title: Quantitative characterization of chitosan in the skin by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic imaging and ninhydrin assay: application in transdermal sciences.
abstract: The chitosan has been used as the primary excipient in transdermal particulate dosage form design. Its distribution pattern across the epidermis and dermis is not easily accessible through chemical assay and limited to radiolabelled molecules via quantitative autoradiography. This study explored Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy imaging technique with built-in microscope as the means to examine chitosan molecular distribution over epidermis and dermis with the aid of histology operation. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy skin imaging was conducted using chitosan of varying molecular weights, deacetylation degrees, particle sizes and zeta potentials, obtained via microwave ligation of polymer chains at solution state. Both skin permeation and retention characteristics of chitosan increased with the use of smaller chitosan molecules with reduced acetyl content and size, and increased positive charge density. The ratio of epidermal to dermal chitosan content decreased with the use of these chitosan molecules as their accumulation in dermis (3.90% to 18.22%) was raised to a greater extent than epidermis (0.62% to 1.92%). A larger dermal chitosan accumulation nonetheless did not promote the transdermal polymer passage more than the epidermal chitosan. A small increase in epidermal chitosan content apparently could fluidize the stratum corneum and was more essential to dictate molecular permeation into dermis and systemic circulation. The histology technique aided Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy imaging approach introduces a new dimension to the mechanistic aspect of chitosan in transdermal delivery.
authors.affiliation: Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.|Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nawaz
authors.affiliation: Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.|Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D048271:Chitosan / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006652:Histological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009555:Ninhydrin / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D048271:Chitosan; D009555:Ninhydrin
keywords: Chitosan; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic imaging; ninhydrin assay