title: The Missing Medians: Exclusion of Ordinal Data from Meta-Analyses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Meta-analyses are considered the gold standard of evidence-based health care, and are used to guide clinical decisions and health policy. A major limitation of current meta-analysis techniques is their inability to pool ordinal data. Our objectives were to determine the extent of this problem in the context of neurological rating scales and to provide a solution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an existing database of clinical trials of oral neuroprotective therapies, we identified the 6 most commonly used clinical rating scales and recorded how data from these scales were reported and analysed. We then identified systematic reviews of studies that used these scales (via the Cochrane database) and recorded the meta-analytic techniques used. Finally, we identified a statistical technique for calculating a common language effect size measure for ordinal data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 103 studies, with 128 instances of the 6 clinical scales being reported. The majority- 80%-reported means alone for central tendency, with only 13% reporting medians. In analysis, 40% of studies used parametric statistics alone, 34% of studies employed non-parametric analysis, and 26% did not include or specify analysis. Of the 60 systematic reviews identified that included meta-analysis, 88% used mean difference and 22% employed difference in proportions; none included rank-based analysis. We propose the use of a rank-based generalised odds ratio (WMW GenOR) as an assumption-free effect size measure that is easy to compute and can be readily combined in meta-analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is wide scope for improvement in the reporting and analysis of ordinal data in the literature. We hope that adoption of the WMW GenOR will have the dual effect of improving the reporting of data in individual studies while also increasing the inclusivity (and therefore validity) of meta-analyses.
authors.affiliation: Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Toby B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Cumming
authors.affiliation: Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Leonid
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Churilov
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Emily S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Sena
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D015233:Models, Statistical