title: Involvement of nucleotide diphosphate kinase 2 in the reopening of the sensitive period of filial imprinting of domestic chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus).
abstract: Filial imprinting is a behavior characterized by the sensitive or critical period restricted to the first few days after hatching. Once the sensitive period is closed, it is widely believed that chicks can never be imprinted under natural conditions. Previously, we showed that the exogenous injection of T3 reopened the sensitive period which was already closed. That study suggested that T3 functioned by way of a rapid non-genomic action; however, the molecular mechanism of how T3 reopens the sensitive period remains unknown. Here, we show that the phosphorylation level of nucleotide diphosphate kinase 2 (NDPK2) was upregulated following T3 injection. Pharmacological deprivation of the kinase activity of NDPK hampered the molecular process prerequisite for the reopening of the sensitive period of filial imprinting. Moreover, it is shown that the kinase activity of NDPK2 participates in the priming process by T3 signaling which endows the potential for learning. Our data indicate that NDPK2 plays a crucial role downstream of T3 action and that its phosphorylation is involved in the non-genomic signaling during imprinting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takehara
authors.affiliation: Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanai
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsushima
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan. Electronic address: homma-kj@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Koichi J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Homma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D007173:Imprinting, Psychological; D009701:Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D010750:Phosphoproteins; D020543:Proteome; D014284:Triiodothyronine; C121988:nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2; D009701:Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase
keywords: Filial imprinting; Learning; NDPK2; Non-genomic signaling; Sensitive period; Thyroid hormone