title: Wild Birds, Frequent Carriers of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli of CTX-M and SHV-12 Types.
abstract: To get a better insight into the role of birds as reservoirs of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) Escherichia coli producers, 100 fecal samples belonging to 15 different wild avian species from Northern Spain were analyzed. Cefotaxime-resistant (CTXR) E. coli isolates were identified in 16 of the 100 tested birds, which corresponded to 9 animal species (Gyps fulvus-griffon vulture, Larus michahellis-yellow-legged gull, Milvus migrans-black kite, Milvus milvus-red kite, Ciconia ciconia-white stork, Sturnus unicolor-spotless starling, Aquila chrysaetos-golden eagle, Cuculus canorus-common cuckoo, Tyto alba-barn owl). Fifteen isolates harbored ESBL or pAmpC-encoding genes (number of isolates): blaSHV-12(9), blaCTX-M-1(3), blaCTX-M-14(2), and blaCMY-2(1). The last CTXRisolate presented a -42-point-mutation in the chromosomal ampC promoter. Eleven out of 15 ESBL/pAmpC E. coli isolates were multiresistant (most common resistance phenotype: β-lactams-quinolones-tetracycline-sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim). A plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant (qnrS1) was identified in one E. coli from a barn owl. High genetic diversity was observed among ESBL/pAmpC E. coli isolates, with 12 different sequence types (STs), including several strains of STs frequently detected among human clinical isolates (ST38/D, ST131/B2, ST155/B1, ST10/A). The ST131 isolate belonged to the emergent ciprofloxacin-resistant H30R subclone. This study reveals a high percentage of bird as carriers of ESBL/pAmpC E. coli isolates in Spain, highlighting the elevated rate among storks, kites, and vultures. Wild birds can contribute to the global spread of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli in natural ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alcalá
authors.affiliation: Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
authors.forename: Carla Andrea
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simón
authors.affiliation: Centro de Recuperación de Fauna Silvestre de La Alfranca, Departamento de Agricultura, Ganadería y Medio Ambiente, Gobierno de Aragón, Spain.
authors.forename: Chabier
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González-Esteban
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Orós
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rezusta
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.affiliation: Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006, Logroño, Spain. carmen.torres@unirioja.es.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3709-1690
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torres
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000382:microbiology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001717:Birds / Q000382:microbiology*; D002439:Cefotaxime / Q000494:pharmacology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D013030:Spain; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C103022:beta-lactamase CMY-2; C107198:beta-lactamase SHV-12; C048795:AmpC beta-lactamases; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C000602253:beta-lactamase CTX-M, E coli; D002439:Cefotaxime
keywords: CMY-2; ESBL; Escherichia coli; PMQR; Spain; Wild birds