title: Activation of the Mitochondrial Apoptotic Signaling Platform during Rubella Virus Infection.
abstract: Mitochondria- as well as p53-based signaling pathways are central for the execution of the intrinsic apoptotic cascade. Their contribution to rubella virus (RV)-induced apoptosis was addressed through time-specific evaluation of characteristic parameters such as permeabilization of the mitochondrial membrane and subsequent release of the pro-apoptotic proteins apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and cytochrome c from mitochondria. Additionally, expression and localization pattern of p53 and selected members of the multifunctional and stress-inducible cyclophilin family were examined. The application of pifithrin μ as an inhibitor of p53 shuttling to mitochondria reduced RV-induced cell death to an extent similar to that of the broad spectrum caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk (benzyloxycarbonyl-V-A-D-(OMe)-fmk). However, RV progeny generation was not altered. This indicates that, despite an increased survival rate of its cellular host, induction of apoptosis neither supports nor restricts RV replication. Moreover, some of the examined apoptotic markers were affected in a strain-specific manner and differed between the cell culture-adapted strains: Therien and the HPV77 vaccine on the one hand, and a clinical isolate on the other. In summary, the results presented indicate that the transcription-independent mitochondrial p53 program contributes to RV-induced apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. claudia.claus@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Claus
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. lenamanssen@yahoo.de.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manssen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Denise.Huebner@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hübner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. sarah.rossmark@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roßmark
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany. viktoria.bothe@gmx.de.
authors.forename: Viktoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bothe
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. alice_petzold@web.de.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petzold
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. claudia.268@web.de.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Große
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. mareen.reins@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Mareen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reins
authors.affiliation: WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany. MankertzA@rki.de.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mankertz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA. zfrey@bellsouth.net.
authors.forename: Teryl K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. liebert@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Uwe G
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Liebert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology; D051336:Mitochondrial Membranes / Q000502:physiology; D010539:Permeability; D012412:Rubella virus / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D014709:Vero Cells; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
keywords: AIF; Cyp40; CypA; NIM811; PFTμ; cyclophilin family; cytochrome c; mPTP; p53