title: A model to secure a stable iodine concentration in milk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dairy products account for approximately 60% of the iodine intake in the Norwegian population. The iodine concentration in cow's milk varies considerably, depending on feeding practices, season, and amount of iodine and rapeseed products in cow fodder. The variation in iodine in milk affects the risk of iodine deficiency or excess in the population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The first goal of this study was to develop a model to predict the iodine concentration in milk based on the concentration of iodine and rapeseed or glucosinolate in feed, as a tool to securing stable iodine concentration in milk. A second aim was to estimate the impact of different iodine levels in milk on iodine nutrition in the Norwegian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two models were developed on the basis of results from eight published and two unpublished studies from the past 20 years. The models were based on different iodine concentrations in the fodder combined with either glucosinolate (Model 1) or rapeseed cake/meal (Model 2). To illustrate the impact of different iodine concentrations in milk on iodine intake, we simulated the iodine contribution from dairy products in different population groups based on food intake data in the most recent dietary surveys in Norway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The models developed could predict iodine concentration in milk. Cross-validation showed good fit and confirmed the explanatory power of the models. Our calculations showed that dairy products with current iodine level in milk (200 µg/kg) cover 68, 49, 108 and 56% of the daily iodine requirements for men, women, 2-year-old children, and pregnant women, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Securing a stable level of iodine in milk by adjusting iodine concentration in different cow feeds is thus important for preventing excess intake in small children and iodine deficiency in pregnant and non-pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; gisken.troan@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Gisken
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trøan
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Lisbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Helle Margrete
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Meltzer
authors.affiliation: Tine SA, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Marianne Hope
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Ulf Geir
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Indahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haug
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Egil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prestløkken
keywords: diet; fodder; iodine; milk; model; rapeseed