title: fMRI as a Preimplant Objective Tool to Predict Postimplant Oral Language Outcomes in Children with Cochlear Implants.
abstract: Despite the positive effects of cochlear implantation, postimplant variability in speech perception and oral language outcomes is still difficult to predict. The aim of this study was to identify neuroimaging biomarkers of postimplant speech perception and oral language performance in children with hearing loss who receive a cochlear implant. The authors hypothesized positive correlations between blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation in brain regions related to auditory language processing and attention and scores on the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Preschool, Second Edition (CELF-P2) and the Early Speech Perception Test for Profoundly Hearing-Impaired Children (ESP), in children with congenital hearing loss.
  
  
  
  Eleven children with congenital hearing loss were recruited for the present study based on referral for clinical MRI and other inclusion criteria. All participants were <24 months at fMRI scanning and <36 months at first implantation. A silent background fMRI acquisition method was performed to acquire fMRI during auditory stimulation. A voxel-based analysis technique was utilized to generate z maps showing significant contrast in brain activation between auditory stimulation conditions (spoken narratives and narrow band noise). CELF-P2 and ESP were administered 2 years after implantation. Because most participants reached a ceiling on ESP, a voxel-wise regression analysis was performed between preimplant fMRI activation and postimplant CELF-P2 scores alone. Age at implantation and preimplant hearing thresholds were controlled in this regression analysis.
  
  
  
  Four brain regions were found to be significantly correlated with CELF-P2 scores. These clusters of positive correlation encompassed the temporo-parieto-occipital junction, areas in the prefrontal cortex and the cingulate gyrus. For the story versus silence contrast, CELF-P2 core language score demonstrated significant positive correlation with activation in the right angular gyrus (r = 0.95), left medial frontal gyrus (r = 0.94), and left cingulate gyrus (r = 0.96). For the narrow band noise versus silence contrast, the CELF-P2 core language score exhibited significant positive correlation with activation in the left angular gyrus (r = 0.89; for all clusters, corrected p < 0.05).
  
  
  
  Four brain regions related to language function and attention were identified that correlated with CELF-P2. Children with better oral language performance postimplant displayed greater activation in these regions preimplant. The results suggest that despite auditory deprivation, these regions are more receptive to gains in oral language development performance of children with hearing loss who receive early intervention via cochlear implantation. The present study suggests that oral language outcome following cochlear implant may be predicted by preimplant fMRI with auditory stimulation using natural speech.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA; 2Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; 3School of Computing Sciences and Informatics, 4Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; 5Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, 6Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, and 7Department of Pediatric Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Aniruddha K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: Lirong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Long J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Mekibib
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altaye
authors.forename: Scott K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019929:Cochlear Implantation; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003638:Deafness / Q000151:congenital / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007804:Language Development; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise; D013067:Speech Perception; D016896:Treatment Outcome