title: Tracer-monitored flow titrations.
abstract: The feasibility of implementing tracer-monitored titrations in a flow system is demonstrated. A dye tracer is used to estimate the instant sample and titrant volumetric fractions without the need for volume, mass or peak width measurements. The approach was applied to spectrophotometric flow titrations involving variations of sample and titrant flow-rates (i.e. triangle programmed technique) or concentration gradients established along the sample zone (i.e. flow injection system). Both strategies required simultaneous monitoring of two absorbing species, namely the titration indicator and the dye tracer. Mixing conditions were improved by placing a chamber with mechanical stirring in the analytical path aiming at to minimize diffusional effects. Unlike most of flow-based titrations, the innovation is considered as a true titration, as it does not require a calibration curve thus complying with IUPAC definition. As an application, acidity evaluation in vinegars involving titration with sodium hydroxide was selected. Phenolphthalein and brilliant blue FCF were used as indicator and dye tracer, respectively. Effects of sample volume, titrand/titrant concentrations and flow rates were investigated aiming at improved accuracy and precision. Results were reliable and in agreement with those obtained by a reference titration procedure.
authors.affiliation: Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Milton K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diogo L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio R P
authors.initials: FRP
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: ezagatto@cena.usp.br.
authors.forename: Elias A G
authors.initials: EAG
authors.lastname: Zagatto
keywords: Acidity; Flow analysis; Spectrophotometry; Tracer-monitored titration; Vinegars