title: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce genotoxicity but not mutagenicity in golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei.
abstract: The widespread use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NP) in consumer products is the cause of its appearance in wastewater and effluents, reaching the aquatic environment. The evaluation of the biological impact of TiO2-NP and the need to understand its ecotoxicological impact to the aquatic ecosystem are of major concern. Bivalve mollusks may represent a target group for nanoparticle toxicity. Limnoperna fortunei (golden mussel), a freshwater bivalve organism that has been employed in biomonitoring environmental conditions. Comet assay, micronucleus test and oxidative damage to lipids and proteins were performed after the golden mussel was exposed to TiO2-NP (1, 5, 10 and 50μgmL(-1)). The results demonstrate that TiO2-NP can damage the DNA of haemocytes after 2h of exposure and the genotoxic activity significantly increased after 4h exposure to TiO2-NP, at all the TiO2-NP concentrations. TiO2-NP was ineffective in causing mutagenicity in the haemolymph cells of golden mussel. The increase in the lipid peroxidation levels and carbonyl proteins after the exposure to TiO2-NP indicates the induction of oxidative stress at 2h exposure with similar results to all TiO2-NP concentrations, but these effects did not occur at 4h exposure. These results demonstrated that, although TiO2-NP is not mutagenic to golden mussel, it does induce DNA damage and oxidative stress in these organisms.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: fgirardello@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Girardello
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Custódio Leite
authors.affiliation: InnVitro Research and Development, Rua Mariante 180, Sala 902, 90430-180 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Izabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vianna Villela
authors.affiliation: InnVitro Research and Development, Rua Mariante 180, Sala 902, 90430-180 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biophysics/Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale Setor 4, P.O. Box 43422, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Miriana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: da Silva Machado
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics/Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale Setor 4, P.O. Box 43422, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luiz Mendes Juchem
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roesch-Ely
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, P.O. Box 15003, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andreia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neves Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mirian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salvador
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil; InnVitro Research and Development, Rua Mariante 180, Sala 902, 90430-180 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biophysics/Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale Setor 4, P.O. Box 43422, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Antonio Pêgas Henriques
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000187:drug effects; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D049879:Mytilidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D009153:Mutagens; D011506:Proteins; D012996:Solutions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Comet assay; Limnoperna fortunei; Micronucleus; Oxidative stress; Titanium dioxide nanoparticles