title: Three-dimensional endoscopy in transnasal transsphenoidal approach to clival chordomas.
abstract: The purpose of this prospective, observational study was to evaluate the management of skull base chordomas surgically resected via a 3D-endoscopic transnasal approach.
  
  
  
  Thirteen consecutive patients were observed and only 9 were surgically treated using a 3D-endoscopic transnasal approach assisted by a novel 3D visualization system.
  
  
  
  Nine consecutive male patients (mean age, 57.4 years) underwent exclusive 3D-endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal resection of clival chordomas; gross total resection was achieved in 66.6% of cases (6 of 9 patients), near-total resection in 11.2% (1 of 9 patients), and partial resection in 22.2% (2 of 9 patients). The complications observed were 2 cases of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and 1 case of temporary VI cranial nerve palsy.
  
  
  
  No discomfort was recorded; when a dura opening was required, 3D vision allowed an accurate intradural sharp dissection and a precise repair of the skull base. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1814-E1819, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, First Ear, Nose, and Throat Division, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garzaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zenga
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, First Ear, Nose, and Throat Division, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Raimondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pacca
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pennacchietti
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, First Ear, Nose, and Throat Division, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ducati
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, First Ear, Nose, and Throat Division, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pecorari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002817:Chordoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003388:Cranial Fossa, Posterior / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: 3D endoscopy; clivus chordoma; transnasal; transsphenoidal; video-assisted surgery