title: Driving steady-state visual evoked potentials at arbitrary frequencies using temporal interpolation of stimulus presentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Steady-state visual evoked potentials have been utilized widely in basic and applied research in recent years. These oscillatory responses of the visual cortex are elicited by flickering stimuli. They have the same fundamental frequency as the driving stimulus and are highly sensitive to manipulations of attention and stimulus properties. While standard computer monitors offer great flexibility in the choice of visual stimuli for driving SSVEPs, the frequencies that can be elicited are limited to integer divisors of the monitor's refresh rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To avoid this technical constraint, we devised an interpolation technique for stimulus presentation, with which SSVEPs can be elicited at arbitrary frequencies. We tested this technique with monitor refresh rates of 85 and 120 Hz. At a refresh rate of 85 Hz, interpolated presentation produced artifacts in the recorded spectrum in the form of additional peaks not located at the stimulated frequency or its harmonics. However, at a refresh rate of 120 Hz, these artifacts did not occur and the spectrum elicited by an interpolated flicker became indistinguishable from the spectrum obtained by non-interpolated presentation of the same frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our interpolation technique eliminates frequency limitations of the common non-interpolated presentation technique and has many possible applications for future research.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, William Guild Building, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK. skandersen@abdn.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Søren K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Neumarkt 9-19, 04109, Leipzig, Germany. m.mueller@uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Matthias M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D003201:Computers; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D011930:Reaction Time; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult