title: Case report: A medieval case of molar-incisor-hypomineralisation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Molar-incisor-hypomineralisation (MIH) has been identified in recent years as a condition affecting the first permanent molars and, in some cases, the permanent incisors. Many factors have been suggested as to its aetiology. Examples of MIH have also been reported in skeletal remains in the past. These historical examples have, however, been for unknown individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A skull that has become available for dental examination that is uncertainly attributed to be that of Lady Eleanor Talbot (c.1436-1468) who ended her life as a Carmelite nun in Norwich (England). The dental findings of the examination showed enamel defects of molar teeth 36 and 46, as well as small areas on other molars, and striations of the enamel of permanent anterior teeth consistent with MIH. There is exposure of the roots of some maxillary teeth with resultant root caries. The presence of areas of enamel decalcification commensurate with 'Turner teeth' on 43 and 44 indicates that there were likely to have been periapical abscesses secondary to dental caries of the primary teeth. In addition, there is occlusal wear of all of teeth with extensive calculus and periodontal exposure of the roots of the mandibular incisors. Failed development or very early ante-mortem loss of premolars 15 and 25 is evident, as well as evidence in the same region of a large abscess cavity with extensive maxillary bone destruction. Healing cribra orbitalia, porosity, which is considered to be an indicator of nutritional stress, is visible on the superior aspect of the left orbit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A case of MIH is reported in a skull dating from the mid-15th century.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds.
authors.forename: M E J
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Curzon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Anthropology Research Centre, Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ogden
authors.affiliation: Department of Archaeology, Norwich Castle Museum, Norwich, England.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Williams-Ward
authors.affiliation: Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Cleaton-Jones
mesh_terms: D003744:Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; D005260:Female; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans