title: Estimating the Need for Palliative Radiation Therapy: A Benchmarking Approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Palliative radiation therapy (PRT) benefits many patients with incurable cancer, but the overall need for PRT is unknown. Our primary objective was to estimate the appropriate rate of use of PRT in Ontario.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Ontario Cancer Registry identified patients who died of cancer in Ontario between 2006 and 2010. Comprehensive RT records were linked to the registry. Multivariate analysis identified social and health system-related factors affecting the use of PRT, enabling us to define a benchmark population of patients with unimpeded access to PRT. The proportion of cases treated at any time (PRTlifetime), the proportion of cases treated in the last 2 years of life (PRT2y), and number of courses of PRT per thousand cancer deaths were measured in the benchmark population. These benchmarks were standardized to the characteristics of the overall population, and province-wide PRT rates were then compared to benchmarks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases diagnosed at hospitals with no RT on-site and residents of poorer communities and those who lived farther from an RT center, were significantly less likely than others to receive PRT. However, availability of RT at the diagnosing hospital was the dominant factor. Neither socioeconomic status nor distance from home to nearest RT center had a significant effect on the use of PRT in patients diagnosed at a hospital with RT facilities. The benchmark population therefore consisted of patients diagnosed at a hospital with RT facilities. The standardized benchmark for PRTlifetime was 33.9%, and the corresponding province-wide rate was 28.5%. The standardized benchmark for PRT2y was 32.4%, and the corresponding province-wide rate was 27.0%. The standardized benchmark for the number of courses of PRT per thousand cancer deaths was 652, and the corresponding province-wide rate was 542.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately one-third of patients who die of cancer in Ontario need PRT, but many of them are never treated.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: william.mackillop@krcc.on.ca.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mackillop
authors.affiliation: Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019985:Benchmarking / Q000592:standards*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D002173:Cancer Care Facilities / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020380:Needs Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors