title: Immunological models in high dilution research following M Bastide.
abstract: In 1994, Madeleine Bastide described experimental models in immunology that were used during the 1980s to investigate high dilution effects on several biological systems. She classified the available papers in four categories: High dilutions of antigens; High dilutions of thymus, bursa and other hormones; High dilutions of cytokines; Immunopharmacological activity of silica. The studies about high dilutions of antigens were not continued after this period, but gave rise to a long process of a series of in vitro models on antigens and histamine dilutions, that led to the demonstration of the biological modulation effects of these preparations on basophil degranulation. During this process, a multi-centre study was performed, with a high degree of reproducibility among different independent laboratories. The studies about high diluted cytokines, thymulin and other hormones opened a new line of scientific investigation, about the regulatory properties of endogenous substances prepared according to homeopathic methods. The most frequently studied substance, thymulin, when administered to mice at 5cH potency, is able to improve the activity of phagocytes in different experimental situations, such as viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. The immunopharmacological activity of silica was demonstrated, at that time, as an in vivo illustration of the homeopathic 'similia principle'. More recently, studies on silica have assumed another focus: the putative role of silica as active contaminant present in high dilutions. This paper presents a follow-up summary on these items, considering the evolution of discoveries from 1994 to 2014.
authors.affiliation: UNIP, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: leonibonamin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Leoni Villano
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Bonamin
authors.affiliation: University of Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bellavite
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006705:Homeopathy / Q000379:methods*; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D051379:Mice / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development; D018448:Models, Immunological; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012106:Research / Q000592:standards
keywords: Homeopathy; Immunology; Ultra high dilution