title: Epilepsy with temporal encephalocele: Characteristics of electrocorticography and surgical outcome.
abstract: Temporal lobe encephaloceles (TEs) are increasingly identified in patients with epilepsy due to advances in neuroimaging. Select patients become seizure-free with lesionectomy. In practice, however, many of these patients will undergo standard anterior temporal lobectomy. Herein we report on the first series of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with encephalocele to undergo chronic or intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) in order to characterize the putative epileptogenic nature of these lesions and help guide surgical planning. This retrospective study includes nine adult patients with magnetic resonance imaging/computed tomography (MRI/CT)-defined temporal encephalocele treated between 2007 and 2014 at University of California San Francisco (UCSF). Clinical features, ECoG, imaging, and surgical outcomes are reviewed. Six patients underwent resective epilepsy surgery. Each case demonstrated abnormal epileptiform discharges around the cortical area of the encephalocele. Two underwent tailored lesionectomy and four underwent lesionectomy plus anterior medial temporal resection. Postoperatively, five patients, including both with lesionectomy only, had Engel class Ia surgical outcome, and one had a class IIb surgical outcome. The role of TE in the pathogenesis of epilepsy is uncertain. ECoG can confirm the presence of interictal epileptiform discharges and seizures arising from these lesions. Patients overall had a very good surgical prognosis, even with selective surgical approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Fedor
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Panov
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Edward F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Radiology, and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knowlton
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Radiology, and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Susannah B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Cornes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D038481:Anterior Temporal Lobectomy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000069279:Drug Resistant Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D000069280:Electrocorticography; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004677:Encephalocele / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Electrocorticography; Encephalocele; Meningoencephalocele; Surgical outcome; Temporal epilepsy