title: Electronic plants.
abstract: The roots, stems, leaves, and vascular circuitry of higher plants are responsible for conveying the chemical signals that regulate growth and functions. From a certain perspective, these features are analogous to the contacts, interconnections, devices, and wires of discrete and integrated electronic circuits. Although many attempts have been made to augment plant function with electroactive materials, plants' "circuitry" has never been directly merged with electronics. We report analog and digital organic electronic circuits and devices manufactured in living plants. The four key components of a circuit have been achieved using the xylem, leaves, veins, and signals of the plant as the template and integral part of the circuit elements and functions. With integrated and distributed electronics in plants, one can envisage a range of applications including precision recording and regulation of physiology, energy harvesting from photosynthesis, and alternatives to genetic modification for plant optimization.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stavrinidou
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9049-0829
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gabrielsson
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eliot
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3341-7139
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Crispin
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ove
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2799-3490
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berggren
keywords: conducting polymers; organic bioelectronics; plants