title: Nanocrystalline Cellulose Improves the Biocompatibility and Reduces the Wear Debris of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene via Weak Binding.
abstract: The doping of biocompatible nanomaterials into ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) to improve the biocompatibility and reduce the wear debris is of great significance to prolonging implantation time of UHMWPE as the bearing material for artificial joints. This study shows that UHMWPE can form a composite with nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC, a hydrophilic nanosized material with a high aspect ratio) by ball-milling and hot-pressing. Compared to pure UHMWPE, the NCC/UHMWPE composite exhibits improved tribological characteristics with reduced generation of wear debris. The underlying mechanism is related to the weak binding between hydrophilic NCC and hydrophobic UHMWPE. The hydrophilic, rigid NCC particles tend to detach from the UHMWPE surface during friction, which could move with the rubbing surface, serve as a thin lubricant layer, and protect the UHMWPE substrate from abrasion. The biological safety of the NCC/UHMWPE composite, as tested by MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells and macrophage RAW264.7 cells, is high, with significantly lower inflammatory responses/cytotoxicity than pure UHMWPE. The NCC/UHMWPE composite therefore could be a promising alternative to the current UHMWPE for bearing applications.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 Beiyitiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing 100190, China.|Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 610031, China.
authors.forename: Shiwen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 Beiyitiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing 100190, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 Beiyitiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing 100190, China.
authors.forename: Jiashu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 Beiyitiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing 100190, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 Beiyitiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing 100190, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 Beiyitiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing 100190, China.
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 610031, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 Beiyitiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing 100190, China.
authors.forename: Xingyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D017276:Friction; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007596:Joints; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D054327:Lubricants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry*; D011095:Polyethylenes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013499:Surface Properties; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D054327:Lubricants; D011095:Polyethylenes; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: artificial joint; debris; friction; nanocrystalline cellulose; ultrahigh molecular weight polyethene