title: Analysis of the population genetic structure of Hb D-Los Angeles [β121 (GH4) Glu→Gln GAA→CAA] in Denizli, Turkey; genetic diversity, historical demography and estimation of the mutation rates based on haplotype variation.
abstract: Understanding the genetic origin of the Hb D-Los Angeles hemoglobin may elucidate population interactions such as movements, migrations, and environmental effects on mutation mechanisms in human biology throughout history. Our study aimed to understand the genetic origin of Hb D-Los Angeles based on haplotype data, observed in the Denizli province of Turkey.
  
  
  
  We studied DNA samples from 40 unrelated patients with abnormal hemoglobin Hb D-Los Angeles and 59 unrelated healthy subjects from our DNA bank. Possible associated haplotypes, HWE, genetic diversity and population differentiation, population genetic structure analysis and historical-demographic analysis for the two populations were determined by Arlequin ver. 3.5.
  
  
  
  Molecular diversity results from the two populations show that both populations are genetically similar as far as development and expansion during the historical period. Historical gene flow results show high gene flow between the two populations. SSD and rg tests failed to reject the null hypothesis of population expansion which is consistent with unimodal distribution. Our estimated τ values show that the average time since the demographic expansion for normal and Hb D-Los Angeles populations ranged from approximately 42,000-38,000 ybp, respectively.
  
  
  
  Our data suggest that the Hb D-Los Angeles population originated within the normal population in Denizli, Turkey. Our results support the hypothesis that the Hb D-Los Angeles mutation may have originated in the Mediterranean area, independent from other populations such as India and China. The evaluation of such data may contribute valuable information to anthropological, paleoclimatic, archaeological, and phylogeographical approaches to human biology throughout the historical period. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:476-483, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozturk
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Pamukkale University School of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sanem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arikan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Pamukkale University School of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayfer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atalay
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Pamukkale University School of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Erol O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Atalay
mesh_terms: D003710:Demography; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006455:Hemoglobins, Abnormal / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D059645:Mutation Rate; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D006455:Hemoglobins, Abnormal; C026237:hemoglobin D Punjab