title: Acute exposure to the biopesticide azadirachtin affects parameters in the gills of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
abstract: The biopesticide, azadirachtin (Aza) is less hazardous to the environment, but may cause several toxic effects in aquatic organisms. The Cyprinus carpio (n=12, for all concentrations) after 10days of acclimation under controlled conditions, were exposed at 20, 40, and 60μL/L of Aza during 96h. After this period, fish were anesthetized and euthanized then mucus layer and gills collected. In this study, the effects of exposure to different Aza concentrations were analysed through a set of biomarkers: Na(+)/K(+-)ATPase, lipid peroxidation (TBARS), protein carbonyl (PC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), non-protein thiols (NPSH), ascorbic acid (AsA) and histological parameters and, yet, protein and glucose concentration in the surface area of mucous layer. Na(+)K(+-)ATPase was inhibited at 40 and 60μL/L compared to control. TBARS decreased at 40μL/L compared to control. PC, SOD and GST increased at 60μL/L in comparison to control. CAT increased at 20 and 60μL/L, and GPx increased in all Aza concentrations compared to control. NPSH decreased and AsA increased in all concentrations in comparison to control. Histological analyses demonstrated an increase in the intensity of the damage with increasing Aza concentration. Alterations in histological examination were elevation and hypertrophy of the epithelial cells of the secondary filament, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the mucous and chlorate cells and lamellar aneurism. Glucose and protein concentrations in mucus layer increased at 60μL/L compared to control. In general, we suggest that 60μL/L Aza concentration affected several parameters causing disruptions carp metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Murussi
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maiara D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jossiele W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Leitemperger
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Flores-Lopes
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Charlene C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Loebens
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis Antonio
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: de Avila
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos de Pesticidas, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tiele M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Rizzetti
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos de Pesticidas, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Martha B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Adaime
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos de Pesticidas, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zanella
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: vania.loro@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vania L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Loro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D036701:Limonins / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D036701:Limonins; C010329:azadirachtin
keywords: Fish; Histology analyses, Na(+)K(+)-ATPase; Mucus layer; Oxidative profile; Toxicity