title: A hydrogen peroxide safety valve: The reversible phosphorylation of catalase from the freeze-tolerant North American wood frog, Rana sylvatica.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The North American wood frog, Rana sylvatica, endures whole body freezing while wintering on land and has developed multiple biochemical adaptations to elude cell/tissue damage and optimize its freeze tolerance. Blood flow is halted in the frozen state, imparting both ischemic and oxidative stress on cells. A potential build-up of H2O2 may occur due to increased superoxide dismutase activity previously discovered. The effect of freezing on catalase (CAT), which catalyzes the breakdown of H2O2 into molecular oxygen and water, was investigated as a result.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study investigated the purification and kinetic profile of CAT in relation to the phosphorylation state of CAT from the skeletal muscle of control and frozen R. sylvatica.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Catalase from skeletal muscle of frozen wood frogs showed a significantly higher Vmax (1.48 fold) and significantly lower Km for H2O2 (0.64 fold) in comparison to CAT from control frogs (5°C acclimated). CAT from frozen frogs also showed higher overall phosphorylation (1.73 fold) and significantly higher levels of phosphoserine (1.60 fold) and phosphotyrosine (1.27 fold) compared to control animals. Phosphorylation via protein kinase A or the AMP-activated protein kinase significantly decreased the Km for H2O2 of CAT, whereas protein phosphatase 2B or 2C action significantly increased the Km.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The physiological consequence of freeze-induced CAT phosphorylation appears to improve CAT function to alleviate H2O2 build-up in freezing frogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Augmented CAT activity via reversible phosphorylation may increase the ability of R. sylvatica to overcome oxidative stress associated with ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Neal J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Electronic address: kenneth_storey@carleton.ca.
authors.forename: Kenneth B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Storey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism*; D004795:Enzyme Stability; D005615:Freezing; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011898:Ranidae / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase
keywords: Antioxidant; Freeze tolerance; Ischemia; Oxidative stress; Rana sylvatica; Reversible protein phosphorylation