title: The stress of studying in China: primary and secondary coping interaction effects.
abstract: Answering the call for research on coping outside of the Western world, the present study confirms previous research that indicated Asians cope with stress differently from other ethnic groups. In the present study, we explore the stress-coping-adjustment model and its role in acculturation for educational sojourners in the People's Republic of China. Using a sample of 121 recent exchange students (Asian, n = 52; non-Asian, n = 69), we administered surveys in the Fall of 2013 and 90 days later to measure students' socio-cultural adaptation. Results indicate several significant findings. Acculturative stress and perceived cultural distance had no role in predicting adaptation. Non-Asians reported greater adjustment even though cultural distance was greater. As hypothesized, non-Asians used more primary and secondary coping compared to Asians. Moderation analyses indicate three-way interactions among stress × coping × group, showing that non-Asians benefit from high usage primary coping, while primary coping exacerbates the negative effects of stress on adjustment for Asians. Secondary coping proves to be beneficial for both groups and improves adjustment across low and moderate stress levels. Results support recent developments in collective coping, suggesting that primary and secondary coping may not be beneficial for all ethnic groups in all circumstances. Research implications and practical contributions are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou, 310011 China.
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: English
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou, 310011 China.
authors.forename: Zhi Jia
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou, 310011 China.
authors.forename: Jian Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ma
keywords: Acculturative stress; Educational sojourners in China; Perceived cultural distance; Primary and secondary coping; Socio-cultural adaptation