title: Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and alternative therapeutic options.
abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of nosocomial infections and is responsible for ∼10% of all hospital-acquired infections worldwide. It continues to pose a therapeutic challenge because of the high rate of morbidity and mortality associated with it and the possibility of development of drug resistance during therapy. Standard antibiotic regimes against P. aeruginosa are increasingly becoming ineffective due to the rise in drug resistance. With the scope for developing new antibiotics being limited, alternative treatment options are gaining more and more attention. A number of recent studies reported complementary and alternative treatment options to combat P. aeruginosa infections. Quorum sensing inhibitors, phages, probiotics, anti-microbial peptides, vaccine antigens and antimicrobial nanoparticles have the potential to act against drug resistant strains. Unfortunately, most studies considering alternative treatment options are still confined in the pre-clinical stages, although some of these findings have tremendous potential to be turned into valuable therapeutics. This review is intended to raise awareness of several novel approaches that can be considered further for combating drug resistant P. aeruginosa infections.
authors.affiliation: Amrita Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS - Ponekkara, Cochin 682041, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Maitrayee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.affiliation: Amrita Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS - Ponekkara, Cochin 682041, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Anju
authors.affiliation: Amrita Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS - Ponekkara, Cochin 682041, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Lalitha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS - Ponekkara, Cochin 682041, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Anil Kumar
authors.affiliation: Amrita Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS - Ponekkara, Cochin 682041, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gopi Mohan
authors.affiliation: Amrita Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS - Ponekkara, Cochin 682041, Kerala, India. Electronic address: rajabiswas@aims.amrita.edu.
authors.forename: Raja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Biswas
mesh_terms: D001688:Biological Products / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001691:Biological Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products
keywords: Anti-microbial peptides; Bacteriophages; Nanoparticles; Probiotic organisms; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Quorum sensing