title: Metabolic profile of naringenin in the stomach and colon using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization linear ion trap quadrupole-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) and LC-ESI-MS/MS.
abstract: Several biological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic) are attributed to naringenin (NAR)-a predominant flavonoid of citrus fruit and tomato-despite its low bioavailability after ingestion. NAR undergoes extensive metabolism when crossing the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in enteric, hepatic and microbial metabolites, some of them with recognized beneficial effects on human health. This study sought to provide new insights into the metabolism of NAR in regions of the gastrointestinal tract where it has been less studied: the stomach and colon. With this purpose, liquid chromatography coupled with an electrospray ionization hybrid linear ion trap quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry technique (LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) was used for an accurate identification of NAR metabolites, and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) on a triple quadrupole was used for their identification and quantification. The combination of both analytical techniques provided a broader metabolic profile of NAR. As far as we know, this is the first in-depth metabolic profiling study of NAR in the stomach of mice. Three of the metabolites determined using the LC-LTQ-Orbitrap could not be identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS in stomach perfusion samples: apigenin, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid and phloroglucinol. The number of colonic metabolites determined using the LTQ-Orbitrap-MS was more than twice the number identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN(2)UB), University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Naiara
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Orrego-Lagarón
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1083 Sciences Pour l' Œnologie, 2 Place Pierre Viala, Montpellier Cedex 34060, France; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vallverdú-Queralt
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain; Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Huélamo
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain; Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lamuela-Raventos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN(2)UB), University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: eescribano@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Escribano-Ferrer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism*; D044950:Flavanones / Q000378:metabolism*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids; C005273:naringenin
keywords: Intestinal perfusion; LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS; LC-ESI-MS/MS; Metabolism; Mice; Naringenin