title: Effect of pulsing ultrasound on phacoemulsification efficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate pulse type technology used to remove lens fragments during phacoemulsification.
  
  
  METHODS
  John A. Moran Eye Center Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lens nuclei soaked in 10 mL of 10% neutral buffered formalin for 2 hours were placed in 10 mL of balanced salt solution. Lenses were cut into 2 mm × 2 mm cubes; no more than 36 hours later, cubes were randomly selected for testing. Two aspiration and 2 vacuum settings were assessed at moderate- and high-flow and vacuum (30 mL/min and 300 mm/Hg, low-flow vacuum; 50 mL/min and 500 mm/Hg, high-flow vacuum), with continuous 50 milliseconds on and off (long pulse) and 6 milliseconds on and off (micropulse) ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant difference in efficiency favoring micropulse compared with combined long pulse and continuous pulse in high-flow vacuum at 80% power (P = .018) and between combined long pulse and continuous pulse versus micropulse in high-flow vacuum at 20% power (P = .019). Low-flow vacuum micropulse was more efficient than continuous (19.7%) (P < .0001) and long pulse (22.7%) (P < .0001). Continuous and long pulses were not significantly different from one other. There was a significant difference in chatter rates between high-flow vacuum and low-flow vacuum when all results were compared (P < .0001), with no additional significant differences found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Micropulse technology was better than continuous and long pulse at moderate but not high-flow and vacuum settings. At the higher setting, chatter was observed less often, with all modalities more efficient than the lower setting.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Gareth L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Garff
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Isha
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: M Aabid
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Farukhi
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Stagg
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zaugg
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Electronic address: randallj.olson@hsc.utah.edu.
authors.forename: Randall J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002386:Cataract / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000601:surgery*; D018918:Phacoemulsification / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D014618:Vacuum