title: Improved Function After Deep Brain Stimulation for Chronic, Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.
abstract: Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) damages the frontal lobes and connecting networks, which impairs executive functions, including the ability to self-regulate. Despite significant disabling effects, there are few treatment options in the chronic phase after injury.
  
  
  
  To investigate the safety and potential effectiveness of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for individuals with chronic, disabling TBI and problems of behavioral and emotional self-regulation.
  
  
  
  This study was an open-label, prospective design with serial assessments of behavioral outcomes and positron emission tomography 2 years after DBS implantation. Four participants 6 to 21 years after severe TBIs from automobile crashes were included. Although alert and volitional, all experienced significant executive impairments, including either impulsivity or reduced initiation. DBS implants were placed bilaterally in the nucleus accumbens and anterior limb of the internal capsule to modulate the prefrontal cortex.
  
  
  
  The procedure was safe, and all participants had improved functional outcomes. Two years after implantation, 3 met a priori criteria for improvement on the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory-4. Improvement was due largely to better emotional adjustment, although 1 participant showed marked increases in multiple domains. Significant improvement in a composite score of functional capacity indicated improved independence in self-care and activities of daily living. The pattern of change in cognition corresponded with changes in activation of the prefrontal cortex observed in serial scanning.
  
  
  
  This first study of DBS to this target for severe TBI supports its safety and suggests potential effectiveness to improve function years after injury. The primary impact was on behavioral and emotional adjustment, which in turn improved functional independence.
  
  
  
  DBS, deep brain stimulationIC, internal capsuleMPAI-4, Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory-4NAcc, nucleus accumbensTBI, traumatic brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Neurological Surgery and Center for Neuromodulation, ‡Psychology, §Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and ¶Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Ali R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rezai
authors.forename: Per B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Sederberg
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bogner
authors.forename: Dylan M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nielson
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: W Jerry
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mysiw
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Knopp
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Corrigan
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D020208:Brain Injury, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003071:Cognition; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020772:Internal Capsule; D008297:Male; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012648:Self Care; D055815:Young Adult