title: Patient and staff doses in paediatric interventional cardiology derived from experimental measurements with phantoms.
abstract: The aim of this paper was to determine experimentally the entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) and kerma-area product (KAP) levels to patients and scatter doses at the cardiologist's eyes during paediatric interventional cardiology (IC) procedures for Chile, on the basis of measurements taken from X-ray systems characterization for different thicknesses of polymethyl methacrylate, together with the average values of fluoroscopy time and number of cine frames for ten paediatric IC procedures. The range of cumulative ESAK values when the different clinical procedures were simulated was from 2 to 1100 mGy. KAP values ranged from 0.30 to 150 Gy cm(2). Scatter doses at cardiologist's eyes for the simulated procedures ranged from 0.20 to 116 µSv per procedure. Large differences between the X-ray systems were found in our study. Standardized guidelines in terms of X-ray system setting and protocols should be developed for hospitals that perform paediatric IC procedures in Chile.
authors.affiliation: Medical Technology Department, Study Center in Radiological Sciences (CECRAD), Health Sciences Faculty, Tarapaca University, Arica, Chile. Electronic address: cubeda@uta.cl.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ubeda
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, Complutense University and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Eliseo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vano
authors.affiliation: Hemodynamic Department, Cardiovascular Service, Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Hemodynamic Department, Cardiovascular Service, Roberto del Rio Hospital, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.affiliation: Hemodynamic Department, Cardiovascular Service, Roberto del Rio Hospital, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Nemorino
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Riquelme
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Odontology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Dandaro
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dalmazzo
authors.affiliation: Medical Technology Department, Study Center in Radiological Sciences (CECRAD), Health Sciences Faculty, Tarapaca University, Arica, Chile.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galaz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000388:Air; D002309:Cardiology; D002648:Child; D002677:Chile; D005123:Eye / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010372:Pediatrics; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate
keywords: Eye doses; Interventional cardiology; Paediatric patient doses; Staff doses