title: The contribution of theory of mind, counterfactual reasoning, and executive function to pre-readers' language comprehension and later reading awareness and comprehension in elementary school.
abstract: The current longitudinal study examined the roles of theory of mind, counterfactual reasoning, and executive function in children's pre-reading skills, reading awareness, and reading comprehension. It is the first to examine this set of variables with preschool and school-aged children. A sample of 31 children completed language comprehension, working memory, cognitive flexibility, first-order false belief, and counterfactual reasoning measures when they were 3 to 5 years of age and completed second-order false belief, cognitive flexibility, reading comprehension, and reading awareness measures at 6 to 9 years of age. Results indicated that false belief understanding contributed to phrase and sentence comprehension and reading awareness, whereas cognitive flexibility and counterfactual reasoning accounted for unique variance in reading comprehension. Implications of the results for the development of reading skill are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA. Electronic address: nguajard@cnu.edu.
authors.forename: Nicole R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Guajardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Cartwright
mesh_terms: D001364:Awareness; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D032882:Comprehension / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D000067489:Metacognition / Q000502:physiology*; D011932:Reading; D056345:Theory of Mind / Q000502:physiology*; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Counterfactual reasoning; Executive function; False belief; Language comprehension; Metacognition; Reading comprehension