title: NADPH Oxidase Accounts for Changes in Cerebrovascular Redox Status in Hindlimb Unweighting Rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The roles of cerebrovascular oxidative stress in vascular functional remodeling have been described in hindlimb-unweighting (HU) rats. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be established.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the generation of vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS), Nox2/Nox4 protein and mRNA levels, NADPH oxidase activity, and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) mRNA levels in cerebral and mesenteric smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of HU rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ROS production increased in cerebral but not in mesenteric VSMCs of HU rats compared with those in control rats. Nox2 and Nox4 protein and mRNA levels were increased significantly but MnSOD/GPx-1 mRNA levels decreased in HU rat cerebral arteries but not in mesenteric arteries. NADPH oxidases were activated significantly more in cerebral but not in mesenteric arteries of HU rats. NADPH oxidase inhibition with apocynin attenuated cerebrovascular ROS production and partially restored Nox2/Nox4 protein and mRNA levels, NADPH oxidase activity, and MnSOD/GPx-1 mRNA levels in cerebral VSMCs of HU rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that vascular NADPH oxidases regulate cerebrovascular redox status and participate in vascular oxidative stress injury during simulated microgravit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Hematology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
authors.forename: Hai Hong
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ran
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
authors.forename: Yong Yan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones; D000818:Animals; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000378:metabolism*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D019417:Hindlimb Suspension; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008638:Mesenteric Arteries / Q000378:metabolism*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000378:metabolism*; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D000094765:Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C056165:acetovanillone; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C500593:Cybb protein, rat; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C498911:Nox4 protein, rat; D000094765:Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1; C000722069:Gpx1 protein, rat
keywords: Glutathione peroxidase-1; Manganese superoxide dismutase; Microgravity; NADPH oxidase; Oxidative stress