title: How Can Evolution Learn?
abstract: The theory of evolution links random variation and selection to incremental adaptation. In a different intellectual domain, learning theory links incremental adaptation (e.g., from positive and/or negative reinforcement) to intelligent behaviour. Specifically, learning theory explains how incremental adaptation can acquire knowledge from past experience and use it to direct future behaviours toward favourable outcomes. Until recently such cognitive learning seemed irrelevant to the 'uninformed' process of evolution. In our opinion, however, new results formally linking evolutionary processes to the principles of learning might provide solutions to several evolutionary puzzles - the evolution of evolvability, the evolution of ecological organisation, and evolutionary transitions in individuality. If so, the ability for evolution to learn might explain how it produces such apparently intelligent designs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science/Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. Electronic address: r.a.watson@soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: The Parmenides Foundation, Kirchplatz 1, 82049, Pullach/Munich, Germany; MTA-ELTE Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1C, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
authors.forename: Eörs
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Szathmáry
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D007858:Learning; D008954:Models, Biological; D012641:Selection, Genetic