title: Practice implications and recommendations for managing codeine misuse and dependence.
abstract: Codeine, a weak opiate, requires increased pharmacovigilance relating to availability, heterogeneous nature of misuse, dependence and associated harm. A scoping review of literature on codeine was conducted using Arksey & O'Malley's framework (1). Databases searched included PubMed, EBSCO Host, Science Direct, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane library and Medline from 1994 to 2014. Follow-up search strategies involved hand searching and searching of pharmaceutical, health, medical and drug related websites. Initial zscreening identified 3,105 articles with 475 meeting the inclusion criteria. Eight broad categories organised the literature, data charting and qualitative synthesis. This paper presents implications for practice and makes recommendations to address these issues. Themes identified relate to raising public and practitioner awareness, risk management, dispensing practices and monitoring and surveillance of codeine. Evidence to inform law enforcement, drug surveillance, public health initiatives, harm reduction approaches, pharmacy, clinical and treatment practices is warranted.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergin
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rapca
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: Marie-Claire
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Van Hout
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003061:Codeine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D010819:Physician's Role; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D003061:Codeine