title: Prostate-specific antigen density as a parameter for the prediction of positive lymph nodes at radical prostatectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to determine the prognostic ability of Partin's tables for a patient collective undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) and to evaluate the association of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density (PSAD) and postoperative lymph node status.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1999 to 2006, 393 consecutive patients underwent RP at our Urology department. Patients with Gleason scores < 6, clinical stages >T2c or neoadjuvant hormonal therapy were excluded. Preoperative PSA, biopsy results, digital rectal examination, and prostate size at transrectal ultrasound were recorded. Risk stratification according to the Partin scoring system was performed. Postoperative results were compared with preoperative risk estimation. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis about prediction of postoperative lymph node status was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lymph node invasion (LNI) was found in 36 patients (9.16%). Kendall's rank correlation analysis revealed a significant association between the number of removed LN and LNI (P = 0.016). Patients with LNI had a significantly higher preoperative PSA and PSAD. Preoperative Gleason score was a significant predictor of LNI. The Partin tables' prediction of organ confined stages, extraprostatic extension, and seminal vesicle invasion was in line with the pathological findings in our collective. PSAD was a significant predictor of LNI in univariate and multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most widely used nomogram is of high value in therapy decision-making, although it remains an auxiliary means. Considering the performance of lymph node dissection, surgeons should be aware of the specifics of the applied nomogram. PSAD appears as a useful adjunctive parameter for preoperative prostate risk estimation and warrants further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Klinikum Fulda, Fulda, Germany.
authors.forename: Theocharis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yiakoumos
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Klinikum Fulda, Fulda, Germany.
authors.forename: Tilman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kälble
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rausch
keywords: Lymph node invasion; nomogram; prostate cancer; prostate-specific antigen density; radical prostatectomy