title: The Role of Present Time Perspective in Predicting Early Adolescent Violence.
abstract: This study investigated the role of present and future time perspectives, and their relationships with subjective norms and beliefs regarding violence, in predicting violent behaviors among urban middle school students in the Midwestern United States. Although present time perspective covaried with subjective norms and beliefs, each made a unique prediction of self-reported violent behaviors. Future time perspective was not a significant predictor when accounting for these relationships. In addition, present orientation moderated the relationship between subjective norms and beliefs and rates of violent behaviors; those with higher present orientations exhibited stronger associations. We replicated this pattern of results in data from new participants in a subsequent wave of the study. Interventions that explicitly address issues related to time perspective may be effective in reducing early adolescent violence.
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carrothers
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Susan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Franzen
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Alison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Reischl
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stoddard
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: community violence; violent offenders; youth violence