title: Evolutionary Origins of Rhizarian Parasites.
abstract: The SAR group (Stramenopila, Alveolata, Rhizaria) is one of the largest clades in the tree of eukaryotes and includes a great number of parasitic lineages. Rhizarian parasites are obligate and have devastating effects on commercially important plants and animals but despite this fact, our knowledge of their biology and evolution is limited. Here, we present rhizarian transcriptomes from all major parasitic lineages in order to elucidate their evolutionary relationships using a phylogenomic approach. Our results suggest that Ascetosporea, parasites of marine invertebrates, are sister to the novel clade Apofilosa. The phytomyxean plant parasites branch sister to the vampyrellid algal ectoparasites in the novel clade Phytorhiza. They also show that Ascetosporea + Apofilosa + Retaria + Filosa + Phytorhiza form a monophyletic clade, although the branching pattern within this clade is difficult to resolve and appears to be model-dependent. Our study does not support the monophyly of the rhizarian parasitic lineages (Endomyxa), suggesting independent origins for rhizarian animal and plant parasites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland roberto.sierra@me.com.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sierra
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad De Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Silvia J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cañas-Duarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Fabien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burki
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwelm
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fogelqvist
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dixelius
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad De Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Laura N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: González-García
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
authors.forename: Gillian H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Gile
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
authors.forename: Claudio H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Slamovits
authors.affiliation: L'Institute National De La Recherche Agronomique (INRA) GenoToul Bioinformatics Facility, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klopp
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad De Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Restrepo
authors.affiliation: L'Institut Français De Recherche Pour L'exploitation De La Mer (Ifremer), La Tremblade, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arzul
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pawlowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056890:Eukaryota; D010802:Phylogeny; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics* / Q000469:parasitology; D056901:Rhizaria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016415:Sequence Alignment
keywords: Rhizaria; parasites; phylogenomics