title: Cigarette Smoking and Breast Cancer Risk in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Women: The Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few epidemiological studies have included Hispanics with the evaluation of the effects of cigarette smoking and breast cancer. We examined the relationship between cigarette smoking, ethnicity, and breast cancer risk using data from the Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study (BCHDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The BCHDS is a consortium of three population-based case-control studies, including U.S. non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) (1,525 cases; 1,593 controls), U.S. Hispanics/Native Americans (1,265 cases; 1,495 controls), and Mexican women (990 cases; 1,049 controls). Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breast cancer risk was elevated among Mexican former smokers (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.04-1.96) and among those who smoked ≥ 31 years (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.13-3.35), compared to never smokers. In addition, Mexican former smokers with a history of alcohol consumption had increased breast cancer risk (OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.01-5.21). Among NHW premenopausal women, breast cancer risk was increased for smoking ≥ 20 cigarettes per day (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.07-2.41).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest the possibility of ethnic differences with the associations between cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.|2 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Avonne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Kathy B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pinkston
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Stephanie D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Boone
authors.affiliation: 3 Cancer Prevention Institute of California , Fremont, California.|4 Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Esther M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: John
authors.affiliation: 5 Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional , Cuernavaca, Morelos, México .
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Torres-Mejía
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Biology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs , Colorado Springs, Colorado.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.affiliation: 7 H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center & Research Institute , Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Giuliano
authors.affiliation: 8 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Roger K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.affiliation: 8 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Slattery
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000208:ethnology*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D017697:Premenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*