title: Gender Trends in Radiology Authorship: A 35-Year Analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to describe trends over time in female authorship in the radiology literature and to investigate the tendency of female first authors to publish with female senior authors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on the gender of academic physician authors based in the United States for all major articles published in three general radiology journals--Radiology, AJR, and Academic Radiology--were collected and analyzed for the years 1978, 1988, 1998, 2008, and 2013. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify significant trends over time, and a chi-square test of independence was performed to determine significant relations between the genders of first and senior authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gender of 4182 of 4217 (99.17%) authors with MD degrees was determined. The proportion of original research articles published by women as first authors increased from 8.33% in 1978 to 32.35% in 2013 (p < 0.001). The proportion of original research articles with women as senior authors increased from 6.75% in 1978 to 21.90% in 2013 (p < 0.001). Female first and senior authorship increased significantly over time (first author, p < 0.001; senior author, p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant relation between the genders of first and senior authors of original research articles and guest editorials (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over 35 years, there was a statistically significant upward linear trend of female physician participation in authorship of academic radiology literature. Female first authors were more likely to publish with female senior authors.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208042, Tompkins East 2, New Haven, CT 06520.
authors.forename: Crystal L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Scheel
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.|3 Department of Health Service, University of Washington School of Public Health, Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Christoph I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208042, Tompkins East 2, New Haven, CT 06520.|4 Yale University School of Public Health; Yale University School of Management; Department of Economics, Yale College, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Howard P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Forman
mesh_terms: D001319:Authorship; D015706:Bibliometrics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000639:trends*; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011871:Radiology; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: gender; medical literature; radiology; women physicians; workforce issues