title: Long-Term Ozone Exposure Increases the Risk of Developing the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The contribution of air pollution to the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 1,558 critically ill patients enrolled in a prospective observational study at a tertiary medical center who lived less than 50 km from an air quality monitor and had an ARDS risk factor. Pollutant exposures (ozone, NO2, SO2, particulate matter < 2.5 μm, particulate matter < 10 μm) were assessed by weighted average of daily levels from the closest monitors for the prior 3 years. Associations between pollutant exposure and ARDS risk were evaluated by logistic regression controlling for age, race, sex, smoking, alcohol, insurance status, rural versus urban residence, distance to study hospital, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of ARDS increased with increasing ozone exposure: 28% in the lowest exposure quartile versus 32, 40, and 42% in the second, third, and fourth quartiles (P < 0.001). In a logistic regression model controlling for potential confounders, ozone exposure was associated with risk of ARDS in the entire cohort (odds ratio, 1.58 [95% confidence interval, 1.27-1.96]) and more strongly associated in the subgroup with trauma as their ARDS risk factor (odds ratio, 2.26 [95% confidence interval, 1.46-3.50]). There was a strong interaction between ozone exposure and current smoking status (P = 0.007). NO2 exposure was also associated with ARDS but not independently of ozone exposure. SO2, particulate matter less than 2.5 μm, and particulate matter less than 10 μm were not associated with ARDS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term ozone exposure is associated with development of ARDS in at-risk critically ill patients, particularly in trauma patients and current smokers. Ozone exposure may represent a previously unrecognized environmental risk factor for ARDS.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Medicine and.|2 Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Lorraine B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Biostatistics and.
authors.forename: Zhiguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Biostatistics and.
authors.forename: Tatsuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.affiliation: 4 Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Addison K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Medicine and.|6 Department of Anesthesia and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Matthay
authors.affiliation: 7 Sonoma Technology Inc., Petaluma, California; and.
authors.forename: Fred W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Lurmann
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Medicine and.|8 Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Balmes
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Medicine and.|6 Department of Anesthesia and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Carolyn S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Calfee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010126:Ozone / Q000032:analysis*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012306:Risk; D013995:Time; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010126:Ozone
keywords: acute lung injury; air pollution; ozone; pulmonary edema