title: A review of sexually transmitted bovine trichomoniasis and campylobacteriosis affecting cattle reproductive health.
abstract: The objective is to discuss sexually transmitted diseases caused by Tritrichomonas foetus (T foetus) and Campylobacter fetus (C fetus) subsp. venerealis, with a focus on prevalence, pathogenesis, and diagnosis in cows and bulls. Diagnosis and control are problematic because these diseases cause severe reproductive losses in cows, but in bulls are clinically asymptomatic, which allows the disease to flourish, especially in the absence of legislated control programs. We review research regarding prophylactic systemic immunization of bulls and cows with antigens of T foetus and C fetus venerealis and their efficacy in preventing or clearing preexisting infections in the genital tract. Current diagnostic methods of C fetus venerealis and T foetus (microbial culture and PCR) should be improved. Review of the latest advances in bovine trichomoniasis and campylobacteriosis should promote knowledge and provide an impetus to pursue further efforts to control bovine sexually transmitted diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Aubrey N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Michi
authors.affiliation: Private Veterinarian (Dairy Veterinary Services), Escalon, California, USA.
authors.forename: Pedro H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Favetto
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kastelic
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: ecobo@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Eduardo R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Cobo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary; D002168:Campylobacter fetus / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D032541:Mass Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary; D011529:Protozoan Infections, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary; D016835:Tritrichomonas foetus / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Campylobacter fetus venerealis; Cattle; Sexually transmitted disease; Tritrichomonas foetus; Vaccine