title: Comparison of the dietary intakes of individuals with and without type 1 diabetes in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to compare the dietary intakes of individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) to individuals without diabetes in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are from 1) the 3C Nutrition Ancillary Study, a cross-sectional study of individuals with T1D in China, and 2) the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Dietary intake in both samples was assessed using three 24-hour recalls. ANCOVA and multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for sex, age, and urban-rural residence, were used to assess differences in nutrient and food group intake between participants without diabetes (n=1059) and participants with T1D (n=97), who were stratified by insulin regimen (basal-bolus, n=49, versus fixed, n=48).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with T1D had a lower percentage of energy from carbohydrates, higher vegetable intake, and were more likely to consume lowfat cakes and fungi/sea weed compared to participants without diabetes (all p<0.05). Distinguishing characteristics of insulin regimen groups also emerged. Participants on fixed regimens had higher intakes of wheat and were less likely to consume fruit and more likely to consume high-fat cakes and dairy compared to participants without diabetes (all p<0.05). Participants on basal-bolus regimens were less likely to consume fried foods and more likely to consume fish/shellfish compared to participants without diabetes (all p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in dietary intake between participants with and without T1D in China suggest that dietary modifications are common and reflect carbohydrate-conscious nutrition recommendations for individuals with T1D. Future research should focus on the health effects of these modifications.
authors.affiliation: Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Email: ljaacks@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Lindsay M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Jaacks
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.
authors.forename: Shufa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crandell
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Linong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rosamond
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Popkin
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mayer-Davis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017747:Seafood; D014908:Triticum; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D007328:Insulin