title: Effects of Extreme Temperatures on Cause-Specific Cardiovascular Mortality in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Limited evidence is available for the effects of extreme temperatures on cause-specific cardiovascular mortality in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected data from Beijing and Shanghai, China, during 2007-2009, including the daily mortality of cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, ischemic heart disease and hypertensive disease, as well as air pollution concentrations and weather conditions. We used Poisson regression with a distributed lag non-linear model to examine the effects of extremely high and low ambient temperatures on cause-specific cardiovascular mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all cause-specific cardiovascular mortality, Beijing had stronger cold and hot effects than those in Shanghai. The cold effects on cause-specific cardiovascular mortality reached the strongest at lag 0-27, while the hot effects reached the strongest at lag 0-14. The effects of extremely low and high temperatures differed by mortality types in the two cities. Hypertensive disease in Beijing was particularly susceptible to both extremely high and low temperatures; while for Shanghai, people with ischemic heart disease showed the greatest relative risk (RRs = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.34) to extremely low temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  People with hypertensive disease were particularly susceptible to extremely low and high temperatures in Beijing. People with ischemic heart disease in Shanghai showed greater susceptibility to extremely cold days.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. wangxuying@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xuying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. liguoxing@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guoxing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. liuliqun@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Liqun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA. danewest03@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Westerdahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. jxb2000@sina.com.
authors.forename: Xiaobin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. xcpan@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaochuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000068476:Beijing; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cardiovascular disease; cerebrovascular disease; distributed lag non-linear model; extreme temperatures; hypertensive disease; ischemic heart disease; susceptibility