title: Evaluation of Trigonella foenum-graecum extract in combination with swimming exercise compared to glibenclamide consumption on type 2 Diabetic rodents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fenugreek seed extract in combination with swimming exercise compared to glibenclamide consumption on type 2 diabetic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The acute toxicity test was carried out to choose the safe doses and identify the toxicity effects of the fenugreek seed extract. To investigate the hypoglycemic effect of the extract and its effect in combination with swimming training, 80 Wistar Kyoto male streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were divided randomly into eight groups: diabetic control (C); fenugreek seed extract 0.8 g/kg (F1); fenugreek extract 1.6 g/kg (F2); swimming training (S); swimming training plus fenugreek extract 0.8 g/kg (SF1); swimming training plus fenugreek extract 1.6 g/kg (SF2); glibenclamide (G) and swimming training plus glibenclamide (SG). The rats were orally administrated with the treatments once a day with the respective treatment, and the training groups were subjected to swimming training every day for 60 min. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, adiponectin, leptin, and insulin concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results obtained from acute toxicity study showed no toxicity effect of fenugreek seed extract on the tested dose. Biochemical analysis showed significant improvements in all of the groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). Plasma insulin concentration and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was significantly reduced in treated groups compared with the diabetic control group. Plasma leptin were significantly decreased in treated groups compared with the control group; while adiponectin had markedly increased (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that fenugreek seed consuming, alongside swimming exercise, has a strong therapeutic effect on the improvement of diabetic parameters.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Department, Faculty of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sajad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arshadi
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Department, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran; m_azarbayjani@iauctb.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Azarbayjani
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hajaghaalipor
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, Sports Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ashril
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yusof
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Department, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maghsoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peeri
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Salar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bakhtiyari
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Stannard
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Noor Azuan Abu
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, Sports Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; fir_dhn@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Firouzeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dehghan
keywords: diabetic; fenugreek seed; glibenclamide; insulin resistance; leptin; lipid profile; swimming training