title: Selecting Processes to Minimize Hexavalent Chromium from Stainless Steel Welding: Eight welding processes/shielding gas combinations were assessed for generation of hexavalent chromium in stainless steel welding fumes.
abstract: Eight welding processes/shielding gas combinations were assessed for generation of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) in stainless steel welding fumes. The processes examined were gas metal arc welding (GMAW) (axial spray, short circuit, and pulsed spray modes), flux cored arc welding (FCAW), and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). The Cr6+fractions were measured in the fumes; fume generation rates, Cr6+generation rates, and Cr6+generation rates per unit mass of welding wire were determined. A limited controlled comparison study was done in a welding shop including SMAW, FCAW, and three GMAW methods. The processes studied were compared for costs, including relative labor costs. Results indicate the Cr6+in the fume varied widely, from a low of 2800 to a high of 34,000 ppm. Generation rates of Cr6+ranged from 69 to 7800 μg/min, and Cr6+generation rates per unit of wire ranged from 1 to 270 μg/g. The results of field study were similar to the findings in the laboratory. The Cr6+(ppm) in the fume did not necessarily correlate with the Cr6+generation rate. Physical properties were similar for the processes, with mass median aerodynamic diameters ranging from 250 to 336 nm, while the FCAW and SMAW fumes were larger (360 and 670 nm, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pulsed axial spray method was the best choice of the processes studied based on minimal fume generation, minimal Cr6+generation, and cost per weld. This method is usable in any position, has a high metal deposition rate, and is relatively simple to learn and use.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Health Effects Laboratory Div., Morgantown, W.Va.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.affiliation: Xcel Energy, Denver, Colo.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siert
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Health Effects Laboratory Div., Morgantown, W.Va.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Health Effects Laboratory Div., Morgantown, W.Va.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: NIOSH and Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slaven
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Health Effects Laboratory Div., Morgantown, W.Va.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cumpston
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Health Effects Laboratory Div., Morgantown, W.Va.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Antonini
keywords: Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW); Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW); Hexavalent Chromium; Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW); Stainless Steel; Welding Fume