title: Single and combined effects of air pollutants on circulatory and respiratory system-related mortality in Belgrade, Serbia.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between short- and long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and soot and mortality attributed to circulatory and respiratory diseases in Belgrade area (Serbia). The analyzed data set comprised results of regular pollutant monitoring and corresponding administrative records on frequency of daily mortality in the period 2009-2014. Nonlinear exposure-response dependencies and delayed effects of temperature were examined by means of distributed lag nonlinear models. The air pollutant loadings and circulatory system-related death rates in Belgrade area are among the highest in Europe. Data demonstrated that excess risk of death with short-term exposure to elevated concentrations of PM10, SO2, and soot was not significant, whereas marked effect size estimates for exposure over 90 d preceding mortality were found. The influence of chronic exposure was shown to be greater for respiratory than circulatory system-related mortality. When stratified by age and gender, higher risk was noted for male individuals below the age of 65 years.
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Physical Chemistry , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia.
authors.forename: Svetlana Stanišić
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Stojić
authors.affiliation: b Singidunum University , Belgrade , Serbia.
authors.forename: Nemanja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stanišić
authors.affiliation: c Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia.
authors.forename: Andreja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stojić
authors.affiliation: d Institute of Public Health Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia.
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Šoštarić
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D012306:Risk; D012621:Seasons; D055771:Serbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D053260:Soot; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D053260:Soot; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide