title: Effects of proanthocyanidin on oxidative stress biomarkers and adipokines in army cadets: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relatively recent advent of polyphenol supplement for exercise studies has been tested in a variety of forms and doses. However, the dose-response on adipokines and oxidative stress biomarker effect remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of intense, long-duration (48-h) exercise, and a single dose of proanthocyanidin, on plasma leptin, adiponectin, and electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL(-)) concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four healthy male army cadets (22 ± 2 years) participated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study and were distributed between control (CG; n = 27) and supplemented groups (SG; n = 27). Immediately before the start of the exercise, both CG and SG groups received a capsule containing starch (200 mg) or proanthocyanidin (dry Vitis vinifera extract, 200 mg), respectively. Following a 12-h fasting period, the plasma adiponectin, leptin, and LDL(-) concentrations were measured prior to the start of the exercise after 24 and 48 h of military training, and after 24 h of rest. The effects of the proanthocyanidin (supplement), exercise (time), and their interaction were investigated using factorial two-way ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma leptin concentration was only influenced by exercise (p = 0.001). Plasma adiponectin concentration was influenced by exercise (p = 0.037), and by the exercise x supplement interaction (p = 0.033). LDL(-) was influenced by the supplement (p = 0.001), exercise (p = 0.001), and their interaction (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single dose of proanthocyanidin (200 mg) was able to reduce LDL(-) concentration and increase plasma adiponectin concentration after 24 h of rest in SG group, indicating its potential protective action.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524, 12 andar sala 12034 bloco E, Maracanã, CEP 20550-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524, 12 andar sala 12034 bloco E, Maracanã, CEP 20550-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Magna C F
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Passos
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524, 12 andar sala 12034 bloco E, Maracanã, CEP 20550-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cyntia F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524, 12 andar sala 12034 bloco E, Maracanã, CEP 20550-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Julio B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Daleprane
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524, 12 andar sala 12034 bloco E, Maracanã, CEP 20550-900, Brazil. jckoury@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Josely C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Koury
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015444:Exercise; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000193:education; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012306:Risk; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D020738:Leptin; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; C013221:proanthocyanidin
keywords: Adiponectin; Army cadets; Exercise; Leptin; Low-density lipoprotein; Polyphenols