title: Association between serum vitamin D and depressive symptoms among female workers in the manufacturing industry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D has been known to maintain the body's balance of calcium and phosphorus as well as skeletal health. There has been increasing emphasis on the importance of vitamin D as recent studies have been reporting the specific functions of vitamin D in the cerebral nervous system and the association between the level of serum vitamin D and depressive symptoms. However, there is currently a paucity of research investigating the association between serum vitamin D and depressive symptoms in Korean subjects. Consequently, this study has aimed to determine the level of serum vitamin D and explore the association between serum vitamin D and depressive symptoms in Korean female workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A medical examination, questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, and a blood test were conducted between February 3 and March 7, 2014 in 1054 subjects among female workers in the manufacturing industry who underwent physical examinations in a university hospital. From this data, we identified the level of serum vitamin D and investigated the association between serum vitamin D deficiency and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average serum vitamin D level of the 1054 subjects was 9.07 ± 3.25 ng/mL, and the number of subjects in the serum vitamin D deficiency group with less than 10 ng/mL was 721 (68.4 %). The odds ratio of the depressive symptom group with a CES-D score of 16 or above being in the deficiency group with a serum vitamin D level less than 10 ng/mL was found to be 1.55 (95 % CI = 1.15-2.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  68.4 % of female workers in the manufacturing industry were in the deficiency group with serum vitamin D levels less than 10 ng/mL. Additionally, we identified an association between serum vitamin D deficiency and depressive symptoms. In the future, if serum vitamin D deficiency is checked regularly in workers, we expect to achieve better outcomes in managing their depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon City, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soon Il
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon City, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jun Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon City, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Ouk
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon City, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon City, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ja Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon City, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chan Woo
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon City, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyoung Ouk
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon City, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jun Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon City, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jun Ick
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Jung