title: Intergenerational violence in Burundi: Experienced childhood maltreatment increases the risk of abusive child rearing and intimate partner violence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experiencing abuse during childhood affects the psychological well-being of individuals throughout their lives and may even influence their offspring by enhancing the likelihood of an intergenerational transmission of violence. Understanding the effects of childhood maltreatment on child-rearing practices and intimate partner violence might be of particular importance to overcome the consequences of violent conflicts in African societies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Using Burundi as an example, we aimed to explore the associations between childhood maltreatment, intimate partner violence, perceived partner intimidation, gender and the probability of violently acting out against one's own children or romantic partner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Amongst a sample of 141 men and 141 women in the capital of Burundi, we identified those who had biological children and those who lived or had lived in relationships. Using culturally appropriate instruments, we enquired about their exposure to childhood maltreatment and partner violence as well as their inclinations to act out violently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that childhood maltreatment and perceived partner intimidation were strong predictors for the perpetration of violence against children. Moreover, we found that women were more likely to use violence against children if they experienced partner violence and less likely to resort to violence if they felt intimidated. Men were more likely to perpetrate violence against their partner. Childhood maltreatment was again a strong predictor. The more women experienced partner violence, the more they fought back.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood maltreatment is a strong predictor for domestic violence and has to be addressed to interrupt the cycle of violence in post-conflict countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.|Department of Clinical Psychology, University Lumière of Bujumbura, Bujumbura, Burundi.|NGO Vivo International e.V., Konstanz, Germany; anselm.crombach@uni-konstanz.de.
authors.forename: Anselm
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crombach
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University Lumière of Bujumbura, Bujumbura, Burundi.
authors.forename: Manassé
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bambonyé
keywords: Burundi; Childhood maltreatment; cycle of violence; intimate partner intimidation; intimate partner violence