title: Waking EEG signs of non-restoring sleep in primary insomnia patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Subjective feelings of insufficient and non-restorative sleep are core symptoms of primary insomnia. Sleep has a restorative effect on next-day waking EEG activity, whereas sleep loss has non-restorative effects in good sleepers. We proposed to explore waking EEG activity in primary insomniacs the evening before, and the morning after, a night of sleep, in order to detect signs of morning hyper-arousal and non-restoring sleep that might explain the subjective feelings despite the absence of objective signs in polysomnography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-sleep (10 pm) and post-sleep (10 am) waking EEG activity was analyzed in 10 non-medicated primary insomniacs and matched control subjects. Beta and Gamma absolute power and EEG temporal coupling were obtained. Participants also evaluated subjective sleep quantity and quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insomnia patients evaluated their sleep as non-restorative and insufficient. Compared to pre-sleep, during post-sleep control subjects exhibited significantly decreased Beta and Gamma power and reduced synchronization among anterior and posterior regions, consistent with restoring effects of sleep. Insomnia patients showed no beneficial effects of sleep on these EEG parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insomniacs are hyper-aroused during morning wakefulness and they do not benefit from preceding sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study adds new knowledge to our understanding of the physiopathology of insomnia.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Laboratory, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3004, D.F. México 04510, Mexico. Electronic address: corsi@unam.mx.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corsi-Cabrera
authors.affiliation: Sleep Laboratory, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3004, D.F. México 04510, Mexico; Departament of Psychophysiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3004, D.F. México 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Olga A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Rojas-Ramos
authors.affiliation: Sleep Laboratory, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3004, D.F. México 04510, Mexico; Departament of Psychophysiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3004, D.F. México 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: del Río-Portilla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Beta–Gamma activity; Beta–Gamma synchronization; EEG signs of non-restoring sleep; Primary insomnia; Spectral analysis; Temporal coupling