title: A systematic review of cognitive rehabilitation for bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been shown that bipolar disorder (BD) has a direct impact on neurocognitive functioning and behavior. This finding has prompted studies to investigate cognitive enhancement programs as potential treatments for BD, primarily focusing on cognitive reinforcement and daily functioning and not restricted to psychoeducation and coping strategies, unlike traditional psychosocial treatments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study presents a systematic review of controlled trials of cognitive rehabilitation (CR) for BD. Our main objective is to describe the results of studies of rehabilitation programs for BD and related methodological issues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic database searches (MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase) were conducted to identify articles using terms related to BD and CR. The methodological quality of each article was measured using the 5-item Jadad scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 239 articles were initially identified, but after application of exclusion criteria, only four were retained for this review. An average of 17 hours of intervention sessions were conducted, distributed as 0.95 hours per week and three of the four studies reported better executive function performance after CR interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We did not find robust evidence to support cognitive rehabilitation as an effective treatment for BD, because of: 1) the variety of intervention designs; 2) the methodological limitations of the studies; and 3) the lack of studies in the field.
authors.affiliation: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kluwe-Schiavon
authors.affiliation: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago Wendt
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.affiliation: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mateus Luz
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Levandowski
authors.affiliation: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa Rezende
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Bortolotto
authors.affiliation: PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leo Schuch
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Azevedo e Souza
authors.affiliation: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Saulo Gantes
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Tractenberg
authors.affiliation: PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tárcio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans