title: Magnetoencephalographic study of hand and foot sensorimotor organization in 325 consecutive patients evaluated for tumor or epilepsy surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The presence of intracranial lesions or epilepsy may lead to functional reorganization and hemispheric lateralization. We applied a clinical magnetoencephalography (MEG) protocol for the localization of the contralateral and ipsilateral S1 and M1 of the foot and hand in patients with non-lesional epilepsy, stroke, developmental brain injury, traumatic brain injury and brain tumors. We investigated whether differences in activation patterns could be related to underlying pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using dipole fitting, we localized the sources underlying sensory and motor evoked magnetic fields (SEFs and MEFs) of both hands and feet following unilateral stimulation of the median nerve (MN) and posterior tibial nerve (PTN) in 325 consecutive patients. The primary motor cortex was localized using beamforming following a self-paced repetitive motor task for each hand and foot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The success rate for motor and sensory localization for the feet was significantly lower than for the hands (motor_hand 94.6% versus motor_feet 81.8%, p < 0.001; sensory_hand 95.3% versus sensory_feet 76.0%, p < 0.001). MN and PTN stimulation activated 86.6% in the contralateral S1, with ipsilateral activation < 0.5%. Motor cortex activation localized contralaterally in 76.1% (5.2% ipsilateral, 7.6% bilateral and 11.1% failures) of all motor MEG recordings. The ipsilateral motor responses were found in 43 (14%) out of 308 patients with motor recordings (range: 8.3-50%, depending on the underlying pathology), and had a higher occurrence in the foot than in the hand (motor_foot 44.8% versus motor_hand 29.6%, p = 0.031). Ipsilateral motor responses tended to be more frequent in patients with a history of stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI) or developmental brain lesions (p = 0.063).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MEG localization of sensorimotor cortex activation was more successful for the hand compared to the foot. In patients with neural lesions, there were signs of brain reorganization as measured by more frequent ipsilateral motor cortical activation of the foot in addition to the traditional sensory and motor activation patterns in the contralateral hemisphere. The presence of ipsilateral neural reorganization, especially around the foot motor area, suggests that careful mapping of the hand and foot in both contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres prior to surgery might minimize postoperative deficits.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ronald B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Willemse
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and MEG Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hillebrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and MEG Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hanneke E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Ronner
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W Peter
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Vandertop
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and MEG Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelis J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Stam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000294:innervation*; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D066191:Sensorimotor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013979:Tibial Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Brain mapping; Brain neoplasms; Cortical reorganization; Epilepsy; Magnetoencephalography