title: Development of risk-based trading farm scoring system to assist with the control of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in England and Wales.
abstract: Identifying and ranking cattle herds with a higher risk of being or becoming infected on known risk factors can help target farm biosecurity, surveillance schemes and reduce spread through animal trading. This paper describes a quantitative approach to develop risk scores, based on the probability of infection in a herd with bovine tuberculosis (bTB), to be used in a risk-based trading (RBT) scheme in England and Wales. To produce a practical scoring system the risk factors included need to be simple and quick to understand, sufficiently informative and derived from centralised national databases to enable verification and assess compliance. A logistic regression identified herd history of bTB, local bTB prevalence, herd size and movements of animals onto farms in batches from high risk areas as being significantly associated with the probability of bTB infection on farm. Risk factors were assigned points using the estimated odds ratios to weight them. The farm risk score was defined as the sum of these individual points yielding a range from 1 to 5 and was calculated for each cattle farm that was trading animals in England and Wales at the start of a year. Within 12 months, of those farms tested, 30.3% of score 5 farms had a breakdown (sensitivity). Of farms scoring 1-4 only 5.4% incurred a breakdown (1-specificity). The use of this risk scoring system within RBT has the potential to reduce infected cattle movements; however, there are cost implications in ensuring that the information underpinning any system is accurate and up to date.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge, UK. Electronic address: Amie.Adkin@apha.gsi.gov.uk.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adkin
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge, UK. Electronic address: Adam.Brouwer@apha.gsi.gov.uk.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge, UK. Electronic address: Robin.Simons@apha.gsi.gov.uk.
authors.forename: R R L
authors.initials: RRL
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge, UK. Electronic address: Richard.P.Smith@apha.gsi.gov.uk.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge, UK. Electronic address: Mark.Arnold@apha.gsi.gov.uk.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge, UK. Electronic address: Jennifer.Broughan@apha.gsi.gov.uk.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Broughan
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge, UK. Electronic address: Rowena.Kosmider@apha.gsi.gov.uk.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kosmider
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge, UK. Electronic address: Sara.Downs@apha.gsi.gov.uk.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Downs
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003132:Commerce; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014186:Transportation; D014380:Tuberculosis, Bovine / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Bovine tuberculosis; Risk factors; Risk scores; Risk-based trading