title: The clinical presentation and diagnosis of ketamine-associated urinary tract dysfunction in Singapore.
abstract: Ketamine is a short-acting anaesthetic agent that has gained popularity as a 'club drug' due to its hallucinogenic effects. Substance abuse should be considered in young adult patients who present with severe debilitating symptoms such as lower urinary tract symptoms, even though the use of controlled substances is rare in Singapore. Although the natural history of disease varies from person to person, a relationship between symptom severity and frequency/dosage of abuse has been established. It is important to be aware of this condition and have a high degree of clinical suspicion to enable early diagnosis and immediate initiation of multidisciplinary and holistic treatment. A delayed diagnosis can lead to irreversible pathological changes and increased morbidity among ketamine abusers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jacklyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yek
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Palaniappan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sundaram
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tricia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Lay Guat
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003556:Cystitis / Q000188:drug therapy; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D012846:Singapore; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007649:Ketamine
keywords: bladder dysfunction; ketamin; lower urinary tract dysfunction; ulcerative cystitis