title: Sonorheometry assessment of platelet function in cardiopulmonary bypass patients: Correlation of blood clot stiffness with platelet integrin αIIbβ3 activity, aspirin usage, and transfusion risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impaired platelet function may underlie bleeding associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and at present is incompletely evaluated with existing diagnostic technologies. Sonorheometry (SR) is a recently developed ultrasound-based technology that quantifies hemostasis and platelet activity from a blood sample by measuring ex vivo clot stiffness (S). We hypothesized that impaired platelet-fibrin interactions as assessed by SR would correlate with transfusion during CPB and history of prior aspirin therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine patients undergoing elective cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were enrolled following informed consent (University of Virginia IRB#14050) in a prospective observational pilot study to assess pre-operative platelet function and transfusion frequency. To assess platelet activity, abciximab was added to blood prior to SR and native S versus abciximab treated S created a differential test for platelet activity. Patient blood samples were activated with kaolin and SR was then used to measure clot stiffness. Patients were transfused with blood products as directed by clinical practice, with the surgical team blinded to SR results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood clot stiffness with and without abciximab, was compared in a ratio test (S/Sabciximab) named the Platelet Function Index (PFI). PFI was hypothesized to be positively correlated with platelet contributions through integrin αIIbβ3 to clot stiffness. PFI for CPB subjects was lower for those receiving transfusions than those not receiving transfusions (p<0.006). A receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) analysis correlating the PFI with the blinded surgical team's decision on transfusions that included platelet concentrates generated an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.79 (p<0.001). Additionally, the mean value of PFI for subjects on aspirin therapy was lower than for those not on aspirin therapy (p<0.02) and correlated with a 1.73-fold enhanced risk of receiving a peri-operative transfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaluation of platelet function with SR may help in the specification of blood transfusion needs in cardiac surgery and in the assessment of aspirin effects on risk of surgical bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States. Electronic address: fv7d@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States. Electronic address: XLinschm@its.jnj.com.
authors.forename: Xiefan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin-Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Virginia, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States. Electronic address: casti.bhamidipati@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Castigliano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bhamidipati
authors.affiliation: Department Pathology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Virginia, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States. Electronic address: dmh2t@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: Doris M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Haverstick
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, 351 McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States. Electronic address: bwalker@hemosonics.com.
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Virginia, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States. Electronic address: GA3F@hscmail.mcc.virginia.edu.
authors.forename: Gorav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ailawadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States. Electronic address: mbl2a@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Lawrence
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests / Q000379:methods; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010973:Platelet Adhesiveness / Q000187:drug effects; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010979:Platelet Function Tests / Q000379:methods*; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D001241:Aspirin