title: Hemorheological and Glycemic Parameters and HDL Cholesterol for the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemorheological and glycemic parameters and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are used as biomarkers of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association and clinical relevance of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), fibrinogen, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and HDL cholesterol in the prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and coronary heart disease (CHD) in an outpatient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  708 stable patients who visited the outpatient department were enrolled and followed for a mean period of 28.5 months. Patients were divided into two groups, patients without MACE and patients with MACE, which included cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction, newly diagnosed CHD, and cerebral vascular accident. We compared hemorheological and glycemic parameters and lipid profiles between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with MACE had significantly higher ESR, fibrinogen, fasting glucose, and HbA1c, while lower HDL cholesterol compared with patients without MACE. High ESR and fibrinogen and low HDL cholesterol significantly increased the risk of MACE in multivariate regression analysis. In patients with MACE, high fibrinogen and HbA1c levels increased the risk of multivessel CHD. Furthermore, ESR and fibrinogen were significantly positively correlated with HbA1c and negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol, however not correlated with fasting glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemorheological abnormalities, poor glycemic control, and low HDL cholesterol are correlated with each other and could serve as simple and useful surrogate markers and predictors for MACE and CHD in outpatients.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Gyu
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Ok
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Sup
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Choong Won
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kun Joo
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyuck Moon
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Byoung Kwon
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D038321:Glycemic Index; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D005340:Fibrinogen; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin