title: Task-Related Vigilance During Word Recognition in Noise for Older Adults with Hearing Loss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vigilance refers to the ability to sustain and adapt attentional focus in response to changing task demands. For older adults with hearing loss, vigilant listening may be particularly effortful and variable across individuals. This study examined the extent to which neural responses to sudden, unexpected changes in task structure (e.g., from rest to word recognition epochs) were related to pupillometry measures of listening effort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual differences in the task-evoked pupil response during word recognition were used to predict functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) estimates of neural responses to salient transitions between quiet rest, noisy rest, and word recognition in unintelligible, fluctuating background noise. Participants included 29 older adults (M = 70.2 years old) with hearing loss (pure tone average across all frequencies = 36.1 dB HL [hearing level], SD = 6.7).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with a greater average pupil response exhibited a more vigilant pattern of responding on a standardized continuous performance test (response time variability across varying interstimulus intervals r(27) = .38, p = .04). Across participants there was widespread engagement of attention- and sensory-related cortices in response to transitions between blocks of rest and word recognition conditions. Individuals who exhibited larger task-evoked pupil dilation also showed even greater activity in the right primary auditory cortex in response to changes in task structure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pupillometric estimates of word recognition effort predicted variation in activity within cortical regions that were responsive to salient changes in the environment for older adults with hearing loss. The results of the current study suggest that vigilant attention is increased amongst older adults who exert greater listening effort.
authors.affiliation: a Center for Advanced Study of Language , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA.
authors.forename: Stefanie E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kuchinsky
authors.affiliation: b Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Vaden
authors.affiliation: b Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.
authors.forename: Jayne B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ahlstrom
authors.affiliation: b Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cute
authors.affiliation: c Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana , USA.
authors.forename: Larry E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Humes
authors.affiliation: b Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.
authors.forename: Judy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dubno
authors.affiliation: b Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Eckert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009622:Noise; D013067:Speech Perception; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis