title: Heading Tuning in Macaque Area V6.
abstract: Cortical areas, such as the dorsal subdivision of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) and the ventral intraparietal area (VIP), have been shown to integrate visual and vestibular self-motion signals. Area V6 is interconnected with areas MSTd and VIP, allowing for the possibility that V6 also integrates visual and vestibular self-motion cues. An alternative hypothesis in the literature is that V6 does not use these sensory signals to compute heading but instead discounts self-motion signals to represent object motion. However, the responses of V6 neurons to visual and vestibular self-motion cues have never been studied, thus leaving the functional roles of V6 unclear. We used a virtual reality system to examine the 3D heading tuning of macaque V6 neurons in response to optic flow and inertial motion stimuli. We found that the majority of V6 neurons are selective for heading defined by optic flow. However, unlike areas MSTd and VIP, V6 neurons are almost universally unresponsive to inertial motion in the absence of optic flow. We also explored the spatial reference frames of heading signals in V6 by measuring heading tuning for different eye positions, and we found that the visual heading tuning of most V6 cells was eye-centered. Similar to areas MSTd and VIP, the population of V6 neurons was best able to discriminate small variations in heading around forward and backward headings. Our findings support the idea that V6 is involved primarily in processing visual motion signals and does not appear to play a role in visual-vestibular integration for self-motion perception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To understand how we successfully navigate our world, it is important to understand which parts of the brain process cues used to perceive our direction of self-motion (i.e., heading). Cortical area V6 has been implicated in heading computations based on human neuroimaging data, but direct measurements of heading selectivity in individual V6 neurons have been lacking. We provide the first demonstration that V6 neurons carry 3D visual heading signals, which are represented in an eye-centered reference frame. In contrast, we found almost no evidence for vestibular heading signals in V6, indicating that V6 is unlikely to contribute to multisensory integration of heading signals, unlike other cortical areas. These findings provide important constraints on the roles of V6 in self-motion perception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, and.
authors.forename: Reuben H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, and.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642.
authors.forename: Gregory C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1635-1273
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: DeAngelis
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, and angelaki@bcm.edu.
authors.forename: Dora E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Angelaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003463:Cues; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000502:physiology; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: V6; heading; macaque; reference frame; self-motion; visual motion