title: Assessment of Venous Thrombosis in Animal Models.
abstract: Deep vein thrombosis and common complications, including pulmonary embolism and post-thrombotic syndrome, represent a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Experimental models of venous thrombosis have provided considerable insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate thrombus formation and subsequent resolution. Here, we critically appraise the ex vivo and in vivo techniques used to assess venous thrombosis in these models. Particular attention is paid to imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging, micro-computed tomography, and high-frequency ultrasound that facilitate longitudinal assessment of thrombus size and composition.
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Colin E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ashish S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Bijan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Modarai
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom. prakash.2.saha@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Prakash
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014680:Veins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: histological techniques; models, animal; molecular imaging; venous thrombosis