title: Exposure risk of young population to lead: A case study in Le'an River Basin in Jiangxi Province, China.
abstract: Blood lead (Pb) level of children has widely been attracting public concern in China, particularly in the sites near mining or industrial areas. However, the policies about how to efficiently reduce the Pb intake of children are still under discussion. We collected six food types based on the local dietary habits and soils from Dexing, Leping, and Poyang Counties situated along the Le'an River Basin from upstream to downstream, and their Pb contents were analyzed. A Monte Carlo model was used to simulate the dietary chronic daily intake of Pb (CDIPb) from various foods and ingested soil by hand-to-mouth activities and its non-carcinogenic risk to children indicated by hazard quotient (HQ). Only in the rural area of Dexing, its soil and vegetables both had higher Pb content than the national tolerance limits of China, resulting its the highest CDIPb among all the areas. The Pb contents of the six food types and soils in other sites were overall below the limits. Vegetables and rice accounted for from 63% (Leping, urban) to 85% (Dexing, rural) of the total CDIPb and ingested soil overall took up ∼6%. In the rural area, Dexing had the highest proportion (82.8%) of children with HQ > 1, followed by Leping (36.1%) and Poyang (27.7%). Different order was found in the urban areas, i.e. Dexing (46.7%) > Poyang (41.0%) > Leping (26.4%). Vegetables and rice were overall the two major contributors to the total CDI of Pb, which should be focused on to control the Pb intake by the local children, especially for those living in the rural area of Dexing County.
authors.affiliation: College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China. Electronic address: yuhe_f@sina.com.
authors.forename: Yanxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medical Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, PR China.
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhenghong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
authors.forename: Aizhong
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008906:Mining; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007854:Lead
keywords: Children; Chronic daily intake; Exposure risk; Food; Lead