medicinal purposes for many years. There are various anticancer treatments about components of two lichen species used in the present study. Objective Antitumor potential of three lichen secondary metabolites including olivetoric acid (OLA) and physodic acid (PHA) isolated from Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf (Parmeliaceae) and psoromic acid (PSA) isolated from Rhizoplaca melanophthalma (DC.) Leuckert (Lecanoraceae) were investigated on human U87MG-GBM cell lines and primary rat cerebral cortex (PRCC) cells for the first time. Materials and methods PRCC cells used as healthy brain cells were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats. The treatments were carried out on the cells cultured for 48 h. Cytotoxic effects of different concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/L) of metabolites on the cells were determined via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) analyses. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) parameters were used for assessing oxidative alterations. Oxidative DNA damage potentials of metabolites were investigated via evaluating 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) levels. Results Median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of OLA, PHA and PSA were 125.71, 698.19 and 79.40 mg/L for PRCC cells and 17.55, 410.72 and 56.22 mg/L for U87MG cells, respectively. It was revealed that cytotoxic effects of these metabolites showed positive correlation with concentration, LDH activity and oxidative DNA damage. Discussion and conclusion The present findings obtained in this study revealed that primarily OLA and then PSA had high potential for use in the treatment of GBM.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biology, Kamil Özdağ Faculty of Science , Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University , Karaman , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Bugrahan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Emsen
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biology Education, Kazım Karabekir Faculty of Education , Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aslan
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biology, Faculty of Science , Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Basak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Togar
authors.affiliation: d Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science , Erzurum Technical University , Erzurum , Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Turkez
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D001584:Benzoxepins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D003990:Dibenzoxepins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008011:Lichens / Q000737:chemistry; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012459:Salicylates / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D001584:Benzoxepins; D015415:Biomarkers; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D003990:Dibenzoxepins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012459:Salicylates; C514585:olivetoric acid; C574499:psoromic acid; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D003849:Deoxyguanosine; C043056:physodic acid
keywords: Cytotoxicity; genotoxicity; glioblastoma multiforme; oxidative status; secondary metabolite