title: Plasma Levels of Interleukin-17, Interleukin-23, and Transforming Growth Factor-β in Sudanese Patients with Vitiligo: A Case-Control Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitiligo is the most common pigmentary skin disorder. It is a multifactorial polygenic disease with epidermal melanocyte destruction. The cytokines profile found in vitiliginous patients was not fully elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess the autoimmune nature of vitiligo by comparing plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-17, IL-23, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in adult Sudanese vitiligo patients with matched control individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study was conducted in Khartoum Dermatologic Teaching Hospital, in the period between July and December 2013. The cases were 42 adult Sudanese vitiligo patients matched with 43 control individuals. The cytokines were measured in the plasma by the quantitative "sandwich" ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients showed a significant lower median (25-75(th) inter-quartile) of TGF-β than control (0.042 [0.041-0.044] vs. 0.047 [0.042-0.049]; P ≤ 0.001). Both IL-17 and IL-23 showed no significant difference between cases and controls. IL-17 showed a significant inverse relationship when correlated with TGF-β (r = -0.24; P = 0.026) while showing direct relationship when correlated with age (r = 0.28; P = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The positive findings detected in this study coincide with the important immunoregulatory role of the TGF-β, and support the autoimmune nature of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan ; Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Ali Malik
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Medical Campus, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Maowia Mohamed
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mukhtar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Medical Campus, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Khalid Hussein
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Bakheit
authors.affiliation: Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Hamdan Zaki
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Hamdan
keywords: Cytokines’ profile; ELISA; Sudan; interleukin-17; interleukin-23; transforming growth factor beta; vitiligo