title: Cas9 Variants Expand the Target Repertoire in Caenorhabditis elegans.
abstract: The proliferation of CRISPR/Cas9-based methods in Caenorhabditis elegans has enabled efficient genome editing and precise genomic tethering of Cas9 fusion proteins. Experimental designs using CRISPR/Cas9 are currently limited by the need for a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) in the target with the sequence NGG. Here we report the characterization of two modified Cas9 proteins in C. elegans that recognize NGA and NGCG PAMs. We found that each variant could stimulate homologous recombination with a donor template at multiple loci and that PAM specificity was comparable to that of wild-type Cas9. To directly compare effectiveness, we used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to generate a set of assay strains with a common single-guide RNA (sgRNA) target sequence, but that differ in the juxtaposed PAM (NGG, NGA, or NGCG). In this controlled setting, we determined that the NGA PAM Cas9 variant can be as effective as wild-type Cas9. We similarly edited a genomic target to study the influence of the base following the NGA PAM. Using four strains with four NGAN PAMs differing only at the fourth position and adjacent to the same sgRNA target, we observed that efficient homologous replacement was attainable with any base in the fourth position, with an NGAG PAM being the most effective. In addition to demonstrating the utility of two Cas9 mutants in C. elegans and providing reagents that permit CRISPR/Cas9 experiments with fewer restrictions on potential targets, we established a means to benchmark the efficiency of different Cas9::PAM combinations that avoids variations owing to differences in the sgRNA sequence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 ryanbell@stanford.edu afire@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Ryan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.
authors.forename: Becky X H
authors.initials: BX
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 ryanbell@stanford.edu afire@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Fire
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D064130:CRISPR-Associated Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D064113:CRISPR-Cas Systems; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression; D056426:Genetic Loci; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016678:Genome; D059765:Homologous Recombination; D009154:Mutation; D059372:Nucleotide Motifs; D010641:Phenotype; D017393:RNA Editing; D000094704:RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D064130:CRISPR-Associated Proteins; D000094704:RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems
keywords: C. elegans; CRISPR/Cas9; VQR Cas9; alternate PAMs; genome editing