title: Differential Immune Profiles in Two Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Waves at Pandemic Epicenter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm2009 virus infection cases are characterized by sustained immune activation during influenza pandemics. Seasonal flu data suggest that immune mediators could be modified by wave-related changes. Our aim was to determine the behavior of soluble and cell-related mediators in two waves at the epicenter of the 2009 influenza pandemic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Leukocyte surface activation markers were studied in serum from peripheral blood samples, collected from the 1(st) (April-May, 2009) and 2(nd) (October 2009-February 2010) pandemic waves. Patients with confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm2009 virus infection (H1N1), influenza-like illness (ILI) or healthy donors (H) were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10 levels were elevated in H1N1 patients from the 2(nd) pandemic wave. Additionally, the frequency of helper and cytotoxic T cells was reduced during the 1(st) wave, whereas CD69 expression in helper T cells was increased in the 2(nd) wave for both H1N1 and ILI patients. In contrast, CD62L expression in granulocytes from the ILI group was increased in both waves but in monocytes only in the 2(nd) wave. Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells (TREM)-1 expression was elevated only in H1N1 patients at the 1(st) wave.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that during the 2009 influenza pandemic a T cell activation phenotype is observed in a wave-dependent fashion, with an expanded activation in the 2(nd) wave, compared to the 1(st) wave. Conversely, granulocyte and monocyte activation is infection-dependent. This evidence collected at the pandemic epicenter in 2009 could help us understand the differences in the underlying cellular mechanisms that drive the wave-related immune profile behaviors that occur against influenza viruses during pandemics.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arriaga-Pizano
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico; Gastrointestinal Surgery Service, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferat-Osorio
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology Service, Regional Hospital No, 1, IMSS, Mexico.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Abrego
authors.affiliation: Infectology and Immunology department, National Institute of Perinatology, SSA, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ismael
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mancilla-Herrera
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico; Graduate Program on Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Domínguez-Cerezo
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico; Graduate Program on Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Nuriban
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Valero-Pacheco
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico; Graduate Program on Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Marisol
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez-Toledo
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lozano-Patiño
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laredo-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malagón-Rangel
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Haiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nellen-Hummel
authors.affiliation: Unit for Epidemiological Surveillance, National Medical Center La Raza, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González-Bonilla
authors.affiliation: Cellular Biology department, National Institute of Perinatology, SSA, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arteaga-Troncoso
authors.affiliation: Education and Research Division, Woman's Hospital, Health Ministry, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cérbulo-Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pastelin-Palacios
authors.affiliation: Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford Martin School, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klenerman
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Isibasi
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Unit in Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico; Visiting Professor of Immunology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: constantino@sminmunologia.org.
authors.forename: Constantino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: López-Macías
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015415:Biomarkers; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D019041:L-Selectin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D058873:Pandemics; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology*; D000073871:Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1; D055815:Young Adult; D000099192:CD69 Antigens
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D015415:Biomarkers; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019041:L-Selectin; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D000073871:Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1; D000099192:CD69 Antigens; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508598:IL4 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; C408842:TREM1 protein, human
keywords: Immune profiles; Pandemic A(H1N1)pdm2009 influenza; Pandemic waves