title: Bipolar membrane electrodialysis for generation of hydrochloric acid and ammonia from simulated ammonium chloride wastewater.
abstract: Simulated ammonium chloride wastewater was treated by a lab-scale bipolar membrane electrodialysis for the generation of HCl and NH3·H2O and desalination. The influence of initial concentration of NH4Cl, current density, salt solution volume, initial concentration of acid and base and membrane stack structure on the yields of HCl and NH3·H2O was investigated. The current efficiency and energy consumption were also examined under different conditions. The results showed that, at the current density of 48 mA/cm(2), the highest concentration of HCl and NH3·H2O with initial concentration of 110 g/L NH4Cl was 57.67 g/L and 45.85 g/L, respectively. Higher initial concentration of NH4Cl was favor to reduce unit energy consumption and increase current efficiency of the BMED system. The membrane stack voltage of BMED increased quickly under constant current when the concentration of NH4Cl contained in the solution of salt compartment was depleted below the "inflection point concentration" about 8000 mg/L. It means that the concentration of NH4Cl below 8000 mg/L was no longer suitable for BMED because of higher energy consumption. The HCl and NH3·H2O concentration increased more quickly following the increase of current density. When increasing the volume of NH4Cl, the concentration of HCl and NH3·H2O also increased. The high initial concentration of acid and base could improve the final concentration of them, while the growth rate was decreased. Compared with the BMED system with three compartments, the growth rate of HCl concentration with the two compartments was higher and its unit energy consumption was lower. It meant that the performance of the BMED system could be improved by optimizing operation conditions. The application feasibility of the generation of HCl and NH3·H2O and desalination of ammonium chloride wastewater by BMED was proved.
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petro-Chemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China.
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. Electronic address: syshi@ipe.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Shaoyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Hongbin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petro-Chemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China.
authors.forename: Xinmin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Zhijuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Anshan Iron and Steel Group Corporation, Anshan 114021, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Liying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000737:chemistry*; D000643:Ammonium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia; D000643:Ammonium Chloride; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Ammonium chloride wastewater; Bipolar membrane electrodialysis; Influence factors