title: Perfluorinated carboxylic acids in human breast milk from Spain and estimation of infant's daily intake.
abstract: Human milk samples were collected from 67 mothers in 2014 at a Primary Care Centre in Murcia (Spain) and analyzed for perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs). Concentrations measured for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA) ranged from <LOQ (<10 ng/L) to 397 ng/L with a mean concentration of 66 ± 68 ng/L and a median of 29 ng/L. The presence of these compounds was revealed in 50 samples out of 67 analyzed. Influence of number of pregnancies and food habits on PFCAs concentrations was also investigated. Statistically significant differences in PFCA levels were found when the women were divided into maternal age classes and into the categories primiparae and multiparae. A greater transfer of PFC during breastfeeding by primiparous was evidenced and thus a higher exposure to these contaminants for the first child. Moreover, it was possible to hypothesize that the content of PFCs is in general correlated to the eating habits of donors and, in particular, with the fish consumption. Finally, PFOA daily intakes and risk index (RI) were estimated for the first six months of life and we found that ingestion rates of PFOA did not exceed the tolerable daily intake (TDI) recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
authors.affiliation: Área de Toxicología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Motas Guzmàn
authors.affiliation: University of Siena, Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, Via Mattioli, 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clementini
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Murcia & Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biomedica (IMIB), (IMIB-VIRGEN DE LA ARRIXACA), Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Pérez-Cárceles
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Murcia & Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biomedica (IMIB), (IMIB-VIRGEN DE LA ARRIXACA), Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiménez Rejón
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: Aurora
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cascone
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Martellini
authors.affiliation: University of Siena, Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, Via Mattioli, 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; Bioscience Research Center, Via Aurelia Vecchia 32, 58015 Orbetello, GR, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guerranti
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy. Electronic address: acincinelli@unifi.it.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cincinelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002210:Caprylates / Q000378:metabolism; D003652:Decanoic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D002210:Caprylates; D003652:Decanoic Acids; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C036567:perfluorodecanoic acid; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid
keywords: Daily intake; GC–MS; Human milk; PFCAs; PFOA; Spain