title: Accuracy of genotype imputation based on random and selected reference sets in purebred and crossbred sheep populations and its effect on accuracy of genomic prediction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objectives of this study were to investigate the accuracy of genotype imputation from low (12k) to medium (50k Illumina-Ovine) SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) densities in purebred and crossbred Merino sheep based on a random or selected reference set and to evaluate the impact of using imputed genotypes on accuracy of genomic prediction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Imputation validation sets were composed of random purebred or crossbred Merinos, while imputation reference sets were of variable sizes and included random purebred or crossbred Merinos or a group of animals that were selected based on high genetic relatedness to animals in the validation set. The Beagle software program was used for imputation and accuracy of imputation was assessed based on the Pearson correlation coefficient between observed and imputed genotypes. Genomic evaluation was performed based on genomic best linear unbiased prediction and its accuracy was evaluated as the Pearson correlation coefficient between genomic estimated breeding values using either observed (12k/50k) or imputed genotypes with varying levels of imputation accuracy and accurate estimated breeding values based on progeny-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Imputation accuracy increased as the size of the reference set increased. However, accuracy was higher for purebred Merinos that were imputed from other purebred Merinos (on average 0.90 to 0.95 based on 1000 to 3000 animals) than from crossbred Merinos (0.78 to 0.87 based on 1000 to 3000 animals) or from non-Merino purebreds (on average 0.50). The imputation accuracy for crossbred Merinos based on 1000 to 3000 other crossbred Merino ranged from 0.86 to 0.88. Considerably higher imputation accuracy was observed when a selected reference set with a high genetic relationship to target animals was used vs. a random reference set of the same size (0.96 vs. 0.88, respectively). Accuracy of genomic prediction based on 50k genotypes imputed with high accuracy (0.88 to 0.99) decreased only slightly (0.0 to 0.67% across traits) compared to using observed 50k genotypes. Accuracy of genomic prediction based on observed 12k genotypes was higher than accuracy based on lowly accurate (0.62 to 0.86) imputed 50k genotypes.
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia. n.moghaddar@une.edu.au.|School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia. n.moghaddar@une.edu.au.
authors.forename: Nasir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moghaddar
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia. kgore4@une.edu.au.|Animal Genetics & Breeding Unit (AGBU), University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia. kgore4@une.edu.au.
authors.forename: Klint P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia. hans.daetwyler@ecodev.vic.gov.au.|Biosciences Research Division, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Bundoora, VIC, Australia. hans.daetwyler@ecodev.vic.gov.au.|School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia. hans.daetwyler@ecodev.vic.gov.au.
authors.forename: Hans D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Daetwyler
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia. ben.hayes@ecodev.vic.gov.au.|Biosciences Research Division, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Bundoora, VIC, Australia. ben.hayes@ecodev.vic.gov.au.|School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia. ben.hayes@ecodev.vic.gov.au.
authors.forename: Ben J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia. jvanderw@une.edu.au.|School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia. jvanderw@une.edu.au.
authors.forename: Julius H J
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van der Werf
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D016678:Genome; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D005838:Genotype; D008957:Models, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D012756:Sheep / Q000235:genetics*; D012984:Software