title: Downgrading the systemic condition of rabbits after long term exposure to cypermethrin and piperonyl butoxide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aimof this study is to clarify the effect of cypermethrin (CY) on the oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation status of animals exposed to it and the synergistic role of piperonyl butoxide (PB0).
  
  
  METHODS
  Markers of oxidative stress, such as total antioxidant activity (TAC), protein carbonyls, hemoglobin (Hb), reduced glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances (TBARS), along with the telomerase activity in PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oxidative stress markers showed statistically significant differences between groups in TAC (p b 0.001), GSH (p = 0.018) and CAT activity (p = 0.029), which depended on dose and combined effect of both compounds. Telomerase activity also showed a statistically significant difference between all groups (F = 43.48, df=6, 14, p b 0.001)with cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide and the co-exposed groups being significantly different fromthe control group (p b 0.05). Significance: The observed results for TBARS, GSH, Hb, TAC, Crbnls and CAT from our exposed groups showed altered levels compared to control groups that could be linked to doses and combined effects of each chemical substance (cypermethrin and piperonyl butoxide). Oxidative stress markers suggest that cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide and the co-exposed groups, induce oxidative stress as well as induction of telomerase activity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexander I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Vardavas
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Persefoni
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fragkiadaki
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanasios K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Alegakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26 & Aiolou St., Larissa 41221, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kouretas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26 & Aiolou St., Larissa 41221, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goutzourelas
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71110, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsiaoussis
authors.affiliation: General Chemical State Laboratory of Greece, Department of Hazardous Substances, Mixtures and Articles, 16 An. Tsocha Str, 1152 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tsitsimpikou
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Polychronis D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Stivaktakis
authors.affiliation: UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Félix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Electronic address: aris@med.uoc.gr.
authors.forename: Aristidis M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tsatsakis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D011817:Rabbits; D019098:Telomerase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin; D019098:Telomerase; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide
keywords: Cypermethrin; Oxidative stress; Piperonyl butoxide; Synergistic action; Telomerase activity