title: Iatrogenic Injury to Medial Rectus After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery.
abstract: Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is the mainstay of the treatment in sinus disorders, to re-establish the drainage of the affected sinus. The close proximity of the orbital structures to paranasal sinuses makes them vulnerable to inadvertent injury during the sinus surgery. Medial rectus (MR) muscle is the most commonly injured extraocular muscle during ESS due to its anatomic proximity to the thin medial wall of the orbit. This is a non-comparative, retrospective, interventional case series of six patients presenting with MR injury after ESS. We discuss the management, outcome and review the published literature. A total of six patients met the inclusion criteria. The presenting complaints were diplopia, squinting and limitation of ocular movements. Two patients underwent surgical exploration of the MR muscle and reattachment of the muscle along with injection botulinum to the antagonist lateral rectus muscle. Two patients who had small angle strabismus and who were able to fuse were advised orthoptic exercises and prisms as management. Remaining two patients were advised surgical intervention to correct strabismus but they declined further surgical intervention. Management of MR injury following ESS is complex, often resulting in suboptimal outcomes. Since early intervention is associated with better outcomes, early referral by otolaryngologists to ophthalmologists would result in better outcome.
authors.affiliation: Orbit, Oculoplasty, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Medical Research Foundation, 18, College Road, Chennai, 600 006 India.
authors.forename: Bipasha
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5368-9276
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.affiliation: Orbit, Oculoplasty, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Medical Research Foundation, 18, College Road, Chennai, 600 006 India.
authors.forename: Omega
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Priyadarshini
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus, Sankara Nethralaya, Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Srikanth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramasubramanian
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus, Sankara Nethralaya, Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Sumita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarkar
keywords: Diplopia; Endoscopic sinus surgery; Medial rectus injury