title: Triterpenoic Acids from Apple Pomace Enhance the Activity of the Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS).
abstract: Pomace is an easy-accessible raw material for the isolation of fruit-derived compounds. Fruit consumption is associated with health-promoting effects, such as the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Increased vascular nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, for example, due to an enhanced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, could be one molecular mechanism mediating this effect. To identify compounds from apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) pomace that have the potential to amplify NO bioavailability via eNOS activation, a bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanol/water (70:30) extract has been performed using the (14)C-L-arginine to (14)C-L-citrulline conversion assay (ACCA) in the human endothelium-derived cell line EA.hy926. Phytochemical characterization of the active fractions was performed using the spectrophotometric assessment of the total phenolic content, as well as TLC, HPLC-DAD-ELSD, and HPLC-MS analyses. Eleven triterpenoic acids, of which one is a newly discovered compound, were identified as the main constituents in the most active fraction, accompanied by only minor contents of phenolic compounds. When tested individually, none of the tested compounds exhibited significant eNOS activation. Nevertheless, cell stimulation with the reconstituted compound mixture restored eNOS activation, validating the potential of apple pomace as a source of bioactive components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Waldbauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Seiringer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Dieu Linh
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blaschke
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Ruxandra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McKinnon
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ladurner
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Verena M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Dirsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zehl
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kopp
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D015394:Molecular Structure; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism*; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
keywords: Malus domestica Borkh.; apple pomace; endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS); total phenolic content; triterpenoic acids