title: [The treatment effects and mechanisms of pyrroloquinoline quinone on defective teeth and mandible in Bmi-1 knockout mice].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the treatment effects and mechanisms of pyrroloquinoline quinine(PQQ) on defective teeth and mandible in Bmi-1 knockout mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male and female Bmi1(+/-) mice were paired with each other from the same nest. At the age of 7 weeks, the mice were divided into three groups, the wild type mice received normal diet(10 mice, WT group), Bmi1(-/-) mice received normal diet (10 mice, BKO group), and the Bmi1(-/-) mice received normal diet and PQQ diet(10 mice, BKO+PQQ group). X-ray and micro- CT were used to detect mandible and dental size and bone mineral density. HE staining, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods were respectively used to detect alveolar bone thickness of cortical bone, predentin thickness of mandibular first molar, mandibular osteoblast number and osteoclast number. Flow cytometry was used to detect reactive oxygen species(ROS) levels of various organs(femur, thymus and liver). The data were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA and t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with BKO mice, BKO+PQQ mice partially rescued total body phenotype, increased body weight and prolonged survival time. X- ray and micro- CT showed the size of the mandible and teeth and bone mineral density of PQQ+BKO mice increased compared with BKO mice. In PQQ+BKO mice, mandibular alveolar bone cortical thickness [(68.65 ± 0.25) µm] was significantly different from that in BKO mice [(42.45 ± 0.35) µm] (P<0.01). There was significant difference in predentin thickness of mandibular first molar between PQQ+BKO mice [(4.25 ± 0.15) µm] and BKO mice [(31.55 ± 0.35) µm] (P<0.001). The number of osteoblasts in the mandible of BKO+PQQ mice [(38.45 ± 0.25) cell/mm³] was significantly higher than that in the BKO mice [(18.15 ± 0.55) cell/mm³] (P<0.01). However, the number of osteoclasts in the BKO+PQQ mice [(9.45 ± 0.25) cell/mm³] was significantly lower than that in the BKO group [(14.25 ± 0.35) cell/mm³] (P<0.01). Compared with the BKO group, ROS levels of the femur, thymus and liver in the BKO+PQQ mice were significantly decreased (P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that PQQ may have treatment effects on defective teeth and mandible through promoting osteoblast bone formation and reducing osteoclast bone resorption, scavenging ROS and reducing DNA damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua Hunan 418000, China; Email: huang1977789@126.com.
authors.forename: Yuanqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Dengshun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009929:Organ Size; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D045542:PQQ Cofactor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D063150:Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000032:analysis; D014070:Tooth / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: C489421:Bmi1 protein, mouse; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D045542:PQQ Cofactor; D063150:Polycomb Repressive Complex 1