title: Childhood Trauma and Its Relation to Chronic Depression in Adulthood.
abstract: There is a large consensus indicating that childhood trauma is significantly involved in the development of depression. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of retrospectively recalled childhood trauma in chronically depressed patients and to investigate a more specific relationship between trauma type and depression. We further asked for the influence of multiple experiences of childhood trauma on the vulnerability to a chronic course of depression in adulthood. 349 chronically depressed patients of the German LAC Depression Study completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, a self-report measure of traumatic experiences in childhood. 75.6% of the chronically depressed patients reported clinically significant histories of childhood trauma. 37% of the chronically depressed patients reported multiple childhood traumatization. Experiences of multiple trauma also led to significantly more severe depressive symptoms. Stepwise multiple regression analysis suggested that childhood emotional abuse and sexual abuse were significantly associated with a higher symptom severity in chronically depressed adults. Yet, expanding the regression model for multiple exposures showed that multiplicity was the only remaining significant predictor for symptom severity in chronically depressed patients. Clinical implications suggest a precise assessment of childhood trauma in chronically depressed patients with a focus on emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and multiple exposures to childhood trauma. This trial is registered with registration number ISRCTN91956346.
authors.affiliation: Sigmund-Freud-Institute, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Negele
authors.affiliation: Sigmund-Freud-Institute, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaufhold
authors.affiliation: Sigmund-Freud-Institute, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kallenbach
authors.affiliation: Sigmund-Freud-Institute, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany ; University of Kassel, Psychoanalytical Psychology, 34127 Kassel, Germany.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leuzinger-Bohleber