title: Improving the safety effect of speed camera programs through innovations: Evidence from the French experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the effect of the French Automated Speed Enforcement Program (ASEP) on casualties involving different types of road users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interrupted time-series analyses were conducted to estimate the effect of the ASEP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the ASEP was associated with a decrease of 19.7% in traffic fatalities and crashes with injuries. Significant diminutions were observed for passenger vehicles/light SUVs (−25.4%), motorcyclists (−39.0%), and trucks (−15.7%). Adding red light cameras and devices taking pictures of both ends of the vehicle produced, in some cases, additional gains among specific categories of road users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traffic fatalities, crashes with injuries and the severity of crashes significantly declined following the introduction of the ASEP in November 2003. Practical applications: ASEPs are an effective strategy to prevent traffic casualties. Innovations such as red light cameras and devices taking pictures of both ends of the vehicle can improve an ASEP.
authors.affiliation: School of Criminology, Université de Montréal, Interuniversity Research Centre in Enterprise Networks, Logistics and Transportation (CIRRELT), 3150, rue Jean-Brillant, Room C-4121, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1N8. Electronic address: Etienne.blais@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Blais
authors.affiliation: IFSTTAR (French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks), Paris-Est University, AME-DEST, 14-20 Boulevard Newton, Room B-520, +Cité Descartes, Champs sur Marne, F-77447, France. Electronic address: laurent.carnis@ifsttar.fr.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carnis
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement / Q000379:methods*; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods*; D012449:Safety / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality
keywords: France; Interrupted time series; Punishment avoidance; Speed cameras; Traffic casualties