title: Breastfeeding is associated with waist-to-height ratio in young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current study investigated the association between breastfeeding and adult weight distribution using an emerging indicator of weight distribution, the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample consisted of two subsamples of individuals that were part of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. One sample (n = 1,179) consisted of individuals from the sibling pair data. A second sample (n = 4,648) consisted of individuals that were not part of the paired data. Regression models were constructed to establish if there was a relationship between breastfeeding and two measures of weight distribution: WHtR and body mass index (BMI). Controls for parental socioeconomic status, maternal smoking, race, sex, age, birth weight, maternal BMI, genetic ancestry, and a genetic risk score (GRS) for obesity were included. In addition, a behavioral risk score (BRS) was constructed to control for other residual confounding factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant, inverse relationship between breastfeeding and adult WHtR persisted in models constructed from the sibling pair sample (P = 0.002) and unrelated sample (P < 0.0001). This association remained significant with the inclusion of ancestry principal components, GRS, and a measure of maternal obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The moderate association between breastfeeding and weight distribution persists into adulthood while controlling for potential confounders. This paper also provides evidence that the WHtR may be a superior outcome measure to BMI in studies investigating breastfeeding and obesity.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Boulder, 4185 47th St., Unit C, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA. Adam.Bohr@Colorado.edu.
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bohr
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, 483 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0483, USA. boardman@colorado.edu.
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Boardman
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, 502 Galvez Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. bdomingue@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Benjamin W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Domingue
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Clare Small 102, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA. Matt.McQueen@Colorado.EDU.
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: McQueen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference; D065927:Waist-Height Ratio; D055815:Young Adult