title: Construction and validation of a three-dimensional finite element model of degenerative scoliosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the aging of the population, degenerative scoliosis (DS) incidence rate is increasing. In recent years, increasing research on this topic has been carried out, yet biomechanical research on the subject is seldom seen and in vitro biomechanical model of DS nearly cannot be available. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a complete three-dimensional finite element model of DS in order to build the digital platform for further biomechanical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 55-year-old female DS patient (Suer Pan, ID number was P141986) was selected for this study. This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of Declaration of Helsinki and its amendments and was approved by the local ethics committee (117 hospital of PLA ethics committee). Spiral computed tomography (CT) scanning was conducted on the patient's lumbar spine from the T12 to S1. CT images were then imported into a finite element modeling system. A three-dimensional solid model was then formed from segmentation of the CT scan. The three-dimensional model of each vertebra was then meshed, and material properties were assigned to each element according to the pathological characteristics of DS. Loads and boundary conditions were then applied in such a manner as to simulate in vitro biomechanical experiments conducted on lumbar segments. The results of the model were then compared with experimental results in order to validate the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An integral three-dimensional finite element model of DS was built successfully, consisting of 113,682 solid elements, 686 cable elements, 33,329 shell elements, 4968 target elements, 4968 contact elements, totaling 157,635 elements, and 197,374 nodes. The model accurately described the physical features of DS and was geometrically similar to the object of study. The results of analysis with the finite element model agreed closely with in vitro experiments, validating the accuracy of the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three-dimensional finite element model of DS built in this study is clear, reliable, and effective for further biomechanical simulation study of DS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, 117 Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, 310013, China. arrowrabbitjie2@126.com.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, 117 Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, 310013, China. yyh117@163.com.
authors.forename: Yonghong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, 117 Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, 310013, China. arrowrabbitjie@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Shuliang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, 117 Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, 310013, China. zds117@163.com.
authors.forename: Dongsheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Central South University, Changsha, 40012, China. shliao@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shenghui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011859:Radiography; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*