title: p-Coumaric acid and its conjugates: dietary sources, pharmacokinetic properties and biological activities.
abstract: p-Coumaric acid (4-hydroxycinnamic acid) is a phenolic acid that has low toxicity in mice (LD50 = 2850 mg kg(-1) body weight), serves as a precursor of other phenolic compounds, and exists either in free or conjugated form in plants. Conjugates of p-coumaric acid have been extensively studied in recent years due to their bioactivities. In this review, the occurrence, bioavailability and bioaccessibility of p-coumaric acid and its conjugates with mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides, alkyl alcohols, organic acids, amine and lignin are discussed. Their biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, antivirus, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet aggregation, anxiolytic, antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-arthritis activities, and their mitigatory effects against diabetes, obesity, hyperlipaemia and gout are compared. Cumulative evidence from multiple studies indicates that conjugation of p-coumaric acid greatly strengthens its biological activities; however, the high biological activity but low absorption of its conjugates remains a puzzle. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Kehan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.affiliation: Food and Nutritional Science Program, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Juanying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Junqing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Shiyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ou
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D064806:Dysbiosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D005520:Food Preservatives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D010945:Plants, Edible / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011422:Propionates; D065667:Renal Elimination; D064210:Secondary Metabolism
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D005520:Food Preservatives; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D011422:Propionates; C495469:p-coumaric acid
keywords: absorption; anti-microbial activity; derivatives; diabetes; p-coumaric acid