title: Novel techniques in stress echocardiography: a focus on the advantages and disadvantages.
abstract: Stress echocardiography (SE) is an established tool not only for the assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD), but also for the evaluation of valvular disease and cardiomyopathy. New techniques, namely contrast echocardiography for function and perfusion including assessment of coronary flow reserve, strain imaging, 3-dimensional echocardiography, Doppler-derived coronary flow reserve and multimodality echocardiography, have been incorporated into stress protocols for improving assessment of cardiac disease. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of these novel SE techniques are examined in terms of feasibility, accuracy, reproducibility and applications.
authors.affiliation: a The Northwick Park Hospital , Harrow , UK.
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vamvakidou
authors.affiliation: a The Northwick Park Hospital , Harrow , UK.
authors.forename: Sothinathan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gurunathan
authors.affiliation: a The Northwick Park Hospital , Harrow , UK.|b The Royal Brompton Hospital , London , UK.|c The Biomedical Research Unit , National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College , London , UK.
authors.forename: Roxy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Senior
mesh_terms: D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D061827:Dimensional Measurement Accuracy; D025401:Echocardiography, Stress / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D053805:Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: 3-Dimensional Echocardiography; Coronary Flow Reserve; Multimodality Stress Echocardiography; Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography; Speckle-Tracking; Strain; Strain Rate; Stress Echocardiography; Tissue Doppler Imaging