title: Isolation of Radiation-Resistant Bacteria from Mars Analog Antarctic Dry Valleys by Preselection, and the Correlation between Radiation and Desiccation Resistance.
abstract: Extreme radiation-resistant microorganisms can survive doses of ionizing radiation far greater than are present in the natural environment. Radiation resistance is believed to be an incidental adaptation to desiccation resistance, as both hazards cause similar cellular damage. Desert soils are, therefore, promising targets to prospect for new radiation-resistant strains. This is the first study to isolate radiation-resistant microbes by using gamma-ray exposure preselection from the extreme cold desert of the Antarctic Dry Valleys (a martian surface analogue). Halomonads, identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, were the most numerous survivors of the highest irradiation exposures. They were studied here for the first time for both their desiccation and irradiation survival characteristics. In addition, the association between desiccation and radiation resistance has not been investigated quantitatively before for a broad diversity of microorganisms. Thus, a meta-analysis of scientific literature was conducted to gather a larger data set. A strong correlation was found between desiccation and radiation resistance, indicating that an increase in the desiccation resistance of 5 days corresponds to an increase in the room-temperature irradiation survival of 1 kGy. Irradiation at -79°C (representative of average martian surface temperatures) increases the microbial radiation resistance 9-fold. Consequently, the survival of the cold-, desiccation-, and radiation-resistant organisms isolated here has implications for the potential habitability of dormant or cryopreserved life on Mars.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Extremophiles-Halomonas sp.-Antarctica-Mars-Ionizing radiation-Cosmic rays.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University College London , London, UK.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Musilova
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Engineering and Applied Science, Cranfield University , Shrivenham, Swindon, UK.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London , London, UK.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: 4 UCL Institute for Origins, University College London , London, UK.|5 The Centre for Planetary Sciences at UCL/Birkbeck, Earth Sciences, University College London , London, UK.
authors.forename: Lewis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Dartnell
mesh_terms: D000864:Antarctic Regions; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003890:Desiccation; D005720:Gamma Rays; D020632:Halomonas / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000528:radiation effects; D018535:Mars; D050296:Microbial Viability; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis*; D000069079:Radiation Exposure; D011836:Radiation Tolerance
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S