title: Prevalence and determinants of periodic limb movements in the general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS) are sleep phenomena characterized by periodic episodes of repetitive stereotyped limb movements. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and determinants of PLMS in a middle to older aged general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 2,162 subjects (51.2% women, mean age = 58.4 ± 11.1 years) participating in a population-based study (HypnoLaus, Lausanne, Switzerland) were collected. Assessments included laboratory tests, sociodemographic data, personal and treatment history, and full polysomnography at home. PLMS index (PLMSI) was determined, and PLMSI > 15/h was considered as significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of PLMSI > 15/h was 28.6% (31.3% in men, 26% in women). Compared to subjects with PLMSI ≤ 15/h, subjects with PLMSI > 15/h were older (p < 0.001), were predominantly males (p = 0.007), had a higher proportion of restless legs syndrome (RLS; p < 0.001), had a higher body mass index (p = 0.001), and had a lower mean glomerular filtration rate (p < 0.001). Subjects with PLMSI > 15/h also had a higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and beta-blocker or hypnotic treatments. The prevalence of antidepressant use was higher, but not statistically significant (p = 0.07). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within BTBD9 (rs3923809), TOX3 (rs3104788), and MEIS1 (rs2300478) genes were significantly associated with PLSMI > 15/h. Conversely, mean hemoglobin and ferritin levels were similar in both groups. In the multivariate analysis, age, male gender, antidepressant intake, RLS, and rs3923809, rs3104788, and rs2300478 SNPs were independently associated with PLMSI > 15/h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PLMS are highly prevalent in our middle-aged European population. Age, male gender, RLS, antidepressant treatment, and specific BTBD9, TOX3, and MEIS1 SNP distribution are independent predictors of PLMSI > 15/h.
authors.affiliation: Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haba-Rubio
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Marti-Soler
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marques-Vidal
authors.affiliation: Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tobback
authors.affiliation: Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andries
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Preisig
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waeber
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vollenweider
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kutalik
authors.affiliation: Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Center for Integrative Genomics, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tafti
authors.affiliation: Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Pulmonary Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Raphaël
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heinzer
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020189:Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D005819:Genetic Markers