title: Comparison of linkage disequilibrium levels in Iranian indigenous cattle using whole genome SNPs data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge of linkage disequilibrium (LD) levels among different populations can be used to detect genetic diversity and to investigate the historical changes in population sizes. Availability of large numbers of SNP through new sequencing technologies has provided opportunities for extensive researches in quantifying LD patterns in cattle breeds. The aim of this study was to compare the extent of linkage disequilibrium among Iranian cattle breeds using high density SNP genotyping data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 70 samples, representing seven Iranian indigenous cattle breeds, were genotyped for 777962 SNPs. The average values of LD based on the r(2) criterion were computed by grouping all syntenic SNP pairwises for inter-marker distances from 0 Kb up to 1 Mb using three distance sets. Average r(2) above 0.3 was observed at distances less than 30 Kb for Sistani and Kermani, 20 Kb for Najdi, Taleshi, Kurdi and Sarabi, and 10 Kb for Mazandarani. The LD levels were considerably different among the Iranian cattle breeds and the difference in LD extent was more detectable between the studied breeds at longer distances. Lower level of LD was observed for Mazandarani breed as compared to other breeds indicating larger ancestral population size in this breed. Kermani breed continued to have more slowly LD decay than all of the other breeds after 3 Kb distances. More slowly LD decay was observed in Kurdi and Sarabi breeds at larger distances (>100 Kb) showing that population decline has been more intense in more recent generations for these populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A wide genetic diversity and different historical background were well reflected in the LD levels among Iranian cattle breeds. More LD fluctuation was observed in the shorter distances (less than 10 Kb) in different cattle populations. Despite of the sample size effects, High LD levels found in this study were in accordance with the presence of inbreeding and population decline in Iranian cattle breeds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, PB 76169-133 Iran ; Young Researchers Society, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, PB 76169-133 Iran.
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, PB 76169-133 Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esmailizadeh Koshkoiyeh
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW Australia.
authors.forename: Cedric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gondro
keywords: Bovine genome; Iranian indigenous cattle; Linkage disequilibrium; Single nucleotide polymorphism