title: Multimodality Imaging of Ethiodized Oil-loaded Radiopaque Microspheres during Transarterial Embolization of Rabbits with VX2 Liver Tumors.
abstract: Purpose To assess the visibility of radiopaque microspheres during transarterial embolization (TAE) in the VX2 rabbit liver tumor model by using multimodality imaging, including single-snapshot radiography, cone-beam computed tomography (CT), multidetector CT, and micro-CT. Materials and Methods The study was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee. Fifteen VX2-tumor-bearing rabbits were assigned to three groups depending on the type of embolic agent injected: 70-150-μm radiopaque microspheres in saline (radiopaque microsphere group), 70-150-μm radiopaque microspheres in contrast material (radiopaque microsphere plus contrast material group), and 70-150-μm radiolucent microspheres in contrast material (nonradiopaque microsphere plus contrast material group). Rabbits were imaged with single-snapshot radiography, cone-beam CT, and multidetector CT. Three to 5 weeks after sacrifice, excised livers were imaged with micro-CT and histologic analysis was performed. The visibility of the embolic agent was assessed with all modalities before and after embolization by using a qualitative three-point scale score reading study and a quantitative assessment of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) change in various regions of interest, including the tumor and its feeding arteries. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the rabbit characteristics across groups, and the Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare SNR measurements before and after embolization. Results Radiopaque microspheres were qualitatively visualized within tumor feeding arteries and targeted tissue with all imaging modalities (P < .05), and their presence was confirmed with histologic examination. SNRs of radiopaque microsphere deposition increased after TAE on multidetector CT, cone-beam CT, and micro-CT images (P < .05). Similar results were obtained when contrast material was added to radiopaque microspheres, except for additional image attenuation due to tumor enhancement. For the group with nonradiopaque microspheres and contrast material, retained tumoral contrast remained qualitatively visible with all modalities except for micro-CT, which demonstrated soluble contrast material washout over time. Conclusion Radiopaque microspheres were visible with all imaging modalities and helped increase conspicuity of the tumor as well as its feeding arteries after TAE in a rabbit VX2 liver tumor model. (©) RSNA, 2015.
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: Vania
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tacher
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duran
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: MingDe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: Jae Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: Karun V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chapiro
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gacchina Johnson
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhagat
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Dreher
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: Yiqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grass
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: Bradford J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md (V.T., R.D., J.H.S., Z.W., J.C., N.B., J.F.G.); Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TE 2-230, New Haven, CT 06520 (R.D., J.H.S., J.C., J.F.G.); U/S Imaging and Interventions (UII), Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Mass (M.L.); Center for Interventional Oncology, Interventional Radiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (K.V.S., C.G.J., M.R.D., D.L.W., B.J.W.); Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, England (M.R.D., A.L.L., Y.T.); and Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (D.S., M.G.).
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Geschwind
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D003287:Contrast Media; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D004998:Ethiodized Oil; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D004998:Ethiodized Oil