title: Removal of 16 pesticide residues from strawberries by washing with tap and ozone water, ultrasonic cleaning and boiling.
abstract: The effects of washing with tap and ozone water, ultrasonic cleaning and boiling on 16 pesticide (ten fungicides and six insecticides) residue levels in raw strawberries were investigated at different processing times (1, 2 and 5 min). An analysis of these pesticides was conducted using gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorous and electron capture detection (GC-NPD/ECD). The processing factor (PF) for each pesticide in each processing technique was determined. Washing with ozonated water was demonstrated to be more effective (reduction from 36.1 to 75.1 %) than washing with tap water (reduction from 19.8 to 68.1 %). Boiling decreased the residues of the most compounds, with reductions ranging from 42.8 to 92.9 %. Ultrasonic cleaning lowered residues for all analysed pesticides with removal of up to 91.2 %. The data indicated that ultrasonic cleaning and boiling were the most effective treatments for the reduction of 16 pesticide residues in raw strawberries, resulting in a lower health risk exposure. Calculated PFs for alpha-cypermethrin were used to perform an acute risk assessment of dietary exposure. To investigate the relationship between the levels of 16 pesticides in strawberry samples and their physicochemical properties, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Bozena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lozowicka
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland. M.Jankowska@iorpib.poznan.pl.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jankowska
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Izabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hrynko
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaczynski
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D031985:Fragaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014867:Water; C017160:cypermethrin; D010126:Ozone
keywords: Fungicide and insecticide residues; PCA; Processing; Risk assessment; Strawberries