title: Pharmacological outcomes in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: Support for sodium valproate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is one of the most frequently diagnosed of the idiopathic generalised epilepsy syndromes, but long term outcome data still remain sparse.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective audit was undertaken in 186 patients (male: n=78; female: n=108) diagnosed with JME at the Epilepsy Unit at the Western Infirmary in Glasgow, Scotland between July 1981 and July 2012. Median age at treatment start was 16 years (range 13-44), with median follow-up of 14 years (range 2-32).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 171 patients (92%) achieved remission with antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment (median 9.5 years; range 1-31). After discontinuing treatment in 28 patients, only 11 remained seizure-free off medication. Fifteen patients (8%) continued to have seizures despite having tried up to 8 AED regimens: (5 male, 10 female), 7 of whom had psychiatric comorbidities. AEDs most commonly prescribed included sodium valproate (VPA; n=142), lamotrigine (LTG; n=66) and levetiracetam (LEV; n=22). More male patients than female attained remission with their first or second AED schedule (88% versus 56%). More male patients (44%) received VPA than female (31%) overall. Fewer male patients than female received LTG (26% versus 74%) and LEV (22% versus 78%). Of the monotherapies, remission was achieved using VPA (n=74; 52%), LTG (n=21; 32%) and LEV (n=12, 55%). A total of 76 (25%) of AED schedules resulted in intolerable side-effects, including 29 with VPA, 12 with LTG and 4 with LEV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, JME showed a high rate of seizure freedom with AED treatment. VPA appeared to be the most effective AED. Women tended to have a worse outcome than men, since they were increasingly less likely to receive VPA. Patients with psychiatric comorbidities also had a poorer prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Unit, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Avirup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Unit, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, Scotland, UK. Electronic address: Martin.Brodie@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Brodie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D000069279:Drug Resistant Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D020190:Myoclonic Epilepsy, Juvenile / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010889:Piracetam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014227:Triazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014227:Triazines; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D014635:Valproic Acid; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D010889:Piracetam
keywords: Antiepileptic drugs; Efficacy; Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy; Outcomes; Psychiatric comorbidities; Side effects