title: Dietary patterns and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A population-based case-control study in a rural population.
abstract: Few studies were available in exploring the roles of dietary patterns in the development of esophageal cancer, especially in China. This study aimed to investigate the roles of dietary patterns in the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in a Chinese rural population.
  
  
  
  A population-based cases-control study was designed and conducted in Yanting County, Sichuan Province of China during two years (between June 2011 and May 2013). A total of 942 pairs of ESCC cases and controls were recruited. A food frequency questionnaire was adopted to collect information of dietary consumption. Dietary patterns were extracted by using principle component and factor analysis based on 24 dietary groups. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by using logistic regression model, with adjustment for possible confounding variables.
  
  
  
  Four major dietary patterns were identified, which were labeled as "prudent", "vegetable and fruits", "processed food" and "alcohol drinking". In comparison of the highest with the lowest quartiles of pattern scores, the processed food pattern (OR: 2.84, 95% CI: 2.13-3.80) and alcohol drinking pattern (OR: 2.69, 95% CI: 1.95-3.71) were significantly associated with an increased risk of ESCC, while the vegetable and fruit pattern (OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.53-0.92) was associated with reduced risk by 30%. The prudent pattern was associated with a reduced risk by 33% (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.50-0.88) in a multivariate logistic regression model, but no statistical significance was reached in a composite model.
  
  
  
  The results suggest an important role of dietary patterns in ESCC. Diets rich in vegetables and fruits may decrease the risk of ESCC, whereas diets rich in processed food and drinking alcohol may increase the risk.
authors.affiliation: JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: liuxudong@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Xudong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Occupational and Environmental Health Academy, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: xrwang2000@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Xiaorong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Occupational and Environmental Health Academy, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: shlin@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Sihao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: xqlao@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Xiangqian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lao
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China. Electronic address: szhaojin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Therapeutic Vaccine, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, China. Electronic address: Songqingkun@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Qingkun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: xuefensu@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Xuefen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Occupational and Environmental Health Academy, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: iyu@hoeha.org.hk.
authors.forename: Ignatius
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tak-Sun Yu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D044466:Asian People; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: Case–control design; Chinese rural population; Dietary pattern; Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; Principle component and factor analysis