title: ENSO Modulations due to Interannual Variability of Freshwater Forcing and Ocean Biology-induced Heating in the Tropical Pacific.
abstract: Recent studies have identified clear climate feedbacks associated with interannual variations in freshwater forcing (FWF) and ocean biology-induced heating (OBH) in the tropical Pacific. The interrelationships among the related anomaly fields are analyzed using hybrid coupled model (HCM) simulations to illustrate their combined roles in modulating the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The HCM-based supporting experiments are performed to isolate the related feedbacks, with interannually varying FWF and OBH being represented individually or collectively, which allows their effects to be examined in a clear way. It is demonstrated that the interannual freshwater forcing enhances ENSO variability and slightly prolongs the simulated ENSO period, while the interannual OBH reduces ENSO variability and slightly shortens the ENSO period, with their feedback effects tending to counteract each other.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Rong-Hua
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Chuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.|National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, State Oceanic Administration, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Xianbiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: College of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhi
authors.affiliation: National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, State Oceanic Administration, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Zhanggui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, State Oceanic Administration, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Licheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
mesh_terms: D059000:El Nino-Southern Oscillation; D005618:Fresh Water; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D013696:Temperature; D014329:Tropical Climate