title: Fluoroscopically-guided epidural blood patch for spontaneous intracranial hypotension.
abstract: We present three patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension who failed conservative treatment and were treated with image-guided epidural blood patch close to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak site. Each patient achieved significant long-term improvement of clinical symptoms and CSF leak related image findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Giampetro
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalapos
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Julia C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Caldwell
keywords: Cerebrospinal spinal fluid leak; connective tissue; epidural blood patch; fluoroscopy; headache; intracranial hypotension; magnetic resonance imaging; myelography