title: Balanced regulation of the CCN family of matricellular proteins: a novel approach to the prevention and treatment of fibrosis and cancer.
abstract: The CCN family of matricellular signaling proteins is emerging as a unique common link across multiple diseases and organs related to injury and repair. They are now being shown to play a central role in regulating the pathways to the initiation and resolution of normal wound healing and fibrosis in response to multiple forms of injury. Similarly, it is also emerging that they play a key role in regulating the establishment, growth, metastases and tissue regeneration in many forms of cancer via the interaction of cancer cells with the tumor stroma. Evidence has been recently provided that these proteins do not act independently but are co-regulated working in a yin/yang manner to alter the outcome of both normal physiological processes as well as pathology. The purpose of this review is to twofold. First, it will summarize work to date supporting CCN2 as a therapeutic target in the formation and progression of renal, skin, and other organ fibrosis, as well as cancer stroma formation. Second, it will highlight recent evidence for CCN3 as a counter-regulator and a potential therapeutic agent in these diseases with an exciting, novel potential to both treat and then restore tissue homeostasis in those afflicted by these devastating disorders.
authors.affiliation: BLR Bio LLC, Kenosha, WI, USA. riser@blrbio.com.|The Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, USA. riser@blrbio.com.
authors.forename: Bruce L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Riser
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varani
keywords: Biotherapeutics; CCN2/CTGF; Cancer and tumor stroma; Chronic kidney disease; Diabetic nephropathy; Extracellular matrix pathobiology; Mesangial cells; Nephrogenic systemic sclerosis; Podocytes; Skin scarring; Tissue homeostasis