title: Mammalian models of chemically induced primary malignancies exploitable for imaging-based preclinical theragnostic research.
abstract: Compared with transplanted tumor models or genetically engineered cancer models, chemically induced primary malignancies in experimental animals can mimic the clinical cancer progress from the early stage on. Cancer caused by chemical carcinogens generally develops through three phases namely initiation, promotion and progression. Based on different mechanisms, chemical carcinogens can be divided into genotoxic and non-genotoxic ones, or complete and incomplete ones, usually with an organ-specific property. Chemical carcinogens can be classified upon their origins such as environmental pollutants, cooked meat derived carcinogens, N-nitroso compounds, food additives, antineoplastic agents, naturally occurring substances and synthetic carcinogens, etc. Carcinogen-induced models of primary cancers can be used to evaluate the diagnostic/therapeutic effects of candidate drugs, investigate the biological influential factors, explore preventive measures for carcinogenicity, and better understand molecular mechanisms involved in tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Among commonly adopted cancer models, chemically induced primary malignancies in mammals have several advantages including the easy procedures, fruitful tumor generation and high analogy to clinical human primary cancers. However, in addition to the time-consuming process, the major drawback of chemical carcinogenesis for translational research is the difficulty in noninvasive tumor burden assessment in small animals. Like human cancers, tumors occur unpredictably also among animals in terms of timing, location and the number of lesions. Thanks to the availability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with various advantages such as ionizing-free scanning, superb soft tissue contrast, multi-parametric information, and utility of diverse contrast agents, now a workable solution to this bottleneck problem is to apply MRI for noninvasive detection, diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring on those otherwise uncontrollable animal models with primary cancers. Moreover, it is foreseeable that the combined use of chemically induced primary cancer models and molecular imaging techniques may help to develop new anticancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: 1 Theragnostic Laboratory, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China ; 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, 4 Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 5 Biomedical MRI, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, 6 Radiology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Yewei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1 Theragnostic Laboratory, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China ; 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, 4 Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 5 Biomedical MRI, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, 6 Radiology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: 1 Theragnostic Laboratory, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China ; 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, 4 Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 5 Biomedical MRI, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, 6 Radiology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Yuanbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: 1 Theragnostic Laboratory, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China ; 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, 4 Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 5 Biomedical MRI, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, 6 Radiology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Marlein Miranda
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cona
authors.affiliation: 1 Theragnostic Laboratory, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China ; 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, 4 Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 5 Biomedical MRI, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, 6 Radiology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: 1 Theragnostic Laboratory, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China ; 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, 4 Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 5 Biomedical MRI, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, 6 Radiology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1 Theragnostic Laboratory, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China ; 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, 4 Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 5 Biomedical MRI, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, 6 Radiology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Shaoli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: 1 Theragnostic Laboratory, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China ; 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, 4 Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 5 Biomedical MRI, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, 6 Radiology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Yansheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: 1 Theragnostic Laboratory, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China ; 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, 4 Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 5 Biomedical MRI, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, 6 Radiology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: 1 Theragnostic Laboratory, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China ; 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, 4 Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 5 Biomedical MRI, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, 6 Radiology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Johannes V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Swinnen
authors.affiliation: 1 Theragnostic Laboratory, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China ; 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, 4 Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 5 Biomedical MRI, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, 6 Radiology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bormans
authors.affiliation: 1 Theragnostic Laboratory, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China ; 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, 4 Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 5 Biomedical MRI, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, 6 Radiology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Himmelreich
authors.affiliation: 1 Theragnostic Laboratory, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China ; 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, 4 Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 5 Biomedical MRI, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, 6 Radiology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oyen
authors.affiliation: 1 Theragnostic Laboratory, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium ; 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China ; 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, 4 Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 5 Biomedical MRI, MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, 6 Radiology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Yicheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ni
keywords: Chemically induced primary malignancy; carcinogen; carcinogenesis; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); noninvasive imaging