title: Frequency Characteristics in Animal Species Typically Used in Laryngeal Research: An Exploratory Investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laryngeal research is typically conducted on animal species that have similar features to the human larynx, yet little is known of the frequency characteristics of those animals. This study examines frequency characteristics of dog, cat, pig, and sheep across emotional communication events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acoustic data were gathered in domestic environment, with fundamental frequency (fo) computation of vocalization during happy, distress, and food request activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dogs demonstrated reduced forange and reduced vocalization as a factor of age (18 semitones for adult male dog, three semitones for aged male dog). When two barks were present, the second bark was typically shorter in length and had a higher fo. Male cat was observed to be more talkative and exhibited a much higher purr fothan his female housemate. Cat purr was varied by sex between the typical 25 Hz and a significantly higher fo, consistent with literature on use of cry-purr by some cats. Lambs exhibited phonation breaks, and an overall frequency range of 28 semitones in lambs compared with 49 semitones for mature sheep. Piglets exhibited forange of 44 semitones with higher fowith distress and lowest fofor grunting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aged animals followed similar phonatory patterns of humans, with change of fofor communication need. The male cat was found to purr differently from female cats. Pigs and cats may have nonlaryngeal source signal coupling. Animal phonation changes with emotion. Observed fopatterns may improve interpretation of phonation among laboratory animals in laryngeal research.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Collaborative Education, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.affiliation: Private Voice Studio, New York, New York.
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.affiliation: Yeshiva University, New York, New York.. Electronic address: LMCarrollPhd@aol.com.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002415:Cats; D004285:Dogs; D004644:Emotions; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D007830:Larynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D010699:Phonation; D012737:Sex Factors; D012756:Sheep; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013045:Species Specificity; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014828:Vocalization, Animal
keywords: Cat; Dog; Lamb; Phonation; Pig; Sheep