title: Familial hypercholesterolemia: PCSK9 InsLEU genetic variant and prediabetes/diabetes risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent meta-analyses have shown a dose-dependent effect of statins therapy on the increased incidence of new-onset diabetes. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type (PCSK9) inhibitors are an important group of emerging lipid-lowering therapies. PCSK9 loss-of-function mutations have been associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular risk, but their impact on glucose homeostasis and the risk of diabetes are unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effect of PCSK9-InsLEU polymorphism on the incidence of prediabetes and diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genotyping was performed for 724 subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia to detect the PCSK9-InsLEU polymorphism. The primary statistical analysis aimed at investigating the association of this variant with glucose homeostasis/diabetes and secondarily its association with coronary events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this cohort, 26% of subjects were found to have inherited the PCSK9-InsLEU variant. No significant differences were seen in lipid profiles, but the proportion of coronary events were significantly lower in InsLEU-carriers compared with non-carriers (30.6% vs 22.1%, P = .04). However, a higher proportion of prediabetic and diabetic individuals was seen in the InsLEU-carrier group compared with non-carriers (10% vs 6%, P = .04). Accordingly, carriers had plasma glucose concentrations significantly higher (5.3 vs 5.1 mmol/L, P = .02) and were more often affected with impaired fasting glucose (31.3% vs 14.3%, P < .01) than non-carriers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Familial hypercholesterolemia individuals carry the PCSK9-InsLEU genetic variant benefit of lower risk of coronary events but show an increased occurrence of prediabetes and diabetes. In light of these results, further investigations are needed to better understand the potential long-term metabolic effects of the new PCSK9-lowering therapies and the risk of new-onset diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Nutrition, Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Clinic, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Yascara G Luna
authors.initials: YGL
authors.lastname: Saavedra
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dufour
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Nutrition, Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Clinic, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. Electronic address: Alexis.Baass@ircm.qc.ca.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baass
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D006938:Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics*; D000071449:Proprotein Convertase 9; D043484:Proprotein Convertases / Q000235:genetics*; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C472125:PCSK9 protein, human; D000071449:Proprotein Convertase 9; D043484:Proprotein Convertases; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases
keywords: Diabetes; Familial hypercholesterolemia; Hyperglycemia; InsLEU; PCSK9 polymorphism