title: Effects of the endoparasitoid Cotesia chilonis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitism, venom, and calyx fluid on cellular and humoral immunity of its host Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) larvae.
abstract: The larval endoparasitoid Cotesia chilonis injects venom and bracoviruses into its host Chilo suppressalis during oviposition. Here we study the effects of the polydnavirus (PDV)-carrying endoparasitoid C. chilonis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitism, venom and calyx fluid on host cellular and humoral immunity, specifically hemocyte composition, cellular spreading, encapsulation and melanization. Total hemocyte counts (THCs) were higher in parasitized larvae than in unparasitized larvae in the late stages following parasitization. While both plasmatocyte and granulocyte fractions and hemocyte mortality did not differ between parasitized and unparasitized hosts, in vitro spreading behavior of hemocytes was inhibited significantly by parasitism throughout the course of parasitoid development. C. chilonis parasitism suppressed the encapsulation response and melanization in the early stages. Venom alone did not alter cellular immune responses, including effects on THCs, mortality, hemocyte composition, cell spreading and encapsulation, but venom did inhibit humoral immunity by reducing melanization within 6h after injection. In contrast to venom, calyx fluid had a significant effect on cell spreading, encapsulation and melanization from 6h after injection. Dose-response injection studies indicated the effects of venom and calyx fluid synergized, showing a stronger and more persistent reduction in immune system responses than the effect of either injected alone.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Zi-Wen
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Shi-Yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Electronic address: chu@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Gong-Yin
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D014688:Venoms / Q000633:toxicity*; D014863:Wasps / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014688:Venoms
keywords: Calyx fluid; Cellular immunity; Humoral immunity; Parasitoid; Venom