title: Clinical and surgical implications regarding morphometric variations of the medial wall of the orbit in relation to age and gender.
abstract: The ethmoidal foramens are located on the medial wall of the orbit and are key reference points for intraoperative orientation. Detailed knowledge of the anatomy, bony landmarks and morphometric characteristics of the medial wall of the orbit is essential for various surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric variations in the medial wall of the orbit and establish significant variations regarding age and gender. A total of 110 orbits were analyzed and subdivided by age (over or under 40 years) and gender. The distances of the medial wall of the orbit between the anterior lacrimal crest, the ethmoidal foramen, the optic canal and the interforamina were determined. Safe surgical areas were sought. Statistical tests were used to determine the differences between groups. In men, there is a safe surgical area proximal to the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen. In women, this area is in the posterior third of the medial wall of the orbit between the posterior ethmoidal foramen and the optic canal. Regarding variation according to age, the results of this study suggested that the anteroposterior diameter of the medial wall increases with age. This study showed that the anteroposterior total length of the medial orbit wall is similar between genders of similar age, increases with age, and has significant variations in the distances between the various structures that make up the medial orbit wall with regard to gender and age.
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Research Group (GIA), Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Ave. Madero s/n Col. Mitras Centro, C.P.64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. rodolfot59@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morales-Avalos
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Research Group (GIA), Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Ave. Madero s/n Col. Mitras Centro, C.P.64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: Arlette Gabriela
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Santos-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Research Group (GIA), Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Ave. Madero s/n Col. Mitras Centro, C.P.64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: Cesia Gisela
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Ávalos-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mohamed-Noriega
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (U.N.A.M.), Mexico, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Mejorada
authors.affiliation: Service of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montemayor-Alatorre
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Research Group (GIA), Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Ave. Madero s/n Col. Mitras Centro, C.P.64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Martínez-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Research Group (GIA), Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Ave. Madero s/n Col. Mitras Centro, C.P.64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: Abraham G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Espinosa-Uribe
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jibran
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mohamed-Noriega
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: Edgar E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Cuervo-Lozano
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mohamed-Hamsho
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Research Group (GIA), Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Ave. Madero s/n Col. Mitras Centro, C.P.64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Quiroga-García
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Research Group (GIA), Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Ave. Madero s/n Col. Mitras Centro, C.P.64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: Roberto A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lugo-Guillen
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Research Group (GIA), Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Ave. Madero s/n Col. Mitras Centro, C.P.64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: Santos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guzmán-López
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Research Group (GIA), Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L.), Ave. Madero s/n Col. Mitras Centro, C.P.64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rodrigo E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Elizondo-Omaña
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005004:Ethmoid Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anterior lacrimal crest; Ethmoid sinusitis; Ethmoidal foramen; Medial wall; Mucormycosis; Optic canal; Optic neuritis; Orbit