title: New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Saphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) from the Eastern Palaearctic, with a re-appraisal of known species world-wide.
abstract: Fifteen new species of cynipid inquilines, Saphonecrus chinensis Tang & Schwéger, S. gilvus Melika & Schwéger, S. globosus Schwéger & Tang, S. leleyi Melika & Schwéger, S. lithocarpii Schwéger & Melika, S. longinuxi Schwéger & Melika, S. morii Schwéger & Tang, S. nantoui Tang, Schwéger & Melika, S. nichollsi Schwéger & Melika, S. pachylomai Schwéger, Tang & Melika, S. robustus Schwéger & Melika, S. saliciniai Melika, Tang & Schwéger, S. shanzhukui Melika & Tang, S. symbioticus Melika & Schwéger, and S. taitungi Schwéger, Tang & Melika, from the Eastern Palaearctic are described. Descriptions, diagnoses, biology, and host associations for the new species, and a key to Palaearctic Saphonecrus species are given. All new taxa form distinct units as demonstrated by the molecular phylogenetic analyses of Palaearctic Saphonecrus species. The status of some earlier described Saphonecrus species is discussed also. The Synergini genus Lithonecrus Nieves-Aldrey & Butterill, 2014 is synonymized with Lithosaphonecrus Tang, Melika & Bozsó, 2013. Three Saphonecrus species are transferred to Synergus: Synergus brevis (Weld) comb. nova, Synergus hupingshanensis (Liu, Yang & Zhu) comb. nova, and Synergus yukawai (Wachi, Ide & Abe) comb. nova. Synophrus vietnamensis Abe, Ide, Konishi & Ueno is transferred to Lithosaphonecrus: Lithosaphonecrus vietnamensis Abe, Ide, Konishi & Ueno), comb. nova. The current number of valid Saphonecrus species worldwide is 36.
authors.affiliation: University of Szeged, Department of Ecology, Közép fasor 52 Szeged, Hungary.; Email: schwegerszabina@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Szabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwéger
authors.affiliation: Plant Health and Molecular Biology Laboratory, National Food Chain Safety Office, Directorate of Plant Protection, Soil Conservation and Agri-environment, Budaörsi str. 141-145, Budapest 1118, Hungary.; Email: melikageorge@gmail.com.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Melika
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan.; Email: cynipidsman@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chang-Ti
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan; Email: cynipidsman@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Man-Miao
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Scotland, U.K.; Email: graham.stone@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Graham N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Scotland, U.K.; Email: james.nicholls@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Scotland, U.K.; Email: frazer_sinclair@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Frazer
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Scotland, U.K; Email: j.hearn@sms.ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hearn
authors.affiliation: Plant Health and Molecular Biology Laboratory, National Food Chain Safety Office, Directorate of Plant Protection, Soil Conservation and Agri-environment, Budaörsi str. 141-145, Budapest 1118, Hungary.; Email: mikitv.bozs@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Miklós
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bozsó
authors.affiliation: University of Szeged, Department of Ecology, Közép fasor 52 Szeged, Hungary and Biological Resesarch Center of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics, Temesvári krt 62, Szeged, Hungary.; Email: penzes@bio.u-szeged.hu.
authors.forename: Zsolt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pénzes
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000825:Animal Structures / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D006927:Hymenoptera / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D010802:Phylogeny