title: Arthur Simons (1877-1942) and Tonic Neck Reflexes With Hemiplegic "Mitbewegungen" (Associated Reactions): Cinematography From 1916-1919.
abstract: Tonic neck reflexes were investigated by Rudolf Magnus and Adriaan de Kleijn in animals and men in 1912 and eventually by Arthur Simons, a neurologist in Berlin and coworker of Hermann Oppenheim. Simons studied these reflexes in hemiplegic patients, who were mainly victims of World War I. This work became his most important contribution and remained unsurpassed for many years. The film (Filmarchiv, Bundesarchiv [Film Archive, National Archive] Berlin) with Simons as an examiner shows 11 war casualties with brain lesions that occurred between 1916 and 1919. The injuries reveal asymmetric neck reflexes with "Mitbewegungen," that is, flexion or extension on the hemiplegic side. Mitbewegungen is identical with Francis Walshe's "associated reactions" caused by neck rotation and/or by cocontraction of the nonaffected extremities, for example, by closing of the fist (Walshe). The knowledge of the neck reflexes is important in acute neurology and in rehabilitation therapy of hemiplegics for antispastic positions. Simons' investigations were conducted in the early era of increasing use of cinematography in medical studies. The film had been nearly forgotten until its rediscovery in 2010.
authors.affiliation: a Former Head of the Neurological Department , Schlossparkklinik , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holdorff
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000266:history / Q000503:physiopathology; D005858:Germany; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000266:history* / Q000503:physiopathology; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008488:Medical Illustration / Q000266:history; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000266:history; D009040:Motion Pictures / Q000266:history*; D009333:Neck / Q000502:physiology*; D009462:Neurology / Q000266:history; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D047828:World War I
keywords: Arthur Simons; antispastic positions; associated reactions (Walshe); hemiplegia; tonic neck reflexes