title: A pilot Tuning Project-based national study on recently graduated medical students' self-assessment of competences--the TEST study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Tuning Project is an initiative funded by the European Commission that developed core competences for primary medical degrees in Europe. Students' grouped self-assessments are used for program evaluation and improvement of curricula. The TEST study aimed to assess how do Portuguese medical graduates self-assess their acquisition of core competences and experiences of contact with patients in core settings according to the Tuning framework.
  
  
  METHODS
  Translation of the Tuning's competences (Clinical Practice - CP), Knowledge (K) items and Clinical Settings (CS) was performed. Questionnaires were created in paper and electronic formats and distributed to 1591 graduates from seven Portuguese medical schools (July 2014). Items were rated in a 6-point Likert scale (0-5) of levels of competence. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted and Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate the internal consistency of the questionnaire. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests were used for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred eighty seven questionnaires were analyzed, corresponding to 24% of the target population. EFA yielded an 11-factor solution for CP and a 6-factor solution for K items. The median value of CP factors was 2.8 (p25 = 2.0; p75 = 3.5) and the median value of K factors was 2.6 (2.0; 3.2). Factor scores ranged from 1.3 (Legal principles) to 4.0 (Ethical principles). Clinical presentations, psychological aspects of illness, evidence-based medicine and promotion of health showed the highest results. Lower scores were detected in medical emergencies, practical procedures, prescribing drugs and legal principles. More than 90% of graduates experienced having contact with patients in 8 CS but only 24% of graduates had contact in all 14 CS. Graduates had the least contact with patients in the emergency rooms, intensive care units, palliative, rehabilitation and anesthetic care. Significant differences (p < 0.05) among schools were detected in 8 factors and 7 settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We developed a valid questionnaire supporting national SWOT analysis on the acquisition of core competences in medical education. Results suggest that Portuguese graduates are not fully prepared for clinical practice. Curricular improvements in core competences and the educational development of the transition period between undergraduate and postgraduate education ought to be considered. Outcome-based program evaluation relying on graduates' grouped self-assessments contributes to inform changes in medical education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education and Simulation, Faculty of Medicine - University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal. pgrilodiogo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grilo Diogo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education and Simulation, Faculty of Medicine - University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal. joselina@med.up.pt.
authors.forename: Joselina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education and Simulation, Faculty of Medicine - University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal. mameliaferreira@med.up.pt.
authors.forename: Maria Amélia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011174:Portugal; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012577:Schools, Medical / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012647:Self-Assessment; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult