title: [Short-term effect of CaCl₂on human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells proliferation and osteogenic differentiation].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of CaCl₂, a sodium alginate crosslinker, to stimulate cells for a short time period on human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) proliferation and osteogenic differentiation ability, and to determine the appropriate concentration of CaCl₂for post three-dimensional biological experiments.
  
  
  METHODS
  hASCs stimulated with or without CaCl₂at various concentrations were seeded and cultured in control medium and osteogenic medium, respectively. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) was used to estimate the cell proliferation level of each group. After 7 days of osteogenic induction, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and activity assays were performed using an ALP kit. After 14 days of osteogenic induction, alizarin red staining and quantitative detection were used to determine the calcium mineral density. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) tests for pairwise comparisons implemented in the SPSS 17.0 software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CCK-8 assays showed that the differences between the control groups and experimental groups were not statistically significant, so different concentrations of CaCl₂had no significant effect on hASCs proliferation. The ALP staining and activity assays showed that ALP activity first increased and then decreased as the CaCl₂concentration increased. Furthermore, the differences between all the groups were statistically significant (P<0.05), except the difference between the 50 mmol/L CaCl₂group and the 100 mmol/L CaCl₂group, and between the osteogenetic medium(OM) group and the 200 mmol/L CaCl₂group. Alizarin red staining and quantitative detection showed that the differences between all pairwise combinations of the groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). As the CaCl₂ concentration increased, the calcium deposition increased, initially in the form of a scattered sheet and eventually a laminated sheet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stimulation by a high concentration of CaCl₂over a short time period can enhance hASCs osteogenic differentiation ability, but has no effect on hASCs proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology; Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry, Ministry of Health; Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-fei
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology; Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry, Ministry of Health; Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Pei-jun
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology; Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry, Ministry of Health; Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology; Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry, Ministry of Health; Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology; Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry, Ministry of Health; Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Yu-chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology*; D000464:Alginates; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D009765:Obesity; D010012:Osteogenesis
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D002122:Calcium Chloride