title: A Systematic Review of the Cost-Effectiveness of Biologics for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biologics are used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn´s disease and ulcerative colitis refractory to conventional treatment. In order to allocate healthcare spending efficiently, costly biologics for inflammatory bowel diseases are an important target for cost-effectiveness analyses. The aim of this study was to systemically review all published literature on the cost-effectiveness of biologics for inflammatory bowel diseases and to evaluate the methodological quality of cost-effectiveness analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed using Medline (Ovid), Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS. All cost-utility analyses comparing biologics with conventional medical treatment, another biologic treatment, placebo, or surgery for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases in adults were included in this review. All costs were converted to the 2014 euro. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed by Drummond's, Philips', and the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards checklist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether, 25 studies were included in the review. Among the patients refractory to conventional medical treatment, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ranged from dominance to 549,335 €/Quality-Adjusted Life Year compared to the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio associated with conventional medical treatment. When comparing biologics with another biologic treatment, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ranged from dominance to 24,012,483 €/Quality-Adjusted Life Year. A study including both direct and indirect costs produced more favorable incremental cost-effectiveness ratios than those produced by studies including only direct costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With a threshold of 35,000 €/Quality-Adjusted Life Year, biologics seem to be cost-effective for the induction treatment of active and severe inflammatory bowel disease. Between biologics, the cost-effectiveness remains unclear.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Saara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huoponen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blom
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001688:Biological Products / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001688:Biological Products