title: The clinical challenges of akathisia.
abstract: Akathisia is one of the most vexing problems in neuropsychiatry. Although it is one of the most common side effects of antipsychotic medications, it is often difficult to describe by patients, and is difficult to diagnose and treat by practitioners. Akathisia is usually grouped with extrapyramidal movement disorders (ie, movement disorders that originate outside the pyramidal or corticospinal tracts and generally involve the basal ganglia). Yet, it can present as a purely subjective clinical complaint, without overt movement abnormalities. It has been subtyped into acute, subacute, chronic, tardive, withdrawal-related, and "pseudo" forms, although the distinction between many of these is unclear. It is therefore not surprising that akathisia is generally either underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed, which is a serious problem because it can lead to such adverse outcomes as poor adherence to medications, exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms, and, in some cases, aggression, violence, and suicide. In this article, we will attempt to address some of the confusion surrounding the condition, its relationship to other disorders, and differential diagnosis, as well as treatment alternatives.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry,University of California-San Diego,La Jolla,California,USA.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lohr
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry,University of California-San Diego,La Jolla,California,USA.
authors.forename: Carolyn A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Eidt
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry,University of California-San Diego,La Jolla,California,USA.
authors.forename: Areej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdulrazzaq Alfaraj
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry,University of California-San Diego,La Jolla,California,USA.
authors.forename: Mounir A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Soliman
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Parkinson; akathisia; antipsychotic; movement disorder; review