title: A realist review of family-based interventions for children of substance abusing parents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Millions of children across North America and Europe live in families with alcohol or drug abusing parents. These children are at risk for a number of negative social, emotional and developmental outcomes, including an increased likelihood of developing a substance use disorder later in life. Family-based intervention programs for children with substance abusing parents can yield positive outcomes. This study is a realist review of evaluations of family-based interventions aimed at improving psychosocial outcomes for children of substance abusing parents (COSAPs). The primary objectives were to uncover patterns of contextual factors and mechanisms that generate program outcomes, and advance program theory in this field.
  
  
  METHODS
  Realist review methodology was chosen as the most appropriate method of systematic review because it is a theory-driven approach that seeks to explore mechanisms underlying program effectiveness (or lack thereof). A systematic and comprehensive search of academic and grey literature uncovered 32 documents spanning 7 different intervention programs. Data was extracted from the included documents using abstraction templates designed to code for contexts, mechanisms and outcomes of each program. Two candidate program theories of family addiction were used to guide data analysis: the family disease model and the family prevention model. Data analysis was undertaken by a research team using an iterative process of comparison and checking with original documents to determine patterns within the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Programs originating in both the family disease model and the family prevention model were uncovered, along with hybrid programs that successfully included components from each candidate program theory. Four demi-regularities were found to account for the effectiveness of programs included in this review: (1) opportunities for positive parent-child interactions, (2) supportive peer-to-peer relationships, (3) the power of knowledge, and (4) engaging hard to reach families using strategies that are responsive to socio-economic needs and matching services to client lived experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review yielded new findings that had not otherwise been explored in COSAP program research and are discussed in order to help expand program theory. Implications for practice and evaluation are further discussed.
authors.affiliation: Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada. amelia.usher@psych.ryerson.ca.
authors.forename: Amelia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Usher
authors.affiliation: Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada. kmcshane@psych.ryerson.ca.
authors.forename: Kelly E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: McShane
authors.affiliation: Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada. candiceldwyer@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Candice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dwyer
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D005190:Family; D006801:Humans; D010290:Parents; D015397:Program Evaluation; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders