title: Triptolide attenuated injury via inhibiting oxidative stress in Amyloid-Beta25-35-treated differentiated PC12 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, an abnormal deposition of Amyloid-Beta (Aβ) was considered the primary cause of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). And how to inhibit the cytotoxicity is considered an important target for the treatment of AD. Triptolide (TP), a purified diterpenoid from the herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. (TWHF), has potential neuroprotective effects pertinent to disease of the nervous system. However, whether triptolide and its specific mechanisms have protective functions in differentiated PC12 cells treated with Aβ25-35 remain unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose is to investigate the protective functions of triptolide in Aβ25-35-stimulated differentiated PC12 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the study, we use 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, flow cytometry assay, immunohistochemical staining and Western blot to observe the effects of triptolide on cytotoxicity induced by Aβ25-35 and its mechanism of oxidative stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The result of MTT and LDH assay indicates that triptolide protected PC12 cells against Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity. The flow cytometry assay shows that triptolide attenuated Aβ25-35-induced apoptosis in differentiated PC12 cells. Meanwhile, the results give a clear indication that triptolide could downregulate generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) induced by Aβ25-35. The apoptotic process triggered by triptolide involved the up-regulation of the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that triptolide may serve as an important role in the inhibition of the cell apoptosis induced by Aβ and the decreased oxidative stress is a key mechanism in the protective effect of triptolide in AD.
authors.affiliation: School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China. Electronic address: pjxu1984@tjutcm.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Pengjuan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Zhigui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D016716:PC12 Cells; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism*; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D029757:Tripterygium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D004224:Diterpenes; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010616:Phenanthrenes; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C074636:amyloid beta-protein (25-35); C001899:triptolide; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: Alzheimer's disease (AD); Amyloid-Beta(25–35) (Aβ(25–35)); Differentiated PC12 cells; Reactive oxygen species (ROS); Triptolide