title: High-Protein Exposure during Gestation or Lactation or after Weaning Has a Period-Specific Signature on Rat Pup Weight, Adiposity, Food Intake, and Glucose Homeostasis up to 6 Weeks of Age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early-life nutrition has a programming effect on later metabolic health; however, the impact of exposure to a high-protein (HP) diet is still being investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the consequences on pup phenotype of an HP diet during gestation and lactation and after weaning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rat dams were separated into 2 groups fed an HP (55% protein) or normal protein (NP) (control; 20% protein) isocaloric diet during gestation, and each group subsequently was separated into 2 subgroups that were fed an HP or NP diet during lactation. After weaning, male and female pups from each mother subgroup were separated into 2 groups that were fed either an NP or HP diet until they were 6 wk old. Measurements included weight, food intake, body composition, blood glucose, insulin, glucagon, leptin, insulin-like growth factor I, and lipids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Feeding mothers the HP diet during gestation or lactation induced lower postweaning pup weight (gestation diet × time, P < 0.0001; lactation diet × time, P < 0.0001). Regardless of dams' diets, pups receiving HP compared with NP diet after weaning had 7% lower weight (NP, 135.0 ± 2.6 g; HP, 124.4 ± 2.5 g; P < 0.0001), 16% lower total energy intake (NP, 777 ± 14 kcal; HP, 649 ± 13 kcal; P < 0.0001) and 31% lower adiposity (P < 0.0001). Pups receiving HP compared with NP diet after weaning had increased blood glucose, insulin, and glucagon when food deprived (P < 0.0001 for all). The HP compared with the NP diet during gestation induced higher blood glucose in food-deprived rats (NP, 83.2 ± 2.1 mg/dL; HP, 91.2 ± 2.1 mg/dL; P = 0.046) and increased plasma insulin in fed pups receiving the postweaning NP diet (gestation diet × postweaning diet, P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing the protein concentration of the rat dams' diet during gestation, and to a lesser extent during lactation, and of the pups' diet after weaning influenced pup phenotype, including body weight, fat accumulation, food intake, and glucose tolerance at 6 wk of age.
authors.affiliation: UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France; Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands;
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Desclée de Maredsous
authors.affiliation: Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands;
authors.forename: Raish
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oozeer
authors.affiliation: UMR 518 Applied Mathematics and Informatics (MIA), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France; and.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barbillon
authors.affiliation: UMR 518 Applied Mathematics and Informatics (MIA), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France; and Quantitative Genetics Evolution Le Moulon, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Paris-Sud University, Paris Saclay University, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
authors.forename: Tristan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mary-Huard
authors.affiliation: UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France;
authors.forename: Corine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delteil
authors.affiliation: UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France;
authors.forename: François
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8501-0990
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Blachier
authors.affiliation: UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France;
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9604-5972
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tomé
authors.affiliation: Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands;
authors.forename: Eline M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: van der Beek
authors.affiliation: UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France; davila@agroparistech.fr.
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Davila
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001823:Body Composition; D001835:Body Weight; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D006706:Homeostasis; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology; D007774:Lactation; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D014280:Triglycerides; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D005934:Glucagon
keywords: gestation; high-protein diet; lactation; programming; rat model