title: Smokeless tobacco use in Urban Indian women: Prevalence and predictors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  India is the second largest consumer of tobacco. Tobacco consumption in nonsmoking forms is culturally accepted even among women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at understanding the patterns and predictors of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use among the urban low-socioeconomic women in Mumbai, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional community-based survey of tobacco usage among women residing in seven low-socioeconomic communities in suburbs of Mumbai, India. Staff for the study was recruited, trained, clusters selected, accurately mapped, households identified, meetings held with community leaders, and household surveys conducted. Women using tobacco were invited to participate in the detailed survey and interviewed to document the various sociodemographic factors and in depth information on tobacco use. The data were computerized and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 22.30% of the total female population consumed tobacco, mainly in the smokeless forms, with only 0.50% of the tobacco users using smoked tobacco. Masheri was the most common form of tobacco used, followed by chewing tobacco. The median frequency of use of different tobacco products varied from 2 to 4 per day. The mean age at initiation of tobacco was 26.23 years. According to the results of univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, illiterate women, with advancing age, belonging to Hindu, Muslim, or Buddhist communities, who were either manual laborers or housewives, divorced or separated, and speaking Marathi were at higher risk of being tobacco user.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patterns and predictors of SLT use among women have been identified in the present study. This will guide in planning prevention and control strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Gauravi A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Sheetal V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Subhadra D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Surendra S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shastri
keywords: India; predictors; prevalence; smokeless tobacco; women