title: The cost of failure: The economic impact of failed primary closure in classic bladder exstrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Failure of primary closure in classic bladder exstrophy (CBE) is a significant cause of morbidity, and yet its relative economic impact has not been well characterized. The authors aim to determine whether CBE patients who underwent failed primary closure incur greater economic burden in the year following their successful closure than those patients who underwent a successful primary closure.
  
  
  METHODS
  After institutional review board approval CBE patients who were successfully closed between 1993 and 2013 were identified in an institutional exstrophy-epispadias database. Patients who were never closed at the study institution and those who had no documented successful closure were excluded. Inpatient hospital charges, hospital costs, and professional fees were collected for the year following successful closure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  162 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and accounted for 312 inpatient admissions in the year following and including their respective successful bladder closures. 62 of the patients failed their primary closure and the remaining 100 succeeded. Adjusting for covariates, patients who underwent successful primary closure experienced a reduction in inpatient hospital charges of $8497, hospital costs of $9046 and professional fees of $11,180 in the year following their successful closure compared to those patients who failed their primary closure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apart from the self-evident financial advantages of a successful primary closure, namely the avoidance of reclosure, there appears to be a lasting negative financial impact of failed primary closure even after these patients undergo successful reclosure at the study institution.
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, Baltimore, MD, United States. Electronic address: chesh1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hesh
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, Baltimore, MD, United States.
authors.forename: Ezekiel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Financial Analysis Unit, Baltimore, MD, United States.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Intihar
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, Baltimore, MD, United States.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gearhart
mesh_terms: D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005251:Fees, Medical; D005260:Female; D017722:Hospital Charges; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*
keywords: Bladder exstrophy; Costs; Pediatric urology