title: Screening and Confirmatory Analyses of Flunixin in Tissues and Bodily Fluids after Intravenous or Intramuscular Administration to Cull Dairy Cows with or without Lipopolysaccharide Challenge.
abstract: Twenty cull dairy cows (645 ± 83 kg) were treated with 2.2 mg/kg bw flunixin by intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) administration with, or without, exposure to lipopolysaccharide in a two factor balanced design. The usefulness of screening assays to identify violative flunixin levels in a variety of easily accessible ante-mortem fluids in cattle was explored. Two animals with violative flunixin liver residue and/or violative 5-hydroxy flunixin milk residues were correctly identified by a flunixin liver ELISA screen. Oral fluid did not produce anticipated flunixin concentration profiles using ELISA determination. One cow that had liver and milk violative residues, and one cow that had a milk violation at the prescribed withdrawal period were correctly identified by flunixin milk lateral flow analyses. The ratio of urinary flunixin and 5-hydroxy flunixin may be useful for predicting disruption of metabolism caused by disease or other factors potentially leading to violative liver flunixin residues.
authors.affiliation: USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States.
authors.forename: Weilin L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Shelver
authors.affiliation: USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Tell
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States.
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Baynes
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States.
authors.forename: Jim E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Riviere
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D003002:Clonixin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; C014557:flunixin; D003002:Clonixin
keywords: ELISA; concentration; flunixin; food safety; route of administration