title: Shared weapons of blood- and plant-feeding insects: Surprising commonalities for manipulating hosts.
abstract: Insects that reprogram host plants during colonization remind us that the insect side of plant-insect story is just as interesting as the plant side. Insect effectors secreted by the salivary glands play an important role in plant reprogramming. Recent discoveries point to large numbers of salivary effectors being produced by a single herbivore species. Since genetic and functional characterization of effectors is an arduous task, narrowing the field of candidates is useful. We present ideas about types and functions of effectors from research on blood-feeding parasites and their mammalian hosts. Because of their importance for human health, blood-feeding parasites have more tools from genomics and other - omics than plant-feeding parasites. Four themes have emerged: (1) mechanical damage resulting from attack by blood-feeding parasites triggers "early danger signals" in mammalian hosts, which are mediated by eATP, calcium, and hydrogen peroxide, (2) mammalian hosts need to modulate their immune responses to the three "early danger signals" and use apyrases, calreticulins, and peroxiredoxins, respectively, to achieve this, (3) blood-feeding parasites, like their mammalian hosts, rely on some of the same "early danger signals" and modulate their immune responses using the same proteins, and (4) blood-feeding parasites deploy apyrases, calreticulins, and peroxiredoxins in their saliva to manipulate the "danger signals" of their mammalian hosts. We review emerging evidence that plant-feeding insects also interfere with "early danger signals" of their hosts by deploying apyrases, calreticulins and peroxiredoxins in saliva. Given emerging links between these molecules, and plant growth and defense, we propose that these effectors interfere with phytohormone signaling, and therefore have a special importance for gall-inducing and leaf-mining insects, which manipulate host-plants to create better food and shelter.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France; Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guiguet
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.
authors.forename: Géraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dubreuil
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA; Le Studium Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, 45000 Orléans, France.
authors.forename: Marion O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.affiliation: Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Jack C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.affiliation: Le Studium Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, 45000 Orléans, France; Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insectos Hematófagos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France. Electronic address: david.giron@univ-tours.fr.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giron
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001081:Apyrase / Q000378:metabolism; D001769:Blood; D037282:Calreticulin / Q000378:metabolism; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology*; D054464:Peroxiredoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism; D057865:Plant Immunity; D010944:Plants / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D037282:Calreticulin; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D054464:Peroxiredoxins; D001081:Apyrase
keywords: Apyrases; Early signaling; Effectors; Oral secretions; Phytohormones