title: Delivery of cancer therapeutics to extracellular and intracellular targets: Determinants, barriers, challenges and opportunities.
abstract: Advances in molecular medicine have led to identification of worthy cellular and molecular targets located in extracellular and intracellular compartments. Effectiveness of cancer therapeutics is limited in part by inadequate delivery and transport in tumor interstitium. Parts I and II of this report give an overview on the kinetic processes in delivering therapeutics to their intended targets, the transport barriers in tumor microenvironment and extracellular matrix (TME/ECM), and the experimental approaches to overcome such barriers. Part III discusses new concepts and findings concerning nanoparticle-biocorona complex, including the effects of TME/ECM. Part IV outlines the challenges in animal-to-human translation of cancer nanotherapeutics. Part V provides an overview of the background, current status, and the roles of TME/ECM in immune checkpoint inhibition therapy, the newest cancer treatment modality. Part VI outlines the development and use of multiscale computational modeling to capture the unavoidable tumor heterogeneities, the multiple nonlinear kinetic processes including interstitial and transvascular transport and interactions between cancer therapeutics and TME/ECM, in order to predict the in vivo tumor spatiokinetics of a therapeutic based on experimental in vitro biointerfacial interaction data. Part VII provides perspectives on translational research using quantitative systems pharmacology approaches.
authors.affiliation: Optimum Therapeutics LLC, 1815 Aston Avenue, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73014, USA; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: jau@optimumtx.com.
authors.forename: Jessie L-S
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Au
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73014, USA.
authors.forename: Bertrand Z
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.affiliation: Optimum Therapeutics LLC, 1815 Aston Avenue, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Wientjes
authors.affiliation: Optimum Therapeutics LLC, 1815 Aston Avenue, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
authors.forename: Ze
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Optimum Therapeutics LLC, 1815 Aston Avenue, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
authors.forename: M Guillaume
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Wientjes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: Computational modeling; Extracellular matrix; Immune checkpoint therapy; Interstitial and transvascular transport; Intracellular trafficking; Nanoparticles; Spatiokinetics; Tumor microenvironment