title: Comparison of two- and three-dimensional sonography for the prediction of the extrathyroidal extension of papillary thyroid carcinomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic validity of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography (US) when predicting the extrathyroidal extension of papillary thyroid cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 2D data were interpreted in real time and 3D data were stored, rendered using tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI), and then reviewed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extrathyroidal extension was present in 17 papillary thyroid cancers(24.3%) on pathology reports. The presence of contact was significantly associated with extrathyroidal extension on both 2D and 3D US (p = 0.007 and p = 0.003), and the sensitivity and specificity were not significantly different between 2D and 3D US (p = 1.000 and p = 0.754). The coexistence of protrusion and contact was not significantly associated with extrathyroidal extension on either 2D or 3D sonogram.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional images rendered with TUI algorithms alone do not seem to be markedly superior to real-time 2D US in predicting the extrathyroidal extension of papillary thyroid cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Busan Veterans Hospital, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Yang Seon
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea ; Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Won Jin
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kim Yong Ki Internal Medicine Clinic, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Min Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kim Yong Ki Internal Medicine Clinic, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kim Yong Ki Internal Medicine Clinic, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Bo Gwang
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Yun Kyung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Bo Hyun
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Joo
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Geun
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea ; Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: In Joo
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kim Yong Ki Internal Medicine Clinic, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Ki
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000077273:Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Extrathyroidal extension; Three-dimensional ultrasonography; Thyroid neoplasm; Tomographic ultrasound imaging; Tumor staging