title: Systematic Parameterization, Storage, and Representation of Volumetric DICOM Data.
abstract: Tomographic medical imaging systems produce hundreds to thousands of slices, enabling three-dimensional (3D) analysis. Radiologists process these images through various tools and techniques in order to generate 3D renderings for various applications, such as surgical planning, medical education, and volumetric measurements. To save and store these visualizations, current systems use snapshots or video exporting, which prevents further optimizations and requires the storage of significant additional data. The Grayscale Softcopy Presentation State extension of the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard resolves this issue for two-dimensional (2D) data by introducing an extensive set of parameters, namely 2D Presentation States (2DPR), that describe how an image should be displayed. 2DPR allows storing these parameters instead of storing parameter applied images, which cause unnecessary duplication of the image data. Since there is currently no corresponding extension for 3D data, in this study, a DICOM-compliant object called 3D presentation states (3DPR) is proposed for the parameterization and storage of 3D medical volumes. To accomplish this, the 3D medical visualization process is divided into four tasks, namely pre-processing, segmentation, post-processing, and rendering. The important parameters of each task are determined. Special focus is given to the compression of segmented data, parameterization of the rendering process, and DICOM-compliant implementation of the 3DPR object. The use of 3DPR was tested in a radiology department on three clinical cases, which require multiple segmentations and visualizations during the workflow of radiologists. The results show that 3DPR can effectively simplify the workload of physicians by directly regenerating 3D renderings without repeating intermediate tasks, increase efficiency by preserving all user interactions, and provide efficient storage as well as transfer of visualized data.
authors.affiliation: FH-Aachen, Juelich Division, Medical Informatics Laboratory, Aachen, Germany ; Nautavis GmbH, Linnich, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department, Dokuz Eylul University, 35160 Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: M Alper
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Selver
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Radiology Department, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sinem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gezer
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Radiology Department, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Oğuz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dicle
authors.affiliation: FH-Aachen, Juelich Division, Medical Informatics Laboratory, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hillen
keywords: Compression; DICOM; Grayscale Softcopy Presentation State (GSPS); Visualization