title: Lupus anticoagulant, disease activity and low complement in the first trimester are predictive of pregnancy loss.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple factors, including proteinuria, antiphospholipid syndrome, thrombocytopenia and hypertension, are predictive of pregnancy loss in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In the PROMISSE study of predictors of pregnancy loss, only a battery of lupus anticoagulant tests was predictive of a composite of adverse pregnancy outcomes. We examined the predictive value of one baseline lupus anticoagulant test (dilute Russell viper venom time) with pregnancy loss in women with SLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the Hopkins Lupus Cohort, there were 202 pregnancies from 175 different women after excluding twin pregnancies and pregnancies for which we did not have a first trimester assessment of lupus anticoagulant. We determined the percentage of women who had a pregnancy loss in groups defined by potential risk factors. The lupus anticoagulant was determined by dilute Russell viper venom time with appropriate mixing and confirmatory testing. Generalised estimating equations were used to calculate p values, accounting for repeated pregnancies in the same woman.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age at pregnancy was <20 years (2%), 20-29 (53%), 30-39 (41%) and >40 (3%). 55% were Caucasian and 34% African-American. Among those with lupus anticoagulant during the first trimester, 6/16 (38%) experienced a pregnancy loss compared with only 16/186 (9%) of other pregnancies (p=0.003). In addition, those with low complement or higher disease activity had a higher rate of pregnancy loss than those without (p=0.049 and 0.005, respectively). In contrast, there was no association between elevated anticardiolipin in the first trimester and pregnancy loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strongest predictor of pregnancy loss in SLE in the first trimester is the lupus anticoagulant. In addition, moderate disease activity by the physician global assessment and low complement measured in the first trimester were predictive of pregnancy loss. These data suggest that treatment of the lupus anticoagulant could be considered, even in the absence of history of pregnancy loss.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York , USA.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mankee
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology and Immunology , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petri
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health , University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland , USA.
authors.forename: Laurence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Magder
keywords: Antiphospholipid Antibodies; Outcomes research; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus