title: Detector developments at DESY.
abstract: With the increased brilliance of state-of-the-art synchrotron radiation sources and the advent of free-electron lasers (FELs) enabling revolutionary science with EUV to X-ray photons comes an urgent need for suitable photon imaging detectors. Requirements include high frame rates, very large dynamic range, single-photon sensitivity with low probability of false positives and (multi)-megapixels. At DESY, one ongoing development project - in collaboration with RAL/STFC, Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Diamond, and Pohang Accelerator Laboratory - is the CMOS-based soft X-ray imager PERCIVAL. PERCIVAL is a monolithic active-pixel sensor back-thinned to access its primary energy range of 250 eV to 1 keV with target efficiencies above 90%. According to preliminary specifications, the roughly 10 cm × 10 cm, 3.5k × 3.7k monolithic sensor will operate at frame rates up to 120 Hz (commensurate with most FELs) and use multiple gains within 27 µm pixels to measure 1 to ∼100000 (500 eV) simultaneously arriving photons. DESY is also leading the development of the AGIPD, a high-speed detector based on hybrid pixel technology intended for use at the European XFEL. This system is being developed in collaboration with PSI, University of Hamburg, and University of Bonn. The AGIPD allows single-pulse imaging at 4.5 MHz frame rate into a 352-frame buffer, with a dynamic range allowing single-photon detection and detection of more than 10000 photons at 12.4 keV in the same image. Modules of 65k pixels each are configured to make up (multi)megapixel cameras. This review describes the AGIPD and the PERCIVAL concepts and systems, including some recent results and a summary of their current status. It also gives a short overview over other FEL-relevant developments where the Photon Science Detector Group at DESY is involved.
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Cornelia B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Wunderer
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Aschkan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allahgholi
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bayer
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delfs
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Göttlicher
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirsemann
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jack
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klyuev
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marras
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pithan
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reza
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sheviakov
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sergej
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smoljanin
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tennert
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Trunk
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Qingqing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jiaguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.affiliation: RAL/STFC, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK.
authors.forename: Dipayan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: RAL/STFC, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guerrini
authors.affiliation: RAL/STFC, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.affiliation: RAL/STFC, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK.
authors.forename: Iain
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sedgwick
authors.affiliation: RAL/STFC, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Turchetta
authors.affiliation: Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cautero
authors.affiliation: Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giuressi
authors.affiliation: Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menk
authors.affiliation: Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
authors.forename: Anastasiya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khromova
authors.affiliation: Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
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authors.lastname: Pinaroli
authors.affiliation: Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
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authors.lastname: Stebel
authors.affiliation: Diamond, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK.
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authors.lastname: Marchal
authors.affiliation: Diamond, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK.
authors.forename: Ulrik
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Diamond, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK.
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authors.lastname: Rees
authors.affiliation: Diamond, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK.
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authors.lastname: Steadman
authors.affiliation: Diamond, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
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authors.lastname: Sussmuth
authors.affiliation: Diamond, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola
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authors.lastname: Tartoni
authors.affiliation: Diamond, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK.
authors.forename: Hazem
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yousef
authors.affiliation: Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 790-834 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: HyoJung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.affiliation: Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 790-834 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: KyungSook
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 790-834 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seungyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rah
authors.affiliation: PSI, 5232 Villingen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dinapoli
authors.affiliation: PSI, 5232 Villingen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greiffenberg
authors.affiliation: PSI, 5232 Villingen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mezza
authors.affiliation: PSI, 5232 Villingen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mozzanica
authors.affiliation: PSI, 5232 Villingen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.affiliation: PSI, 5232 Villingen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Xintian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: University of Bonn, Regina-Pacis-Weg 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.affiliation: University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klanner
authors.affiliation: University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Joem
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwandt
authors.affiliation: DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinz
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authors.lastname: Graafsma
keywords: FEL; high frame rate; imaging detector; soft X-ray