title: Sidecut radius and the mechanics of turning-equipment designed to reduce risk of severe traumatic knee injuries in alpine giant slalom ski racing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited empirical knowledge about the effect of ski geometry, particularly in the context of injury prevention in alpine ski racing. We investigated the effect of sidecut radius on biomechanical variables related to the mechanics of turning.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a field experiment, six European Cup level athletes skied on three different pairs of giant slalom (GS) skis varying in sidecut radii (30 m, 35 m and 40 m). Using a video-based three-dimensional (3D) kinematic system, a 22-point body segment model of the athletes was reconstructed in 3D, and the variables ground reaction force, centre of mass (COM) speed, COM turn radius, ski turn radius, edge angle, fore/aft position and skid angle were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While steering out of the fall line after gate passage, ground reaction force significantly differed between the 30 m and 40 m skis and between the 35 m and 40 m skis. These differences were mainly explainable by larger COM turn radii when skiing on the 40 m ski. During the same turn phase, significant differences in ski turn radius also were found, but there were no differences in edge angle, fore/aft position and skid angle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sidecut-induced reduction in ground reaction force and the sidecut-induced increase in centre of mass and ski turn radius observed in this study provides indirect evidence of reduced self-steering of the ski. Self-steering plays a central role in the mechanism of anterior cruciate ligament rupture in alpine ski racing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Hallein-Rif, Austria.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spörri
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Hallein-Rif, Austria.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kröll
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gilgien
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Hallein-Rif, Austria.
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D012865:Skiing / Q000293:injuries*; D019876:Sports Equipment