title: Emergent and re-emergent parasites in HIV-infected children: immunological and socio-environmental conditions that are involved in the transmission of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emergent and re-emergent waterborne protozoans have become a worldwide public health problem, especially among vulnerable groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study evaluated 17 HIV-infected children and their families.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high (76.5%) percentage of parasite-infected children was observed, even among children with CD4+ T-cell counts of >200 cells/mm3. Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora spp. were observed in 41.2% of these children Low income, poor hygiene practices, and co-infection in domestic, peridomestic and scholastic environments were significant sources of these intestinal infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early diagnosis, timely treatment, and socio-educational interventions may improve the health conditions of this vulnerable population.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Parasitologia Ambiental, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Brisa Maria
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Fregonesi
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Parasitologia Ambiental, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Meire Nikaido
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Parasitologia Ambiental, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina Sampaio
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Parasitologia Ambiental, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karina Aparecida de Abreu
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tonani
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Enfermagem Geral e Especializada, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula Morais
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Enfermagem Geral e Especializada, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Aparecida
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Monroe
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Célia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cervi
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Parasitologia Ambiental, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Segura-Muñoz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007411:Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012499:Sanitation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors