title: Comparison of the responses of different recombinant fish type I interferons against betanodavirus infection in grouper.
abstract: The nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is an aquatic virus that can infect more than 30 species including the grouper, which is a valuable fish species in Taiwan. NNV causes up to 90-100% mortality in the aquaculture industry. Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that stimulate the expression of numerous proteins to protect the host against viruses and possess very unique specific characteristics in fish. The cross-reactivity of heterologous IFNs on grouper cells and larvae has not been well-studied to date. To evaluate and compare the anti-NNV effect of different fish IFNs in grouper, we successfully synthesized, subcloned, expressed and purified several fish type I IFNs in the present study: grouper (gIFN), salmon (sIFN), seabass (sbIFN) and tilapia (tpIFN). The gIFN and sIFN proteins up-regulated myxovirus resistance protein (Mx) gene expression in grouper kidney (GK) cells, but similar effects were not observed for sbIFN and tpIFN. Following co- and pre-treatment with the 4 types of IFNs with NNV infection in GK cells, sIFN exhibited the strongest antiviral ability to suppress NNV gene replication (especially at 24 h) and significantly reduced the cytopathic effect (CPE) at 72 h, followed by gIFN. Unsurprisingly, sbIFN and tpIFN had no significant effect on CPE but slightly suppressed NNV gene replication. The cytotoxicity of these four fish IFNs on GK cells was also examined for the first time. In the in vivo test, we confirmed that gIFN and sIFN had a significant protective effect against NNV when administered by intraperitoneal (IP) injection and the oral route in Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) larvae. This study compared the protective effects of IFNs from various fish species against NNV and demonstrated crosstalk between sIFN and grouper cells for the first time. These results provide information concerning the efficacy of fish IFNs for possible therapeutic applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC; COO of Sea Party International Co., Ltd., Taipei 104, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Hsiang-Ping
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chia-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yu-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, National Ilan University, Ilan 260, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yu-Shen
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Pinwen P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: mingwei@ntou.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Ming-Wei
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: kongzl@mail.ntou.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Zwe-Ling
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Kong
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001492:Bass; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal / Q000662:veterinary; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D030381:Nodaviridae / Q000502:physiology*; D030781:Organisms, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics; D012327:RNA Virus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D007370:Interferon Type I; D011994:Recombinant Proteins
keywords: Antiviral effect; Grouper; Interferons; Nervous necrosis virus; Recombinant protein