title: Morpho morphometrics: Shared ancestry and selection drive the evolution of wing size and shape in Morpho butterflies.
abstract: Butterfly wings harbor highly diverse phenotypes and are involved in many functions. Wing size and shape result from interactions between adaptive processes, phylogenetic history, and developmental constraints, which are complex to disentangle. Here, we focus on the genus Morpho (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae, 30 species), which presents a high diversity of sizes, shapes, and color patterns. First, we generate a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of these 30 species. Next, using 911 collection specimens, we quantify the variation of wing size and shape across species, to assess the importance of shared ancestry, microhabitat use, and sexual selection in the evolution of the wings. While accounting for phylogenetic and allometric effects, we detect a significant difference in wing shape but not size among microhabitats. Fore and hindwings covary at the individual and species levels, and the covariation differs among microhabitats. However, the microhabitat structure in covariation disappears when phylogenetic relationships are taken into account. Our results demonstrate that microhabitat has driven wing shape evolution, although it has not strongly affected forewing and hindwing integration. We also found that sexual dimorphism of forewing shape and color pattern are coupled, suggesting a common selective force.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, F-75005, Paris, France. chazotn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chazot
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, F-75005, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panara
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, F-75005, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zilbermann
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, F-75005, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blandin
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, F-75005, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Yann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le Poul
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, F-75005, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Raphaël
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cornette
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, F-75005, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, F-75005, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Debat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002080:Butterflies / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Microhabitat; Morpho; morphometrics; phylogeny; sexual dimorphism; wing morphology