title: Family-centered prevention ameliorates the longitudinal association between risky family processes and epigenetic aging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research has suggested that 'risky' family processes have unforeseen negative consequences for health later in life. The purpose of this study was to further understanding of risky family environments and development of health vulnerabilities by (a) examining the likelihood that elevated levels of parental depressive symptoms when children are age 11 forecast accelerated epigenetic aging 9 years later at age 20; (b) determining whether participation in an efficacious family-centered prevention program focused on enhancing supportive parenting and strengthening family relationships will ameliorate this association; and (c) testing a moderation-mediation hypothesis that prevention-induced reductions in harsh parenting across adolescence will account for prevention effects in reducing accelerated epigenetic aging.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the rural southeastern United States, parents and 11-year-old children from 399 families participated in the Strong African American Families (SAAF) program or a control condition. Parents reported their own depressive symptoms when their children were 11, and both youths and parents reported youth exposure to harsh parenting at ages 11 and 16. Blood was drawn from youths at age 20 to measure accelerated epigenetic aging using a marker derived from the DNA methylation of cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated parental depressive symptoms forecast accelerated epigenetic aging among youths in the control condition, but not among SAAF participants. Moderated-mediation analyses confirmed that reductions in harsh parenting accounted for SAAF's protective effects on epigenetic aging. Subsequent exploratory analyses indicated that accelerated epigenetic aging forecast emotional distress among young adults in the control condition but not among those who participated in SAAF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is unique in using a randomized prevention trial to test hypotheses about the ways risky family processes contribute to accelerated epigenetic aging. The results suggest that developmentally appropriate family-centered interventions designed to enhance parenting and strengthen families can buffer the biological residue of life in a risky family.
authors.affiliation: Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Gene H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.affiliation: Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Tianyi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Owens Institute for Behavioral Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Steven R H
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Beach
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D005195:Family Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D005196:Family Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Depression; epigenetic clock; epigenetics; health; intervention; parenting; prevention