title: Diagnosis of human fascioliasis in Arusha region, northern Tanzania by microscopy and clinical manifestations in patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human fascioliasis (HF) is a zoonotic disease that has been identified in many countries worldwide. This report concerns the identification and clinical management of cases of human fascioliasis in the suburbs of Arusha city, northern Tanzania in 2013. Fascioliasis is included among the WHO's Neglected Tropical Diseases as a plant transmitted trematode infection. Human fascioliasis has not been described before in the East Africa region, including Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients presenting at a primary healthcare centre in Arusha Region, northern Tanzania provided fresh stool samples for routine ova and parasite screening (saline and iodine preparations). Subsequent stool samples were preserved in 5 % formalin in saline and subjected to ether sedimentation for examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 1460 patients, 305 (21 %) were diagnosed positive for fascioliasis based on the demonstration of brownish, oval eggs with inconspicuous opercula in stool. Two distinct egg sizes were identified; large 170-212.5 by 115-150 μm (mean 194.5 by 130.5 μm) and smaller eggs 120-150 by 87.5 - 112.5 μm (mean 138.8 by 101 μm). Clinically, patients presented with fever (39 - 40 °C) and abdominal pain. Some patients had pruritis around the mouth and their lips were swollen. 3 patients were treated and cured with single dose Triclabendazole. The remaining 302 patients were treated with Nitazoxanide and 122 (40 %) were cleared of infection with a single course. Snails of the genus Lymnaea were found in the surroundings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report serves to remind medical professionals in East Africa that HF is a probable differential diagnosis in patients presenting with similar symptoms. It is possible to diagnose fascioliasis by light microscopy although specific antigen tests are required for confirmation. Human fascioliasis however, has not been described or reported in Tanzania before and begs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania. lukhamid@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Abdul-Hamid Settenda
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Lukambagire
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O. Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania. deborahsia@hotmail.co.uk.
authors.forename: Deborah N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Mchaile
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania. mnyindo2002@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Mramba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nyindo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005211:Fascioliasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D000077682:Triclabendazole; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D000077682:Triclabendazole