title: Contrast-induced nephropathy in CT: incidence, risk factors and strategies for prevention.
abstract: In the past, a high percentage of hospital-acquired renal failure was attributed to contrast media. That position is now very controversial. Recently, doubts have been raised regarding the real relationship between acute kidney injury and intravenous contrast media administration. Similarly, statements about specific methods of preventing contrast-inducing nephropathy have been challenged. This review article addresses the controversies of incidence, causation, and prevention in an attempt to help the practicing radiologist adopt methods for their own department.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • The reported CIN incidence ranges from 2-12 % following contrast-enhanced CT. • Studies without a non-contrast CT control group may overestimate CIN incidence. • Development and application of a comprehensive CIN prevention strategy is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China.
authors.forename: Shu Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Ashley River Tower, MSC 226, 25 Courtenay Dr, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.|Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Julian L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Ashley River Tower, MSC 226, 25 Courtenay Dr, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
authors.forename: U Joseph
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Schoepf
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Ashley River Tower, MSC 226, 25 Courtenay Dr, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China.
authors.forename: Guang Ming
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China. kevinzhlj@163.com.
authors.forename: Long Jiang
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Acute kidney injury; Computed tomography; Contrast media; Contrast-induced nephropathy; Prevention strategy