title: Ingestion of frying fat leads to activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced unfolded protein response in the duodenal mucosa of pigs.
abstract: METHODS
  Ingestion of oxidized fats (OF) causes activation of stress signaling pathways such as nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the intestine. Activation of this pathway is mediated by ER stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR). Herein, we hypothesized that ingestion of OF causes ER stress-induced UPR in duodenal mucosa of pigs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six-wk-old cross-bred pigs received either a control diet with fresh fat or a diet with OF for 29 days. Pigs fed OF exhibited increased phosphorylation of the ER stress downstream target eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α and induction of several genes involved in ER stress-induced UPR and Nrf2 target genes in duodenal mucosa. No signs of an impaired intestinal barrier function or a systemic inflammatory response could be found in pigs fed OF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activation of ER stress-induced UPR by OF in the duodenal mucosa in pigs might be interpreted as a cytoprotective response to stress factors associated with ingestion of OF. Given the similarities between pigs and humans with respect to digestive physiology, it is possible that regular ingestion of fried foods containing OF activates the ER stress-induced UPR also in the intestinal mucosa of humans.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ringseis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kynast
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Couturier
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Most
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003296:Cooking; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004386:Duodenum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D004435:Eating; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034421:Sus scrofa; D056811:Unfolded Protein Response / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D011506:Proteins
keywords: Deep frying; ER stress; Intestine; Oxidized fat; Pig