title: Application of biogenic carbon dioxide produced by yeast with different carbon sources for attraction of mosquitoes towards adult mosquito traps.
abstract: Surveillance is a prime requisite for controlling arthropod vectors like mosquitoes that transmit diseases such as malaria, dengue and chikungunya. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the main cues from vertebrate breath that attracts mosquitoes towards the host. Hence, CO2 is used as an attractant during surveillance of mosquitoes either from commercial cylinders or dry ice for mosquito traps. In the present study, the biogenic carbon dioxide production was optimized with different carbon sources such as glucose, simple sugar and jaggery with and without yeast peptone dextrose (YPD) media using commercial baker's yeast. The results showed that yeast produced more biogenic CO2 with simple sugar as compared to other carbon sources. Further substrate concentration was optimized for the continuous production of biogenic CO2 for a minimum of 12 h by using 10 g of baker's yeast with 50 g of simple sugar added to 1.5 l distilled water (without YPD media) in a 2-l plastic bottle. This setup was applied in field condition along with two different mosquito traps namely Mosquito Killing System (MKS) and Biogents Sentinel (BGS) trap. Biogenic CO2 from this setup has increased the trapping efficiency of MKS by 6.48-fold for Culex quinquefasciatus, 2.62-fold for Aedes albopictus and 1.5-fold for Anopheles stephensi. In the case of BGS, the efficiency was found to be increased by 3.54-fold for Ae. albopictus, 4.33-fold for An. stephensi and 1.3-fold for Armigeres subalbatus mosquitoes. On the whole, plastic bottle setup releasing biogenic CO2 from sugar and yeast has increased the efficiency of MKS traps by 6.38-fold and 2.74-fold for BGS traps as compared to traps without biogenic CO2. The present study reveals that, among different carbon sources used, simple sugar as a substance (which is economical and readily available across the world) yielded maximum biogenic CO2 with yeast. This setup can be used as an alternative to CO2 cylinder and dry ice in any adult mosquito traps to enhance their trapping efficiency of a mosquito surveillance programme.
authors.affiliation: Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474 002, India. sukumarand@drde.drdo.in.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sukumaran
authors.affiliation: Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474 002, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ponmariappan
authors.affiliation: Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474 002, India.
authors.forename: Atul K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474 002, India.
authors.forename: Hemendra K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Jha
authors.affiliation: Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474 002, India.
authors.forename: Yogesh H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wasu
authors.affiliation: Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474 002, India.
authors.forename: Ajay K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009033:Culicidae / Q000502:physiology*; D004367:Dry Ice; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D015003:Yeasts / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004367:Dry Ice; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002244:Carbon
keywords: Arthropod vectors; Biogenic CO2; Biogents Sentinel trap; Mosquito Killing System; Mosquitoes; Surveillance; Yeast