title: [From humanism to nihilism: dialectics on Jean Watson's caring theory].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  nursing today is heir to values that have developed over many years. In addition to the values of human care, present-day nursing embraces values that shape our modern world. This dialectical study first traces the evolution of a number of the traditional values associated with human care that nursing has retained. It goes on to show how some of the values of human care have been cast aside in favour of modern--neoliberal, technocratic and bureaucratic--values which have in turn given rise to disturbing problems of instrumentalization. Watson's theory of caring proposes two ways to remedy such instrumentalization: espousing a transcendental, metaphysical mode of thought and adopting an altruistic humanism. However, many critics have questioned the theoretical consistency and very legitimacy of the theory as a means of dealing with instrumentalization.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  this study analyses Watson's proposals, using a Nietzschean dialectic approach to test them and to suggest possible solutions. Significant problems in terms of both consistency and relevance are brought to light, tending to refute Watson's notions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the study findings suggest that the application of Watson's theory may paradoxically perpetuate dualism and nihilism and, rather than curb their invasive impact, lead inevitably to a conversion to instrumental values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  it's suggested an alternative, ethics-of-life approach based on the synthesis of our dialectics that would foster a return to, and respect for, humanity's essential nature.
authors.forename: Pawel J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Krol
authors.forename: Mireille
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lavoie
mesh_terms: D004645:Empathy; D006808:Humanism; D006801:Humans; D010687:Philosophy, Nursing