title: Implementation conditions for diet and physical activity interventions and policies: an umbrella review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This umbrella review aimed at identifying evidence-based conditions important for successful implementation of interventions and policies promoting a healthy diet, physical activity (PA), and a reduction in sedentary behaviors (SB). In particular, we examined if the implementation conditions identified were intervention-specific or policy-specific. This study was undertaken as part of the DEterminants of DIet and Physical Activity (DEDIPAC) Knowledge Hub, a joint action as part of the European Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of reviews and stakeholder documents was conducted. Data from nine scientific literature databases were analyzed (95 documents met the inclusion criteria). Additionally, published documentation of eight major stakeholders (e.g., World Health Organization) were systematically searched (17 documents met the inclusion criteria). The RE-AIM framework was used to categorize elicited conditions. Across the implementation conditions 25 % were identified in at least four documents and were subsequently classified as having obtained sufficient support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 312 potential conditions relevant for successful implementation; 83 of these received sufficient support. Using the RE-AIM framework eight implementation conditions that obtained support referred to the reach in the target population; five addressed efficacy of implementation processes; 24 concerned adoption by the target staff, setting, or institutions; 43 referred to consistency, costs, and adaptations made in the implementation process; three addressed maintenance of effects over time. The vast majority of implementation conditions (87.9 %; 73 of 83) were supported by documents referring to both interventions and policies. There were seven policy-specific implementation conditions, which focused on increasing complexities of coexisting policies/legal instruments and their consequences for implementation, as well as politicians' collaboration in implementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the proposed list of 83 conditions for successful implementation may enhance the implementation of interventions and policies which pursue identification of the most successful actions aimed at improving diet, PA and reducing SB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 30b Ostrowskiego St, 53238, Wroclaw, Poland. khorodyska@swps.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horodyska
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 30b Ostrowskiego St, 53238, Wroclaw, Poland. aluszczy@uccs.edu.|Trauma, Health, & Hazards Center, University of Colorado, 1861 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, CO, 80933-7150, USA. aluszczy@uccs.edu.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luszczynska
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland. hayesc9@tcd.ie.
authors.forename: Catherine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland. osheami@tcd.ie.
authors.forename: Miriam P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.affiliation: Department for Physical Education, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P.O. BOX 4014, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway. langoien@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lars J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Langøien
authors.affiliation: SIFO - National Institute for Consumer Research, P.O. BOX 4682, Nydalen, N-0405, Oslo, Norway. gun.roos@sifo.hioa.no.
authors.forename: Gun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. matthijs.van.den.berg@rivm.nl.
authors.forename: Matthijs
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. marieke.hendriksen@rivm.nl.
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hendriksen
authors.affiliation: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. Ilse.Debourdeaudhuij@ugent.be.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Bourdeaudhuij
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. j.brug@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brug
mesh_terms: D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D006291:Health Policy; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D014944:World Health Organization