title: Evaluation of calving indicators measured by automated monitoring devices to predict the onset of calving in Holstein dairy cows.
abstract: Dystocias are common in dairy cows and often adversely affect production, reproduction, animal welfare, labor, and economics within the dairy industry. An automated device that accurately predicts the onset of calving could potentially minimize the effect of dystocias by enabling producers to intervene early. Although many well-documented indicators can detect the imminence of calving, research is limited on their effectiveness to predict calving when measured by automated devices. The objective of this experiment was to determine if a decrease in vaginal temperature (VT), rumination (RT), and lying time (LT), or an increase in lying bouts (LB), as measured by 3 automated devices, could accurately predict the onset of calving within 24, 12, and 6 h. The combination of these 4 calving indicators was also evaluated. Forty-two multiparous Holstein cows housed in tie-stalls were fitted with a temperature logger inserted in the vaginal cavity 7±2 d before their expected calving date; VT was recorded at 1-min intervals. An ear-attached sensor recorded rumination time every hour based on ear movement while an accelerometer fitted to the right hind leg recorded cow position at 1-min intervals. On average, VT were 0.3±0.03°C lower, and RT and LT were 41±17 and 52±28 min lower, respectively, on the calving day compared with the previous 4 d. Cows had 2±1 more LB on the calving day. Of the 4 indicators, a decrease in VT≥0.1°C was best able to predict calving within the next 24 h with a sensitivity of 74%, specificity of 74%, positive and negative predictive values of 51 and 89%, and area under the curve of 0.80. Combining the indicators enhanced the performance to predict calving within the next 24, 12, and 6 h with best overall results obtained by combining the 3 devices for prediction within the next 24 h (sensitivity: 77%, specificity: 77%, positive and negative predictive values: 56 and 90%, area under the curve: 0.82). These results indicate that a device that could simultaneously measure these 4 calving indicators could not precisely determine the onset of calving, but the information collected would assist dairy farmers in monitoring the onset of calving.
authors.affiliation: Département de sciences animales, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ouellet
authors.affiliation: Organic Dairy Research Center, University of Guelph, Campus d'Alfred, Ontario, K0B 1A0, Canada.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vasseur
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heuwieser
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Burfeind
authors.affiliation: Département de génie électrique et de génie informatique, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Maldague
authors.affiliation: Département de sciences animales, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada. Electronic address: edith.charbonneau@fsaa.ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: É
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Charbonneau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods*; D004420:Dystocia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D010298:Parity; D036801:Parturition / Q000502:physiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014621:Vagina / Q000502:physiology
keywords: calving indicator; dairy cow; onset of calving; test performance