title: Interventional articular and para-articular knee procedures.
abstract: The knee is a common area of the body to undergo interventional procedures. This article discusses image-guided interventional issues specific to the knee area. The soft tissues in and around the knee are frequently affected by sport-related injuries and often need image-guided intervention. This article details the specific technical issues related to intervention in these soft tissues, including the iliotibial tract, fat pads, patellar tendon and other tendons, bursae and the meniscus. Most often, simple procedures such as injection and aspiration are performed without image guidance. Rarely image-guided diagnostic arthrography and therapeutic joint injections are necessary. The technique, indications and diagnostic considerations for arthrography are discussed in this article. Primary bone and soft-tissue tumours may involve the knee and adjacent soft tissues. Image-guided biopsies are frequently necessary for these lesions; this article details the technical issues related to image-guided biopsy around the knee. A number of newer ablation treatments are now available, including cryoablation, high-frequency ultrasound and microwave ablation. Radiofrequency ablation, however, still remains the most commonly employed ablation technique. The indications, technical and therapeutic considerations related to the application of this technique around the knee are discussed here. Finally, we briefly discuss some newer, but as of yet, unproven image-guided interventions for osteochondral lesions and Brodie's abscess.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic imaging, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic hospital, Oswestry, UK.
authors.forename: Radhesh K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Lalam
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic imaging, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic hospital, Oswestry, UK.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Winn
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic imaging, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic hospital, Oswestry, UK.
authors.forename: Victor N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Cassar-Pullicino
mesh_terms: D001175:Arthrography; D006801:Humans; D061705:Image-Guided Biopsy; D007717:Knee / Q000473:pathology*; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology*; D015642:Radiology, Interventional; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional