title: Metabolism of dictamnine in liver microsomes from mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human.
abstract: Dictamnine, a furoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. (Rutaceae), is reported to have a wide range of pharmacological activities. In this study, the in vitro metabolic profiles of dictamnine in mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human liver microsomes were investigated and compared. Dictamnine was incubated with liver microsomes in the presence of an NADPH-regenerating system, resulting in the formation of eight metabolites (M1-M8). M1 is an O-desmethyl metabolite. M5 and M6 are formed by a mono-hydroxylation of the benzene ring of dictamnine. M8 was tentatively identified as an N-oxide metabolite. The predominant metabolic pathway of dictamnine occurs through the epoxidation of the 2,3-olefinic to yield a 2,3-epoxide metabolite (M7), followed by the ring of the epoxide opening to give M4. Likewise, cleavage of the furan ring forms M2 and M3. Slight differences were observed in the in vitro metabolic profiles of dictamnine among the five species tested. A chemical inhibition study with a broad and five specific CYP450 inhibitors revealed that most of the dictamnine metabolites in liver microsomes are mediated by CYP450, with CYP3A4 as the predominant enzyme involved in the formation of M7, the major metabolite. These findings provide vital information to better understand the metabolic processes of dictamnine among various species.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
authors.forename: Yunli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
authors.forename: Yingdong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
authors.forename: Jianbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yerke
authors.affiliation: Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
authors.forename: Shengmin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: zhiguo-yu@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhiguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D036905:Dictamnus / Q000737:chemistry*; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D051379:Mice; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry; D011804:Quinolines / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D011804:Quinolines; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C026398:dictamnine
keywords: CYP450; Dictamnine; Liver microsomes; Mass spectrometry; Metabolism