title: Are we there yet? Evaluating commercial grade brain-computer interface for control of computer applications by individuals with cerebral palsy.
abstract: Using a commercial electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI), the training and testing protocol for six individuals with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy (GMFCS and MACS IV and V) was evaluated.
  
  
  
  A customised, gamified training paradigm was employed. Over three weeks, the participants spent two sessions exploring the system, and up to six sessions playing the game which focussed on EEG feedback of left and right arm motor imagery.
  
  
  
  The participants showed variable inconclusive results in the ability to produce two distinct EEG patterns. Participant performance was influenced by physical illness, motivation, fatigue and concentration.
  
  
  
  The results from this case study highlight the infancy of BCIs as a form of assistive technology for people with cerebral palsy. Existing commercial BCIs are not designed according to the needs of end-users. Implications for Rehabilitation Mood, fatigue, physical illness and motivation influence the usability of a brain-computer interface. Commercial brain-computer interfaces are not designed for practical assistive technology use for people with cerebral palsy. Practical brain-computer interface assistive technologies may need to be flexible to suit individual needs.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Sarvnaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taherian
authors.affiliation: c Thought-Wired Ltd , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Selitskiy
authors.affiliation: c Thought-Wired Ltd , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pau
authors.affiliation: b Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Claire Davies
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005221:Fatigue / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D012656:Self-Help Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Assistive technology; brain–computer interface; cerebral palsy; design; motivation; usability