title: Thiamethoxam and imidacloprid drench applications on sweet orange nursery trees disrupt the feeding and settling behaviour of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemical control is the method most used for management of Diaphorina citri, the vector of the phloem-limited bacteria associated with citrus huanglongbing (HLB) disease. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of soil-drench applications of neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam and imidacloprid) on the probing behaviour of D. citri on citrus nursery trees, using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique, and to measure the D. citri settling behaviour after probing on citrus nursery trees that had received these neonicotinoid treatments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The drench applications of neonicotinoids on citrus nursery trees disrupt D. citri probing, mainly for EPG variables related to phloem sap ingestion, with a significant reduction (≈90%) in the duration of this activity compared with untreated plants in all assessment periods (15, 35 and 90 days after application). Moreover, both insecticides have a repellent effect on D. citri, resulting in significant dispersal of psyllids from treated plants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study clearly demonstrates the interference of soil-applied neonicotinoids on the feeding and settling behaviour of D. citri on citrus nursery trees, mainly during the phloem ingestion phase. These findings reinforce the recommendation of drench application of neonicotinoids before planting nursery trees as a useful strategy for HLB management. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Fundecitrus, Departamento Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz'/Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Fundecitrus, Departamento Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Fundecitrus, Departamento Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Pa
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz'/Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Rs
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lopes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000254:growth & development; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006430:Hemiptera; D007093:Imidazoles; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013844:Thiazoles; D014197:Trees / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D013844:Thiazoles; C082359:imidacloprid; D000077922:Thiamethoxam
keywords: Asian citrus psyllid; electrical penetration graph; huanglongbing; neonicotinoids; pest management