title: Promoting sustainable research partnerships: a mixed-method evaluation of a United Kingdom-Africa capacity strengthening award scheme.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research partnerships between high-income countries (HICs) and low- or middle-income countries (LMICs) are a leading model in research capacity strengthening activities. Although numerous frameworks and guiding principles for effective research partnerships exist, few include the perspective of the LMIC partner. This paper draws out lessons for establishing and maintaining successful research collaborations, based on partnership dynamics, from the perspectives of both HIC and LMIC stakeholders through the evaluation of a research capacity strengthening partnership award scheme.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed-method retrospective evaluation approach was used. Initially, a cross-sectional survey was administered to all award holders, which focused on partnership outputs and continuation. Fifty individuals were purposively selected to participate in interviews or focus group discussions from 12 different institutions in HICs and LMICs; the sample included the research investigators, research assistants, laboratory scientists and post-doctoral students. The evaluation collected data on critical elements of research partnership dynamics such as research outputs, nature of the partnership, future plans and research capacity. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively and qualitative data were analysed using an iterative framework approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of United Kingdom and African award holders stated they would like to pursue future collaborations together. Key aspects within partnerships that appeared to influence this were; the perceived benefits of the partnership at the individual and institutional level such as publication of papers or collaborative grants; ability to influence 'research culture' and instigate critical thinking among mid-career researchers; previous working relationships, for example supervisor-student relationships; and equity within partnerships linked to partnership formation and experience of United Kingdom partners within LMICs. Factors which may hinder development of long term partnerships were also identified such as financial control or differing expectations of partners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper provides evidence of what encourages international research partnerships for capacity strengthening to continue past award tenure, from the perspective of researchers in high and LMICs. Although every partnership is unique and individual experiences subjective, this paper provides extension and support of key principles and mechanisms that can contribute to successful research partnerships between researchers.
authors.affiliation: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, UK. laura.dean@lstmed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.affiliation: New York Institute of Technology (NYIT), New York, USA.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Njelesani
authors.affiliation: Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Imelda
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bates
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000351:Africa, Eastern; D000354:Africa, Western; D000368:Aged; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D057191:Capacity Building / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012109:Research Support as Topic / Q000191:economics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult