title: Tissue Regeneration in the Chronically Inflamed Tumor Environment: Implications for Cell Fusion Driven Tumor Progression and Therapy Resistant Tumor Hybrid Cells.
abstract: The biological phenomenon of cell fusion in a cancer context is still a matter of controversial debates. Even though a plethora of in vitro and in vivo data have been published in the past decades the ultimate proof that tumor hybrid cells could originate in (human) cancers and could contribute to the progression of the disease is still missing, suggesting that the cell fusion hypothesis is rather fiction than fact. However, is the lack of this ultimate proof a valid argument against this hypothesis, particularly if one has to consider that appropriate markers do not (yet) exist, thus making it virtually impossible to identify a human tumor cell clearly as a tumor hybrid cell. In the present review, we will summarize the evidence supporting the cell fusion in cancer concept. Moreover, we will refine the cell fusion hypothesis by providing evidence that cell fusion is a potent inducer of aneuploidy, genomic instability and, most likely, even chromothripsis, suggesting that cell fusion, like mutations and aneuploidy, might be an inducer of a mutator phenotype. Finally, we will show that "accidental" tissue repair processes during cancer therapy could lead to the origin of therapy resistant cancer hybrid stem cells.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Immunology &amp; Experimental Oncology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten 58453, Germany. thomas.dittmar@uni-wh.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dittmar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Immunology &amp; Experimental Oncology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten 58453, Germany. kurt.zaenker@uni-wh.de.
authors.forename: Kurt S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Zänker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002459:Cell Fusion; D060965:Clonal Evolution; D042822:Genomic Instability; D006801:Humans; D006822:Hybrid Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D012038:Regeneration; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
keywords: aneuploidy; cancer; cell fusion; chromothripsis; genomic instability; mutations; mutator phenotype; tissue regeneration