title: Thermophile-fermented compost as a fish feed additive modulates lipid peroxidation and free amino acid contents in the muscle of the carp, Cyprinus carpio.
abstract: Recently, a compost fermented with marine animals with thermophilic Bacillaceae in a clean and exclusive process at high temperature was reported as a possible feed additive to improve the healthy balance in sea fish and mammals (i.e., pigs and rodents). Here, the effects of the oral administration of the compost on the muscle and internal organs of carp (Cyprinus carpio) as a freshwater fish model were investigated. The fatty acid composition was different in the muscle of the carp fed with or without the compost extract, but there was little difference in the hepatopancreas. The accumulation of triacylglycerols, cholesterol, lipid peroxide and hydroxyl lipids decreased in the muscle after the oral administration of the compost extract in the carps over 12 weeks, but the accumulation did not always decrease in the hepatopancreas. In contrast, free-radical-scavenging activities and the concentrations of free amino acids in the muscle did not always increase and was dependent on the dose of the compost at 12 weeks. The scavenging activities and part of free amino acid levels in the muscle of the carp were improved at 24 weeks after a high dose of compost exposure, and then the survival rates of the carp were maintained. Thus, the oral administration of thermophile-fermented compost can prevent peroxidation and increase the content of free amino acids in the muscle of the freshwater fish, depending on the dose and term of the administration, and may be associated with the viability of the fish.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University, 2-7-1 Nagata-honmachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan; Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi-1-1, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryusuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Japan Eco-science (Nikkan Kagaku) Co. Ltd., Shiomigaoka-chou 11-1-2F, Chuuou-ku, Chiba-city, Chiba 260-0034, Japan; Sermas Co. Ltd., Ichikawa minami 2-8-8, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0033, Japan; Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology, Keio School of Medicine, Shinanomachi 35, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: h-miyamoto@faculty.chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Hirokuni
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University, 2-7-1 Nagata-honmachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan; Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University, 2-7-1 Nagata-honmachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan; Mitani Sangyo Co. Ltd., Tokyo Head Office, Sumitomo Fudosan Chiyoda First Wing, 2-36-1 Kanda-Jinbocho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8429, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shigeta
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, 2-7-1 Nagata-honmachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan.
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Keiyo Plant Engineering Co. Ltd., 2-8-8 Ichikawaminami, Ichikawa-city, Chiba 272-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.affiliation: Miroku Co. Ltd., Iwaya 706-27, Kitsuki-city, Oita 873-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University, 2-7-1 Nagata-honmachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan; Japan Eco-science (Nikkan Kagaku) Co. Ltd., Shiomigaoka-chou 11-1-2F, Chuuou-ku, Chiba-city, Chiba 260-0034, Japan.
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsushita
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D005503:Food Additives / Q000737:chemistry*; D043143:Hepatopancreas / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000378:metabolism; D023421:Models, Animal; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005503:Food Additives; D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D012987:Soil; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Amino acid; Carp; Compost; Feed additive; Lipid peroxidation; Thermophile