title: Calibration Techniques for Accurate Measurements by Underwater Camera Systems.
abstract: Calibration of a camera system is essential to ensure that image measurements result in accurate estimates of locations and dimensions within the object space. In the underwater environment, the calibration must implicitly or explicitly model and compensate for the refractive effects of waterproof housings and the water medium. This paper reviews the different approaches to the calibration of underwater camera systems in theoretical and practical terms. The accuracy, reliability, validation and stability of underwater camera system calibration are also discussed. Samples of results from published reports are provided to demonstrate the range of possible accuracies for the measurements produced by underwater camera systems.
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia. mark.shortis@rmit.edu.au.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shortis
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008386:Marine Biology / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards
keywords: accuracy; calibration; camera; refraction; stability; underwater; validation