title: Laparoscopic radical 'no-touch' left pancreatosplenectomy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: technique and results.
abstract: Laparoscopic left pancreatectomy has been well described for benign pancreatic lesions, but its role in pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains open to debate. We report our results adopting a laparoscopic technique that obeys established oncologic principles of open distal pancreatosplenectomy.
  
  
  
  This is a post hoc analysis of a prospectively kept database of 135 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic left pancreatectomy, performed across two sites in the UK and the Netherlands (07/2007-07/2015 Southampton and 10/2013-07/2015 Amsterdam). Primary outcomes were resection margin and lymph node retrieval. Secondary endpoints were other perioperative outcomes, including post-operative pancreatic fistula. Definition of radical resection was distance tumour to resection margin >1 mm. All patients underwent 'laparoscopic radical left pancreatosplenectomy' (LRLP) which involves 'hanging' the pancreas including Gerota's fascia, followed by clockwise dissection, including formal lymphadenectomy.
  
  
  
  LRLP for pancreatic adenocarcinoma was performed in 25 patients. Seven of the 25 patients (28 %) had extended resections, including the adrenal gland (n = 3), duodenojejunal flexure (n = 2) or transverse mesocolon (n = 3). Mean age was 68 years (54-81). Conversion rate was 0 %, mean operative time 240 min and mean blood loss 340 ml. Median intensive/high care and hospital stay were 1 and 5 days, respectively. Clavien-Dindo score 3+ complication rate was 12 % and ISGPF grade B/C pancreatic fistula rate 28 %; 90-day (or in-hospital) mortality was 0 %. The pancreatic resection margin was clear in all patients, and the posterior margin was involved (<1 mm) in 6 patients, meaning an overall R0 resection rate of 76 %. No resection margin was microscopically involved. Median nodal sample was 15 nodes (3-26). With an average follow-up of 17.2 months, 1-year survival was 88 %.
  
  
  
  A standardised laparoscopic approach to pancreatic adenocarcinoma in the left pancreas can be adopted safely. Our study shows that these results can be reproduced across multiple sites using the same technique.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, E Level, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK. Mohammed.AbuHilal@uhs.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abu Hilal
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, E Level, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: J R C
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: de Rooij
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, E Level, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dimovska
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, E Level, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Saati
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, E Level, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.|Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Besselink
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D061646:Operative Time; D010180:Pancreatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Cancer; Distal pancreatectomy; Laparoscopy; Malignancy; Pancreas; Surgery