title: Lower Extremity Overuse Conditions Affecting Figure Skaters During Daily Training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most ice figure skaters train and compete with ongoing issues in the lower extremities, which are often overlooked by the skaters and considered injuries only when they prevent the athletes from skating. Although not severe, these conditions impair the quality of daily training and compromise the skaters' state of mind and performances.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To determine the point prevalence of the ongoing lower extremity overuse conditions in a population of ice figure skaters of all ages and levels and (2) to identify the risk factors contributing to the development of the most common ongoing conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 95 skaters of all ages and skating levels were evaluated in a single examination in the middle of the competitive season. Data collection consisted of a questionnaire, clinical examination, and measurement of the skaters' characteristics and the equipment used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retrocalcaneal bursitis was the most common problem, affecting at least 1 foot in 34% of the skaters evaluated, followed by posterior heel skin calluses and superficial calcaneal bursitis, which affected 29% and 28% of skaters, respectively. The prevalence of the majority of these conditions was 10% to 32% higher in elite skaters than in nonelite skaters. Higher boot-foot length difference was associated with greater risk of superficial calcaneal bursitis in the landing foot of elite skaters, while higher body weight and greater in-skate ankle flexibility were associated with the development of retrocalcaneal bursitis in nonelite skaters. Only 30 skaters (32%) wore the appropriate boot size, while 57 skaters (51%) could not dorsiflex their ankles properly while wearing skates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The heel represents a major area of concern for the high prevalence of calcaneal bursitis and calluses in proximity of the Achilles tendon, suggesting that improvements on the boot heel cup design should take priority. The association of bursitis with higher in-skate ankle flexibility suggests that these conditions may be the results of a process developing when the ankle is bending within the boot. Also, since wearing oversized boots is a major risk factor for the development of subcutaneous bursitis and skin abrasions, boot retailers should be better educated to sell the appropriate boot size to the skaters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Campanelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Piscitelli
authors.affiliation: San Vitale Medical Institute, Massa Lombarda, Ravenna, Italy.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Verardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maillard
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sbarbati
keywords: boot fit; figure skating; foot deformities; overuse injuries; prevalence of injury; skating boot