title: Biologically active antimicrobial and antioxidant substances in the Helianthus annuus L. bee pollen.
abstract: The objective of this study was to measure the content of flavonoids, polyphenols, and carotenoids in the Helianthus annuus L. bee pollen. It was also to evaluate the ability of the dried, frozen, and freeze-dried extracts of sunflower (H. annuus) pollen, its scavenged free radicals and reducing action. Another aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial in vitro action of the H. annuus pollen extracts against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. All pollen extracts showed medium antiradical activity and reductive ability. The most effective was the freeze-dried extract in both evaluation systems. The evaluation of the protective effects of DNA using a biosensor showed an opposite trending-frozen ˃ dried ˃ freeze-dried pollen. For the evaluation of antiradical activity, the DPPH method was used, and reductive ability was assessed by means of phosphomolybdic complex formation. The comparison of the polyphenols content shows higher values in freeze-dried bee pollen than in the dried and frozen pollen. The highest content of flavonoids was found in the frozen samples and the most carotenoids were present in the dried samples. In our study, the best antibacterial effects of the dried sunflower bee pollen extracts were found against Paenibacillus larvae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus raffinosus. The best inhibitory properties of the frozen sunflower bee pollen extracts were found against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Paenibacillus larvae. Very good inhibitory effects of freeze-dried sunflower bee pollen were found against Paenibacillus larvae, Brochotrix thermosphacta, and Enterococcus raffinosus. The best antifungal activity of the sunflower bee pollen was found in the frozen bee pollen extracts against Aspergillus ochraceus and freeze-dried bee pollen extracts against Aspergillus niger.
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources , Department of Human Nutrition, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Katarína
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fatrcová-Šramková
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources , Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Janka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nôžková
authors.affiliation: c Allvit , Bratislava , Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Máriássyová
authors.affiliation: d Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science , Department of Microbiology, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Miroslava
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kačániová
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001516:Bees; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005612:Freeze Drying; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006368:Helianthus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: Bee pollen; Helianthus annuus L; antimicrobial action; antioxidant activity; flavonoids