title: Non-invasive assessment of portal hypertension and liver fibrosis using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.
abstract: Portal hypertension and hepatic fibrosis are key pathophysiologies with major manifestations in cirrhosis. Although the degree of portal pressure and hepatic fibrosis are pivotal parameters, both are determined using invasive procedures. Ultrasound (US) is a simple and non-invasive technique that is available for use worldwide in the abdominal field. Because of its safety and easy of use, contrast-enhanced US is one of the most frequently used tools in the management of liver tumors for the detection and characterization of lesions, assessment of malignancy grade, and evaluation of therapeutic effects. This wide range of applications drives the practical use of contrast-enhanced US for evaluation of the severity of portal hypertension and hepatic fibrosis. The present article reviews the recent progress in contrast-enhanced US for the assessment of portal hypertension and hepatic fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. maru-cib@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.affiliation: Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Gamal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shiha
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yokosuka
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ganga Ram Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (GRIPMER), Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110 060, India.
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Barjesh Chander
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: GI/Liver division, GIT Endoscopy Unit, University of Benha, Banha, Egypt.
authors.forename: Alaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, UP, 226014, India.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Saraswat
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary Division, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, University of Indonesia, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Cosmas Rinaldi A
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Lesmana
authors.affiliation: Yamanashi Hospitals (Central and Kita) Organization, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, 400-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omata
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Cirrhosis; Contrast agent; Fibrosis; Liver; Portal hemodynamics; Ultrasound