title: [Coupled Analysis of Fluid-Structure Interaction of a Micro-Mechanical Valve for Glaucoma Drainage Devices].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. In therapeutically refractory cases, alloplastic glaucoma drainage devices (GDD) are being increasingly used to decrease intraocular pressure. Current devices are mainly limited by fibrotic encapsulation and postoperative hypotension. Preliminary studies have described the development of a glaucoma microstent to control aqueous humour drainage from the anterior chamber into the suprachoroidal space. One focus of these studies was on the design of a micro-mechanical valve placed in the anterior chamber to inhibit postoperative hypotension. The present report describes the coupled analysis of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) as basis for future improvements in the design micro-mechanical valves.
  
  
  METHODS
  FSI analysis was carried out with ANSYS 14.5 software. Solid and fluid geometry were combined in a model, and the corresponding material properties of silicone (Silastic Rx-50) and water at room temperature were assigned. The meshing of the solid and fluid domains was carried out in accordance with the results of a convergence study with tetrahedron elements. Structural and fluid mechanical boundary conditions completed the model. The FSI analysis takes into account geometric non-linearity and adaptive remeshing to consider changing geometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A valve opening pressure of 3.26 mmHg was derived from the FSI analysis and correlates well with the results of preliminary experimental fluid mechanical studies. Flow resistance was calculated from non-linear pressure-flow characteristics as 8.5 × 10(-3) mmHg/µl  · min(-1) and 2.7 × 10(-3) mmHg/µl  · min(-1), respectively before and after valve opening pressure is exceeded. FSI analysis indicated leakage flow before valve opening, which is due to the simplified model geometry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented bidirectional coupled FSI analysis is a powerful tool for the development of new designs of micro-mechanical valves for GDD and may help to minimise the time and cost expended on manufacturing and testing prototypes. Further optimisation of the FSI model is expected to ensure further convergence between the simulation and the results of experimental investigations.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biomedizinische Technik, Universitätsmedizin Rostock.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siewert
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biomedizinische Technik, Universitätsmedizin Rostock.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sämann
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biomedizinische Technik, Universitätsmedizin Rostock.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biomedizinische Technik, Universitätsmedizin Rostock.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stiehm
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Rostock.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Falke
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biomedizinische Technik, Universitätsmedizin Rostock.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grabow
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biomedizinische Technik, Universitätsmedizin Rostock.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guthoff
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biomedizinische Technik, Universitätsmedizin Rostock.
authors.forename: K-P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Schmitz
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000379:methods*; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods; D020327:Glaucoma Drainage Implants; D008904:Miniaturization; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012212:Rheology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software