title: Socio-demographic disadvantage and distant summary stage of cancer at diagnosis--A population-based study in New South Wales.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Past studies generally indicate that socio-demographic disadvantage is associated with lower cancer survival but evidence of an association with stage of cancer at diagnosis has been less consistent. This study examines the associations between distant summary stage and remoteness, socio-economic status and country of birth in New South Wales for invasive cancers overall and by cancer site.
  
  
  METHODS
  The population-based New South Wales Central Cancer Registry was used to obtain data on all cases diagnosed in 1980-2009 (n=699,382). Logistic regression models were used to compute odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for odds of distant summary stage at diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher likelihood of being diagnosed with distant cancer was detected for those living in the most socio-economically disadvantaged areas compared with the least disadvantaged areas (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.24-1.30) and for those born in other English and non-English speaking countries compared with Australian-born (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.07-1.12 and OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.10-1.14, respectively) after adjusting for age, sex, diagnostic period, remoteness, socio-economic status and country of birth. Cases living in inner (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.88-0.91) and outer regional (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.89-0.94) areas were less likely to be diagnosed with distant stage than cases living in major cities. Odds of distant stage increased over time for those living in socio-economically disadvantaged areas. In cancer site-specific analyses, living in socio-economically disadvantaged areas was generally a stronger predictor of distant stage than remoteness or country of birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results highlight the importance of lower socio-economic status as a predictor of distant stage at diagnosis. Socio-demographic disadvantage patterns varied for specific cancers, but in general, policy actions are recommended that emphasize earlier detection of cancers in people from lower socio-economic areas.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. Electronic address: hanna.tervonen@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Hanna E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Tervonen
authors.affiliation: Information Analysis Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, GPO Box 41, Alexandria, Sydney, NSW 1435, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Cancer Institute NSW, GPO Box 41, Alexandria, Sydney, NSW 1435, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roder
authors.affiliation: Information Analysis Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, GPO Box 41, Alexandria, Sydney, NSW 1435, Australia.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Information Analysis Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, GPO Box 41, Alexandria, Sydney, NSW 1435, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morrell
authors.affiliation: Information Analysis Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, GPO Box 41, Alexandria, Sydney, NSW 1435, Australia.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Cancer Institute NSW, GPO Box 41, Alexandria, Sydney, NSW 1435, Australia.
authors.forename: Sanchia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aranda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012042:Registries; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Australia; Epidemiology; Neoplasms; Socioeconomic factors; Staging