title: Effectiveness of motivational interviewing to reduce illicit drug use in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Motivational interviewing (MI) is a commonly used intervention approach to promote reduction or cessation of substance abuse. Effects may be different for adolescents, so it is useful to assess the state of the evidence in this subpopulation. This paper aimed to assess evidence for MI effectiveness in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  EBSCOhost, ProQuest and Digital Dissertation Consortium were searched using keywords. Ten randomized trials from the United Kingdom, United States and Taiwan, including 1466 participants, were identified and analysed using a random effects model. Primary outcome measures captured were: the extent of drug use, intention to use drugs and readiness to change. Each study received a high-quality score based on the Miller Quality Scoring Coding System. Moderator analyses were also conducted to examine the impacts of follow-up period, delivery setting and study design on the effectiveness of MI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant effect of MI on was found change of drug use behaviours [d = 0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.06, 0.17, P = 0.36]. A significant effect was found on attitude change (d = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.20, 0.67, P = 0.0002). The funnel plot was asymmetrical, suggesting publication bias favouring small studies with higher effect sizes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Motivational interviewing has not been found thus far to reduce adolescent use of illicit drugs. It may influence intentions to change, but evidence of publication bias weakens confidence in this conclusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Shimin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Samson
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D062405:Motivational Interviewing; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018401:Sample Size; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs
keywords: Addiction disorder; brief intervention; client-centered approach; counselling approach; psychotherapy; substance use; young people