title: Depressive symptoms increase the risk of progression to dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a long-standing debate in the literature whether depressive symptoms increase the risk of dementia in older with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We aim to conduct a meta-analysis of studies that evaluated the risk of dementia in subjects with MCI and depressive symptoms compared with subjects with MCI and no depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We calculated the relative risk of progression to dementia in subjects with MCI and depressive symptoms compared with subjects with MCI and no depressive symptoms using a generic inverse variance method with random effect models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen studies were included in the meta-analysis, with a sample size of 10,861 MCI subjects. The pooled relative risk of progressing to dementia was 1.28 CI95% [1.09-1.52] (p = 0.003) in the group of MCI subjects with depressive symptoms compared with the MCI subjects with no depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide additional evidence that depressive symptoms determine an additive risk effect to the progression to dementia in subjects with MCI. The comorbidity between depression and cognitive impairment can be an intervention target for prevention of dementia in MCI subjects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Investigations in Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raimundo J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Mourao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Investigations in Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mansur
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Investigations in Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.|Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandro F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Malloy-Diniz
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Section, Rene Rachou Research Center - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Erico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castro Costa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Investigations in Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.|Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.|Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Houston Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Breno S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Diniz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003704:Dementia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; dementia; depression; meta-analysis; mild cognitive impairment