title: Clostridium difficile Infection in Hospitalized Cirrhotic Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with liver cirrhosis are at-risk population for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). There is a paucity of data on the incidence of CDI in cirrhotics with hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for CDI in cirrhotics hospitalized with HE.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of all cirrhotics with HE admitted at a tertiary referral center from January 2012 to December 2014 was made. Patients' medical charts were reviewed, and demographics, laboratory parameters, antibiotics use, etiology of cirrhosis, and therapy of HE, as well as the results of stool samples for toxins A and B (enzyme immunoassay) were carefully searched. The presence of toxin A or B (or both) in stool samples was defined as CDI. Data on cirrhotics with HE and CDI (study group) were compared with those from patients without CDI (control group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 231 cirrhotic patients were hospitalized with HE mostly stage 2 and 3, and 17 (7.3%) of them were diagnosed with CDI. The overall CDI incidence rate was 57.2 cases per 10,000 patient-days. As compared with control patients, those with HE and CDI were more likely to have older age, increased serum creatinine level, hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), and more prior hospitalizations. On multivariate analysis, antibiotic therapy, age over 65 years, and HRS remained significantly related with the development of CDI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hospitalized cirrhotics with HE are at risk for developing CDI, and clinicians treating such patients should be aware of this infection as rapid detection and prompt treatment may improve outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy;St. Spiridon Emergency Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iasi, Romania.
authors.forename: Oana Cristina
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Stoica
authors.affiliation: St. Spiridon Emergency Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iasi, Romania.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stanciu
authors.affiliation: Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy;St. Spiridon Emergency Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iasi, Romania.
authors.forename: Camelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cojocariu
authors.affiliation: Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy;Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Iasi, Romania.
authors.forename: Egidia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miftode
authors.affiliation: Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
authors.forename: Lucian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boiculese
authors.affiliation: Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy;St. Spiridon Emergency Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iasi, Romania. stanciucarol@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anca
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trifan
authors.affiliation: Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy;St. Spiridon Emergency Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iasi, Romania.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Girleanu
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006530:Hepatorenal Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012383:Romania / Q000453:epidemiology; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents