title: Motor-cognitive dual-task training improves local dynamic stability of normal walking in older individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extreme levels of gait variability and local dynamic stability of walking are associated with risk of falling and reduced executive functions. However, it is not sufficiently investigated how gait variability and local dynamic stability of human walking develop in the course of a motor-cognitive intervention. As dancing implies high demands on (and therewith trains) executive functioning and motor control, it might increase local dynamic stability or reduce gait variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  32 older healthy participants were randomly assigned to either a health-related exercise group (age: mean=68.33 years, standard deviation=3.17 years; BMI: mean=27.46, standard deviation=2.94; female/male: 10/6) or a dancing group (age: mean=66.73 years, standard deviation=3.33 years; BMI: mean=26.02, standard deviation=3.55; female/male: 11/5). Based on angular velocity data of trunk kinematics, local dynamic stability and stride-to-stride variability in level overground walking were assessed prior to and after the specific intervention. The data were analysed by a blinded observer using two-way repeated measures ANOVAs. Based on one-way ANOVAs, time and group effects were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding the variability of trunk movements, no interaction effect was observed (F 1,30=0.506, P=.482; η2=0.017). For local dynamic stability of trunk movements, an interaction effect in favour of the dancing group was observed (F 1,30=5,436; P=.026; η2=0.146).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that a dancing programme (which combines cognitive and motor efforts) might increase local dynamic stability in older people.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany. Electronic address: dennis.hamacher@ovgu.de.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamacher
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany. Electronic address: daniel.hamacher@ovgu.de.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamacher
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany. Electronic address: kathrin.rehfeld@ovgu.de.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rehfeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany. Electronic address: lutz.schega@ovgu.de.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schega
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003071:Cognition; D003615:Dancing; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D012306:Risk; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Dance; Fall prevention; Fall risk; Gait stability; Gait variability