title: Gut barrier impairment by high-fat diet in mice depends on housing conditions.
abstract: METHODS
  Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is proposed to cause impairments in intestinal barrier integrity, but contradictory results have been published and it appears that the outcomes depend on other environmental factors. We therefore assessed whether the hygienic status of animal facilities alters the gut barrier in DIO mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male C57BL/6N mice were housed in a conventional (CV) or a specific pathogen-free (SPF) animal facility and were fed identical diets represented by a high-fat (60kJ% fat) or control diet (11kJ% fat) for 12 wks. Intestinal barrier function in small and large intestine was evaluated in Ussing chambers by electrical resistance and permeability measurements. Jejunal (p < 0.01) and proximal colonic (p < 0.05) barrier function was altered in CV DIO mice, but not in SPF DIO mice. Moreover, only CV DIO mice were characterized by metabolic endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed significant differences in fecal bacterial diversity and composition between the two animal facilities, but only in mice fed the HFD. Moreover, cecal DCA concentrations correlated positively with two yet uncultivated Clostridiales species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that housing conditions and associated changes in gut bacterial colonization are pivotal for maintenance of gut barrier integrity in DIO mice.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.|ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Veronika Maria
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Chair of Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.|ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zietek
authors.affiliation: Chair of Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.|ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rohm
authors.affiliation: Chair of Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.|ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Jarlei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fiamoncini
authors.affiliation: ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Freising, Germany.|Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Ilias
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lagkouvardos
authors.affiliation: ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Freising, Germany.|Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.affiliation: ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Freising, Germany.|Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Clavel
authors.affiliation: Chair of Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.|ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Hannelore
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Daniel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006799:Housing, Animal; D007422:Intestines / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015434:Panniculitis / Q000503:physiopathology; D062725:Tight Junction Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D062725:Tight Junction Proteins
keywords: Bile acids; Gut barrier integrity; Gut microbiota; High-fat diet; Ussing chamber