title: Pediatric Facial Fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few published articles describing the epidemiology of facial fractures in South Africa, and there is only one published study in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study retrospectively reviewed all medical records in a major metropolitan pediatric hospital in Cape Town, South Africa from September 2006 through May 2014. Inclusion criteria were children aged under the age of 13 with facial fractures. Fractures were assessed through head computed tomography (CT) scans. Patient's age, sex, cause of injury, general condition, existence of concomitant injuries, location of fractures, type of interventions, and length of stay were recorded and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 53 men and 34 women were included in the study. Motor vehicle collisions (MVC) were the most common cause of facial fractures (56.3%). One hundred thirty facial fractures were presented on CT scans. The most common fractures in this study were mandible (43.1%). Comparing unrestrained motor vehicle collisions (UMVC) patients with those of other etiologies (OE), there was an increase in the average number of fractures (OE: 1.1, UMVC: 1.9; P < 0.0001), the average length of stay (OE: 4 days, UMVC: 9 days; P < 0.003), and the probabilities of sustaining concomitant injuries (OE: 31.0%, UMVC: 68.8%; P < 0.05) and requiring an operation (OE: 42.3%, UMVC: 81.3%; P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study establishes MVC as the most common etiology of facial fractures in South Africa. It demonstrates an increase in the complexity of facial injuries in unrestrained MVCs, suggesting the need for public awareness campaigns to install restraint devices in automobiles in South Africa.
authors.affiliation: *David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA †UCLA Center for World Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA ‡Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa §Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Frankie K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Saleigh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Coates
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hudson
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005529:Foot Bones / Q000293:injuries; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007867:Leg Bones / Q000293:injuries; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008337:Mandibular Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000706:statistics & numerical data