title: Investigation of measured and predicted resting energy needs in adults after spinal cord injury: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate estimation of energy needs is vital for effective nutritional management of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Inappropriate energy prescription after SCI can compound the rates of malnutrition or obesity, increase the risk of complications and negatively influence outcomes. Energy requirements following SCI are not well understood, and there is currently no universally accepted method of estimating energy needs in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a systematic literature review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to investigate and compare the measured resting energy needs of adults with SCI across different phases of rehabilitation, and to identify appropriate energy prediction equations for use in SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted in Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases were searched for studies published between 1975 and April 2015, identifying 298 articles. Full articles in English language of adults with SCI who were fasted for a minimum of 8 hours before undergoing indirect calorimetry to measure resting energy expenditure (REE) for at least 20 min were selected. On the basis of the inclusion criteria, 18 articles remained for data extraction. One author extracted information from all articles, and inter-rater reliability was tested in five articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  REE across three phases of injury was assessed: acute, sub-acute and chronic. Few studies (n=2) have investigated REE in the acute and sub-acute injury stages of SCI recovery. The factors influencing chronic energy needs in SCI patient populations are many and varied, and a valid predictive equation for use in SCI remains elusive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indirect calorimetry remains the only accurate assessment of REE for health practitioners working with patients after SCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Nevin
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steenson
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vivanti
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.|Mater Research Institute University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Hickman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation