title: Evidence of zoonotic Poxviridae coinfections in clinically diagnosed papillomas using a newly developed mini-array test.
abstract: Our study describes a newly developed mini-array test for the rapid detection of poxviruses in animals and humans. The method is based on detection that combines target nucleic acid amplification by polymerase chain reaction and specific hybridization, using enzyme-linked antibodies, allowing identification of zoonotic orthopoxviruses and parapoxviruses in animal and human biological samples. With 100% specificity, the test rules out the possibility of cross-reactions with viral agents causing look-alike diseases. The assay was employed in the field to investigate the causes of several outbreaks of a malignant proliferative skin disease that affected domestic ruminants in Sicily during 2011-2014. Due to specific aspects of the lesions, the animals were clinically diagnosed with papillomatosis. The mini-array test allowed the identification of coinfections caused by more than 1 viral species belonging to the Parapoxvirus and Orthopoxvirus genera, either in goats or in cattle. Our study suggests that the so-called "papillomatosis" can be the result of multiple infections with epitheliotropic viruses, including zoonotic poxviruses that cannot be properly identified with classical diagnostic techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio) alessand.scagliarini@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scagliarini
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio).
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casà
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio).
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Trentin
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio).
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gallina
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio).
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Savini
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio).
authors.forename: Marine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morent
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio).
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lavazza
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio).
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puleio
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio).
authors.forename: Calogera
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buttaci
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio).
authors.forename: Vincenza
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cannella
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio).
authors.forename: Giuseppa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Purpari
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio).
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Di Marco
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio).
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Piquemal
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio).
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guercio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D060085:Coinfection; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D006041:Goats; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D011212:Poxviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011213:Poxviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D012802:Sicily / Q000453:epidemiology; D015047:Zoonoses
keywords: Diagnosis; Orthopoxvirus; Parapoxvirus; epitheliotropic virus; mini-array test; papilloma