title: A Correlative Relationship Between Chronic Pain and Insulin Resistance in Zucker Fatty Rats: Role of Downregulation of Insulin Receptors.
abstract: Epidemiological studies and meta-analyses report a strong relationship between chronic pain and abnormalities in glucose metabolism, but the exact relationship between chronic pain and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unknown. Using a model of neuropathic thermal and tactile hypersensitivity induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) and Zucker Lean (ZL) littermates, we compared the recovery period of hypersensitivity and the progression of T2D and studied the possible involvement of insulin receptors (IRs) in the comorbidity of these 2 conditions. We found that the nociceptive thresholds to thermal and mechanical stimulation in naive ZDF rats were lower than in ZL littermates at 6 weeks of age. Although ZDF and ZL rats developed thermal and tactile hypersensitivity after CCI, it took a longer time nociceptive sensitivity to be restored in ZDF rats. Nerve injury accelerated the progression of T2D in ZDF rats, shown by an earlier onset of hyperglycemia, more severe hyperinsulinemia, and a higher concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin Alc 6 weeks after CCI, compared with those in naive ZDF and ZL rats. IR-immunoreactive cells were located across the central nervous system and skeletal muscles. In the central nervous system, IR coexpressed with a neuronal marker (neuronal nuclei) but not a glial marker (glial fibrillary acidic protein). There was a low level of IR expression in skeletal muscles of naive ZDF rats. In contrast, CCI reduced the IR expression in skeletal muscles as well as the ipsilateral spinal cord, primarily in the dorsal horn. In conclusion, our data suggest that the relationship between insulin resistance and chronic pain in ZDF rats is bidirectional and an impaired IR signaling system might be implicated in this reciprocal relationship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nerve injuries in genetically susceptible individuals might accelerate the development of insulin resistance as in T2D. A downregulated expression of IRs in the skeletal muscle innervated by the injured nerve is one of the underlying mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China; Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.
authors.forename: Chunli
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Peijing
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rong
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shaoyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jianren
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address: shuxingw@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shuxing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000502:physiology; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000503:physiopathology; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D054411:Receptors, Leptin / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D012585:Sciatica / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; D011972:Receptor, Insulin; D054411:Receptors, Leptin
keywords: Chronic hypersensitivity; Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats; constriction injury of a unilateral sciatic nerve; hemoglobin Alc; insulin receptor; insulin resistance; type 2 diabetes