title: Application of Prussian Blue electrodes for amperometric detection of free chlorine in water samples using Flow Injection Analysis.
abstract: The performance for free chlorine detection of surfactant-modified Prussian Blue screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs/PB-BZT) have been assessed by cyclic voltammetry and constant potential amperometry. The characterization of SPCEs/PB-BZT by X-ray photoemission, Raman and infrared spectroscopies confirmed the correct electrodeposition of the surfactant-modified PB film. These electrodes were incorporated in a Flow Injection device and the optimal working conditions determined as a function of experimental variables such as detection potential, electrolyte concentration or flow-rate. The sensor presented a linear response in the range 0-3 ppm free chlorine, with a sensitivity of 16.2 μA ppm(-1) cm(-2). The limit of detection (LOD) (S/N=3.3) and the limit of quantification (S/N=10) amounted to 8.25 and 24.6 ppb, respectively, adequate for controlling tap and drinking waters. To demonstrate the feasibility of using this free chlorine sensor for real applications possible interferences such as nitrate, nitrite and sulfate ions were successfully tested and discarded. Real free chlorine analysis was carried out in spiked tap water samples and commercial bleaches.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Nanotechnology on Surfaces, Institute of Materials Science of Seville (CSIC-Univ. Sevilla), Calle Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain. Electronic address: psalazar@icmse.csic.es.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.affiliation: Neurochemistry and Neuroimaging Group, (Laboratory of Sensors, Biosensors and Materials ) Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, 38071 La Laguna, Spain.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.affiliation: Neurochemistry and Neuroimaging Group, (Laboratory of Sensors, Biosensors and Materials ) Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, 38071 La Laguna, Spain.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: González-Mora
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Nanotechnology on Surfaces, Institute of Materials Science of Seville (CSIC-Univ. Sevilla), Calle Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Agustín R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: González-Elipe
mesh_terms: D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D005295:Ferrocyanides / Q000737:chemistry*; D017022:Flow Injection Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005295:Ferrocyanides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D002713:Chlorine; C000170:ferric ferrocyanide
keywords: Amperometry; Chlorine; Cyclic Voltammetry; Flow Injection Analysis; Prussian Blue; Water