title: High Ringxiety: Attachment Anxiety Predicts Experiences of Phantom Cell Phone Ringing.
abstract: Mobile cell phone users have reported experiencing ringing and/or vibrations associated with incoming calls and messages, only to find that no call or message had actually registered. We believe this phenomenon can be understood as a human signal detection issue, with potentially important influences from psychological attributes. We hypothesized that individuals higher in attachment anxiety would report more frequent phantom cell phone experiences, whereas individuals higher in attachment avoidance would report less frequent experiences. If these experiences are primarily psychologically related to attributes of interpersonal relationships, associations with attachment style should be stronger than for general sensation seeking. We also predicted that certain contexts would interact with attachment style to increase or decrease the likelihood of experiencing phantom cell phone calls and messages. Attachment anxiety directly predicted the frequency of phantom ringing and notification experiences, whereas attachment avoidance and sensation seeking did not directly predict frequency. Attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance interacted with contextual factors (expectations for a call or message and concerned about an issue that one may be contacted about) in the expected directions for predicting phantom cell phone experiences.
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.affiliation: 2 Literature, Sciences, and Arts, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Jaikob M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Djerf
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D040421:Cell Phone; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009769:Object Attachment; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult