title: Occurrence and daily variability of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in swimming pools.
abstract: The aim of this research was to investigate the presence and daily variability of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in public swimming pools. Various types of public swimming pool water were analysed, taken from freshwater indoor swimming pools, outdoor swimming pools, spa pools and seawater swimming pools. Swimming pool water samples were analysed for 30 PPCPs using solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). All PPCPs were below quantification limits in seawater pools. However, caffeine was detected in 12 chlorinated swimming pools at concentrations up to 1540 ng/L and ibuprofen was observed in 7 chlorinated pools at concentrations up to 83 ng/L. Caffeine and ibuprofen concentrations were below quantification limits in all fill water samples, eliminating this as their source in swimming pools. High variations in caffeine concentrations monitored throughout the day roughly reflect bather loads in swimming pools. Future monitoring of these compounds may assist in evaluating what portion of organic matter measured in swimming pools may come from human excretions.
authors.affiliation: UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Tiffany L L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.affiliation: UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia. s.khan@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Stuart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D054879:Halogenation; D006801:Humans; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013551:Swimming Pools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water
keywords: Anthropogenic; Caffeine; Chemical contaminants; Ibuprofen; Surrogate indicators