title: Structural studies on molecular mechanisms of Nelfinavir resistance caused by non-active site mutation V77I in HIV-1 protease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is a retrovirus causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which has become a serious problem across the world and has no cure reported to date. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) protease is an attractive target for antiviral treatment and a number of therapeutically useful inhibitors have been designed against it. The emergence of drug resistant mutants of HIV-1 poses a serious problem for conventional therapies that have been used so far. Until now, thirteen protease inhibitors (PIs), major mutation sites and many secondary mutations have been listed in the HIV Drug Resistance Database. In this study, we have studied the effect of the V77I mutation in HIV-PR along with the co-occurring mutations L33F and K20T through multi-nanosecond molecular dynamics simulations. V77I is known to cause Nelfinavir (NFV) resistance in the subtype B population of HIV-1 protease. We have for the first time reported the effect of this clinically relevant mutation on the binding of Nelfinavir and the conformational flexibility of the protease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two HIV-PR mutants have been considered in this study - the Double Mutant Protease (DBM) V77I-L33F and Triple Mutant Protease (TPM) V77I-K20T-L33F. The molecular dynamics simulation studies were carried out and the RMSD trajectories of the unliganded wild type and mutated protease were found to be stable. The binding affinity of NFV with wild type HIV-PR was very high with a Glide XP docking score of -9.3 Kcal/mol. NFV showed decreased affinity towards DBM with a docking score of -8.0 Kcal/mol, whereas its affinity increased towards TPM (Glide XP score: -10.3). Prime/MM-GBSA binding free energy of the wild type, DBM and TPM HIV-PR docked structures were calculated as -38.9, -11.1 and -42.6 Kcal/mol respectively. The binding site cavity volumes of wild type, DBM and TPM protease were 1186.1, 1375.5 and 1042.5 Å3 respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we have studied the structural roles of the two HIV-PR mutations by conducting molecular dynamics simulation studies of the wild type and mutant HIV-1 PRs. The present study proposes that DBM protease showed greater flexibility and the flap separation was greater with respect to the wild type protease. The cavity size of the MD-stabilized DBM was also found to be increased, which may be responsible for the decreased interaction of Nelfinavir with the cavity residues, thus explaining the decreased binding affinity. On the other hand, the binding affinity of NFV for TPM was found to be enhanced, accounted for by the decrease in cavity size of the mutant which facilitated strong interactions with the flap residues. The flap separation of TPM was less than the wild type protease and the decreased cavity size may be responsible for its lower resistance, and hence, may be the reason for its lower clinical relevance.
authors.forename: Ankita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Salma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jamal
authors.forename: Sukriti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wahi
authors.forename: Abhinav
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grover
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000235:genetics; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008024:Ligands; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D019888:Nelfinavir / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D008024:Ligands; D016333:HIV Protease; C514803:p16 protease, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D019888:Nelfinavir