title: Mineralogy and geochemistry of efflorescent minerals on mine tailings and their potential impact on water chemistry.
abstract: In the gold mining Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa, efflorescent mineral crusts are a common occurrence on and nearby tailings dumps during the dry season. The crusts are readily soluble and generate acidic, metal- and sulphate-rich solutions on dissolution. In this study, the metal content of efflorescent crusts at an abandoned gold mine tailings dump was used to characterise surface and groundwater discharges from the site. Geochemical modelling of the pH of the solution resulting from the dissolution of the crusts was used to better understand the crusts' potential impact on water chemistry. The study involved two approaches: (i) conducting leaching experiments on oxidised and unoxidised tailings using artificial rainwater and dilute sulphuric acid and correlating the composition of crusts to these leachates and (ii) modelling the dissolution of the crusts in order to gain insight into their mineralogy and their potential impact on receiving waters. The findings suggested that there were two chemically distinct discharges from the site, namely an aluminium- and magnesium-rich surface water plume and an iron-rich groundwater plume. The first plume was observed to originate from the oxidised tailings following leaching with rainwater while the second plume originated from the underlying unoxidised tailings with leaching by sulphuric acid. Both groups of minerals forming from the respective plumes were found to significantly lower the pH of the receiving water with simulations of their dissolution found to be within 0.2 pH units of experimental values. It was observed that metals in a low abundance within the crust (for example, iron) had a stronger influence on the pH of the resulting solutions than metals in a greater abundance (aluminium or magnesium). Techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and in situ mineral determination techniques such as remote sensing can effectively determine the dominant mineralogy. However, the minerals or metals incorporated through solid solution into bulk mineralogy that dominates the chemistry of the solutions upon their dissolution may occur in minor quantities that can only be predicted using chemical analysis. Their mineralogy can be predicted using geochemical modelling and can provide a set of hypothetical minerals that upon dissolution yield a solution similar to that of the actual crusts. This realisation has a bearing on decision-making such as in risk assessment and designing pollutant mitigation strategies.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: B P C
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.affiliation: SM Stoller Corporation, Grand Junction, CO, 81503, USA.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Billing
authors.affiliation: Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: I M G
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Weiersbye
authors.affiliation: Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Hlanganani.tutu@wits.ac.za.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tutu
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis*; D008906:Mining; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013019:South Africa; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water
keywords: Efflorescent crusts; Forward modelling; Geochemical modelling; Leaching experiments