title: Frailty Syndrome in Heart Failure Patients who are Receiving Cardiac Resynchronization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We hypothesized that patients with de novo cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) implantation had a more intense frailty syndrome when compared to the patients who qualified for a system upgrade.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and six patients aged ≥65 years were included. They were divided into two groups: de novo CRT implantation--74 patients and upgrade from standard right heart pacing--32 patients. A CRT was finally implanted in all of the patients. Frailty was evaluated using the Canadian Study of Health and Aging Clinical Frailty Scale (CSHA-CFS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average results in CSHA-CFS were statistically higher (5.3 ± 0.8) in the de novo patients when compared to the patients who qualified for a system upgrade (4.9 ± 0.8); P = 0.027. Frailty syndrome was recognized in 81.1% of the patients in the de novo group and in 68.7% of the patients in the upgrade group; P = 0.164. Only one patient of the 106 had no attributes of frailty (or exposed ones) syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frailty syndrome is a common phenomenon in patients with heart failure and over 65 years of age. The syndrome is most often recognized in patients who are de novo qualified for cardiac resynchronization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Nursing, Chair of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.|Department of Electrocardiology, Upper Silesian Heart Centre, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mlynarska
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrocardiology, Upper Silesian Heart Centre, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Rafal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mlynarski
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrocardiology, Upper Silesian Heart Centre, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biernat
authors.affiliation: Unit for Noninvasive Cardiovascular Diagnostics, 3rd Chair of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sosnowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrocardiology, Upper Silesian Heart Centre, Katowice, Poland.|Department of Electrocardiology and Heart Failure, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Golba
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D058406:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: cardiac resynchronization therapy; cardioverter defibrillator; frailty; heart failure; pacemaker