title: Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory and Anti-Oxidant Activities of Sea Cucumber (Actinopyga lecanora) Hydrolysates.
abstract: In recent years, food protein-derived hydrolysates have received considerable attention because of their numerous health benefits. Amongst the hydrolysates, those with anti-hypertensive and anti-oxidative activities are receiving special attention as both activities can play significant roles in preventing cardiovascular diseases. The present study investigated the angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and anti-oxidative activities of Actinopyga lecanora (A. lecanora) hydrolysates, which had been prepared by alcalase, papain, bromelain, flavourzyme, pepsin, and trypsin under their optimum conditions. The alcalase hydrolysate showed the highest ACE inhibitory activity (69.8%) after 8 h of hydrolysis while the highest anti-oxidative activities measured by 2,2-diphenyl 1-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) (56.00%) and ferrous ion-chelating (FIC) (59.00%) methods were exhibited after 24 h and 8 h of hydrolysis, respectively. The ACE-inhibitory and anti-oxidative activities displayed dose-dependent trends, and increased with increasing protein hydrolysate concentrations. Moreover, strong positive correlations between angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and anti-oxidative activities were also observed. This study indicates that A. lecanora hydrolysate can be exploited as a source of functional food owing to its anti-oxidant as well as anti-hypertension functions.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. ghanbari.rahele@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Raheleh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghanbari
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. mzarei.mail@gmail.com.|Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj 66131, Iran. mzarei.mail@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zarei
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. a_ebrahimpour@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ebrahimpour
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. azizahah@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Azizah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdul-Hamid
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. aminis@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. nazamid@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Nazamid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saari
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001688:Biological Products / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000378:metabolism; D012616:Sea Cucumbers / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000975:Antioxidants; D001688:Biological Products; D010455:Peptides; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
keywords: ACE inhibitory; Actinopyga lecanora; anti-oxidative