title: Loss of sexual interest and premenstrual mood change in women with postpartum versus non-postpartum depression: A nationwide community sample of Korean adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a type of clinical depression that can affect women after childbirth. Few previous studies have explored the association of depressive and physical symptoms among women with PPD in a nationwide community study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 18,807 adults, randomly selected, completed a face-to-face interview using the Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI) (response rate 80.2%). PPD was defined as a major depressive episode that began within 4 weeks after delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 679 female subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD), 14.0% (n=95) experienced PPD. Subjects with PPD were significantly more likely to have higher income, education, and reside in an urban area, compared to those with non-PPD. No significant differences were found in number of children. Multiple logistic regression revealed that the loss of sexual interest was the only symptom among 23 depressive symptoms that was significantly associated with depressive episodes among individuals with PPD (AOR=1.91, 95% CI 1.01-3.60) when compared with non-PPD. Loss of sexual interest was also significantly associated with the subjects with lifetime PPD regardless of depressive episode (AOR=1.93, 95% CI 1.12-3.31). Conversely, loss of confidence and loss of pleasure were less frequent in subjects with PPD. Premenstrual mood change (χ(2)=5.57, p=0.0036) and comorbid alcohol use disorder (χ(2)=5.11, p=0.031) showed a valid association with PPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loss of sexual interest and premenstrual mood change were associated with women with PPD, whereas those with non-PPD were not, thereby suggesting the possible link between sexual hormones and PPD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kiwon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Pyo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Maeng Je
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fava
authors.affiliation: Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mischoulon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Woo
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Yoon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Medical Device Management & Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: jeonhj@skku.edu.
authors.forename: Hong Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jeon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D065446:Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Loss of confidence; Loss of pleasure; Loss of sexual interest; Postpartum depression; Premenstrual mood change