title: Tobacco and e-cigarette use amongst illicit drug users in Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the rates and patterns of tobacco and e-cigarette use amongst two samples of illicit drug users in Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from the 2015 Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) and the 2015 Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS). These studies comprised cross-sectional samples of 888 people who inject drugs (PWID) and 763 regular psychostimulant users (RPU).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tobacco was consumed by the majority of both samples, however, use in the 6 months preceding interview was significantly higher amongst PWID (92.2%) than RPU (82.4% [OR 2.53 95% CI 1.86-3.44]). Inversely, PWID were less likely to have a history of e-cigarette use: 31.5% of PWID reported lifetime use of e-cigarettes (vs. 57.0% of RPU [OR 0.35 95% CI 0.28-0.42]) and 18.1% reported use in the 6 months preceding interview (vs. 33.7% of RPU [OR 0.44 95% CI 0.35-0.55]). PWID were more than three times as likely than RPU to report using e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool (OR 3.09 95% CI 2.03-4.71), but were less likely to use e-liquids that contained nicotine (OR 0.52 95% CI 0.32-0.83). Higher levels of poly drug use, daily tobacco use, recent use of synthetic cannabinoids and employment status were found to be significantly associated with e-cigarette use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of e-cigarettes was relatively common amongst Australian samples of PWID and RPU. Whilst the majority of PWID reported using e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool, it appears that RPU are using them for experimental or recreational purposes.
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Australia. Electronic address: rachels@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sindicich
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Entwistle
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Whittaker
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Raimondo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and the Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alati
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burns
mesh_terms: D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D055030:Drug Users / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: E-cigarettes; ENDS; Electronic cigarettes; Illicit drugs; Smoking; Tobacco