title: Generation of Functional Neuromuscular Junctions from Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines.
abstract: Several neuromuscular diseases involve dysfunction of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), yet there are no patient-specific human models for electrophysiological characterization of NMJ. We seeded cells of neurally-induced embryoid body-like spheres derived from induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) or embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines as monolayers without basic fibroblast factor (bFGF) and observed differentiation of neuronal as well as spontaneously contracting, multinucleated skeletal myotubes. The myotubes showed striation, immunoreactivity for myosin heavy chain, actin bundles typical for myo-oriented cells, and generated spontaneous and evoked action potentials (APs). The myogenic differentiation was associated with expression of MyoD1, myogenin and type I ryanodine receptor. Neurons formed end plate like structures with strong binding of α-bungarotoxin, a marker of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors highly expressed in the postsynaptic membrane of NMJs, and expressed SMI-32, a motoneuron marker, as well as SV2, a marker for synapses. Pharmacological stimulation of cholinergic receptors resulted in strong depolarization of myotube membrane and raised Ca(2+) concentration in sarcoplasm, while electrical stimulation evoked Ca(2+) transients in myotubes. Stimulation of motoneurons with N-Methyl-D-aspartate resulted in reproducible APs in myotubes and end plates displayed typical mEPPs and tonic activity depolarizing myotubes of about 10 mV. We conclude that simultaneous differentiation of neurons and myotubes from patient-specific iPSCs or ESCs results also in the development of functional NMJs. Our human model of NMJ may serve as an important tool to investigate normal development, mechanisms of diseases and novel drug targets involving NMJ dysfunction and degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Katja A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Puttonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland ; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Marika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruponen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Nikolay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Naumenko
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Outi H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Hovatta
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Pasi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koistinaho
keywords: cell culture; embryonic; human; induced pluripotent stem cell; nerve cell engineering; skeletal muscle